Accounting for non profit organizations

The study aimed at assessing the impact of leadership in achieving organizational objectives at Tuyil Pharmaceutical Industries, with the objective of examining the effect of different leadership styles on employees' performance in achieving the organization's productivity. A descriptive survey research strategy was adopted in which 193 usable structured questionnaires were used in data collection. The leadership styles was measured through the Multi-Factor Leadership Questionnaire, structured into 5-likert scale ratings to fit the context of the study. Descriptive Statistical and inferential statistical techniques was used for data analysis. In inferential statistical Techniques, Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis were used to assess both relationships and effects as per the hypotheses of the study. The findings showed that transformational leadership style is the most effective leadership style at Tuyil Pharmaceutical Industries, Ilorin. The study found that transformational leadership could have greater effects on organizational productivity and the quality of the performance of employees in Tuyil Pharmaceutical Industries Ilorin at (p=0.000<0.05). Also organizational productivity is above average as found in the analysis. The results suggest that managers and supervisors in the organization need to use a lot of transformational leadership behaviors or rather embrace transformational
leadership style, and less of transactional leadership. It is recommended, therefore, that transformational leadership is the most effective leadership style adopted by the management of the sampled manufacturing industry in Ilorin, Kwara State.

Las organizaciones sin fines de lucro (OSFL) con exención en el pago de impuestos a nivel federal tienen que completar la Forma 990 y contestar preguntas acerca de la gobernanza corporativa. En este estudio, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística utilizando los datos reportados en la Forma 990 para examinar la relación entre las variables del elemento de oportunidad y las OSFLs con cero gastos administrativos y de recaudación de fondos. La regresión no encontró una relación entre ellos. Sin embargo, se encontró una relación entre una las variables de elementos de oportunidad, la política de delatores, y una razón de gastos del programa mayor de 65%.

Is an audited financial statement a statement of fact or a statement of opinion? In late December, the Wall Street Journal reported that the Second US Circuit Court of Appeals had invited the SEC to file its views after the court affirmed the partial dismissal of a lawsuit against AmTrust and its auditor, BDO. "Opinions lead double lives", wrote the judge. Is an audited financial statement a statement of fact or a statement of opinion? In our edition this month, we examine Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections in the context of the recent court decision in the case involving the class action against AmTrust and it outside auditor. The Second US Circuit Court of Appeals invited the SEC to file its views after the court affirmed in part the dismissal of a lawsuit against AmTrust and its auditor. The court ruling prompted three former officials of the agency to ask the court to reconsider its decision on grounds that it "had it wrong" and "few matters could be more important." The SEC said it "has an interest in ensuring its views on this issue be considered by the court.

Contemporary democracies are faced with the mounting challenge of non-participation of citizens in the politics of the state. In most cases the reasons for non-participation primarily stem from the state"s incapacity to create sufficient platforms to encourage the meaningful participation of the citizens in policy making. In developing countries this trend has been more conspicuous amongst young people. This is largely due to the fact that the global trend of the "youth bulge" is more prominent in developing countries. But it should be noted that the need for the participation of young people in the politics of state is even more critical in developing countries; and this is so because if the trend of the youth bulge continues, the youth will in time, constitute the majority of the population in most of these countries. The main argument of this work is that the inclusion of the youth in political decision making is vital in creating a sense of belonging in the state. The most unfortunate consequence of the youth feeling alienated from the state is that the youth is often lured into participating in violent activities against the state. These include, among many, terrorism and violent protest against the state. In Sierra Leone where youth voter turnout has been declining and where the youth are often involved in violent protest, the successful inclusion of the youth in decision making should be a state priority. Notably, the state has since passed various legislations which attempt to empower and include the youth. This dissertation is a qualitative study of this legislation. The main aim is to assess whether the legislation has achieved its goal of empowering and including the youth in state affairs., the study further assesses to what extent has the legislation been able to offer the Sierra Leone youth"s genuine opportunities to participate in the politics of the country.

This case study examines a conflict resolution incident at Solidarity for Afghan Families (SAF), a nongovernmental organization dedicated to empowering Afghan families against various socioeconomic challenges. Following a violent altercation between the Director General and the Logistics Manager, both employees violated SAF's General Employment Conditions (GEC), prompting an investigation by the Trustees Board. The board's decisions included job demotions, alternative positions, and separation of work locations, aimed at upholding organizational standards while acknowledging the employees' past contributions. A reconciliation process followed, where both individuals expressed regret and worked toward mending their professional relationship, serving as a powerful example for the organization. This incident underscores the importance of effective conflict resolution in NGOs, demonstrating how proactive leadership, open communication, and a commitment to organizational values can restore morale and strengthen team dynamics. The findings highlight the critical role of conflict management in fostering a collaborative workplace culture essential for achieving SAF's mission of supporting Afghan families.

This study examines the association between firm attributes and management's voluntary disclosure of the reason(s) for auditor changes and evaluates the capital market reaction to information disclosure of the auditor change events accompanied by preexisting red flag and non-red flag issues. We find that managers are more likely to disclose the reason(s) for auditor changes when those changes occurred because of benign business reasons or if the reasons do not indicate the presence of any underlying operating or financial reporting problem. On the other hand, managers are less likely to disclose the reason(s) for auditor changes when those changes are preceded by red-flag situations. Furthermore, auditor changes accompanied by preexisting red-flag situations are viewed negatively by the capital market, implying that the full disclosure of reasons for auditor changes is informative to investors. This observation is supported further by our market-based analyses, which consistently show that auditor changes accompanied by prevailing red flag issues are valued incrementally in the market above and beyond the reportable events (under FRR No. 31) and auditor-initiated changes. The study contributes to the recent policy debate related to mandating the disclosure of the reason(s) for auditor switches. Specifically, the results support the recent debates that the current voluntary disclosure regime results in selective disclosure practices that are likely to contribute to the general lack of transparency with respect to auditor changes.

The essence of change orders was recognized to involve omissions, additions, or a combination of both. To effectively tackle this challenge, project participants can reduce the occurrence of change orders through meticulous attention to detail both in the design stage and throughout the construction process. Therefore, this study examined the causes of change order arising from the execution of building projects. This was with a view to reduce the effects on the building projects in the study area. The study is important to the construction stakeholders, policy makers and future studies. Fifty valid questionnaires were administered and retrieved among the construction stakeholders working on randomly selected building projects in Oyo state, Nigeria. Frequency and percentage were used to analyze the demographic information of the respondents while data on causes of change order arising from the execution of building projects was analyzed using mean score and ranking.The study highlights the intricate interplay of causes of change orders in construction projects, with owners holding a central and crucial position.Based on the study's findings, it is strongly recommended that stakeholders in construction projects, including owners, consultants, and contractors, implement proactive measures to reduce the impact of change orders. Owners, acknowledging their pivotal role, should prioritize the development of clear and precise project briefs to minimize the necessity for subsequent modifications.

L’educazione e la mediazione museale sono discipline recenti, che ancora faticano a essere riconosciute negli ambiti ufficiali e dal pubblico dei musei. Solo di recente la professione dell’educatore museale è stata riconosciuta in documenti ufficiali.
Nella Carta nazionale delle Professioni museali, approvata dalla II Conferenza dei musei italiani, svoltasi il 2 ottobre 2006 a Roma, vengono elencati gli ambiti e i doveri della figura del mediatore culturale museale, fino a quel momento poco presente negli statuti ufficiali.
Il riconoscimento della mediazione culturale museale come disciplina autonoma all’interno dell’istituzione presenta delle difficoltà perché essa è interdisciplinare e necessita di prestazioni multiple.
Nel corso di questa ricerca ho cercato di indagare le diverse modalità di approccio alla mediazione dell’arte intesa come educazione pratica e teorica, con un focus sulla situazione italiana e un breve sguardo al contesto europeo. Mi sono soffermata in particolare sulle fondazioni appartenenti al Comitato delle Fondazioni Italiane per l’Arte Contemporanea, fondato a Torino e nato da un’idea comune di Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, presidente dell’omonima fondazione, e il Ministro dei beni e delle attività culturali Dario Franceschini.

Mutual funds as an option have displayed tremendous growth potential when the markets are optimistic and when wise choices are made. They have performed much better than traditional investment options in the long term and thus help investor beat inflation to some extent. The tremendous success the fund industry enjoyed is due to due the fact that it has done more than any other financial services industry to offer investors solid products tailored to meet real financial needs, and marketed those products responsibly. But it cannot be ignored that rapid changes and market pressures are challenging. It cannot be afforded to remain "pigeonholed" by outdated thinking or antiquated business practices. If the long term health of the industry investor protection maintained, the record success can be maintained in the future. The sample schemes studied, SBI Magnum Multiplier plus Scheme topped the list in all the three portfolio performance models. All the sample schemes ensured positive returns due to stock selection skills of fund managers. The variance explained by the market was high in the case of SBI Magnum Multiplier Plus scheme. The market performance had a significant positive influence on scheme performance in case of all the schemes covered under the study.

inancial information has become a popular ingredient in assessing the performance of charities. Donors, funders, and watchdog agencies make extensive use of audited financial statements and publicly available IRS Forms 990 as part of their assessments. Many users pay particular attention to the proportion of total expenditures used for administration and fundraising. They also look to annual surpluses and deficits as measures of the quality of financial management, or in some cases, financial need. But how good are the numbers on which these assessments are based? When we examine them closely, do we find serious errors? What are the sources of inaccuracy? Do nonprofits face unique issues that ordinary accounting principles do not address? Will users who analyze the more readily available Form 990 data reach the same conclusions about an organization as those who review audited financial statements? To study these issues in depth, we conducted detailed discussions with nine organizations. The organizations ranged in size from under $1 million to over $40 million in annual expenditures. They represented various fields of work, such as health, education, and the arts. This brief highlights five groups of findings relating to financial reporting that emerged from these case studies.

Thanks are due to the cooperatives' leaders and members that have provided the required evidences for this paper. We also thank to Roger Spear for his inspiring comments. Additionally, we acknowledge financial support from the Basque Government Department of Education Language Policy and Culture.

In breve CodyTrip è un'avventura coinvolgente, un'esperienza formativa da vivere con la propria classe e la propria famiglia alla scoperta di luoghi, tradizioni, persone e saperi. CodyTrip usa in modo originale e semplicissimo le tecnologie digitali, il coding e l'immaginazione per colmare le distanze e permettere a tutti di partecipare attivamente, interagendo in diretta con i propri compagni di viaggio e con il prof. Alessandro Bogliolo, che guida le attività e la gita. I patrocini concessi da Save the Children, Fondazione Mondo Digitale e Grey Panthers testimoniano il valore che l'iniziativa ha ai fini del contrasto alla povertà educativa, dell'educazione alla cittadinanza digitale e del dialogo intergenerazionale. All'edizione di Urbino 2020 hanno partecipato più di 15.000 alunni di primaria e secondaria di primo grado, con insegnanti e famiglie, per un totale di più di 40.000 persone, da più di 345 diverse località, collegati da più di 18.000 dispositivi. Nell'arco delle due giornate di gita, i partecipanti hanno avuto la possibilità, in esclusiva, di visitare il Duomo, il Museo Albani, la biblioteca di San Girolamo, il Palazzo Ducale, il presepe del Brandani e il Teatro Sanzio e di incontrare Matthias Martelli, che ha interpretato la nascita di Raffaello, e Bianca Maria Berardi, che ha ballato la Ode to code. Alessandro Bogliolo, ideatore dell'iniziativa, ha proposto attività di coding interattive, ha raccontato la storia della buona notte e ha accompagnato e coinvolto i partecipanti lungo tutto il percorso, proponendo giochi, domande e sondaggi istantanei per stimolare curiosità e attenzione. Più del 90% dei partecipanti a CodyTrip ha maturato l'intenzione di visitare Urbino di persona.

Questo Technical Report riporta i risultati dell&#39;iniziativa &quot;CodyTrip in Puglia&quot; realizzato da DIGIT srl. CodyTrip è un&#39;avventura coinvolgente, un&#39;esperienza formativa da vivere con la propria classe e la propria famiglia alla scoperta di luoghi, tradizioni, persone e saperi. CodyTrip usa in modo originale e semplicissimo le tecnologie digitali, il coding e l&#39;immaginazione per colmare le distanze e permettere a tutti di partecipare attivamente, interagendo in diretta con i propri compagni di viaggio e con il prof. Alessandro Bogliolo, che guida le attività e la gita. Il 13 e il 14 maggio 2021, oltre 44.901 persone da 933 città hanno partecipato a &quot;CodyTrip in Puglia&quot; per 819 minuti di diretta, distribuiti nell&#39;arco delle due giornate dedicate al progetto di sostenibilità ambientale &quot;La Terra è il mio Tesoro&quot;, di Alpitour e Giunti Scuola. Ogni fase della gita ha avuto un numero di partecipanti attivi simultanei compreso tra 15.000 e 4...

Enterprise systems (ESs) are widely used to support business processes along the enterprise value chain. It has been shown that ESs, by integrating business functions and making information about day-today activities available, enhance operational transparency and improve the internal information environment. However, while ES-based business infrastructures can offer many benefits, their prevalence and increased complexity have also brought new challenges to external auditors. Motivated by the prominence of this issue for auditors and regulators and by the scarcity of research jointly examining ESs and auditors' work, we investigate whether the presence and extent of client firms' ES implementations are related to the quality and efficiency of auditors' work. Using proprietary archival data on ES implementations and controlling for self-selection, we find that ES implementation improves the quality and efficiency of current and future years' audit work. Specifically, there are fewer restatements, a greater likelihood of auditors issuing going-concern opinions to firms that do not survive, higher accruals-based auditing quality, a lower likelihood of Form 10-K filing delays, and generally lower audit fees. We further show that the benefits of ESs generally increase with the scope of implementation and are generally greater when the ES includes accounting and finance systems. Inconsistent with improvement in the quality of auditors' work, we find no evidence that ESs help auditors identify material weaknesses in advance of restatement announcements and we find that, even in the presence of ESs, auditors issue an excessive number of going-concern opinions to clients that survive.

We gain unique insights into materiality judgments about accounting errors by examining SEC comment letter correspondence. We document that managers typically use multiple quantitative benchmarks in their materiality analyses, with earnings being the most common benchmark. In most of the cases we review, managers deem the error immaterial despite exceeding the traditional "5 percent of earnings" rule of thumb, often in multiple periods and by a large degree. Instead of attempting to conceal these overages, managers tend to forthrightly acknowledge them, often asserting that the benchmark is abnormally low during the violation period. We find that 17 to 26 percent of these "low benchmark" assertions are suspect (although none of these "low benchmark" assertions are challenged by the SEC). We also document substantial variation in the extent to which qualitative factors are mentioned as considerations. The SEC generally is deferential toward managers' arguments and judgments, but is more likely to challenge immateriality claims when managers admit there are qualitative factors that indicate errors are material.

The Trustees are pleased to present the 2020/21 Annual Report & Accounts of the National Trust. The financial year began three weeks before the start of the first lockdown in the UK and concluded when the nation was in its third lockdown. A year like no other In the year that marked 125 years since the foundation of the National Trust, we expected to hold celebrations, continue or complete important and exciting nature and conservation projects and welcome record numbers of visitors to our places. The pandemic changed all that, for the National Trust as for so many others. For the first time ever we were legally required to shut down all our houses, our estates and our offices. It was a huge shock to all who work or volunteer for the organisation. Emergency structures and decision-making processes were quickly developed: the Board worked very closely with the Executive team to reflect on the implications and to examine and approve action plans. The Board met 20 times during the year, adapting to and making the best of virtual working, both to conduct the normal business of the Trust and to consider pandemic-related matters ranging from the change in the security needs of our houses to the challenging financial picture as it unfolded. Responding to secure our long-term future The pandemic abruptly reversed a long period of growth in membership and revenues. It quickly became clear that operating income would reduce by more than £200 million in the 2020/21 financial year compared to the budget that we had set, which would cause the Trust to face substantial operating losses unless costs were reduced immediately. We were able to save £41.8 million by substantial cuts in non-staff costs and a further £114 million by immediately stopping many projects and all but essential conservation work. The Government's Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme ('furlough'), which launched in April, enabled the Trust to relieve the loss of income while retaining many staff members. At many points during 2020 most of our staff were furloughed. In total the charity saved £197 million of planned spend to mitigate against the £213 million of reduced income in year.

In this paper, we investigate the capital market implications of compliance deficiencies across multiple business functions. Specifically, we examine the association between error-related restatements and outcomes from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration&#39;s (FDA) plant inspections in the pharmaceutical and medical device industries. We use the inspection results to proxy for the degree of regulatory non-compliance in firms&#39; operating and quality control processes. We find that the FDA inspection failures serve as a determinant of contemporaneous financial accounting restatements. We document a more negative stock market reaction to error-related accounting restatements in the presence of higher inspection scores (weaker quality control), indicating that the market imposes a higher cost on those firms with non-compliance across the organization. We also examine the change in audit fees following the error-related misstatement, and find that monitoring costs increase in the p...

an important issue in the audit process is closely related to the amount of fees set out in an audit engagement. One of the determinants of audit fees based on the characteristics of the audited is related to the corporate governance. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of corporate tax governance on audit fee. This study also aims to look at the effect of audit quality and tax exposure that moderate the relationship between corporate tax governance and audit fee. The sample of this study is the companies enlisted in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013 and 2014. The amount of the sample is 115 companies. Data were analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis. This study shows that the Tax Corporate Governance has a negative effect on audit fee. However, this study is not able to prove that the audit quality and tax exposure moderate the effect of corporate tax governance on audit fee. The implications of this study is that the adoption of good corporate tax governance becomes important in the company's business process because it can provide benefits to companies associated with lower audit fees.

Lockdown has revealed the unpreparedness of museums to deal with
a dimension without an audience. The COVID-19 emergency has also
shown big differences between institutions that had invested in online
communication in the past and those that had to adapt. This study analyses
how three exhibitions, designed to be enjoyed in person, communicated
with their audiences during the months of forced closure.
These examples are useful to understand the different approaches
that institutions adopted during lockdown, and which ones
were the most effective and appreciated by the online public.

This research work is about to examines the impact of accounting practices (accounting recordings, accounting reporting, internal audit and external audit) on the social performance of NFPO in Mezam division, Northwest, Cameroon. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design with the aid of Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique. A sample size of 219 questionnaires were received and analysed The finding shows that changes in accounting recording, accounting reporting, internal and external audit are responsible for 93.9% of changes in the social performance of NFPO in Mezam division with r 2 = 0.939. Accounting recording have a negatively related with social performance while accounting reporting, internal and external audit are a significantly positive relattionship with social performance. This study recommends that government should set up a commission or board to better regulate the activities of NFPO in Mezam. Seminars and workshop should be organised to educate the owners, managers and accountant of NFPO of the importance of accounting practices and improving the performance of accountants of NFPO in Mezam. NFPO should also hire qualify chartered accountant and external auditors to better help them organize and manage their accounting system.

This paper studies the use of restricted funds as a monitoring tool for non-profit organizations. The paper examines a random sample of 600 non-profit organizations for evidence that restricted funds are a substitute for other forms of governance and that the use of restricted funds affects organizational behavior. The results provide evidence that restricted funds are used and are useful as a form of governance. Specifically, restricted funds and tax exempt debts may act as substitute governance tools; the likelihood of reporting fundraising expenses is positively related to having restricted funds; and compensation for officers and directors is inversely related to the level of permanently restricted funds.

Las organizaciones sin fines de lucro (OSFL) con exención en el pago de impuestos a nivel federal tienen que completar la Forma 990 y contestar preguntas acerca de la gobernanza corporativa. En este estudio, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística utilizando los datos reportados en la Forma 990 para examinar la relación entre las variables del elemento de oportunidad y las OSFLs con cero gastos administrativos y de recaudación de fondos. La regresión no encontró una relación entre ellos. Sin embargo, se encontró una relación entre una las variables de elementos de oportunidad, la política de delatores, y una razón de gastos del programa mayor de 65%.

This research has long-term objective to reconstruct performance appraisal model for pension fund by taking into account the fairness of distribution of power and wealth of related parties, namely the employers, pension fund trustees, and pension fund participants. The specific objective of this research was to elaborate the factors namely fairness of power and wealth distribution of related parties, namely the employers, pension fund trustees, and pension fund participants before and after the implementation of Good Pension Fund Governance (GPFG). This is a descriptive qualitative research by nature using the theory of critical paradigm of Political Economy of Accounting (PEA). Data collection technique in this study was carried out directly and indirectly on the Pension Fund of Merdeka University Malang, Central Association of Pension Fund Indonesia (ADPI), KOMDA VI East Java and surroundings, as well as the Financial Services Authority (OJK). Sources of data for this research wer...

This research has long-term objective to reconstruct performance appraisal model for pension fund by taking into account the fairness of distribution of power and wealth of related parties, namely the employers, pension fund trustees, and pension fund participants. The specific objective of this research was to elaborate the factors namely fairness of power and wealth distribution of related parties, namely the employers, pension fund trustees, and pension fund participants before and after the implementation of Good Pension Fund Governance (GPFG). This is a descriptive qualitative research by nature using the theory of critical paradigm of Political Economy of Accounting (PEA). Data collection technique in this study was carried out directly and indirectly on the Pension Fund of Merdeka University Malang, Central Association of Pension Fund Indonesia (ADPI), KOMDA VI East Java and surroundings, as well as the Financial Services Authority (OJK). Sources of data for this research wer...

Numerous studies use discretionary accruals (DA) as a proxy of audit quality; yet, there is no conclusive evidence on whether DA are a good proxy for audit quality. To test whether DA are a good measure of audit quality, we examine the association between DA and five measures of audit quality, namely; the likelihood restatement, f4 audit, negative internal control report, going concern opinion, and auditor’s industry specialization. The results show that while there is an association between DA and each of the first three audit quality measures, such an association is absent in the case of each of the last two. These mixed results indicate that DA are not necessarily a good measure of audit quality.

Juan Ramón Cañadas (Diagram Consultores) Marc Botella (Diagram Consultores) Frederic Cusí (Diagram Consultores) Javier Nadal Ariño (AEF) Isabel Peñalosa Esteban (AEF) Rosa Gallego García (AEF) Daniel Generoso Gil (AEF) Enrique Rúa Alonso de Corrales (AEF) 2018

There has been growing coverage by the press and the accounting profession about how nonprofits report their management and general costs. There has also been growing attention by some donors, perhaps made most famously by claims by some donors that nothing should go to administration. While this area of nonprofit management has caught the attention of the public, it has largely escaped the research lens of scholars. This paper is a first step to understanding and explaining what management and general costs look like in the nonprofit sector and whether or not various institutional characteristics such as mission, size, age, sources of revenues, and/or accounting practices can help explain some of the variation in management and general expenses. We find that these institutional characteristics do matter quite a bit in explaining differences in management and general costs in nonprofits.

inancial information has become a popular ingredient in assessing the performance of charities. Donors, funders, and watchdog agencies make extensive use of audited financial statements and publicly available IRS Forms 990 as part of their assessments. Many users pay particular attention to the proportion of total expenditures used for administration and fundraising. They also look to annual surpluses and deficits as measures of the quality of financial management, or in some cases, financial need. But how good are the numbers on which these assessments are based? When we examine them closely, do we find serious errors? What are the sources of inaccuracy? Do nonprofits face unique issues that ordinary accounting principles do not address? Will users who analyze the more readily available Form 990 data reach the same conclusions about an organization as those who review audited financial statements? To study these issues in depth, we conducted detailed discussions with nine organizations. The organizations ranged in size from under $1 million to over $40 million in annual expenditures. They represented various fields of work, such as health, education, and the arts. This brief highlights five groups of findings relating to financial reporting that emerged from these case studies.

Public pension boards fear inciting stakeholder outrage if they compensate internal investment managers with market-level salaries. We derive theoretical implications in an agency-portfolio-choice model motivated by inequality aversion. In a global sample, relaxing the effect of outrage on contracting leads to an average annual incremental value-added of $49 million generated through 11 bps in higher excess returns from risky assets, at the cost of $302,429 in additional compensation. Governance reforms that address outrage by reducing political appointees or requiring independent skills-based boards can increase the annual value-added. These findings are orthogonal to costly political distortions from underfunding and pay-to-play schemes.

The extent to which financial reports are decision useful is of central importance in relation to the accounting standards that underpin them. This is as true of nonprofit financial reporting as it is of financial reporting in the commercial and public sectors. In this paper we report on our findings related to a research project focused on examining the decision usefulness of Australian accounting standards from the point of view of nonprofit Users, Preparers and Auditors. Undertaking a series of round tables specific to each cohort, we examine the question of who is accountable, for what and to whom in the context of financial reporting. Our research reinforced a number of issues negatively impacting the ability of General Purpose Financial Reports to facilitate decision making in the nonprofit sector. However, we also identified a number of new issues related to financial reporting generally and current and prospective accounting standards specifically. Some of these phenomena ap...

The purpose of this study is to empirically scrutinise the effects of audit quality, audit report lag, and audit committee characteristic towards the length of financial restatements. The population analysed in this study involved companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2018. Purposive sampling technique was employed in this research, and the total sample was 153 observations. Multiple regression analysis indicates that audit quality, audit report lag, and audit committee characteristic are statistically significant toward the length of financial restatements. The audit committee characteristic and audit report lag compress the length of financial restatements, while the audit quality extends the length of financial restatements.

This research has long-term objective to reconstruct performance appraisal model for pension fund by taking into account the fairness of distribution of power and wealth of related parties, namely the employers, pension fund trustees, and pension fund participants. The specific objective of this research was to elaborate the factors namely fairness of power and wealth distribution of related parties, namely the employers, pension fund trustees, and pension fund participants before and after the implementation of Good Pension Fund Governance (GPFG). This is a descriptive qualitative research by nature using the theory of critical paradigm of Political Economy of Accounting (PEA). Data collection technique in this study was carried out directly and indirectly on the Pension Fund of Merdeka University Malang, Central Association of Pension Fund Indonesia (ADPI), KOMDA VI East Java and surroundings, as well as the Financial Services Authority (OJK). Sources of data for this research wer...

National museums in London, England, (with sub branches elsewhere), are specifically designed as museums for Britain as a whole and are funded by the British national government in Westminster, having been established by Act of Parliament. Trustees at arm's length run them from direct ministerial control. Occasionally, a Select Parliamentary Committee is set up to investigate a particular national museum and make recommendations, but this is rare. Most British museums have survived for long periods in the past on benign governmental neglect, as well as support from particular individuals and sponsors who shape them to their interests. Thus throughout their history, national museums have had a great deal of independence. Traditionally, governments show an interest in them when they can see a practical instrumental use for them, such as in the mid-late nineteenth century, when museums were seen as tools for educating the general public in a liberal education of the arts and as a means of tempting the working man and woman from the public house. National museums in Britain have complex histories and there is no single foundation pattern. It is unusual in Britain for national museums to be established by a government as part of the state making process. There are a few exceptions such as the Imperial War Museum set up during the First World War as a memorial to the suffering of the ordinary civilian and combatant, not as a celebration of victory. However, many national museums owe their origins and developments to wealthy aristocrats and members of the middle classes who donated their collections to the state, thus coercing the government of the time into funding an institution in which to display them. The Tate, the Wallace Collection and the British Museum all fall into this category and are the result of the persistence of a few well-connected benefactors. The state accepted these donations for a variety of reasons, which will be discussed in the case studies. The role of the nation in promoting the arts was slow to be established. This paper will focus on the following key institutions: The British Museum, the V&A (Victoria & Albert), the Imperial War Museum, the National Gallery and the Tate. The earliest national museum is the British Museum. Irish physician Sir Hans Sloane left his collection to the nation provided his heirs were reimbursed with £20,000. An Act of Parliament in 1753 led to the opening of the Museum in 1759. For most commentators, the British Museum is an Enlightenment project, designed to preserve and promote knowledge of the world. The V&A was the product of the enthusiasm of one or two individuals, supported by Prince Albert, and of the Great Exhibition that funded its establishment. Here, the motivation was an educational one and a desire to improve the quality of the design of Britain's manufacturing industries. Britain's vast empire enabled her to acquire an unparalleled collection of material from around the globe and much of this was deposited over time in national museums. However, we should be wary of reading all such material as entirely or mainly the result of a desire to own and regulate

We provide the first direct analysis of the magnitude and determinants of the unreliability of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reports. We examine the frequency, magnitude and determinants of CSR report restatements for the Global Fortune 250 (G250) across the period from 2006 to 2013. During this period, 39% of G250 CSR reports have been restated, with a monotonic increase across time from 29% in 2006 to 53% in 2013. The median magnitude of the restatement of each line item is 10%, with a bias towards overstatement. In our exploration of determinants and economic incentives associated CSR report restatements, we find restatement frequency is positively associated with firm environmental and social complexity and that restatements occur more frequently in firms that have reported a high level of social performance and have environmental targets. We also find that frequency of restatement is positively associated with firms that reside in strong law countries and have their CSR reported audited. Our reporting bias finds a negative association between adoption of GRI reporting guidelines and the likelihood of an overstatement. We also find a positive association between having the CSR reported audited and the likelihood of overstatements. Together, our results indicate that CSR information could be very unreliable and firms that face pressure to perform well have more restatements. However, use of measurement guidelines helps restrict managers' disclosure choices and thus guards against opportunistic choice of measurement methods. Further auditors appear to invest more time and effort to reduce over-rather than understatement of performance. Restatement of CSR Reports: Frequency, Magnitude and Determinants "In the absence of credible, verifiable information…it is difficult for shareholders, investors, and pension fund managers to make meaningful assessments and decisions about the CR [corporate responsibility] practices" (ISO 2002, page IV).

National museums in London, England, (with sub branches elsewhere), are specifically designed as museums for Britain as a whole and are funded by the British national government in Westminster, having been established by Act of Parliament. Trustees at arm’s length run them from direct ministerial control. Occasionally, a Select Parliamentary Committee is set up to investigate a particular national museum and make recommendations, but this is rare. Most British museums have survived for long periods in the past on benign governmental neglect, as well as support from particular individuals and sponsors who shape them to their interests. Thus throughout their history, national museums have had a great deal of independence. Traditionally, governments show an interest in them when they can see a practical instrumental use for them, such as in the mid late nineteenth century, when museums were seen as tools for educating the general public in a liberal education of the arts and as a means...

The purpose of this study is to empirically scrutinise the effects of audit quality, audit report lag, and audit committee characteristic towards the length of financial restatements. The population analysed in this study involved companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2018. Purposive sampling technique was employed in this research, and the total sample was 153 observations. Multiple regression analysis indicates that audit quality, audit report lag, and audit committee characteristic are statistically significant toward the length of financial restatements. The audit committee characteristic and audit report lag compress the length of financial restatements, while the audit quality extends the length of financial restatements.

TABLE OF CONTENTS DATA SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 2 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Forms 990 ........................................................................... 2 DataLake Nonprofit Research ............................................................................................. 2 2014 Causes Count: The Economic Power of California’s Nonprofit Sector ........................... 3 The California Employment Development Department (EDD) .............................................. 3 Candid (formerly GuideStar and Foundation Center) ........................................................... 4 The U.S. Census Bureau ...................................................................................................... 4 Government Funding.......................................................................................................... 5 Federal Government Funding ........................

The transformation of the sustainability models of cities, in the last years, has modified the perception of the economic and political role of arts and, consequently, the expectations of the public sector on cultural institutions. In Italy, the growth of cultural tourism in the main urban centers and art cities has changed the cultural supply models, increasing the emphasis on temporary exhibitions and events. Moreover, the contraction of public resources has induced cultural institutions to develop new forms of collaboration with private organizations in order to negotiate their autonomy. Starting from the Italian scenario, this research describes the activity of eight relevant institutions involved in the organization of exhibitions. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative data will show, in the first part, how these institutions have developed different models as far as their management structure, governance, nature of their offer and relationship with the cultural system as a whole. In this perspective, the second part will be dedicated to the study of a specific exhibition recently held at Palazzo Te in Mantua, analyzing the role that exhibitions have taken in local contexts.

The purpose of this paper is to explore audit quality in nonprofit healthcare organizations by investigating differences in audit report outcomes. Specifically, we examine the relationship between auditor type and auditor-disclosed internal control exceptions in Circular A-133 audits of U.S. nonprofit healthcare organizations. Our findings indicate audits of nonprofit healthcare organizations conducted by the Big Four CPA firms carry a lower likelihood of disclosing internal control exceptions (i.e., reportable conditions and material weaknesses) than are audits conducted by smaller CPA firms. This challenges the general contention from prior studies that the Big Four firms are better audit quality providers and indicates that the alleged superiority of Big Four firms in terms of audit quality may not be generalizable to all industry sectors.

The purpose of this paper is to explore audit quality in nonprofit healthcare organizations by investigating differences in audit report outcomes. Specifically, we examine the relationship between auditor type and auditor-disclosed internal control exceptions in Circular A-133 audits of U.S. nonprofit healthcare organizations. Our findings indicate audits of nonprofit healthcare organizations conducted by the Big Four CPA firms carry a lower likelihood of disclosing internal control exceptions (i.e., reportable conditions and material weaknesses) than are audits conducted by smaller CPA firms. This challenges the general contention from prior studies that the Big Four firms are better audit quality providers and indicates that the alleged superiority of Big Four firms in terms of audit quality may not be generalizable to all industry sectors.

SUMMARY: Recently, the Institute of Internal Auditor’s (IIA) Internal Audit Standards Board (IASB) conducted a comprehensive review of the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards). The IIA proposed changes to some of the Standards and also recommended new Standards. The IIA provided for a 90-day exposure period (from February 15, 2010, to May 14, 2010) for interested parties to examine and provide comments on the proposed changes and new Standards. The Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association provided the comments in the letter below to the IIA on the 2010 International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing exposure draft.

Scheda del dipinto

Madonna col Bambino e i santi Girolamo, offerente alla Vergine il modello di una chiesa, Giovanni Battista ed Elisabetta, al di sotto dei quali compaiono quattro appartenenti alla comunità ebraica

(Mantova, Basilica concattedrale di Sant'Andrea, già Mantova, Madonna della Vittoria)

esposto alla mostra "Denaro e Bellezza" curata da Ludovica Sebregondi e Tim Parks a Palazzo Strozzi (Firenze)

La scheda non venne pubblicata in catalogo ma nella cartella stampa della mostra, dato che il dipinto venne richiesto in extremis per la raffinata esposizione fiorentina

Excerpt:...[w]hat role will museums and collections play in the future? A number of uncertainties are currently faced by museums, as governments affected by the global economic recession reconsider their policies towards arts, cultural heritage and museums, resulting in what may be damaging cutbacks. Philanthropic contributions are affected by the downturn, and the pot from grant-giving bodies is getting smaller than it has been in recent years. This all comes at a time when museums are more popular than ever and are working harder to make their collections more accessible. For example, the internet is hailed as the great next stage in developing online access to collections. Leading figures in museums claim there will be significantly fewer people working in galleries or in direct contact with collections in the future — apparently to be gradually replaced by specialist web-editors. But can curators and gallery guides be replaced by touch screens and internet search engines?...\ Re...