Kurdish Studies

الكاتب/ة: سينم أرسلان (Sinem Arslan)/ 2019
Transborder Ethnic Kin and the Dynamics of Peace Processes: Insights from the Kurdish Conflict
تناقش الأبحاث السابقة مفاوضات السلام، عموما، الوقائع والأسباب على مستوى الوطني بالنسبة لتلك الدول التي تجري فيها جهود السلام. إلا أن هذه النهج السياسي يتناقض مع عمليات السلام المعاصرة حيث الفاعلون والمطالب تتجاوز حدود الدولة الوطنية. تتصدى هذه الورقة لهذا الفهم السائد في أبحاث عمليات السلام وتركز على دور روابط القربى للمجموعات المتمردة في التأثير على ديناميات عملية السلام. من خلال دراسة عملية السلام الكردية بين الحكومة التركية وحزب العمال الكردستاني (PKK)، تناقش الورقة بأن روابط القرابة العابرة للحدود يمكن أن تعالج أو تفاقم مشاكل المساومة بشكل حاد في عمليات السلام.

Kamunun hizmetine sunulan sokak, cadde, park ya da binalara
gerek adres tanımlama ihtiyacı gerekse de işaretleme talebi olarak
isim verildiği bilinmektedir. Siyasi iktidarlar bu isimleri verirken
hatırlanmasını istediklerine yönelik seçici bir tavır sergiler. Mekânın
isimlendirilmesinde siyasi otoriteler ve bürokrasi etkin bir rol üstlenir.
Bu süreçte kimi zaman şöhreti kendinden menkul yer isimleri seçildiği
gibi, kimi zaman da topluma mal olmuş kişi, olay ya da tarihlerin isimleri
verilir. Bu isimler tarihsel süreçte toplumların farklı kesimlerince farklı
anlamları içermiş isimler olabilir. İsim verme toplumsal hafızanın
sürdürülebilirliği bakımından da oldukça işlevseldir. Türkiye özelinde
düşünüldüğünde toplumsal hafızanın protest ya da sahiplenici kodlarının
mekânın adlandırılması üzerinde etkili olduğu görülmektedir.

Etnia – nacjonalizm – naród. Od nowoczesności do ponowoczesności to efekt autorskiego projektu naukowego pt. Tożsamość, etniczność, narodowość w globalizującym się świecie. W jego ramach powstał szereg publikacji dotyczących problemów tożsamościowych we współczesnym świecie. Dotyczyły one przede wszystkim dwóch społeczności: Łemków i muzułmanów. Do najważniejszych można zaliczyć monografię Współczesna idea narodowa Łemków oraz opracowanie Państwo Islamskie ISIS: nowa twarz ekstremizmu. Książka składa się z pięciu rozdziałów. Pierwszy to wprowadzenie w historię pojęcia narodu. Pokazano w nim, że jest ono obecne w historii od zarania i ma głównie znaczenie „swój” w odróżnieniu do „obcy”. Jednocześnie widać, jak zmieniało się to pojęcie i jaki wpływ miała na to np. kultura prawna starożytnego Rzymu. Rozdział drugi to już historia nacjonalizmu jako idei (myśli) politycznej. Zaprezentowano początki koncepcji począwszy od szkoły niemieckiej Johanna Gottlieba Fichtego i jego kontynuatorów. Następnie przedstawiono szkołę francuską, którą już możemy bez wątpliwości nazywać pełnoprawnie nacjonalistyczną. Rozdział trzeci to porównanie różnych koncepcji analizy zagadnienia narodu i nacjonalizmu. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na teorie Ernesta Gellnera, Miroslava Hrocha czy konstruktywistów: Benedicta Andersona i Erica Hobsbawma. Przedstawiono też teorię Anthony’ego D. Smitha, z której zaczerpnięto użyty w tytule książki termin „etnia”. Rozdział czwarty bardzo skrótowo, syntetycznie przedstawia zagadnienie późnej nowoczesności / płynnej nowoczesności / ponowoczesności, czyli koncepcje dotyczące współczesnych procesów globalistycznych. Piąty rozdział składa się z dwóch analiz. Są one bardzo skrótowe, ogólnie mają raczej charakter referatowy. Po pierwsze, dlatego że nie są sednem analizy, a tylko przykładem zastosowanym dla falsyfikacji hipotezy. Po drugie, szersza analiza zagadnień została już opublikowana w książkach (Współczesna idea narodowa Łemków oraz Państwo Islamskie ISIS: nowa twarz ekstremizmu) czy artykułach naukowych, do których zastosowano odpowiednie odsyłacze.

Post-Structural Conservatism and the Epistemology of Women, Life, Freedom The slogan Women, Life, Freedom has become a global signifier of the Iranian struggle against political repression, gender inequality, and cultural silencing. Yet to interpret it merely as a demand for legislative reform or civic recognition is to misread its deeper resonance. The struggle is not only political but epistemological: it requires the remaking of knowledge, language, and subjectivity. In this article, I coin the term post-structural conservatism to describe the theoretical framework developed through my interviews as an academician observer between 2023 and 2025 (Zamani , Interview with radio Pars, a lecture on gender for Wise foundation, 2023-2025). This framework engages with the epistemic disputes between conservatives and idealists in political philosophy, while also drawing upon literary and psychoanalytic approaches to gender, culture, and freedom.

This article aims to provide a comprehensive study of the scholarly profile of the ʿAbbāsid philologist and lexicographer Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan Ibn Duraid (d. 321/933) and his work Kitāb al-Malāḥin. The first section details the author’s biography, teachers, pupils, and literary persona, thereby identifying the contributions his works have made to the fields of Arabic language and literature. The term malāḥin is then examined in both its lexical and technical senses on the basis of classical sources; the concepts of tevriye (double entendre) and lugaz (riddle) are addressed, and the semantic development of malāḥin from pre-Islamic poetry onward is traced. The second section is devoted to the composition motives, manuscript tradition, structural plan, and methodological characteristics of Kitāb al-Malāḥin. A concordance of the work’s 185 oath-bearing sentences is compiled and classified according to their textual context. Methodologically, the study combines linguistic analysis with classical rhetorical theory: the dictionary (near) meanings of key words in each oath are compared with their rare or figurative senses and presented to the reader. The word–meaning relationship is illustrated through select poetic verses and Qurʾānic passages containing relevant rhetorical devices. These findings demonstrate that Ibn Duraid employed the science of rhetoric not merely for ornamentation, but also to conceal the speaker’s intent in legal oaths, to cloak meaning with elegance, and to expand the practical capabilities of language. The study concludes that Kitāb al-Malāḥin fuses the classical lexicographical tradition with rhetorical theory, offering a systematic exemplar of polysemy in Arabic. The work’s lexicographical value in preserving rare vocabulary is highlighted, and its methodological significance for future lexicographic and rhetorical research is emphasized. Thus, the article presents an original perspective on both Ibn Duraid’s scholarly legacy and the dynamic layers of meaning in the Arabic language.

In diesem Forschungsartikel werden ausgewählte pan-kurdische Präpositionen untersucht, die sich auf proto-arische und proto-indoeuropäische Ursprünge zurückführen lassen – darunter beispielsweise die kurdischen Formen "da, di, di-, ra, ve-, va", die auf indoeuropäische Präpositionen wie "de" und "do" (...) zurückgehen.

This research article examines selected pan-Kurdish prepositions that can be traced back to Proto-Aryan and Proto-Indo-European roots — including, for example, the Kurdish forms "da, di, di-, ra, ve-, va" which derive from Indo-European prepositions such as "de" and "do" (...).

Although there is growing awareness that such a well-organized an integrated integrity management approach is to be preferred (Maesschalck & Bertok, 2009; Six & Lawton 2010; Van Montfort, Ogric, & Huberts, 2018) there is limited knowledge of what such an approach should entail 2021). Thus far, most studies have focused on singular aspects of integrity management, like ethical leadership Chapter 1 Part 2 analyzes how public organizations actually institutionalize and manage integrity 4. Chapter 3 focuses on how integrity is institutionalized within Dutch municipalities. alternatives that could be considered. For many organizations, however, it turns out to and to establish or join 'integrity partnerships'. The existence and working of these partnerships is explored in Chapter 4. Both chapters present empirically-based insights on how integrity is managed. The focus is not so much on the content but on the design (how it is organized and institutionalized) of integrity management. Part 3 2 describes approaches that are being used in practice (empirically-based), this part presents two theory-based integrity management frameworks. Both frameworks combine content and design aspects of integrity management. Chapter 5 presents an integrity integrity systems of three international cities. Chapter 6 presents an integrity framework based on normative criteria. These frameworks provide guidance for the content and design of organizational integrity systems/programs. In addition to similarities, there are in Chapter 7. In this section the two main concepts of this dissertation, being integrity and integrity In recent decades integrity has become a core value that has gained a lot of attention in both the public and the private sector De Graaf & Macaulay, 2014; Van Montfort, Orgic, & Huberts, 2018). Despite this heightened attention to integrity, it still remains a troublesome and unclear concept (Six, , with many faces , lacking scholarly consensus (Robinson, Cadzow, Godfrey and Hatch (2007) call a 'tortured concept'. Chapter 1 an organization should be, and the development, implementation, and monitoring of interconnects and transcends Paine's (1994) 'compliance' and 'integrity' strategies and does much more justice to the institutional and processual aspects of integrity management.

This book analyzes the historical formation, institutional operations, and embodiment (as habitus) of Turkishness, approached as a set of certain schemas for seeing, thinking, feeling, and acting, and certain privileges, real or potential"-Provided by publisher.

This article examines intricate interplay between urban political
economy, securitisation, critical terrorism and conflict studies,
focusing on Diyarbakır, a city in Türkiye often referred to as informal
capital of Northern Kurdistan. Using an interdisciplinary glocal
securitisation (glosec) framework, the article moves beyond the
Copenhagen School to capture complex processes fragmenting
space and society. Drawing on ethnographic research, it explores
power struggles of domination, resistance, and negotiation
between the Turkish state’s securitisation of the Kurdish Question
and the Kurdish movement’s pursuit of societal security across
multiple scales. It reveals how cultural decolonisation and neoliberal
colonisation shape and transform Diyarbakır’s space, governance
and societal order. The article contributes by analysing urban
rent production through glosec-led gentrification across three
organic-stages transforming Diyarbakır into an entrepreneurial
city. It critiques reductionist views that oversimplify securitisation
and gentrification as mere responses to terrorism. It advocates for
a nuanced understanding of diverse actors and multifaceted processes
involved, focusing on spatial struggles for hegemony and
resistance in Diyarbakır and across the Middle East. It positions
Diyarbakır as a paradigmatic example of glocalised securitisation,
highlighting transformative role of contested governance and
grassroots resistance.

Kurte Helbesten Melaye Ciziri weki ten zanin him ji aliye wateye ve him ji ji aliye bikaranina zimen ve gelek bi hez in. Loma armanca ve gotare, nisandayina bikaranina zimen e ku ev ji bi hilbijartina peyven rengrderan e. Rengder weki ten zanin maneya peyvan di penasekirine de bi awayeki zelal u bi bandoreke berfireh dide vegotin. Di analiza 75 heb helbesten di diwane de, tisten giring di ware reziman, peyvsazi u wateye de hatine nirxandin u nerinek gisti hatiye bidestxistin u sirovekirin. Ji bona pistrastkirina binbesan, heri kem 2 yan ji 3 minak hatine hilbijartin u dayin. Weki encam, mirov dikare bi reheti iddia bike ku bikaranina rengderan bandora helbestan rengintir kiriye u tahmek jeneger daye xwendevanen helbestan.

Kürdistan tarihi üzerine araştırmaları olan tarihçi Dr. İsmet Konak bu kez de Rus yarbay P. A. Tomilov'un 1904'te Kürdistan'a yaptığı ziyareti ve gözlemlerini aktardı. Konak, Tomilov'un anılarını Rusça'dan tercüme ederek günümüze ışık tutuyor.

Aqra district was administered through district governors as a district of the Mosul province since the first half of the 19th century, after the collapse of the Bahdinan Emirate. Ottoman administration continued in the Mosul province until the establishment of the Iraqi State. Abu Bakr Hazim Bey was one of the governors of Mosul during the Ottoman Empire. He served as governor there for two and a half years between 1898 and 1901. During the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876-1909), the situation of the Mosul province was quite complicated. There, corruption on the one hand and security problems on the other had increased. Abu Bakr Hazim Bey toured the entire province during his governorship of Mosul and took a photograph of the province with his observations. Hazim Bey also visited the Aqra district and gave very rare information about the administration, society, geography and many other fields of the region. He recorded all his travels and observations, along with his feelings and thoughts, in his memoirs. These memories were later published as a book in modern turkish. In this work, a description of Aqra and its surroundings will be made in accordance with the memoirs of Mosul governor Abu Bakr Hazim Bey, and the social, political, administrative, religious and geographical aspects of Aqre will be revealed.

The subject of this dissertation is the visual identity system of the Museum of Warsaw, along with the typographic system of exhibitions created on its basis, the design of the infographic exhibition "Warsaw Data" and the publication accompanying this exhibition. The design activities described here constituted an important stage of work on building the brand of the Museum of Warsaw and on organizing, systematizing and improving its visual communication. They can therefore serve as a point of reference for broader considerations of graphic design for museums, or as a basis for formulating more general conclusions and recommendations.

يتناول عمل كمال سليماني بشكل أساسي العلاقة بين الفكر الإسلامي الحديث والقومية، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على اتجاهات معينة (الاتجاه الديني – القومي الكردي) في الفكر الديني الإسلامي في أواخر العصر العثماني، ويتتبع العلاقات التاريخية الواضحة بين الكرد والترك أواخر القرن التاسع عشر وأوائل القرن العشرين، وذلك من خلال دراسة حالة ثورة الشيخ عبيد الله النهري، وكذلك ثورة الشيخ سعيد بيران وكتابات الشيخ سعيد النُورسي.

يتناول عمل كمال سليماني بشكل أساسي العلاقة بين الفكر الإسلامي الحديث والقومية، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على اتجاهات معينة (الاتجاه الديني – القومي الكردي) في الفكر الديني الإسلامي في أواخر العصر العثماني، ويتتبع العلاقات التاريخية الواضحة بين الكرد والترك أواخر القرن التاسع عشر وأوائل القرن العشرين، وذلك من خلال دراسة حالة ثورة الشيخ عبيد الله النهري، وكذلك ثورة الشيخ سعيد بيران وكتابات الشيخ سعيد النُورسي.

Bu araştırma, karma yöntemin kullanıldığı bir AR-GE (araştırma-geliştirme) çalışmasıdır. Uzman kişi, eğitimci ve öğrencilerle yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda, Türk Müziği ve Ses Eğitimi bölümleri Türk Halk Müziği alanında yapılan uygulamalarda, uzun hava türündeki eserlerin öğretiminin yeterli materyal ve bir öğretim planı olmaksızın, kulaktan, usta-çırak/meşk yöntemiyle yapıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu problemin çözümü doğrultusunda; Türk Halk Müziği ürünlerinde öğretim yöntemi olarak kullanılan usta-çırak/meşk yöntemindeki geleneksel algılayışı destekler nitelikte öğretim materyalleri geliştirilmiştir. İlk olarak literatür taramasıyla konu kapsamında gerçekleştirilen akademik çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Kavramsal çerçeve oluşturulurken aynı zamanda derste kullanılacak materyal olarak Elazığ-Harput yöresine ait Gazel ve Hoyratlar incelenmiş, ses kaydı açısından derlemeye elverişli 15 Gazel, 15 Hoyrat olmak üzere 30 uzun hava türünde eser belirlenmiştir. İncelenen eserlerin uzun hava türünde ve usûl yapısının çoğunlukla serbest ölçüde olması nedeniyle eserlerin ezgi yapılarının ve süre değerlerinin doğru şekilde notaya aktarılabilmesi için günümüz nota yazım sistemine ulaşılana dek tarihte geliştirilmiş olan nota yazım sistemleri incelenmiştir. Bu incelemenin sonucunda eserler, günümüz nota yazım sistemine en yakın olacak şekilde dikte edilmiştir. Yöre arşivinden belirlenen 30 uzun hava türünde eserin işitsel dökümanları kendi hızlarında ve bilgisayar ortamında ağırlaştırılarak dinlenmiş, detaylı ve sade biçimde olmak üzere iki farklı şekilde notaya alınmıştır. Sade yazımda, TRT Türk Halk Müziği repertuvarında kullanılmış olan nota yazımına benzer bir yapıya yer verilmiş, detaylı yazımda ise bu notaya ek olarak eserin içerdiği bütün yapılar (çarpma, çarpma sayısı, glissando vs.) notaya aktarılmıştır. Notaya alma çalışmalarının tamamlanmasının ardından araştırmanın uygulama bölümünde; belirlenen Hoyrat türündeki eser, deney-kontrol grubundaki 12 öğrenciyle çalışılmıştır. İlk aşamada kontrol grubundaki öğrencilere geleneksel usta-çırak/meşk yöntemiyle Hoyrat eseri öğretilmiş ve uzun hava söyleme düzeyleri uzmanlar tarafından değerlendirmelerle ortaya konulmuştur. Bu değerlendirmeler neticesinde, alınan eğitimin bir sonucu olarak Hoyrat uzun havanın, öğrenciler tarafından otantik icradan bağımsız bir şekilde; farklı notalarla, yer yer farklı yorumlarla ve yöresel icranın dışında seslendirilmeye çalışıldığı belirlenmiştir. Eser içerisinde geçen pasajlarda, nota eksikliğinden kaynaklı icra esnasında hatırlanmakta güçlük çekildiği, yer yer kayıtlarda aksamaların olduğu, kayıtların eksik kaldığı görülmüştür. İkinci aşamada deney grubu için aynı eser belirlenmiş, öğrencilere kaynak kişinin kaydına yakın ve yöresel tavra uygun olacak şekilde otantik icraya yönelik bir öğretim planı oluşturulmuştur. Bu plan çerçevesinde örneklemde yer alan Hoyrat eseri, deney grubundaki öğrencilere görsel olarak yazılan notalarla da desteklenerek kayıtlarla birlikte öğretilmiş ve uygulama sonrasında deney grubunun uzun hava icraları uzman değerlendirmesine sunulmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular neticesinde; deney grubuna uygulanan bu modelin kontrol grubuna kıyasla, uzun hava söyleme düzeylerinde anlamlı bir gelişme sağladığı gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışmada; üniversitelerin müzik eğitimi verilen bölümlerinde Hoyrat ve Gazel uzun havaların yöresel tavırlarına ve icralarına en yakın biçimde öğretilmesine yönelik materyal ve bir öğretim planı oluşturulmuş, oluşturulan bu materyal ve planın müzik eğitimindeki etkinlik düzeyi ortaya konulmuştur.

The Kurds emerged as a prominent ethnic group with a unique approach to political engagement throughout the Middle Ages, often appearing to lag behind other powers. This characteristic reluctance to engage in political conflicts is attributed to their distinct perspective on surrounding events. This analysis seeks to delve into this phenomenon. A particular focus of this investigation is the Kurds' role during the Abbasid era. Despite the establishment of their state in Iraq, especially during the reign of Abbasid I (132-232 AH / 749-847 AD), the Kurds were noticeably absent from state institutions, setting them apart from other ethnic groups. This paper aims to shed light on the reasons behind the Kurds' exclusion from political authority during this period. This study examines the various factors contributing to the comprehensive exclusion of the Kurds from political activities during the reign of Abbasid I (132-232 AH / 749-847 AD). These factors include historical circumstances that have perpetuated the Kurds' marginalization since the pre-Islamic era, hindering their participation in political processes. Additionally, the Kurds occasionally aligned with anti-central forces, deliberately keeping their distance from the prevailing authority, influenced by their nomadic lifestyle and enduring Kurdish identity. The impact of Kurdish exclusion on the political landscape and its influence on the collective mindset towards political decentralization are underscored. Moreover, the direct impact on the social fabric of Kurdish society is addressed. Addressing this exclusion requires a concerted effort to tackle its root causes.

Abstract
The end of power has been an essential topic in the field of the philosophy of history for a long time by different civilizations from the East and the West.
Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli have been considered as two of the intellectuals of the middle and modern ages. Indeed, their views are highly valued in the field of history in general and power along with its impacts in particular. It is henceforth necessary to shed light on this phenomenon by investigating on the concept of power, its history as well as its consequences according to the views of these two intellectuals. This study consists of four sections the introduction defines the concept of power in detail. Section one identifies the relationship between power and history. Section two approaches the concept of power according to Ibn Khaldun's views, while section three looks at the same phenomenon according to Machiavelli's. Section four, which is the conclusion, is concerned with the impacts of power according to these intellectuals' perspectives as well as their various influences.
Key Words: Ibn Khaldun, Machiavelli, History, End of Power..

ان فاعلية التنظيم التشريعي للحق في الصحة، يعتمد على مدى استجابة تلك التشريعات للواقع الصحي، المتمثل بالرعاية الصحية والتأمين الصحي وانشاء المستشفيات، وتجدر الإشارة الى ان تحقيق ذلك لا يتوقف على مدى وضوح ودقة وشمولية تلك التشريعات، انما الامر يتوقف على مدى واقعية تلك التشريعات المنظمة للحق في الصحة ومقبوليتها وإمكانية تطبيقها من قبل المخاطبين بها، بالتالي فأن أي نقص او قصور في تلك التشريعات يؤدي الى التأثير على مفهوم العدالة الاجتماعية، ومن ثم وجدنا من الضروري في هذا البحث تسليط الضوء على التشريعات المنظمة للحق في الصحة سواء تعلق الامر بالتشريعات الدستورية ام العادية، والتركيز على جوانب اغفال المشرع عن تنظيم كافة الجوانب المتعلقة بحق الافراد في الصحة، واثر ذلك على تحقيق وإشاعة مفهوم العدالة الاجتماعية، وذلك ان نجاح التنظيم التشريعي لأي حق ينبغي ان يستهدف إشاعة وتحقيق مفهوم العدالة الاجتماعية، وثبات المراكز والعلاقات الاجتماعية لمدة زمنية معقولة، مع إمكانية توقع حصول تغيرات وتعديلات التي تطرأ على تلك التشريعات، من هنا بدأت رغبتنا في بحث التنظيم التشريعي للحق الافراد في الصحة، في ضوء مفهوم العدالة الاجتماعية.
الكلمات المفتاحية: التنظيم، التشريع، الحق، الصحة.

Legislative regulation of the right to health in the light of social justice
Lecturer: Dr. Basim Mohammed Aryan Shihab AKTYIARLOW
PhD in public Law/constitutional law

University of Kirkuk/ College of Law and Political Science/ Republic of Iraq
basim_beyati@uokirkuk.edu.iq

Abstract
The effectiveness of the legislative regulation of the right to health depends on the extent to which such legislation responds to the health reality, represented by health care, health insurance and the establishment of hospitals. of the right to health and its acceptability and applicability by the addressees, therefore any deficiency or shortcoming in such legislation leads to an impact on the concept of social justice, and then we found it necessary in this research to shed light on the legislation regulating the right to health, whether it is related to constitutional legislation or And focus on the aspects of the legislator’s omission from regulating all aspects related to the individual’s right to health, and its impact on achieving and spreading the concept of social justice. With the possibility of anticipating changes and amendments to those legislations, from here our desire began to examine the legislative regulation of the individual’s right to health, in the light of the concept of M social justice.
  Keywords: regulation, legislation, right, health.

In this article, I explore forty-eight folktales from Dersim Masalları I (Caner Canerik 2019), a remarkable ethnographic collection that offers a deep insight into the sacred imagination of Dersim Alevis (Raa Haqi). Building on classical frameworks by Eliade, Campbell, Boratav, and Başgöz—together with recent approaches in new animism and actor-network theory—I propose an analysis grounded in an emic epistemology, seeking to understand cosmology, emotion, and collective memory from within the Raa Haqi world.

The study examines how narratives encode the dual authority of Ocaks (sacred lineages) and Jiares (non-human sacred beings and places), revealing how these tales transmit and renew the cosmological order of Raa Haqi. Beyond myth, they reflect the lived experience, ethics, and daily life of rural Dersim—its moral economies, dreamscapes, and sacred geographies.

These stories, rich in ethnographic detail and mystical symbolism, not only preserve a vanishing world but also open a path toward decolonial readings of Kurdish Alevi cosmology through local knowledge and affective experience.

In 1520, following the death of his father, Sultan Selim I, Suleiman I, known in modern historiography as “Suleiman the Magnificent” (Kanuni), ascended the throne. During his long reign, which lasted 46 years, the Ottoman Empire transformed into a universal and global power, establishing itself as a world state of unparalleled stature. Among his primary objectives, Suleiman the Magnificent focused on two main
fronts: initiating a renewed ghaza (holy war) campaign against the Western world and completely eliminating the Safavids in the East, who had emerged as an alternative political entity to the Ottoman Empire. In 1534, during the first long-term campaign against the Safavids (Iraqeyn Campaign), the desired outcomes were not fully achieved. Subsequently, influenced in part by the provocations of Alqas Mirza, the brother
of Shah Tahmasp, who had sought refuge with the Ottomans, a new campaign was launched. This second campaign, legitimized as a demonstration of the Ottoman Empire’s mission to serve as the “protector of the Islamic world,” commenced at the end of March 1548, with Sultan Suleiman personally leading a large army toward Iran. During this campaign, Sultan Suleiman was accompanied by his son, Şehzade Cihangir, along with prominent courtiers, including Rüstem, Ahmed,
Mehmed, and Haydar Pashas. The army, estimated to consist of approximately 70,000 to 80,000 troops, also joined the expedition. Advancing with the advantages provided by a meticulously planned campaign organization initiated almost a year earlier, the army encountered occasional challenges posed by climate, geography, and certain field disadvantages. Following the Eskişehir-Konya-Kayseri route during the cold and rainy days of spring, the forces proceeded through Sivas, Erzincan, Erzurum, Erciş, and Bargiri, eventually reaching Khoy and then Tabriz via Marand. By the time they arrived, the summer heat was at its peak. After a long and exhausting campaign of approximately four months, the Sultan and his army arrived at the Safavid capital, Tabriz, only to find it abandoned. As in the previous campaign, Shah Tahmasp did
not confront the overwhelming Ottoman forces, armed with superior firepower. Instead, he employed a scorched-earth strategy along the campaign route, destroying, depopulating, and depleting logistical resources to wear down the Ottoman army. In the summer of 1548, Tabriz was briefly captured, and Alqas Mirza was installed on the Safavid throne, establishing, at least in appearance, a new Safavid administration aligned with the Ottomans under a Sunni framework. However, the brief occupation of Tabriz was marred by adverse conditions, including famine, livestock deaths, and pressure from nearby Safavid forces. Challenges compelled Sultan Suleiman to decide to withdraw. At the end of July, the army departed from Tabriz, circled around the northwestern shore of Lake Urmia, and reached the vicinity of Van Castle by mid-August. Intensifying the siege, the Ottomans successfully captured the castle. The unresolved issue with the Safavids, along with the approaching winter, made it necessary for the army to winter in Aleppo. While Sultan Suleiman spent the winter of 1548-49 in Aleppo, he sent Alqas Mirza with some troops to the provinces of Iraq-i Ajam and Fars for raiding, and Ahmed Pasha was dispatched to the Georgian region. This second campaign against Shah Tahmasp also proved unsuccessful. Furthermore, it was revealed that Alqas Mirza, realizing he would not achieve his objectives, had made contact with his brother, Shah Tahmasp. Caught between the Ottoman
and Safavid armies, Alqas was eventually captured by his brother and executed. With his death, the main instigator of this second campaign against Iran was removed. In this campaign, the Ottomans captured Van, a crucial base for the Safavids, and solidified their control over the northeastern region through the territories they seized along the Çoruh River. When Sultan Suleiman returned to Istanbul on December 11, 1549, after a costly and vast two-year campaign, the economic returns were minimal. However, he had succeeded in somewhat weakening the growing power of the Safavids in Anatolia. The ruznamçe series, led by the Ottoman financial bureaucracy to track daily revenue and expenditure for campaign organization, provide precise and invaluable information for logistical studies. Ruznamçes offer detailed insights into the financial and logistical aspects of military campaigns. Early examples of such records are rarely found in the Ottoman archives. The treasury ruznamçe register we have prepared for publication is of great value, as it documents the daily revenues and expenditures recorded by the treasury during the 1548-
49 Eastern campaign. It not only holds significant historical importance but also serves as a representative of an early example that clearly showcases the excellence of Ottoman bureaucracy. This register appears to have been maintained within the framework of the treasury’s normal operations, also encompassing the expenses of the 1548-49 campaign.
Ruznamçe register provides a detailed breakdown of the treasury’s assets in terms of cash and goods. It carefully records the revenues and expenditures during the campaign, noting the specific locations and dates of these entries with great attention to detail. This register, kept during the campaign, contains detailed breakdowns of the income and expenditure
items. As a result, it clearly reveals the sources of the revenues and exactly where the funds were allocated. Based on the information provided by the ruznamçe register, it is possible to roughly calculate the total amount of cash and goods recorded in the treasury during this two-year campaign, how much of it was spent, and the average monthly income and expenditure. It allows for an assessment of whether the treasury faced
any financial strain in terms of cash. The register is not only important for understanding the treasury’s operations but also provides highly detailed information about the historical events of the campaign. It offers insights into various aspects, such as the encounters with the Safavids, appointments made during the campaign, incoming ambassadors, the bureaucratic and military personnel involved, soldier casualties and their belongings, the prices of supplies and animals purchased for the army, the types of currency in the treasury, and their value in akçe. These and many other details can be accessed through this register.

This study presents a rigorous examination of the final phase of the Nestorian Patriarchate,
based in Qodshanis (Hakkari), focusing on its interactions with the Ottoman Empire and the
influence exerted by Western powers. The primary objective is to investigate the religious
and political forces that shaped the Nestorian community in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries, with a particular focus on the intricate dynamics between internal
factionalism and external interventions. Challenging the predominantly Western-centric
narratives prevalent in existing scholarship, this research extensively utilizes Ottoman
archival sources to present an imperial perspective on the Nestorian community. The study
focuses on three central figures: Mar Shimun Ruel, Mar Shimun Benyamin, and Nimrod
Effendi. These individuals played pivotal roles in the Nestorian community’s engagement
with Ottoman authority and in shaping its internal trajectory. Nimrod Effendi’s close
cooperation with the Ottoman administration led to the emergence of a new faction that
directly challenged the traditional leadership of the Patriarchate. The growing influence of
Western missionaries in the region further exacerbated this internal schism. As the
community's internal unity weakened, the patriarchate evolved into not only a religious
but also a political actor. Ultimately, this article centers the Nestorian Patriarchate in an
analysis of local power struggles, foreign interventions, and intra-communal conflicts. In
doing so, it provides a nuanced, archive-based contribution to the historiography of the
Nestorian community under Ottoman rule.

The nineteenth century was an era that great centralization and codification attempts were realized in the Ottoman Empire. One of these attempts was the Ottoman Land Code of 1858, which put various land regulations throughout the empire into a standard code. But this standard Code gave different results when applied to different regions which had their own characteristic features. Eastern Anatolia, which had an autonomous position since its incorporation to the Ottoman Empire, was also in the scope of the Land Code. The object of this study is to examine the implementation of the Land Code of 1858 in eastern Anatolia and the impacts of this implementation process in the region. Indeed, the general situation of the region greatly disaffected the implementation of the Code in eastern Anatolia. Because of the dominant disorder within the region and problems of the state in these lands, the Land Code could not be properly implemented in eastern Anatolia. The Land Code and the title deed...

This article presents new research in the field of Persian documentary source studies, based on a 1763 Persian decree issued by Ḥosayn ʿAlī Ḫān of Yerevan in accordance with the petition of Catholicos Simeon I of Holy Ēǰmiacin. The decree confirms the rights and privileges of the Mother See of Holy Ēǰmiacin, the residence of the Catholicos of all Armenians, the head of the Armenian Apostolic Church, and of the Armenian people in Yerevan khanate during the second half of the eighteenth century. The text of the document kept in the Matenadaran reveals many details concerning the social-economic position, rights, and privileges of the Mother See of Holy Ēǰmiacin, the catholicoi and their subjects.

Keywords: Typology; Adjectives; Quality Modifiers; Constructions; Parts of Speech
It is well known that languages do not only differ in the features whereby they define their parts of speech (PoS) and in the number of PoS that they define, but also – and perhaps more importantly – in the levels of language structure at which they do so. As a confirmation, quite a few studies discussed the levels at which the noun can be defined across languages (Hopper & Thompson 1984, Mithun 2000, Lazard 1999). However, barring some notes in Thompson (1988) and Alfieri (2014), a similar approach to the study of the adjective class has never been proposed (exception made for Krasnoukhova 2022), although adjectives are missing more often than nouns across languages (see, e.g., Dixon 1982, Bhat 1994, Hengeveld 1992, Beck 2002; Dixon & Aikhenvald 2004, Haspelmath 2012).

The aim of the talk is to fill this gap and present a typology of the levels of language analysis at which adjectival constructions can be coded across languages.

The physiological parameters and blood biochemical parameters of wild Chukar partridges in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate of the Kurdistan Region-Iraq were measured in this study. During this research, 27 healthy Alectoris chukar partridges (9 males, 18 females), 8–12 months, were captured in the mountains of Penjwin district in the east of Sulaimani City from March to July 2022. Physiological parameters, including weight, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and cloacal temperature (CT), were recorded for each partridge. Blood samples were collected from the jugular or wing vein to determine the serum biochemical parameters such as alanine transaminase levels, aspartate transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total proteins, albumin, globulin, glucose, and total bilirubin. The males were significantly larger in weight (498.7 g) than the females (446.5 g). However, no significant differences were observed in the physiological parameters’ values be...

This essay focuses on the dynamic role of material culture in reflecting individuals' identities. It aims to highlight the importance of making and remaking material objects and examines the emotional impacts of objects. It also places on the individual's identities by drawing on the interplay of "posthumanism" and "nonessentialist" standpoints. For this study, three research participants, two male and one female, narrated their stories and explained how their identities had been influenced by the objects they used and the places they visited. The analysis in this essay is part of a larger project that looks at identity negotiation and navigation within a group of Iraqi Kurdish migrants in the United Kingdom. The findings reveal a robust association between humans, material possessions, and places. Hitherto, neither persons nor objects can withstand alone since the two function together and are intertwined in many respects. They are associated with deep emotional investment and powerfully influence an individual's identity, emotions, and well-being. To the participants, objects are material capsules that make places "sticky"; they are a connecting product that links the feeling, sites, and landscapes from the past in establishing a better future.

This article begins by identifying the Levant region in terms of a single warscape to argue that we should move beyond methodological nationalism when approaching and studying the region. It argues that if methodological nationalism remains unchallenged, the normalization of Israel by scholars becomes inevitable. Thus, after offering a critique of methodological nationalism, the article elaborates on the politics of normalization with Israel, which is one major aspect of war, and discusses how to combat normalization in denationalized terms. Seeing the Levant beyond methodological nationalism is not meant as a purely academic exercise. It has political implications for the struggle against normalization, and, importantly, opens a way to imagine futures with different and non-national empirical realities, where the present-day Lebanese, Israeli, Jordanian, and Syrian states (at least) are dismantled, and so are the politics of identity inherent to them.

This study examines the origins, migration, and settlement of the Shora (Şore) people, a Kurdish tribal community currently located in the Haji Omeran subdistrict of Choman, Erbil Province, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Based on oral tradition, regional tribal history, and archival records, the Shora people are traced to their roots in Şemzinan (Şemdinli, Hakkâri) and identified as a branch of the Herki (Herkî) tribal confederation, specifically the Salaranî Herki (Yaylapınar, Şemdinli). Their migration to the slopes of Mount Halgurd between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reflects broader patterns of Kurdish tribal displacement under Ottoman imperial policies. This account situates the Shora people within the geopolitical, tribal, and cultural transformations of the Kurdistan region from 1700 to the present.

This study investigates Othering among Iraqi Kurdish migrants in the UK, emphasising its emotional, spatial, linguistic, and embodied dimensions. Through qualitative interviews, it reveals how exclusion is not only experienced externally but also internalised as lasting emotional impacts. Institutional environments such as schools and workplaces privilege dominant norms, rendering Kurdish identities hypervisible and subject to intensified surveillance and judgment. The findings highlight that Othering operates both vertically between majority and minority groups and horizontally within and between minoritised communities shaped by factors like language proficiency, religion, gender, and cultural authenticity. Language barriers and racialised slurs further reinforce marginalisation and social boundaries. This case study challenges simplistic majority-minority frameworks by uncovering complex intra-minority tensions and hierarchical dynamics. By integrating affective, spatial, and linguistic perspectives, the research offers a nuanced understanding of how Iraqi Kurdish migrants negotiate belonging and exclusion across intersecting social fields. The study foreground Othering as a multidirectional, intersectional process that extends beyond dominant institutions to include interactions within racialised communities themselves.

This study presents a rigorous examination of the final phase of the Nestorian Patriarchate, based in Qodshanis (Hakkari), focusing on its interactions with the Ottoman Empire and the influence exerted by Western powers. The primary objective is to investigate the religious and political forces that shaped the Nestorian community in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with a particular focus on the intricate dynamics between internal factionalism and external interventions. Challenging the predominantly Western-centric narratives prevalent in existing scholarship, this research extensively utilizes Ottoman archival sources to present an imperial perspective on the Nestorian community. The study focuses on three central figures: Mar Shimun Ruel, Mar Shimun Benyamin, and Nimrod Effendi. These individuals played pivotal roles in the Nestorian community’s engagement with Ottoman authority and in shaping its internal trajectory. Nimrod Effendi’s close cooperation with the Ottoman administration led to the emergence of a new faction that directly challenged the traditional leadership of the Patriarchate. The growing influence of Western missionaries in the region further exacerbated this internal schism. As the community's internal unity weakened, the patriarchate evolved into not only a religious but also a political actor. Ultimately, this article centers the Nestorian Patriarchate in an analysis of local power struggles, foreign interventions, and intra-communal conflicts. In doing so, it provides a nuanced, archive-based contribution to the historiography of the Nestorian community under Ottoman rule.

Geographic factors, particularly climate, represent a significant determinant of global environmental diversity and exert a profound influence on the shaping of social customs and lifestyles worldwide. This concept has been explored across various disciplines and theoretical frameworks, notably within cultural ecology, which examines the reciprocal relationship between the natural environment and culture. Furthermore, this climatic focus is evident in the new ethnography, characterized by its empirical fieldwork methodology and reporting on human cultures, often providing concise cultural histories informed by geographical analysis (topography, climate), and ethnobiological perspectives. Linguistic studies have also sought to demonstrate correlations between language and environment, identifying shared semantic dimensions across languages while acknowledging variations in lexical selection and sub-categorization, even within shared phenomena. This paper investigates linguistic divergences in the representation of climatic elements—specifically, terms denoting temperature extremes, precipitation intensity, and wind characteristics (strength, form, extent)—across Kurdish, Arabic, and English.

Ev gotar li ser tezên master û doktorayê ye ku di navbera
salên 2012 û 2020an de, di beşên Ziman û Edebiyata
Kurdî û Ziman û Çanda Kurdî de yên li Zanîngehên Tirkiyeyê
hatine amadekirin. Armanca me ji bo nivîsandina
vê xebatê ew e ku em bîbliyografyayekê li ser van tezan
amade bikin û li gorî biwaran wan rêz bikin ku kesên
dixwazin ji wan îstîfade bikin bi rihetî xwe bigihîninê.
Herçiqas bîbliyografyaya tezên heta sala 2018an berê
hatibû çêkirin jî, me guncan dît ku piştî tezên doktorayê
û gelek tezên masterê ên van herdu salên dawî, em
xebateke din çêbikin. Me di vê gotarê de cih da tezên
kurmancî, zazakî û çend hebên soranî û ew beş bi beş
kategorîze kirin.

Kurdish folklore is viewed as a cornerstone of Kurdish national identity and a source of information about Kurdish history, revitalizing the language, and producing local knowledge. The collection of oral traditions in the Kurdish dialects of Kurmanji, Sorani, and Zazaki is valued as a step toward protecting and developing the Kurdish language, reviving folkloric vocabulary, stories, and traditional knowledge practices such as agricultural teachings. Kurdish oral literature has its own unique characteristics and historical, social, cultural, and national significance. Folklore plays a role in nation-building, as it is a fundamental national asset of collective memory in Kurdish history. Its positive aspects are manifested in a sense of belonging, linked to the formation of national identity by highlighting life stories and politicizing the Kurdish language and culture. It delves into the cultural and social aspects of the Kurdish people, focusing on their narratives, moral values, and national identity. Its music is also a powerful tool for expressing feelings of belonging, nostalgia, and desire. Dengbêj, a Kurdish oral tradition of improvised epic singing, has received the most attention in academic research. Dengbêj is a Kurdish oral tradition of improvised epic singing. It relies on traditional Kurdish poets, storytellers, and musicians who play an important role in Kurdish culture and heritage. They are known for their ability to recite epic poems, compose new songs, and narrate historical events. Dengbêjs have played a crucial role in preserving and transmitting Kurdish oral traditions, including folklore, epics, and historical narratives. Their performances have served as a repository of Kurdish culture and identity, transmitting knowledge and values from generation to generation. Kurdish poets (dengbêjs) have been presented as guardians of history and culture, and their lyrics, life stories, and live performances offer unique insights into local cultural practices and politics. Present-day Dengbêj songs constitute an important source for investigating the way of life experienced by Kurds on the margins of the (nation-)state. Dengbêj are not just singers; they are storytellers, poets, historians, and philosophers who express their personal experiences, collective history, suffering, and celebrations through song, often accompanied by simple instruments such as the tambourine or tambourine. They are the guardians of Kurdish history and culture, preserving tales of heroism, war, migration, love, and folklore. Their songs, rich in symbolism and metaphor, blend music, poetry, and narrative, and are performed at various occasions, adding a spiritual and communal dimension. Despite social changes, dengbêj remains a vital and influential art form in Kurdish culture. Dengbêj is one of the forms of Kurdish cultural heritage that warrants UNESCO inscription, as this art is based on understanding heritage as a sign of a primitive collective identity. This dossier sheds light on the complex dynamics surrounding Kurdish folklore, its historical roots, its role in nation-building processes, and the challenges faced by researchers studying this subject, including a thorough understanding of folklore and its political implications. It also explores the potential of contemporary folkloric methodologies to uncover narratives of power, oppression, and suffering within folklore texts. These oral arts are analyzed in terms of their characteristics, genres, classifications, musical forms, and other linguistic, artistic, and intellectual characteristics.

Puxte: Xebatên kurdolojîyê xwe dighinînin sedsala 17em û îro jî çalak berdewam in. Çi bi rêya sazîyên sivîl, çi bi rêya sazîyên fermî yên dewletan, li dormedora cihanê xebatên kurdolojîyê dimeşin. Me di vê nivîsarê de berê xwe daye xebatên Kurdolojîyê li Zanîngeha Bîngolê yên ji sala 2014 heta sala 2018an. Di van salan de, li vê zanîngehê, xebatên di vî warî de hatine kirin bûne naveroka vê gotarê. Di serî de, em li ser tezên kurdolojîyê yên lisans û masterê sekinîn. Piştre em ketin nava gotarên hekemî yên akademik ên vê zanîngehê. Paşê jî berhem û sempozyûmên ku di vê qadê de hatine kirin û weşîyane, kete nava xebata me. Bi vî awayî me xwest em xebatên kurdolojîyê yên vê zanîngehê tomar bikin, îstatîstîkên wan derxin û wek metnekî amadekirî deynin ber destê peywendîdaran.

Xebatên bîbliyografîk lêkolînên wisa ne ku xebatên di warekî de çêbûne bi awayekî sîstematîk berhev û dabeş dikin. Bi saya van xebatan karê lêkolîneran hêsantir dibe û zêdetir paşeroja xwe dibînin. Ev gotar jî xebateke bîbliyografîk e ku armanca vê gotarê nirxandineke giştî û dabeşkirineke kategorîk a tezên masterê yên beşên kurdî ye. Sînorên vê xebatê di navbera salên 2011 û 2018yan de tezên Ziman û Edebiyata Kurdî û Ziman û Çanda Kurdî yên li Tirkiyeyê ne. Ji ber ku di nav wan salan de li Tirkiyeyê hê tezên doktorayê kuta nebûbûn, lewma di vê xebatê de cih negirtine. Bi xêra vê bîbliyografyayê em ê pê bidine zanîn ku li ser kurdolojiyê bêtir li kîjan zanîngehê di kîjan mijar û biwaran de xebat çêbûne. Me di dawiya vê xebatê de hem li gor kategoriyan hem jî li gor rêzkirina alfabetîk a paşnav-navan lîsteya hemû tezan pêşkêş kir.

Kurdish folklore is viewed as a cornerstone of Kurdish national identity and a source of information about Kurdish history, revitalizing the language, and producing local knowledge. The collection of oral traditions in the Kurdish dialects of Kurmanji, Sorani, and Zazaki is valued as a step toward protecting and developing the Kurdish language, reviving folkloric vocabulary, stories, and traditional knowledge practices such as agricultural teachings. Kurdish oral literature has its own unique characteristics and historical, social, cultural, and national significance. Folklore plays a role in nation-building, as it is a fundamental national asset of collective memory in Kurdish history. Its positive aspects are manifested in a sense of belonging, linked to the formation of national identity by highlighting life stories and politicizing the Kurdish language and culture. It delves into the cultural and social aspects of the Kurdish people, focusing on their narratives, moral values, and national identity. Its music is also a powerful tool for expressing feelings of belonging, nostalgia, and desire. Dengbêj, a Kurdish oral tradition of improvised epic singing, has received the most attention in academic research. Dengbêj is a Kurdish oral tradition of improvised epic singing. It relies on traditional Kurdish poets, storytellers, and musicians who play an important role in Kurdish culture and heritage. They are known for their ability to recite epic poems, compose new songs, and narrate historical events. Dengbêjs have played a crucial role in preserving and transmitting Kurdish oral traditions, including folklore, epics, and historical narratives. Their performances have served as a repository of Kurdish culture and identity, transmitting knowledge and values from generation to generation. Kurdish poets (dengbêjs) have been presented as guardians of history and culture, and their lyrics, life stories, and live performances offer unique insights into local cultural practices and politics. Present-day Dengbêj songs constitute an important source for investigating the way of life experienced by Kurds on the margins of the (nation-)state. Dengbêj are not just singers; they are storytellers, poets, historians, and philosophers who express their personal experiences, collective history, suffering, and celebrations through song, often accompanied by simple instruments such as the tambourine or tambourine. They are the guardians of Kurdish history and culture, preserving tales of heroism, war, migration, love, and folklore. Their songs, rich in symbolism and metaphor, blend music, poetry, and narrative, and are performed at various occasions, adding a spiritual and communal dimension. Despite social changes, dengbêj remains a vital and influential art form in Kurdish culture. Dengbêj is one of the forms of Kurdish cultural heritage that warrants UNESCO inscription, as this art is based on understanding heritage as a sign of a primitive collective identity. This dossier sheds light on the complex dynamics surrounding Kurdish folklore, its historical roots, its role in nation-building processes, and the challenges faced by researchers studying this subject, including a thorough understanding of folklore and its political implications. It also explores the potential of contemporary folkloric methodologies to uncover narratives of power, oppression, and suffering within folklore texts. These oral arts are analyzed in terms of their characteristics, genres, classifications, musical forms, and other linguistic, artistic, and intellectual characteristics.