Work and Labour

This article delves into the intricate socio-cultural fabric of 19th-century America, unravelling the multifaceted dynamics that shaped the nation during this period. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, the study examines the interplay between social, cultural, and historical forces that influenced the development of American society. Key topics explored include the impact of industrialization, westward expansion, immigration, and civil engineering achievements. By examining these key historical events, societal structures, and cultural shifts, this study aims to disentangle the complex interplay of factors that influenced the development of American society during this critical century. From the impact of westward expansion and industrialization to the challenges posed by the women's rights movement, the analysis navigates through the diverse tapestry of experiences that defined the era.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender a baixa visão – como condição corporificada – a partir das narrativas das pessoas sobre sua deficiência visual, considerando-a não apenas como uma condição delimitada clinicamente, mas produzida com e a partir dos diagnósticos clínicos. Neste sentido, busco compreender sobre a baixa visão refletindo sobre a multiplicidade de modos de percebê-la a partir da perspectiva daqueles que a vivem e a produzem. A partir de entrevistas em profundidade, busquei, nas biografias de meus interlocutores e interlocutoras, considerações sobre a baixa visão, sobre suas relações sociais anteriores e posteriores à perda visual, discuti como se deu o reconhecimento da perda visual e as conexões tecidas com laudos, corpos, ambientes e pessoas. O referencial teórico dos disability studies e das bibliografias antropológicas e sociológicas sobre corpo, sentidos, saúde, emoções e deficiência colocou em evidência as complexidades de viver e compreender a deficiência visual a partir do cotidiano e das histórias particulares. Ser pessoa com baixa visão envolve questões muito mais amplas do que poderiam ser postuladas a partir da dicotomia “ver” e “não ver”. A presente dissertação demonstra que pessoas, diagnósticos e relações familiares são produtoras e produzidas na experiência de ser pessoa com baixa visão

Este trabajo propende a identificar los factores de riesgo que inciden en la precariedad laboral de la Población Económicamente Activa. Se adoptó como plataforma informativa la base de datos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares, octubre 2002, relevada en las ciudades de Córdoba, Rosario y en el gran Buenos Aires. El efecto de las variables predictoras sobre la condición de

El texto examina las distintas modalidades de desplazamiento de personal en los regímenes públicos, diferenciando rotación, designación, reasignación, destaque, permuta, comisión y reubicación, analizando además sus límites según tipo de régimen (728, 276, CAS), así como las garantías vinculadas a estabilidad y respeto del nivel de carrera. "Porque al servir a los demás seremos libres" (José María Pacori Cari).

The state, as observed in Africa, is a legacy of the colonial period. The effective colonization of Africa spanned a period of approximately seventy-five years, beginning in 1885 and continuing until the 1960s. Scholars of African history offer divergent perspectives on the colonial experience. According to some, like Nigerian historian AJe Ajayi, the colonial experience represents only one episode in the vast and millennia-long history of Africa. Seventy-five years represents an insignificant span of time compared to African history, marked by the splendors of the Songhai Empire, the elaborate organization of Great Zimbabwe, and the University of Sankore in Timbuktu. Mudimbe, for his part, emphasizes that, although the colonial experience in Africa was relatively brief, its intensity radically transformed the lives of colonized populations, reducing them to colonial subjects, sometimes devoid of history.

The history of the twentieth century in Italy is marked by industrial unrest. And yet, our knowledge of the cultures that informed those protests and, equally important, of the forms they took is still limited, leaving important questions unanswered on their meanings, functions, mechanisms of transmission, continuities and discontinuities with earlier waves of mobilization, and global connections. In this illuminating and thought-provoking book, Favretto explores the protest methods and the underpinning protest cultures of Italian industrial workers from the collapse of Fascism to the present day. Challenging common portrayals of the labour movement as unimaginative and conventional in its tactics, the book demonstrates the variety of forms of industrial protest, encompassing actions such as sit-ins, protest camps and hunger strikes, which are typically not associated with industrial conflict. Transcending the boundaries of contemporary history, the book also uncovers the persistence and reinvention of tactics commonly identified with the pre-modern period, such as time waste, sabotage and theft, and it shows the influence of earlier cultures and carnivalesque practices of popular contention, such as charivari, known as rough music in Britain and scampanata and other names in Italy.
By analysing tactics and cultures distinct from the official union protest repertoire that studies of post-1945 Italy and the labour movement often presume obsolete, the book provides a more profound understanding of workers’ protest practices and underlying cultures and a better comprehension of their breadth and scope. It casts new light on the impact of internal migration on workers’ protest rituals and practices, working-class women’s participation in collective action, Communists’ and Catholics’ distinctive protest cultures and, moving to recent decades, the effects of de-industrialisation on industrial conflict and its forms. The book fills an important gap in the study of the Italian labour movement and Italian history, enriching our understanding of the mechanisms behind the transmission and innovation of protest cultures and tactics. Its attention to the foreign experiences that shaped Italian labour industrial conflicts and analysis of tactics that have seen worldwide usage over extended periods also make it an essential contribution to a global history of protest.

This research examines the efficacy of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) in addressing transnational financial crimes (TFCs), focusing on legal frameworks, challenges, and reform prospects. It analyzes specific BIT provisions and their application in landmark investment arbitration cases like Inceysa, World Duty Free, and Metal-Tech, alongside
recent trends exemplified by AFC Investment Solutions. The study identifies inconsistencies in BITs' approaches to TFCs and limitations in current provisions and arbitral practice, particularly the lack of explicit anti-corruption clauses and difficulties in evidence
gathering and jurisdiction. It argues that while tribunals are increasingly addressing corruption, the existing framework has shortcomings. To enhance the role of BITs in combating TFCs and promoting a more secure investment regime, the research proposes reforms including the incorporation of explicit anti-corruption clauses, strengthened state
cooperation, and enhanced transparency in investor-state dispute settlement.

This article focuses on the emergence of the trade union movement upon the introduction of a capitalist industrial economy in the social and political milieu of a princely state, viz. Baroda. The article argues that the new class of industrial workers which emerged in the princely state did not passively accept their terms of work but actively mobilised to change their work conditions, form trade unions and select leaders while also negotiating with their traditional values of status, hierarchy, personal loyalty and community camaraderie. In this, the Baroda cloth mill labourers were influenced by the struggle and consequent gains of the industrial workers of the nearby cities of British India, like Bombay and Ahmedabad, which created a sense of relative deprivation among them. The article examines the organisational role played by trade union leaders from British India in fomenting similar struggles in princely Baroda. It describes the similarities between the trade union culture of British India and the Baroda movement and argues that the latter reflected the future image of industrial relations in a princely state, as was manifested in the gradual evolution of a legal framework governing the conditions of work and bargaining with the state.

The exodus of millions of domestic migrants from Indian cities during COVID-19 highlighted the failure of urban governance to address their vulnerabilities and reconfirmed that migrant integration is an intractable policy problem, where actors take oppositional and irresolvable positions. Drawing on frame analysis, which outlines agenda-setting aspects of complex policy issues, this paper explores the ideas, perceptions and beliefs of diverse governance actors-politicians, bureaucrats and civil society members-and questions whether the COVID-19 migrant crisis generated new directions in the urban governance of migration. Results show that the COVID-19 crisis generated framing contests around the role of cities in migrant inclusion that shaped new governance agendas regarding improving urban services and welfare delivery. However, owing to a persistent belief in rural sedentarism, COVID-19 failed to act as a tipping point for definitive policy towards improved urban governance of migration. The findings suggest that deeper analysis of policy frames can enrich literature on the governance of domestic migration and encourage theoretical convergences between domestic and international migration.

Rather than the long-term rural-urban migration to metropolitan centres, India's structural transformation process is characterised by complexified migrations and dispersed urbanisation. This article develops concepts of cities positioned in multiscalar power to propose a place-based, mobilities-sensitive approach and relational approach to urban theory that place smaller Indian cities within a broader narrative on migrant incorporation beyond the restrictive dichotomies of global and ordinary cities and domestic and international migration. Through two case studies, it shows how, despite low scalar positions on account of weak governance and informalised economies, smaller cities shape varied employment opportunities and generate spatially and temporally varied mobilities for domestic migrants. However, incorporation remains contingent on patronage-based social networks, creating differentiated experiences for those from different social locations; still more inclusive incorporation pathways are possible through expanding welcoming infrastructure and social fields for young migrants.

This reflection paper is all about attempting to discover how well the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the MARPOL Convention are really doing in keeping our oceans safe from ships. Essentially, I wanted to know whether these regulations are indeed making an impact in keeping the seas clean and saving the environment.

Teknolojik alandaki gelişmelere üretim süreçlerinde yoğun olarak yer verilmesi mal ve hizmetlerin üretim süreçlerinde önemli değişimlere yol açmaktadır. Mal ve hizmet üretiminde yaşanan bu değişim doğrudan endüstri ilişkilerine etki etmekte ve yeni çalışma ilişkileri ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ortaya çıkan bu yeni çalışma ilişkileri aynı zamanda sendikal örgütlenme üzerinde önemli gelişmelere yol açmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda teknolojideki yeni gelişmelerin sendikacılık üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğu söylenebilir. Bu bilgiler ışığında gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada yeni teknolojilerin sendikal örgütlenme üzerindeki etkileri ele alınmıştır. Yeni teknolojilerin temelinde sendikacılığın mevcut yapısı ve yaşanan dönüşümler ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu yönüyle gerçekleştirilen çalışma aynı zamanda sendikacılıkta geleneksellikten modernizme geçiş sürecini teknoloji temelli ele alan bir süreci ortaya koymaktadır.

This article discusses findings from a four year multisite study on how migrant youth in Melbourne, Toronto and Birmingham experienced and responded to racist encounters within the workplace. Firstly, we highlight through our research how regardless of time and place, examples of racist tropes and discriminatory language share similar features, embedded within colonial racial hierarchies, across the three contexts. Secondly, we discuss how young people made sense of such incidents and their decisions on whether to respond to the perceived discrimination they experienced. Adding to literature on young people and agency, we argue that participants' decisions to respond to racism are nuanced and thought through, weighing up the "costs" of challenging racial stereotypes for maintaining relationships with colleagues from the white majority, and the impact this may have for career progression.

The current provision of social security and employment support in Scotland and the wider UK do not effectively recognise mental health. Key concerns are: • The use of sanctions is ineffective and can exacerbate mental health problems. • Welfare conditionality gives little or no consideration to mental health problems and should not have been reinstated during the Covid-19 pandemic. • Claimants with mental health problems are not effectively supported by existing employment services. This set of recommendations has been prepared to ensure that the UK social security system does not subject individuals with mental health problems to a one-size-fits-all approach to conditionality, and that personalised distinct employment support for people with mental health problems is available to all.

The current provision of social security and employment support in Scotland and the wider UK do not effectively recognise mental health. Key concerns are: • The use of sanctions is ineffective and can exacerbate mental health problems. • Welfare conditionality gives little or no consideration to mental health problems and should not have been reinstated during the Covid-19 pandemic. • Claimants with mental health problems are not effectively supported by existing employment services. This set of recommendations has been prepared to ensure that the UK social security system does not subject individuals with mental health problems to a one-size-fits-all approach to conditionality, and that personalised distinct employment support for people with mental health problems is available to all.

Buku ini telah disusun dan dicetak oleh Trade Union Rights Centre (TURC) dengan dukungan dari Kemitraan Australia -Indonesia untuk Kesetaraan Gender dan Pemberdayaan Perempuan (MAMPU). Program MAMPU merupakan inisiatif bersama antara Pemerintah Indonesia dan Australia bertujuan untuk meningkatkan akses perempuan miskin di Indonesia untuk layanan penting dan program pemerintah lainnya dalam rangka mencapai kesetaraan gender dan pemberdayaan perempuan. Informasi yang disajikan dalam publikasi ini adalah tanggung jawab dari tim produksi dan tidak mewakili pandangan Pemerintah Indonesia dan Pemerintah Australia.

El propósito de este artículo es analizar el sentimiento de ambivalencia que experimentan las mujeres que desempeñan trabajos precarios ante sus obligaciones domésticas y la necesidad de trabajar. Se trata de confrontarlo no como sinónimo de confusión, sino de fuerza para resistir, y transformar su yo interno desgajado en un yo colectivo fortalecido y en deseo de justicia. Con este propósito se estudió el caso de mujeres que trabajan en empresas globalizadas de Centroamérica y que pertenecen a redes sociales y espacios de organización desde los cuales dan un nuevo sentido a su trabajo y a sus vidas. En particular consideramos las redes familiares construidas por ellas mismas para mantener su doble presencia en el hogar y en el trabajo. Estas redes constituyen el entramado social básico sobre el que las mujeres estudiadas edificaron su imaginario ocupacional, en una relación ambigua y conflictiva, pero indispensable para llevar a cabo sus propios proyectos de vida. PALABRAS CLAVE: identidades laborales, género, trabajo, maquila, Centroamérica This paper analyzes the ambivalence experienced by women who have precarious jobs in regard to their obligations at home and the need to work out of necessity.We attempt to view it not as a synonym of confusion, but rather as the strength to resist and transform their torn-up inner selves into a strengthened collective self and a desire for justice.To this avail, we studied the case of women working in globalized industries in Central America that belong to social networks and organizational spaces from which they acquire new meanings to their work and lives. In particular, we analyze the family networks they build in order to assure their double presence at home and at their workplace.These networks are the basic social framework upon which these women build their occupational construct, in an ambiguous and conflictive relation, but none the less indispensable in their pursue of their own life projects.

Singapore's gig economy has experienced remarkable growth, with platform workers increasing from an estimated 50,000 in 2019 to over 100,000 by 2024, culminating in the landmark Platform Workers Bill that took effect on January 1, 2025. This comprehensive analysis examines whether this growth represents genuine economic robustness or symptoms of underlying unemployment and underemployment challenges that threaten Singapore's long-term economic sustainability.

Through the application of dual labor market theory, platform capitalism analysis, and extensive empirical investigation, this paper presents a novel perspective: Singapore's gig economy exhibits characteristics of a "hybrid segmentation model" that simultaneously functions as both a growth engine and an underemployment trap, depending on the specific worker demographics and economic conditions involved.

The research reveals that while the gig economy has provided valuable flexibility and income opportunities for certain segments of the workforce, it has also created new forms of economic vulnerability. The DBS study of 2023 found that gig workers maintain expense-to-income ratios of 112%, significantly above the sustainable threshold, with emergency savings covering only 1.7 months of expenses compared to the recommended 3-6 months [1]. This financial precarity suggests that for many participants, gig work represents a response to inadequate opportunities in the traditional labor market rather than a preferred employment choice.

However, the analysis also demonstrates that the gig economy has generated genuine economic value, with platforms like Grab contributing approximately S$5.2 billion to Singapore's economy in 2023 [2]. The sector has shown remarkable resilience and growth, with job applications increasing by 50% month-on-month from April to December 2023, and wage premiums in healthcare and hospitality sectors reaching 23-100% above the Local Qualifying Salary [3].

The Platform Workers Bill of 2025 represents a critical policy intervention that attempts to address the dual nature of gig work by providing social protection while maintaining flexibility. This legislation covers 70,500 platform workers and introduces CPF contributions, work injury insurance, and collective bargaining rights, effectively creating a "third category" of employment that bridges traditional employee-employer relationships and pure self-employment [4].

The paper concludes that Singapore's gig economy is neither purely a growth engine nor simply an underemployment trap, but rather a complex economic phenomenon that requires nuanced policy responses. The success of the Platform Workers Bill and future policy interventions will determine whether Singapore can harness the productive potential of platform labor while mitigating its inherent vulnerabilities.

Il saggio analizza le principali misure in materia di personale introdotte dal d.l. n. 14 marzo 2025, n. 25, meglio noto come «Decreto PA». Il provvedimento continua a rivedere la governance delle assunzioni nel settore pubblico, introducendo una serie di misure che interessano tutti i canali di reclutamento di cui la p.a. dispone per far fronte ai propri fabbisogni organizzativi: concorsi, stabilizzazioni, scorrimenti delle graduatorie, mobilità. Al vertice di questo sistema si pone l'archetipo costituzionale del concorso pubblico, che il decreto qualifica espressamente come «strumento ordinario e prioritario» per far fronte alla provvista di personale, riconoscendone (almeno sul piano simbolico) la rinnovata centralità, dopo una stagione di lunga crisi.

This article proposes an extension of the Power Resource Approach (PRA) that systematically addresses central criticisms of the original framework. We argue that a comprehensive understanding of labour conflicts in capitalist societies necessitates at least three conceptual elaborations: (1) a relational perspective on labour conflicts and power dynamics; (2) an emphasis on the heterogeneity of (collective) interests and orientations that both enable and constrain collective action; and (3) a reconceptualisation of employers as active counterparts in labour relations, equipped with their own interests, orientations, and power resources. Particular attention is paid to bargaining processes between antagonistic actor groups and to the often contradictory interests and normative orientations that shape action and inform the mobilisation of power resources. This actor-centred perspective aims to contribute to a more differentiated and empirically grounded understanding of labour relations. The analytical potential of the extended framework is illustrated through the empirical case of resistance to port privatisation in Hamburg, Germany.

Το κυκλώπειο τείχος της μυκηναϊκής ακρόπολης του Γλα. Το ιστορικό της έρευνας και τα νέα δεδομένα από τις εργασίες αποκατάστασής του. 11.50-12.10 Β. Αραβαντινός -Ι. Φάπας To ανακτορικό συγκρότημα και η οχύρωση της μυκηναϊκής Θήβας 12.10-12.30 A. Bασιλογάμβρου Οι ανασκαφές στον Αγ. Βασίλειο Λακωνίας 12.30-12.50 M. Kοσμόπουλος Η πολιτική οργάνωση της μυκηναϊκής Μεσσηνίας και η ενοποίηση του κράτους της Πύλου 12.50-13.10 Diskussion/ Συζήτηση 13.10 -15.00 Break/ Διάλειμμα 3 rd session: RELATIONS BETWEEN CRETE AND MYCENAEAN GREECE -A 3 η συνεδρία: ΣΧΕΣΕΙΣ ΚΡΗΤΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΜΥΚΗΝΑΪΚΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ -Α 15.00-15.20 Μ. Βλαζάκη Όσμωση Μινωιτών και Μυκηναίων στην Κυδωνία 15.20-15.40 J. Davis -S. Stocker Crete and the Mainland: The Evidence from the Grave of the Griffin Warrior 15.40-16.00 Κ. Καλογερόπουλος Palatial jar fragments of non-burial contexts and their Neopalatial counterparts 16.00-16.20 Ε. Kardamaki -A. Hein -M. Teconi -P. Day Transport containers and trade in the Late Mycenaean palatial period 16.20-16.40 Discussion / Συζήτηση 16.40-17.00 Break / Διάλειμμα 4 th session: RELATIONS BETWEEN CRETE AND MYCENAEAN GREECE -B 4 η συνεδρία: ΣΧΕΣΕΙΣ ΚΡΗΤΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΜΥΚΗΝΑΪΚΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ -Β 17.00-17.20 Ν. Καραδήμας Ανάμεσα σε δύο κόσμους: το νέο υστεροελλαδικό ανάκτορο στον Άγιο Βασίλειο Λακωνίας 17.20-17.40 Β. Πετράκης O φθεγγόμενος μυκηναϊκός κόσμος: νέα ευρήματα και νέα ερωτήματα 17.40-18.00 Δ. Παναγιωτόπουλος -Μ. Αναστασιάδου 61 Years Later: Our current understanding of Mycenaean seals and sealing practices 18.00-18.20 U. Thaler Just like in Tiryns -Local idiosyncrasies in the depiction of women's attire -Argive fashion or artistic failure? 18.20-18.40 Discussion/Συζήτηση

Как показал обзор последних исследований в области устойчивого местного развития сквозь призму проблемы финансовой инклюзии, существует пробел в охвате проблематики разработки кредитных продуктов для населения в контексте гармонизации интересов всех акторов системы потребительского кредитования. Рассматриваемый в качестве инструмента финансовой инклюзии, кредит устойчивого развития, согласно авторской концепции, должен в первую очередь подразумевать разработку и внедрение в банковскую практику новых рациональных кредитных продуктов, соответствующих рациональных практик потребительского кредитования. Предложена теоретическая модель устойчивого потребительского кредитования, в качестве необходимого институционального элемента которой предлагается вовлечение местных сообществ. При этом рациональный потребительский кредит рассматривается как неотъемлемая характеристика данной модели. Обосновано, что экономическая политика на региональном и местном уровнях должна быть направлена на согласование интересов заёмщиков и кредиторов как непосредственных участников системы потребительского кредитования с целями и задачами устойчивого социальноэкономического развития территорий их проживания. Малые монопромышленные города Российской Федерации предлагается рассматривать в качестве площадок для внедрения и воспроизводства, при поддержке со стороны органов региональной власти и местного самоуправления, практик устойчивого потребительского кредитования. Ключевые слова: потребительское кредитование; устойчивое развитие; финансовая инклюзия; местные сообщества; рациональность; институты; региональная и муниципальная экономическая политика.

258 1.Current leave and other employment-related policies to support parents Note on leave information. the information given below is based on. (i) leave arrangements for employees in the private sector that are covered by legislation and the National General Collective Agreements (NGCA) signed between the most (SEV, GSEVEE, ESEE, and SETE) and the General Confederation of Labour, which set the uniform minimum provisions for all workers in the private sector 259 ; (ii) leave arrangements for public sector employees that are covered by basic laws and the Code for Civil Servants and relevant legislation. 258 Please cite as. Hatzivarnava-Kazassi, E. Moschovakou, N. and Karamessini, M. (2025) Valentova, M. (eds.) International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2025. Available at. https.//www.leavenetwork.org/annual-review-reports/ 259 Provisions for leave arrangements are also included in other kinds of Collective Labour Agreements (i.e., sectoral, professional, and enterprise), which are signed between employers and confederations of large sub-sectors of the economy (e.g., the banking sector) or enterprises of the wider public sector (e.g., the electricity company). Due to the fact that such agreements cannot include worse provisions than the minimum standards included in the National General Collective Agreement, they usually have improved provisions for working parents.

How do local authorities seek to govern refugee camps that do not officially exist? This chapter addresses this question in the context of Lebanon, the country that hosts the highest number of refugees per capita worldwide. Once infamous for its Palestinian refugee camps, Lebanon is now known for its ‘no-camp policy’ vis-à-vis Syrian refugees. Yet these binary extremes obscure more than they reveal. Less than half of Lebanon’s Palestinians actually reside in official refugee camps, with many living in administratively non-existent ‘gatherings’. At the same time, almost a quarter of the country’s Syrian refugees do live in de facto camps. Tellingly, while these are generally described using the humanitarian term ‘informal tented settlements’, Lebanese governance documents actually use the same term for them as for Palestinian informal camps: gatherings (tajammouat in Arabic) (Kikano et al, 2021: 433).

This chapter therefore explores the parallels between Lebanon’s different approaches to governing these informal refugee spaces. Specifically, I study how the informal spatial set-up of these various ‘campscapes’ allows for a consistently informalized engagement with the various ‘representatives’ of the respective refugee communities. I argue that the informal nature of these campscapes enables and legitimizes the securitized stance that various local Lebanese state authorities adopt towards refugee representatives. This particular governmentality allows these authorities to shirk their responsibilities to care for refugee communities while also providing them with a specific disciplinary mechanism to control refugees. The informal nature of refugee spaces, then, is not merely a context for but an instrument of governance. The notion of ‘the local’ is a crucial element of such informalization as it projects imaginaries of isolated and improvised practices of engagement with refugee communities that defy critical scrutiny of the more wide-ranging disciplinary effects of informalization.

La perspectiva cultural en los estudios laborales latinoamericanos Rocío Guadarrama Olivera' os estudios sobre el trabajo en América Latina han experimentado trastrocamientos muy importantes en sus enfoques teóricos, a la par de los cambios sufridos por los procesos laborales mundiales durante los últimos diez años.

Scheduled Tribes (STs) in Kerala inhabit a distinct socio-cultural and ecological terrain shaped by historical marginalisation and evolving policy interventions. This study critically examines the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) as a transformative governance instrument, exploring its potential to move beyond wage employment toward structural empowerment. Anchored in the ILO's Decent Work agenda, Sen's Capability Approach, and Fraser's participatory parity, the paper analyses how decentralised and multilevel governance mechanisms interact with tribal realities to reshape policy delivery. Employing a convergent mixed-methods design, the research synthesises longitudinal quantitative data (2014-2025) from Wayanad, Idukki, and Palakkad with ethnographic insights into tribal voices, worksite practices, and institutional responsiveness. Kerala's Tribal Plus model-featuring participatory planning and Panchayat-Tribal Department convergence-has enhanced inclusion, grievance redressal, and asset relevance. However, persistent governance gaps in work demand generation, cultural-ecological alignment, and wage disbursal constrain transformative outcomes. The study introduces a governance gaps map clustering challenges into four domains: Awareness, Capacity, SocioEconomic Barriers, and Accountability. It argues that decentralisation alone is insufficient; multilevel coordination, legal accountability, and culturally embedded design are essential. Kerala's experience offers a replicable blueprint for justiceoriented tribal governance reform across India's indigenous regions.

El presente artículo tiene por objeto dar a conocer la
situación actual de las condiciones laborales de las
mucamas de hoteles de 3 y 4 estrellas en Merlo, San Luis,
en 2022, producto de la investigación realizada. En ella se
examinaron aspectos relacionados con la legislación
laboral, la experiencia laboral, la organización del trabajo
y la salud laboral, mediante la realización de encuestas a
mucamas, con preguntas cerradas y abiertas, para
conseguir información comparable estadísticamente.
Además, el estudio contempló una comparación con la
evolución actual de las condiciones laborales. El análisis
reflejó la necesidad de atender los términos en los que se
desarrolla este empleo, que condiciona fuertemente la vida
de sus trabajadoras.

The purpose of this article is to present the current status
of working conditions for maids in 3- and 4-star hotels in
Merlo, San Luis, in 2022, based on research conducted. It
examined aspects related to labour legislation, work
experience, work organisation, and occupational health
through surveys of maids using both closed and open
ended questions, to obtain statistically comparable
information. The study also includes a comparison with
the current evolution of working conditions. The analysis
highlighted the need to address the conditions under
which this employment is carried out, which significantly
impact the workers’ lives.

El objetivo general de la investigación es analizar la relación que se establece entre las posiciones que ocupan los trabajadores inmigrantes en el campo social de la construcción de la ciudad de Rosario y la configuración de sus prácticas políticas. La redacción del informe final se encuentra articulada en cuatro partes. La primera se ocupa de la presentación de los antecedentes académicos y de la estrategia teórico-metodológica utilizada. Las tres partes restantes se encuentran abocadas al desarrollo de los objetivos específicos que ordenan el trabajo. Estos son: 1) identificar las estructuras de posiciones que constituyen y delimitan el campo social de la construcción de la ciudad de Rosario; 2) describir la posición que los trabajadores inmigrantes ocupan en su interior; y 3) analizar las prácticas políticas que estos sujetos ponen en obra en el mencionado espacio. Para responder a los dos primeros se utilizan las categorías conceptuales y la lógica analítica provista por la teo...

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This study examines the criminal act of embezzlement in office through the case of Decision No. 1081/Pid.B/2023/PN Sby involving the defendant Herlambang Taurino, Head of CV. New Ambassador Jakarta Branch. The defendant was proven to have committed embezzlement by creating fictitious purchase orders and invoices, causing a company loss of Rp372,246,000. The analysis is based on Article 374 of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) concerning embezzlement in office and the defendant's criminal liability. The findings indicate that all elements of Article 374 KUHP were legally fulfilled, thereby justifying the court's decision to impose a 2-year and 8-month imprisonment. Nevertheless, from a substantive justice perspective, the ruling appears disproportionate since it did not include restitution for the victim and revealed sentencing disparities compared to similar cases. This study highlights the importance of judicial consistency in applying the principle of proportionality and the need to integrate restitution mechanisms to ensure more comprehensive justice.

Poverty and poor livelihood prospects are driving tens of thousands of young people from rural northern regions to southern cities in Ghana in the hope of achieving better jobs and greater social mobility. However, while some are realising their ambitions, the majority face precarious living situations and uncertain work trajectories which result from the limited opportunities open to them in the informal sector. Based on evidence on young migrants in Ghana, the government needs to extend awareness campaigns to young people in the north on the risks associated with city work, and enforce laws to protect migrant workers in order to prevent their exploitation.

This article traces the long and ambivalent history of guaranteed income as a political, moral, and institutional idea. From early modern poor laws to contemporary welfare reforms, it shows how social policy has oscillated between moral discipline and civic freedom. The concept of a guaranteed minimum income emerges as a critical response to the moral economy of work-turning assistance from a sign of failure into a right of participation. Drawing on four traditions-religious-moral, humanist-utopian, social-liberal, and post-industrial feminist-the paper situates guaranteed income within the broader genealogy of freedom and social justice. Combining Amartya Sen's capability approach with feminist care theory, it argues that guaranteed income redefines welfare not as charity or control but as institutionalised human agency. It thus represents a paradigmatic shift from workfare to welfare, from necessity to freedom.

Questo saggio analizza l’evoluzione più recente del potere di controllo del datore di lavoro, con particolare attenzione a registrazioni occulte, investigazioni e monitoraggi tecnologici. Alla luce delle ordinanze n. 20487 del 21 luglio 2025 e n. 23578 del 20 agosto 2025 e della sentenza n. 24204 del 29 agosto 2025 della Cassazione, nonché dei provvedimenti del Garante privacy (n. 243 del 29 aprile 2025, n. 363 del 23 giugno 2025; Newsletter n. 534, 535 e 536 del 2025), si propone un modello di controllo ‘misurato’: selettivo, motivato, temporalmente limitato e tecnicamente minimizzato, in grado di bilanciare diritto di difesa e dignità della persona.

It was September 1787 when, in Philadelphia, the future Founding Fathers set down in writing one of the most celebrated phrases in modern history: We, the People. Only three words, yet capable of encapsulating an entire vision of the world and of society—an idea of political participation and civic cohesion. Even today, in a profoundly transformed social, economic, and cultural context, that opening continues to resonate in public discourse as a symbol of democracy, inclusion, and popular sovereignty. Yet behind the apparent universalism of that formula lie unresolved tensions and deep fault lines: who, in fact, is included in that “we”? Who is entitled to speak in the name of the people, and who is left out? Upon closer reading, that “We” reveals its implicit limits—the original exclusions that, from the very beginning, defined its boundaries. In this sense, the preamble to the U.S. Constitution does not represent an exception but rather fits within a long European tradition of normative texts which, despite their universalist aspirations, construct collective identities by marking precise boundaries between belonging and otherness. Modern legal thought, in fact, is pervaded by a constant tension between general principles and exclusionary practices, between the ideal of equality and the reality of normative structures that discriminate, classify, and hierarchize.
This essay aims to explore these dynamics through a type of source rarely placed at the center of literary or theoretical analysis, yet of great relevance to the legal and social history of early modern Italy: the statutes of guilds and trades. Far from being mere regulatory instruments, these corporate documents offer a valuable insight into the ways professional, civic, and social identities were constructed within early modern urban communities. The legal language that characterizes them is both prescriptive and performative: it does not merely describe social reality but actively shapes it, defining who is entitled to belong to a given universitas and who, instead, remains outside it. Through the textual analysis of a selection of early modern Italian guild statutes, this study seeks to examine the mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion they enact. Particular attention will be devoted to entry clauses, rules governing training and apprenticeship, restrictions directed toward women and foreigners, as well as the lexical devices that articulate collective identity through formulas of belonging and distinction. In this way, the statute emerges as a legal–cultural instrument for defining the professional “we,” and at the same time as a means of excluding the “other.” To analyze these texts, therefore, is to shed light on the dynamics of marginality, on legal invisibility, and on the social construction of difference—but also to question the power of normative writing itself.

This research aims to explore Nora Seed's evolving urge for freedom in Matt Haig's The Midnight Library from existential perspective. The protagonist, Nora Seed's journey through the metaphysical space of the midnight library symbolizes her confrontation with Sartre's concepts of radical freedom, bad faith, and authentic existence. The novel reflects how Nora's choices, alternate lives, and eventual acceptance of life's imperfections reveal her struggle for self-definition and freedom. By applying Sartre's assertion that "man is condemned to be free," this research investigates how Nora's freedom to choose shapes her identity and leads to self-actualization. Using qualitative textual analysis and a poststructuralist approach, particularly drawing on Catherine Belsey's method of deconstructing texts, the research highlights how Nora's urge for freedom reflects the broader human condition of navigating meaning in an absurd and uncertain world. The findings suggest that true freedom emerges not from escaping life's challenges but from embracing them with authenticity and responsibility.

The economy of South Asian countries is mainly based on sustainable SME entrepreneurship development. These countries have sustained a period of robust growth that has alleviated poverty and made notable strides in health and education sectors over the past few years. World Bank report shows that between 2013 and 2016, the growth in South Asian countries increased from 6.2% to 7.5% while growth rates of other developing nations of the world remained flat or even turned negative. It was also expected in the report that the countries in South Asian region to continue this growth trajectory, estimated at 6.7 percent in 2021 and 4.4 percent in 2022, climbing from historic lows in 2020 and putting the region on a path to recovery from Covid-19 pandemic. Electricity consumption and mobility data is a clear indication of recovering economic activity in this region. India, the largest economy in South Asia, that comprises the bulk of the region's economy is expected to grow more than 10% in the fiscal year 2021-22. The outlook for Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan have also been revised upward, supported by better than expected remittance inflows. Bangladesh's gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to increase by 3.60% in 2021; Nepal's GDP is projected to grow by 2.70% in the fiscal year 2021-22 and recover to 5.10% by 2023; Pakistan's growth is expected to reach 1.30% in 2021, slightly above previous projections while Sri Lanka's economic growth is expected to recover to 3.40% in 2021. Since the beginning of 2020, the Coronavirus (COVID-19) has been spreading around the world, hitting hard the South Asian countries as well. South Asian countries are the home of one quarter of the global population and the world's poor and experiencing the highest population density. South Asia is the home of 1.89 billion people (and expected to rise to 2.10 billion by 2030. It is shown in research that the one-fourth of the world's population in this region contributes to more than 15% of the global growth. Informality is omnipresent across the economic structures and workforces in this region. The lockdowns, closures of business, social distancing, etc. in the South Asian countries have caused serious supply disruptions along with sharpening demand shocks as businesses and people due to covid-19 pandemic. Economic disruptions particularly stroke Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), which accounts for 30% of GDP, exports and generation of job opportunities in this region. Given 60% to 80% informality in South Asia, the livelihood of a large segment of workers was severely impacted due to covid-19. Now, many businesses need to make up for lost revenues and millions of workers who are mostly in informal sector SMEs, need to turn round from job losses, falling incomes, and human capital deficits. In addressing the needs of SME sector that is mostly affected by the pandemic, central banks of the South Asian countries allowed regulatory forbearance to promote credit flows to the SMEs, and to promote on lending to Non-Banking Financial Companies. India set up Special Refinance Facilities of 0.20% of GDP to support SMEs, rural banks and housing financing companies. Sri Lanka and Bangladesh strengthened Refinance Fund to provide subsidized funding to banks willing to lend to the priority sectors, including SMEs affected by COVID-19. Pakistan and Nepal also established Refinancing Schemes to incentivize financing support for SMEs. The improved economic outlook reflects South Asian countries' efforts to keep their COVID-19 impact under control. Hence, experts opined that South Asian Governments must navigate skillfully between virus control and continuation of economic activity by launching fundamental reforms to enhance productivity in SME sector of the said countries.

Currently, finding one-of-a-kind "treasures," being more environmentally conscious, or being more frugal with their purchases are some of the main reasons people thrift-shop instead of shopping at typical retail establishments for new clothing and accessories. Thrifting is a different type of consumerism that is connected to the secondhand economy, when consumers participate