Work and Labour

The Routledge Handbook of Neoliberalism seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of the phenomenon of neoliberalism by examining the range of ways that it has been theorized, promoted, critiqued, and put into practice in a variety of geographical locations and institutional frameworks. Neoliberalism is easily one of the most powerful discourses to emerge within the social sciences in the last two decades, and the number of scholars who write about this dynamic and unfolding process of socio-spatial transformation is astonishing. Even more surprising though is that there has, until now, not been an attempt to provide a wide-ranging volume that engages with the multiple registers in which neoliberalism has evolved. The Handbook of Neoliberalism accordingly serves as an essential guide to this vast intellectual landscape. With proposed contributions from over 50 leading authors, the Handbook of Neoliberalism will offer a systematic overview of neoliberalism’s origins, political implications, social tensions, spaces, natures and environments, and aftermaths in addressing ongoing and emerging debates. Numerous books have been published on neoliberalism, including important edited volumes, but none of these contributions have attempted to bring the diverse scope and wide-ranging coverage that we plan to incorporate here. Most of the edited volumes and monographs on neoliberalism that have been published to date have a very specific thematic focus, either on particular empirical case studies, or alternatively attempt to wrestle with a specific theoretical concern. In contrast, the Routledge Handbook of Neoliberalism aims to provide the first comprehensive overview of the field.

With authors working at institutions around the world, the Handbook of Neoliberalism will offer a thorough examination of how neoliberalism is understood by social scientists working from diverse disciplinary backgrounds. Our goal is to advance the established and emergent debates in a field that has grown exponentially over the past two decades, coinciding with the meteoric rise of neoliberalism as a hegemonic ideology, state form, policy and program, and governmentality. In short, the Handbook of Neoliberalism will intervene by both outlining how theorizations of neoliberalism have evolved and by exploring new research agendas that we hope will inform policy making and activism. The Handbook of Neoliberalism will include a substantive introductory chapter and seven main thematic sections. By presenting a comprehensive examination of the field, this edited volume will serve as an invaluable resource for undergraduates, graduate students, and professional scholars alike. We envision the book as both a teaching guide and a reference for human geographers, anthropologists, sociologists, political scientists, heterodox economists, and others working on questions of neoliberalism and its multifarious effects.

This report builds on the Race at Work report that was published in 2015. The Race at Work survey was conducted between 28 July and 17 September 2015. In this report we explore further the voices of 24,457 ethnic minority and White British employees aged over 16 years old, currently living in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. 6,076 people took part in the research via the YouGov panel survey, while some 18,381 respondents participated via the public open survey.3
Building on the 2015 report, we offer a qualitative analysis of responses given to open-ended survey questions designed to explore the following:

(1) employee accounts of experiencing and/ or witnessing racist harassment or bullying at work; and
(2) How, if at all, employers promote equality, diversity and fairness in the workplace.

In doing so, this report provides further insights into the nature, scale and human impact of racist bullying and harassment in the workplace. In addition to this, we draw further attention to some of the specific barriers that prevent the realisation of equality, diversity and fairness at work.

While several critics have analyzed the rise of the “micro-celebrity” in the online era (Senft 2008, Marwick 2013, Marwick and boyd 2011, van Dijk 2013), few have worked to historicize these developments, or to situate them within broader political economic transformations in the nature of work and value in the contemporary moment. Assessments of “micro-celebrity” also tend to ignore the central role played by celebrity/brand measurement mechanisms, such as the Nielsen ratings or the Q score, in and through which celebrity value is identified and determined. This paper will attempt to fill these gaps by providing an historical sketch of expressions of celebrity value: as product, industry, property, endorser and brand in the 20th century. It will trace these processes as they appear in the phenomenon of the reality television participant in the 1990s and 2000s and the Internet micro-celebrity, specifically the social media 'influencer' (SMI), in the 21rst century. The paper then focuses on contemporary ‘influence’ measurement metrics, such as Klout, examining the ways in which both the traditional celebrity and the SMI have responded to and been conditioned by these metrics. Finally, the paper will critically assess how and in what ways celebrity value may have changed, and who really benefits from the dispersal of the logics of celebrity value-production in the age of social media.

The task of studying the impact of social class on physical and mental health involves, among other things, the use of a conceptual toolbox that defines what social class is, establishes how to measure it, and sets criteria that help distinguish it from closely related concepts. One field that has recently witnessed a wealth of theoretical and conceptual research on social class is psychology, but geographers' and sociologists' attitude of diffidence toward this " positivistic " discipline has prevented them from taking advantage of this body of scholarship. This paper aims to highlight some of the most important developments in the psychological study of social class and social mobility that speak to the long-standing concerns of health geographers and sociologists with how social position, perceptions, social comparisons, and class-based identities impact health and well-being.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.037

Poverty is rooted in the accumulation of wealth, a process that plays out through the dispossession of the many so as to secure excess for the few. While this insight is commonly assigned to Marx and particularly his understanding of primitive accumulation,  Proudhon had worked out the contradictory underpinning of capitalism several decades earlier when he declared “property is theft!” Indeed, the very possibility of poverty, and its expression as famine, is rooted in the institution of property itself. This paper argues that we need to turn to anarchism, to refuse the expropriation of our means to survive under the tenets of property, and to cast off the chains of slavery that we euphemize as wage labour. Only by returning to the principle of mutual aid can famine ever be averted, whereby reciprocity becomes the compass of our collective morality.

Responding to David Harvey’s critique of my paper ‘Why a radical geography must be anarchist’, I once again reiterate the importance of anarchist perspectives in contemporary politics and geographical praxis. In challenging Harvey on the limits to Marx, I urge him to think again about the hidden vanguardism, implied statism, and veiled hierarchy that continue to lurk within the Marxist project, and importantly how these specters constrain both our collective political imagination and the possibilities of radical geography. I am admittedly very critical of Harvey, but I nonetheless refuse to close the door on dialogue between the Black and Red, even in the face of ongoing Marxist ridicule of anarchist politics. Accordingly, I propose an agonistic embrace of a ‘postfraternal’ or ‘postsororal’ politics on the left, where we come to appreciate ongoing conflict as a sign of a healthy leftist milieu. In doing so we can move beyond the misguided idea that all disagreements over strategies, tactics, and organizing methods will ever be resolved. Ultimately, what I have dubbed ‘the condition of postfraternity’ keeps us alert to the continually unfolding possibilities of a thoroughly politicized and forever protean space. By embracing this shifting horizon, not as a static limit to our politics, but as a beautiful enabler of visionary possibilities, the rhizomes of emancipation grow stronger.

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the neoliberal production of anxiety in academic faculty members in universities in Northern Europe. The paper focuses on neoliberalization as it is instantiated through audit and ranking systems designed to produce academia as a space of economic efficiency and intensifying competition. We suggest that powerful forms of competition and ranking of academic performance have been developed in Northern Europe. These systems are differentiated and differentiating, and they serve to both index and facilitate the neoliberalization of the academy.  Moreover, these audit and ranking systems produce an ongoing sense of anxiety among
academic workers.  We argue that neoliberalism in the academy is part of a wider system of anxiety production arising as part of the so-called ‘soft governance’ of everything, including life itself, in contemporary late liberalism.

Most people in the future will not need to work, at least in the ways in which we continue to think about work/human labour. In this chapter, we discuss the role of humans in the future economy. We begin with a discussion of the evolution of the integration of robots into the economy. Then, we turn out attention to the economics of robotics and AI, showing how these technological changes alter the economy and how markets and political responses may unfold. Then we discuss how humans can remain competitive in the new economy, developing skills that are needed and how educational institutions will have to change to address the new economic reality. Finally, we conclude, showing that humans will have to see their relationship to the job market differently and there will have to be an appropriate political response to the new economic landscape with changes in taxation and new ways of ensuring economic and political stability.

This paper explores the cultural and organisational dimensions of academic life that lay the foundations for academic freedom. We briefly review the relationship between university autonomy and academic freedom, the relationship between ethics and freedom and the impact of increased commercialisation on scholarly independence, particularly how the increasing casualization of employment limits the freedom of academics to teach critically and publish freely. We examine the geopolitics of knowledge and how the hegemony of Western thinking frames dominant epistemologies and imposes constraints on academic freedom. We also explore the ways in which Cartesian rationalism underpins contemporary understanding of what constitutes valid knowledge, and how this can and does act as a constraint in what we come to know and study, not least in terms of values but also in terms of how caring (affective) relations impact research and teaching. Our paper highlights the silenced doxa in the organisation of the academy, including the impact of care-lessness on women and primary care givers in particular. We examine the social class biases in how higher education is organised, and how class exclusions are themselves constraints on being an academic or a student in a university. Finally, the paper illustrates the importance of distinguishing between the institutional autonomy of the university, the personal and professional freedoms of individual academics, and each of these from subject autonomy, namely the freedom of scholars to create and maintain new disciplinary fields, especially fields of scholarship that are critical and challenging of prevailing academic orthodoxies.

This article surveys the so-called “Workers Town” at the Heit el- Ghurab in relation to information from Old Kingdom texts, art, and archaeology with the goal of learning more about the status of its inhabitants in the organization of labor for the building of the anomalously gigantic pyramids of the 4th Dynasty. In the first part I ask: Do indicators of an abundance of meat, the presence of hunted game, and Levantine “luxury” imports suggest good treatment of common workers, or does this material hint that the occupants enjoyed a higher status than common workers and that the HeG hosted functions other than a barracks for workers? In the second part I pivot to a related question: If, for building the Giza pyramids, central authorities required extremely large numbers of people of a lesser status than the HeG occupants, did they use foreign captives or native corvée?

In a world dominated by capitalist work (labour), working for a wage is the central unavoidable reality of modern social life. And yet, the category of labour remains underdeveloped in social sciences. While waged labour in all its forms, including unemployment and mass poverty, has now invaded all aspects of social life, labour appears to have disappeared as a practice that constitutes modern society. This book revitalises labour as the fundamental constitutive principle of the social world, through a radical reinterpretation of Marx’s social theory. Each chapter develops a central Marxist theme: the continuing centrality of work; class and classification; commodity fetishism and primitive accumulation; labour movements and the way in which labour moves; unemployment, subjectivity and class consciousness, and the new forms of resistance developed in Europe, Latin America and East Asia. In conclusion, the editors give an account of what they consider to be the main critical and practical problems and possibilities confronting the concept and reality of labour in the 21st century.

Contents

Acknowledgements ix
From Here to Utopia: Finding Inspiration for the Labour Debate
Ana C. Dinerstein and Michael Neary 1

1 What Labour Debate?
1.1 Class and Classification: Against, In and Beyond Labour
John Holloway p.27
1.2 Class Struggle and the Working Class: The Problem of Commodity Fetishism
Simon Clarke p.41
1.3 The Narrowing of Marxism: A Comment on Simon Clarke’s Comments
John Holloway p.61

2 Capital, Labour and Primitive Accumulation: On Class and Constitution
Werner Bonefeld p.65

3 Labour and Subjectivity: Rethinking the Limits of Working Class Consciousness
Graham Taylor p. 89

4 Hayek, Bentham and the Global Work Machine: The Emergence of the Fractal-Panopticon Massimo De Angelis  p. 108

5 Work is Still the Central Issue! New Words for New Worlds
Harry Cleaver p. 135

6 Labour Moves: A Critique of the Concept of Social Movement Unionism
Michael Neary p . 149

7 Fuel for the Living Fire: Labour-Power!
Glenn Rikowski p. 179

8 Regaining Materiality: Unemployment and the Invisible Subjectivity of Labour
Ana C. Dinerstein p. 203

9 Anti-Value-in-Motion: Labour, Real Subsumption and the Struggles against Capitalism
Ana C. Dinerstein and Michael Neary
v

What is to be learned from the chaotic downfall of the Weimar Republic and the erosion of European liberal statehood in the interwar period vis-a-vis the ongoing Europeancrisis? This book analyses and explains the recurrent emergence of crises in European societies. It asks how previous crises can inform our understanding of the present crisis. The particular perspective advanced is that these crises not only are economic and social crises, but must also be understood as crises of public power, order and authority. In other words, it argues that substantial challenges to the functional and normative setup of democracy and the rule of law were central to the emergence and the unfolding of these crises.The book draws on and adds to the rich ’crises literature’ developed within the critical theory tradition to outline a conceptual framework for understanding what societal crises are. The central idea is that societal crises represent a discrepancy between the unfolding of social processes and the institutional frameworks that have been established to normatively stabilize such processes. The crises at issue emerged in periods characterized by strong social, economic and technological transformations as well as situations of political upheaval. As such, the crises represented moments where the existing functional and normative grid of society, as embodied in notions of public order and authority, were severely challenged and in many instances undermined. Seen in this perspective, the book reconstructs how crises unfolded, how they were experienced, and what kind of responses the specific crises in question provoked.

List of Content

Introduction: European Crises of Public Power: From Weimar until Today, Poul F. Kjaer & Niklas Olsen / PART I: Semantics, Notions and Narratives of Societal Crisis / 1. What Time Frame Makes Sense for Thinking about Crises?, David Runciman / 2. The Stakes of Crises, Janet Roitman / PART II: Weimar and the Interwar Period: Ideologies of Anti-Modernism and Liberalism / 3.The Crisis of Modernity – Modernity as Crisis: Towards a Typology of Crisis Discourses in Interwar East Central Europe and Beyond, Balázs Trencsényi / 4. European Legitimacy Crises – Weimar and Today: Rational and Theocratic Authority in the Schmitt-Strauss Exchange, John P. McCormick / 5.Crisis and the Consumer: Re-constructions of Liberalism in Twentieth Century Political Thought, Niklas Olsen / PART III: The Causes of Crises: From Corporatism to Governance / 6. The Constitutionalisation of Labour Law and the Crisis of National Democracy, Chris Thornhill / 7. Conflict and the Crisis in Labour Law: From Weimar to Austerity, Ruth Dukes / 8. From the Crisis of Corporatism to the Crisis of Governance, Poul F. Kjaer / PART IV: The Euro and the Crisis of Law and Democracy / 9. What is Left of the European Economic Constitution II? From Pyrrhic Victory to Cannae Defeat, Christian Joerges / 10. Reflections on Europe’s “Rule of Law Crises”, Jan-Werner Müller / 11. Democracy under Siege: The Decay of Constitutionalisation and the Crisis of Public Law and Public Opinion, Hauke Brunkhorst / PART V: The Consequences of Crises and the Future of Europe / 12. Crises and Extra-Legality: From Above and from Below, William E. Scheuerman / 13. “We could Go down the Road of Lebanon”: Crisis Thinking on the Anti-Muslim Far Right, Mikkel Thorup / 14. Conclusion and Perspectives: The Re-constitution of Europe, Poul F. Kjaer & Niklas Olsen

Review and review essays:
Romain Bonnet (2017): European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire, DOI: 10.1080/13507486.2017.1317054
Andreas Marklund (2018) Historisk Tidsskrift, 117, 2, 637 – 39.
Pablo Holmes (2018), ‘The constitutional politics of crisis in Europe’, Culture, Practice & European Policy, 3, 2, 92 – 98.

Scholars are increasingly declining to offer their services in the peer review process. There are myriad reasons for this refusal, most notably the ever- increasing pressure placed on academics to publish within the neoliberal university. Yet if you are publishing yourself then you necessarily expect someone else to review your work, which begs the question as to why this service is not being reciprocated. There is something to be said about withholding one’s labour when journals are under corporate control, but when it comes to Open Access journals such denial is effectively unacceptable. Make time for it, as others have made time for you. As editors of the independent, Open Access, non-corporate journal ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, we reflect on the struggles facing our daily operations, where scholars declining to participate in peer review is the biggest obstacle we face. We argue that peer review should be considered as a form of mutual aid, which is rooted in an ethics of cooperation. The system only works if you say ‘Yes!’.

We live at a crossroads in the history of our species—and of planetary life. What comes next is unknowable with any certainty. But it is not looking good. Environmentalist theory and research tells us, today, just how bad it is. Mass extinction. Climate change. Ocean acidification. To these planetary shifts, one can add countless regional stories—runaway toxic disasters on land and at sea; cancer clusters; frequent and severe droughts. Our collective sense of " environmental consequences " has never been greater. But consequences of what? Of humanity as a whole? Of population? Of industrial civilization? Of the West? Of capitalism? How we answer the question today will shape the conditions of life on Earth—for millennia to come. Once we begin to ask this question—What drives today's disastrous state of affairs?—we move from the consequences of environment-making to its conditions and causes. And once we begin to ask questions about human-initiated environment-making, a new set of connections appears. These are the connections between environment-making and relations of inequality, power, wealth, and work. We begin to ask new questions about the relationship between environmental change and whose work is valued—and whose lives matter. Class, race, gender, sexuality, nation— and much, much more—can be understood in terms of their relationship within the whole of nature, and how that nature has been radically remade over the past ive centuries. Such questions unsettle the idea of Nature and Humanity in the uppercase: ecologies without humans, and human relations without ecologies.

This is the expanded, book-length version of a paper given at a Conference on Hegel, Marx and Global Crisis at the University of Warsaw, Poland, October 22-23, 2012. It is currently available from the AK Press, online catalog: https://www.akpress.org/rupturing-the-dialectic.html Consider this pdf version a "look inside the book" feature, better than that provided by Amazon.com.

In an attempt to start rectifying a lamentable disparity in scholarship, we evince fruitful points of similarity and difference in the ideas of Simone de Beauvoir and Ayn Rand, paying particular attention to their views on long-term projects. Endorsing what might be called an “Ethic of Resolve,” Rand praises those who undertake sustained goal-directed actions such as careers. Beauvoir, however, endorses an “Ethic of Ambiguity” that makes her more skeptical about the prospects of carrying out lifelong projects without deluding oneself. Our study teases apart the strengths and drawbacks of these views.

This qualitative study investigated the lived experiences of highly sensitive persons (HSPs) to better understand the way they experience careers.  Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is the underlying personality trait and is present in approximately 20 percent of the population, equally distributed across gender and racial lines.  SPS is considered a non-normative personality trait in some Western societies and subcultures.  Thus, many HSPs experience difficulty finding an appropriate match between innate temperament and career.   
This qualitative research perspective employed semi-structured interviews with 35 participants recruited through social media web sites and snowball sampling.  Participants in the study were primarily from the U.S., but also from five foreign countries.  Participants were chosen based on answers to a recruitment questionnaire and Elaine Aron’s HSP Self-Test.  Major findings reveal a complex, interwoven dynamic interplay between nine major themes: (1) empathy, (2) childhood’s influence, (3) self-care, (4) a rich inner life, (5) creativity, (6) high sensation-seeking, (7) the sociological perspective, (8) the experience of work, and (9) the integral being.  The significance of this study is that it is the first of its kind to investigate this topic in a systematic, scientific manner.

This article offers an overview of the main first-order ethical questions raised by robots and Artificial Intelligence (RAIs) under five broad rubrics: functionality, inherent significance, rights and responsibilities, side-effects, and threats. The first letter of each rubric taken together conveniently generates the acronym FIRST. Special attention is given to the rubrics of functionality and inherent significance given the centrality of the former and the tendency to neglect the latter in virtue of its somewhat nebulous and contested character. In addition to exploring some illus- trative issues arising under each rubric, the article also emphasizes a number of more general themes. These include: the multiplicity of interacting levels on which ethical questions about RAIs arise, the need to recognise that RAIs potentially implicate the full gamut of human values (rather than exclusively or primarily some readily identifiable sub-set of ethical or legal principles), and the need for practically salient ethical reflection on RAIs to be informed by a realistic appreciation of their existing and foreseeable capacities.

The main purpose of this paper is to outline manufacturing industry’s skewed, technology-oriented perspective and highlight the importance of employee productivity in Industry 4.0. The phenomenon of Industry 4.0 is bringing various complex and dynamic changes for organizations. Despite organizations’ focus on technological aspects to tackle change and implement Industry 4.0 in practice, the interests in how this phenomenon impacts employees have been rising recently. Due to the apparent paradigm shift in manufacturing, work processes, work-life balance along with employees’ skills, knowledge and competencies will have to change. Here the role and importance of employee productivity will have to be addressed. Knowledge management practices can be a useful tool to help deal with perceived complexities. This paper offers practical implications for business practice and outlines the possibility to support employee productivity management in Industry 4.0 with the utilization of strategic knowledge management and knowledge management tools.

The business model that the on-demand taxi-service Uber uses seems like a great success. In only seven years, the company has produced huge amounts of economic value and completes hundreds of thousands of rides a day. But what are the economic conditions in which the Uber model works both economically, and as a model for other sharing economy companies? In this paper, I argue that the Uber model works because of changes in the underlying dynamics of Western capitalist labour markets. Under the influence of neoliberal hegemony, the surplus populations and jobless recoveries that automation and technological innovation tend to produce, and the rise in flexibility and precarity, a crisis of work has emerged, in which the need for human labour to create value has decreased and many people find themselves in a dire need for work and an income. Under the economic conditions of the increased precarity this crisis of work has created, the Uber model functions because it uses precarious, unsecure work arrangements which keep labour costs low, and therefor profits high.

Key words: sharing economy, political economy, work, Uber

Au Québec, 842 000 individus sont contraints de vivre sous le seuil de faible revenu, soit 10,7 % de la population (CEPE 2013). En 2002, l’Assemblée nationale du Québec adopte à l’unanimité la Loi visant à lutter contre la pauvreté et l’exclusion sociale (L.R.Q., 112). Depuis, les mesures de lutte à la pauvreté mises en place par l’État se concentrent sur l’employabilité des personnes dites «aptes au travail». Cette orientation en lien avec notre économie politique tend à cimenter les catégories d’assistés (Morel 2002, Larocque 2011) et à faire peser le poids de la responsabilité sur les individus (Wacquant 2009), sans prendre en considération les mécanismes structuraux qui mènent certaines personnes à la pauvreté et les y maintiennent. Lorsque l’on parle de pauvreté, on pense d’abord à l’aspect économique. Or, elle ne se résume pas qu’au manque de moyens financiers, elle est la somme de plusieurs carences influant sur la participation sociale des sujets (Paugam 2005, Castel 1994). En effet, la pauvreté devrait être une situation temporaire, mais dans bien des cas, elle devient permanente ; une réalité multidimensionnelle directement liée aux inégalités et menant souvent à différentes formes d’exclusion sociale et économique. J’aborderai l’univers discursif des initiatives de lutte à la pauvreté, ainsi que l’évolution de l’assistance sociale au Canada, de l’État providence au workfare.

FACTORS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR IN AN ORGANIZATION AND ITS PERFORMANCE AT WORK

AFRIM LOKU1 & FATLUM GOGIQI2
1Professor, University of Applied Sciences Ferizaj, Ferizaj, Kosovo
2Professor, European College of Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo

ABSTRACT

The main and most important problem that managers are facing today is the management of people. This is the
most challenging issues in each organization in daily life. Organizational behavior is studing individual, group and
organization in general to examine the effect of organizational structure, organizational culture and performance.

Human behavior which is very different from one to another, and knowing that each individual is different from
others, the challenge that we have in order to have an effective organization is based on the amounts you attune
success, managers and the rest of the organization. The behavior of an individual in the organization is the
combination between the individual and environmental characteristics. In reality, the manager should use existing
resources to a certain task, and should be able to understand the difference between the behavior of different individuals, and use them in the appropriate way to achieve team collaboration in the organization.

In the world of the individual, there is a general sample of human behavior which explains the process of
differentiation between individuals. Knowledge or perception is a man thought process that describes how we transform
taken information, storeand use as knowledge in decision-making in the future. This includes things such as visual
images, language, problem solving, decision making etc. In order to understand individuals behavior and their
personalities, it is important to understand the basis of thinking of a person.

KEYWORDS: Work, Behavior, Performance and Management

A matéria publicada neste periódico é licenciada sob forma de uma Licença Creative Commons -Atribuição 4.0 Internacional. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Ética e FilosoFia Política http://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/ojs/index.php/veritas/about : http://dx.

Özet: 18. ve 19. Yüzyıl kapitalizmi koşullarında yaygın bir hal olarak var olan işçi sınıfının yoksulluğu, neo-liberal dönemde çalışan yoksulluğu kavramı ile yeniden gündeme gelmiştir. Uluslararası kuruluşlar, Avrupa Birliği (AB) ve çeşitli ülkeler, farklı kavram setleri ile çalışan yoksulluğunu tanımlamaktadırlar. İstatistiki veriler ve yapılan araştırmalar, tüm dünyada çalışan yoksulluğunun önemli bir boyutta olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışan yoksulluğu, bireysel ve hanehalkı özelliklerini temel alan mikro yaklaşımlar ile işgücü piyasası ve refah devleti politikalarını temel alan makro yaklaşımlarla açıklanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Türkiye’nin çalışan yoksulları, bir yandan güvencesiz istihdam diğer yandan tek çalışanlı ve çok çocuklu hane yapısının birleşik ekonomik ve politik basıncı altında yaşamlarını sürdürmeye çalışmaktadırlar. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de, çalışan yoksulluğunu neo-liberal aktifleşme ve ücret dışı geçim araçları ile kontrol altına almaya çalışan politikalar, bu sorunu ortadan kaldırmak yerine yeniden inşa eden bir niteliktedir.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Yoksulluk, işçi sınıfı, çalışan yoksulluğu, Türkiye’de çalışan yoksulluğu.
Working Poverty in the World and in Turkey: An Evaluation in the Context of Labour Market and Social Protection Policies Abstract: The poverty of working class which was a common occurrence under the conditions of 18th and 19th century capitalism, was reconceptualized in the neo-liberal era as working poverty. International organizations, the EU and various countries define working poverty with different sets of concepts. Statistical data and research show that the extent of working poverty is significant all over the world. Working poverty is explained by micro approaches based on individual and household characteristics and by macro approaches based on the welfare state and labor market policies. Working poor of Turkey are trying to survive under the combined economic and political pressures of the precarious employment and single earner household structures with many children. Both in other parts of the world and in Turkey, the policies aiming to control the working poverty by neo-liberal activation measures and by non-wage subsistence means, rebuilds working poverty rather than eliminate it. Keywords: Poverty, working class, working poverty, working poverty in Turkey.

Early career academics face their own particular set of issues when it comes to struggling with the neoliberal university. In this note, we consider how our responses to the neoliberalization of academia – whether in teaching, research or other activities – promote justice or not. Rather than theorize justice in the abstract, our goal is to tease apart the injustices, vulnerabilities and complicities of our workplaces. We draw upon our individual experiences, which span six institutions across six countries, to explore how mundane choices and everyday actions might enable us to resist the neoliberal pressures on our work and our labour. We do this by acknowledging that there is a real possibility that we come to embody neoliberalism in our choices, decisions and habits. That is, we are disciplined and become self-disciplining in turn, in order to survive. We explore this tension through a series of experiential vignettes that help to frame our everyday resistance as 'tim-adical' action, both radical and timid at the same time.

This paper argues that critical studies of organization need to extend their analysis of labour beyond the sphere of value production organized by capital in order to fully apprehend the realities of today’s political economy. One direction in which this analysis must be developed is to radically expand our understanding of ‘labour’ to incorporate the full range of value producing activities, including productive consumption (also called ‘prosumption’) and ‘free labour’. The second direction, which is more theoretically neglected, is to recognize that some contemporary business models do not depend much upon value production at all, but rather on the appropriation of value through the extraction of rents. In this paper we develop this analysis of ‘profit becoming rent’ by returning to Marx’s conception of ‘primitive accumulation’, both to highlight the continued significance of enclosure and appropriation in the global circuits of the extractive industries and manufacturing, but also to demonstrate that this logic is at work even in the most advanced socio-economic formations, for example in the basic business model of Facebook.

The "Greek crisis" was officially inaugurated on May 2010 with the loan the Greek government took from the IMF-European Union-European Central Bank troika, the largest a country had ever taken (€110 bn). Since then, the social implications of this crisis have been dramatic. The form and the scale of social phenomena observed today in Greece and particularly in Athens--e.g., extreme poverty and inequality, profound police violence, organized racist violence--are unprecedented for the country. Nevertheless, a diachronic examination of some socio-spatial aspects of Athens reveals that the social character of the current crisis has been taking shape for some time. This article aims shed light on the social shape of the crisis by outlining three such socio-spatial dimensions as they materialized in the case of Athens during 1990s and 2000s: first, the emergence of new forms of social exclusion and inequality; second, the vast project of urban (re)development and the new spatialities it produced, and third the emergence of novel forms of political and xenophobic violence.

and the rationality of a certain fullness of feeling doris mcilwain living palely Plato's motif of rationality as a beleaguered charioteer reining in, only just, the diversely passionate horses captures the reason-emotion challenge. Research suggests how we might regulate our emotion, challenge its extremity, query its basis, minimise its expression. The Stoics may have taken rationality too far in their resolute minimisation of all feeling. Are emotions no more than disturbances in the logical landscape? What of Pascal's 'the heart has its reasons that reason is not acquainted with'? Perhaps the rationality/emotion divide is overdrawn, risking battle lines forming around pure opposites never found in real life examples. Yet the issue has bite, relevance to intimate features of our life: our friendships, our sense of safety in the world, how much we give of ourselves and give up of ourselves to our working life and the living texture of what it feels like to be us: fugitive, or having the 'warm antiquity of self'.

Introductory essay to the collection "I that is We, We that is I" (ed. by Italo Testa and Luigi Ruggiu, Brill Books, 2016). In this book an international group of philosophers explore the many facets of Hegel’s formula which expresses the recognitive and social structures of human life. The book offers a guiding thread for the reconstruction of crucial motifs of contemporary thought such as the socio-ontological paradigm; the action-theoretical model in moral and social philosophy; the question of naturalism; and the reassessment of the relevance of work and power for our understanding of human life. This collection addresses the shortcomings of Kantian and constructivist normative approaches to social practices and practical rationality it involves. It sheds new light on Hegel’s take on metaphysics and puts into question some presuppositions of the post-metaphysical interpretative paradigm

Main mission of regional autonomy is intended to improve the quality of public services and the welfare of the community, creating efficiency and effectiveness of human resource management, as well as empowering and creating a space for people to participate actively in the development process. Therefore, it needs a leader who can act generate commitment, motivation and optimism in carrying out the work, foster an atmosphere of cooperation, and can affect the behavior of subordinates who have an impact on improving the performance of employees. This study aims to identify and assess the relevance of leadership on employee performance mediated by organizational culture, work commitment and work motivation as determinants of employee performance improvement.
The sample used in this study were 160 respondents to the analysis unit employees in Food Security Council Keerom Papua Province. Data was collected by questionnaires followed by in-depth interviews. Quantitative Data Analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the help of the program Analysis Moment Structures (AMOS).
The results of this study indicate that, good leadership can improve employee performance, when considering the factors that come into play that organizational culture, work commitment and motivation work to DKP in Keerom Papua Province. Furthermore, the results of this study that the strengthening of organizational culture and high employee commitment can lead to increased motivation.

Keywords: Leadership, organizational culture, job commitment, work motivation and performance of employees.

Leadership is a complex concept, and academics and practitioners alike
have long been captured by its complexity. Not surprisingly, then,
researchers across numerous disciplines are constantly trying to gain
a better understanding of what constitutes ‘effective’ 1 leadership and
which factors have an impact on leadership performance? Their theoretical and practical approaches to this topic reflect general trends and changes in leadership and organizational research: early assumptions that leaders are born rather than made were subsequently replaced by theories which concentrated on the traits or behaviors displayed by
effective’ leaders

 El fenómeno de las redes sociales se ha trasladado con fuerza al ámbito laboral, en el cual las mismas han ingresado tanto como medios de publicidad como de comunicación empresaria. El boom de las redes sociales en internet comienza a partir del 2003 cuando aparecieron sitios como MySpace, LinkedIn y Xing. Posteriormente a estos, fueron creados sitios como Facebook en el año 2004 y Twitter en el 2006. Actualmente, se estima que más de 300 mil empresas de todo el mundo utilizan redes sociales y blogs corporativos con fines comerciales y como herramientas de comunicación interna. Las redes sociales ya forman parte de nuestro día a día, también dentro del entorno laboral y como tales conviene admitirlas. Un hecho que, lejos de suponer inconvenientes y perjudicar la actividad laboral, pueden utilizarse como una eficiente vía de comunicación, que permita desarrollar las habilidades comunicativas y mejorar la conexión social dentro de la empresa, a todos los niveles. Términos Clave  Redes sociales, empresas, entorno laboral, comunicación.

Precarious Creativity examines the seismic changes confronting media workers in an age of globalization and corporate conglomeration. This pathbreaking anthology peeks behind the hype and supposed glamor of screen media industries to reveal the intensifying pressures and challenges confronting actors, editors, electricians, and others. The authors take on pressing conceptual and methodological issues while also providing insightful case studies of workplace dynamics regarding creativity, collaboration, exploitation, and cultural difference. Furthermore, it examines working conditions and organizing efforts on all six continents, offering broad-ranging and comprehensive analysis of contemporary screen media labor in such places as Lagos, Prague, Hollywood, and Hyderabad. The collection also examines labor conditions across a range of job categories that includes, for example, visual effects, production services, and adult entertainment. With contributions from such leading scholars as John Caldwell, Vicki Mayer, Herman Gray, and Tejaswini Ganti, Precarious Creativity offers timely critiques of media globalization while also intervening in broader debates about labor, creativity, and precarity.

"In many pre- and early industrial economies, housing has generally ranked just behind food as one of the most significant charges on the income of all but the wealthiest classes in society. Moreover, even today, housing, along with real estate, constitutes the bulk of most families’ personal wealth, and the construction industry not only represents a significant segment of the economy, but also provides a valuable indicator of the pace of economic growth.

Although modern social scientists have used the evidence of housing as a useful proxy for the distribution and level of income in poorly documented societies, and archaeological evidence permits us to reconstruct housing standards for Greeks and Romans from a wide range of social classes in considerable detail, ancient economic historians have only begun to exploit this critical evidence. Ian Morris has argued for a dramatic improvement in Greek living standards between the 9th and the 4th centuries B.C. based upon the increase in the size and cost of housing. Moreover, Wolfram Hoepfner and Ernst-Ludwig Schwander have argued for the social and political significance of the striking egalitarianism in Greek housing. For Rome, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill and Paul Zanker have analyzed housing at Pompeii and Herculaneum, pointing out the existence of a large and relatively prosperous middle-income group. For the most part, however, such studies have failed to move from impressions to a full quantification of their results. Even Wallace-Hadrill’s superb study, which was based upon a carefully compiled survey and analyzed his sample to yield fascinating and valuable statistical evidence, left a number of possible avenues of analysis unexplored and eschewed quantitative, as opposed to impressionistic, comparisons with other cultures or historical periods.

I propose to examine a number of archaeological samples of Greco-Roman housing in the light of the housing, wealth and income distribution in a number of pre- and early industrial cultures. The study of housing further supports the evidence for Greco-Roman mean heights and agricultural productivity, and suggests that the distribution of income in both Greek and Roman society was likely to have been significantly more egalitarian than in most pre-industrial cultures. To cite just one implication of this research, I will argue that previous estimates of GDP per capita for the Roman empire proposed by Goldthwaite, Temin, Maddison, Scheidel & Friesen, and by Milanovic, Lindert, & Williamson would need to be adjusted significantly upwards."

This article analyses the origins of the methodological nationalism that characterizes the new developmental economics by examining Friedrich List’s work. It argues that the international sphere had a primary importance in political economy from the sixteenth century onwards, and that classical political economists elaborated, although contradictorily, elements of a theory of uneven and combined development. List reinforced a vision of development as non-antagonistic, invoking extra-economic factors in order to present late industrialization as beneficial for the nation as a whole. Affirming the centrality of labour, Marx’s critique of List offers deep insights into the political economy of development.