IFRS & FINANCIAL REPORTING

The study aims to identify the effect of corporate governance factors on financial institution performance in Bangladesh. This study employs annual data for 20 financial institutions, including banks, NBFIs, and insurance companies, data is collected from 2011 to 2022. Here, three corporate governance indicators are utilized-board size, board independence, and director's ownership. The performance of the financial institutions is measured using return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and net asset value (NAV). Apart from the corporate governance variables, three companyspecific factors, i.e., firm age, financial leverage, and firm size, are used as the control variables. Panel data analysis is conducted through the dynamic Feasible Generalize Least Square (FGLS) method, and the robustness is performed using the random effect model. The results show that corporate governance parameter such as board size has a significant positive influence on financial institution performance in Bangladesh, where board independence and director ownership do not have a significant influence on the performance of financial institutions. Thus, the performance of financial institutions increases when board size increases. This indicates that board members are actively engaged in strategic decision-making and ensure the rights of all stakeholders, which helps improve financial institutions' overall performance. Therefore, financial institutions may increase their board size to the maximum level to ensure better corporate governance practices in the organizations, which ultimately increases performance.

1 (NIC 1), Presentación de Estados Financieros, ha servido como el pilar fundamental para la estructura y el contenido de los informes financieros a nivel global. Proporcionó un marco basado en principios que estableció los requerimientos generales para la presentación de estados financieros, asegurando que ofrecieran una representación fiel de la posición y el desempeño financiero de una entidad. Sin embargo, el pilar de la NIC 1, su flexibilidad, se convirtió con el tiempo en su principal debilidad, especialmente en lo que respecta al estado de resultados. La norma permitía una considerable discrecionalidad en la forma en que las empresas presentaban sus ingresos y gastos, y no prescribía una estructura estandarizada ni subtotales obligatorios más allá de la utilidad o pérdida neta. Esta flexibilidad dio lugar a una notable diversidad en la práctica de la presentación de informes. Empresas dentro del mismo sector podían presentar sus estados de resultados de maneras tan dispares que la comparación directa se volvía una tarea analítica compleja y, en ocasiones, engañosa. La falta de una definición estandarizada para métricas de desempeño clave, como el "resultado operativo", fue particularmente problemática. Un estudio realizado por el propio Consejo de Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad (IASB, por sus siglas en inglés) reveló que, entre 100 empresas analizadas, más de 60 reportaban una cifra de resultado operativo utilizando al menos nueve métodos de cálculo diferentes. Esta inconsistencia erosionaba la comparabilidad y creaba un vacío de información que las empresas llenaban con sus propias medidas de desempeño no-NIIF (Principios de Contabilidad Generalmente Aceptados), a menudo con una transparencia limitada. Este panorama representa más que una simple actualización técnica; refleja un cambio

The problem of divergence in the application of international accounting standards is still update. This research identifies the diversity of interpretation and professional judgment as a source of divergence in accounting practice under the IAS-IFRS standards. The decisions of accountants -agents whose rationality is limited- are constrained on one hand by the contexts, and on the other by the time of reaction and decision making. To do this, accountants use heuristics and cognitive biases to find practical solutions to their problems. Our research study decisions through a sample of articles published in the French accounting professional journal between 2003 and 2013. Our results make explicit the complexity of interpretation in relation to the time and sources used. The effects of appropriation of new corpuses are also shown.

online), publishes high-quality articles in all areas of accounting, auditing, taxation and related fields. Theoretical, empirical and applied manuscripts are welcome for publication consideration. The Journal is published twice per year by the Institute for Business and Finance Research, LLC. All papers submitted to the Journal are double-blind reviewed. The Journal is listed in Cabell's directory and Ulrich's Periodicals Directory. The Journal is distributed in print and through EBSCOHost, ProQuest ABI/Inform and SSRN. The views presented in the Journal represent opinions of the respective authors. The views presented do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the editors, editorial board or staff of the Institute for Business and Finance Research, LLC. The Institute actively reviews articles submitted for possible publication. However, the Institute does not warrant the correctness of the information provided in the articles or the suitability of information in the articles for any purpose.

L'industria globale dell'intrattenimento interattivo è testimone di una transazione che ne ridefinisce i contorni finanziari e strategici: l'acquisizione di Electronic Arts (EA) da parte di un consorzio di investitori per la cifra monumentale di 55 miliardi di dollari. Questa operazione non rappresenta un semplice cambio di proprietà, ma segna una svolta epocale, configurandosi come il più grande leveraged buyout (LBO) della storia e ponendo fine a 36 anni di quotazione di EA sul mercato NASDAQ. Il consorzio acquirente, composto dal Public Investment Fund (PIF) dell'Arabia Saudita, dalla società di private equity specializzata in tecnologia Silver Lake e da Affinity Partners, segnala l'ingresso di una nuova classe di attori, con capitali e orizzonti temporali in grado di rimodellare l'intero settore.

This strategic plan outlines a comprehensive approach for the international banking lobby to advocate for the adoption of Quantitative Balancing (QB) reform. The plan leverages the framework's potential benefits for systemic stability, regulatory compliance, and ethical banking while addressing potential industry concerns through phased implementation and stakeholder engagement.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Doğu Karadeniz bölgesinde yer alan illerden Artvin, Rize ve Trabzon'da faaliyet gösteren muhasebe meslek mensuplarının bağımsız denetim konusundaki düşüncelerini tespit ederek yaş, eğitim durumu, mesleki deneyim ve faaliyette bulunulan il faktörlerine göre değişkenlik gösterip göstermediğini belirlemektir. Araştırmanın kapsamı DOKA bölgesinde faaliyet gösteren tüm meslek mensuplarından oluşmaktadır. Örneklem olarak Artvin, Rize ve Trabzon illerinde faaliyette bulunan meslek mensupları seçilmiş olup bunlardan 167'si ile yüz yüze anket yöntemiyle veriler elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, SPSS 22.0 paket programı kullanılarak t-testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Elde edilen bulgulara göre meslek mensuplarının yüzde 95.2'sinin bağımsız denetçi belgesine sahip olmadıkları; buna karşın, yüzde 85'inin bağımsız denetçilik konusunda daha önce bir eğitim almadığı ancak yüzde 80'inin Kamu Gözetim Kurumu tarafından düzenlenen eğitimlere katılmak istediklerini belirttikleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, meslek mensuplarının bağımsız denetime yönelik görüşlerinin yaşa, eğitim durumuna ve faaliyet gösterilen il faktörlerine göre değişiklik gösterdiği; ancak cinsiyet ve mesleki tecrübe faktörlerine göre anlamlı bir şekilde değişiklik göstermediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Together with globalization, the world has witnessed drastic changes in both social and economic terms. These developments in information and communication technologies accelerated economic and social changes than ever before. With popularization of use of computers, cell phones, and the internet in socio-economic life, the business organizations now have the chance to access information more easily. Therefore, the use of information has increased in each process, especially production and marketing, and the business organizations can now easily address to everyone. On the other hand, the use of information among the factors of production has increased the rationality in production and consumption preferences of both business organizations and the consumers. As a result, global economic activity has increased significantly.
Along with improving traditional production factors, today’s business organizations attach more importance to intellectual capital factor, which creates added value, provides competitive advantage, and increases company’s performance. Organization, employees, and customer relations, which are the fundamental components of intellectual capital, constitute a good part of the difference between the book values and the market values of business organizations. In this sense, intellectual capital rather contains intangible and information-based resources. The fact that the intellectual capital contains information-based resources makes great contributions to business organizations in decision- and policy-making processes, even though some problems occur in assessment and analysis.
In this study, the concept of intellectual capital and the influence of intellectual capital on the performance of the company have been discussed. In the implementation stage of the study, data have been collected from 56 business organizations in Samsun Organized Industrial Site through survey method and the data have been analyzed. In the correlation and regression analysis, the relationship between intellectual capital and the performance of the company has been analyzed. According to the results of correlation analysis, positive and significant relationship between the performance of the company and intellectual capital components has been found. In the multiple regression analysis, the influence of intellectual capital on the performance of the company has been analyzed.
According to the results of this study, a significant relationship has been observed between the relational capital and the performance of the company, and this relationship has affected the productivity and sustainability of the company.

The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting issued by the IASB (2018) provides the theoretical foundation underpinning International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). It is not itself an accounting standard but establishes the essential principles that guide recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure in financial reporting. The Framework sets out the objective of general-purpose financial reporting—to provide information useful to existing and potential investors, lenders, and other creditors in making resource allocation decisions. It identifies the underlying assumptions of accrual accounting and going concern, and distinguishes between fundamental qualitative characteristics (relevance and faithful representation) and enhancing characteristics (comparability, verifiability, timeliness, and understandability). The Framework defines the elements of financial statements—assets, liabilities, equity, income, and expenses—and explains the criteria for their recognition and derecognition. It also outlines alternative measurement bases, such as historical cost and current value, and provides guidance on their application. By embedding the principles of stewardship, accountability, and decision-usefulness, the Framework ensures that financial information achieves a balance between benefits and the cost constraint. Overall, the IFRS Conceptual Framework strengthens global consistency, enhances comparability across jurisdictions, and supports the coherent development of future standards, while providing preparers and auditors with a logical reference point in the absence of specific IFRS guidance.

Emerging technology markets, encompassing artificial intelligence, quantum computing, synthetic biology, and blockchain, are dynamic arenas of innovation characterized by rapid advancements and inherent uncertainties. These markets present transformative opportunities but also significant risks, including regulatory ambiguity, technological obsolescence, market volatility, and ethical dilemmas. Strategic decision-making in such contexts requires a robust framework to balance opportunity with risk, ensuring sustainable growth and competitive advantage. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for risk-informed strategic decisions, designed to address the multifaceted challenges of emerging technology markets. The framework integrates three core components: proactive risk identification, scenario-based analysis, and adaptive strategy formulation. It draws on interdisciplinary theories from decision science, risk management, systems thinking, and technology adoption to create a scalable, resilient model. Employing a mixed-method approach, the study synthesizes a systematic literature review, qualitative interviews with industry experts, and case study simulations to validate the framework's applicability in AI and biotechnology markets. Key findings highlight the framework's ability to enhance decision resilience by providing structured tools to evaluate trade-offs, mitigate uncertainties, and align stakeholder interests across diverse scenarios. Unlike traditional models, which often rely on static assumptions, this framework emphasizes dynamic adaptation, enabling organizations to navigate complex regulatory landscapes, technological disruptions, and competitive pressures. For industry leaders, it offers actionable insights for optimizing resource allocation, fostering innovation, and building strategic agility. Policymakers can leverage its principles to design regulations that balance risk mitigation with market growth, promoting responsible innovation. The study contributes to strategic management by addressing critical gaps in existing models, offering a practical, theoretically grounded tool for decision-makers in high-stakes environments. By fostering resilience and adaptability, the framework supports organizations in achieving long-term success in the unpredictable landscape of emerging technologies, with far-reaching implications for theoretical advancement and practical implementation across global markets.

In this study we tested the effect of the mandatory adoption of IFRS upon the value relevance of earnings and book values using data from the Athens Stock Exchange that covered a period of two years before and two years after the mandatory adoption of IFRS. Greece is a code-law country with strong tax conformity, bank orientation and conservative accounting rules which have a negative effect on the value relevance of financial statements. As IFRS adoption promotes fair value accounting and weakens the link between taxation and accounting rules we expect earnings and book value to become more value relevant ceteris paribus. We report that the adoption of IFRS positively affected the value relevance of consolidated net income and book value although it had no effect on their unconsolidated counterparts and that consolidated accounting numbers are by far more value relevant than unconsolidated ones in both periods and, unexpectedly, this superiority is more pronounced after IFRS adoption. We also report that disaggregating net income increases the explanatory power of the earnings -book value capitalization (EBVC) model. Finally, we report that although the overall explanatory power of the model increases, the incremental explanatory power of both net income and financial income decreases. These last findings question the expected benefits of specific IFRS rules concerning the measurement of these income components. Nevertheless, assuming that the total impact of IFRS adoption is captured by the overall explanatory power of the models which actually increased, we conclude that mandating IFRS may prove beneficial even in an unfavorable context.

El objetivo del presente ensayo, es el de poder conocer el impacto que tiene el método de valoración contable denominado Valor Razonable en el mundo globalizado, conocer sus efectos, las principales críticas referentes al concepto, relevancia, comparabilidad y fiabilidad que contiene, y por último el efecto del mismo, en la crisis financiera del 2008. El Valor Razonable no es concepto nuevo en la información financiera, al contario su aparición y uso en el mundo de los negocios, data de hace cincuenta años, primordialmente en aquellos que se realizan alrededor de los mercados de capital. En el entorno de globalización económica la International Accounting Standars Board –IASB-buscóe desarrollo de un lenguaje común de la información financiera, por lo cual, se creó un marco conceptual, el cual ha ido consolidándose poco a poco en los países del mundo, incluido Colombia.The objective of this essay, is to be able to know the impact of the valuation method called fair value accounting i...

The world of finance has long been shrouded in complexity, creating an impediment for the economically vulnerable and less powerful populations in developing and emerging economies who lack the resources or knowledge to access it. However, with the evolving digital landscape coupled with digital financial innovation, these barriers are beginning to crumble. From digital banking apps to mobile money platforms, digitization is revolutionizing access to financial services like never before. Digital financial services (DFS) have emerged as a critical enabler of financial inclusion, bridging the longstanding gaps in access, usage, and affordability of financial services that previously existed in traditional brick-and-mortar financial systems. In Liberia, where access to financial services is limited or unavailable for the population residing in rural and semi-urban areas of the country, digital financial services provide a vital lifeline for financial inclusion. Through a descriptive correlation quantitative research design, this study examines the impact of digital financial services adoption on financial inclusion in Liberia from 2011 to 2024. Using secondary cross-sectional data collected from the central bank of Liberia's annual reports (2016-2024) and the World Bank's Findex global database (2011-2024), the study results show a direct positive correlation between digital financial services and financial inclusion in Liberia, characterized by a shift towards digital financial services and an increase in banked individuals. The research findings also highlight that the adoption rate of digital financial services has increased considerably, thereby expanding financial inclusion in Liberia from 18.18% in 2011 to 52.21% in 2024. Notwithstanding, despite the DFS's potential to enhance financial inclusion in Liberia, the study identified several challenges and limitations hindering the widespread adoption of digital financial services in Liberia. These include inadequate digital public infrastructure (DPI), limited financial and digital literacy, security and privacy concerns, and regulatory and policy issues. Thus, the paper recommends that the Government of Liberia should augment Liberia's digital public infrastructure (DPI), strengthen the digital regulatory framework, enhance financial and digital literacy programs, and promote stakeholders' collaboration for more comprehensive financial inclusion through digital financial services in Liberia.

Abstract
Industrial audits require systematic evaluation of heterogeneous data
sources including structured databases, unstructured documents, and visual materials. Traditional manual processes are inefficient and inconsistent.

This paper presents a hybrid AI pipeline that integrates multimodal data processing with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to automate industrial audit processes. Our four-layer architecture combines internal databases, internal documents, public information, and public documents through a unified AI processing core that handles safety, compliance, efficiency, and custom reporting queries. The system leverages multimodal large language models to process textual and visual information simultaneously, generating automated risk reports, compliance audits, predictive insights, and actionable recommendations. Evaluation demonstrates a significant increase in accuracy in risk identification and reduction in processing time compared to manual approaches.

In South Africa's dynamic fintech environment, the exponential rise of digital asset transactions-160% from 2020 to 2024-has exposed critical gaps in ethical governance and financial reporting accountability. This study investigates how data transparency, auditability, and ethical conduct influence fintech accountability in digital asset disclosures, moderated by board and governance oversight. Using secondary data from 60 fintech entities and regulators, a fixed-effects panel regression model was employed alongside diagnostic tools (ADF, VIF, DW, Breusch-Pagan) to ensure analytical rigor. The regression revealed that data transparency (β = 0.394, p< 0.001), auditability (β = 0.368), and ethical conduct (β = 0.342) significantly enhance accountability, with governance oversight (β = 0.298) reinforcing these relationships. The model explained 85% of variance in fintech accountability (R² = 0.85), while the strongest correlation was between transparency and accountability (r = 0.89). These findings confirm that ethical governance is indispensable for IFRS-compliant digital asset reporting. The study recommends binding ethics frameworks, mandatory smart contract audits, board-level crypto oversight, and blockchain-ledger integration to enhance reporting integrity and stakeholder trust.

As South African firms increasingly integrate crypto currencies into their corporate treasuries, financial risk disclosure practices face critical challenges in transparency, consistency, and compliance with IFRS 7 and IFRS 13. This study is motivated by the rapid 134% growth in crypto adoption from 2020 to 2024 and investigates how volatility management, liquidity risk, and valuation practices-moderated by corporate treasury governance-affect the quality of financial risk reporting. Drawing on secondary data from 60 firms, regression analysis revealed that volatility management (β = 0.384), liquidity risk (β = 0.358), valuation practices (β = 0.341), and treasury governance (β = 0.289) all significantly predict disclosure quality, with the model explaining 83% of the variation (R² = 0.83). Correlation analysis confirmed strong relationships, particularly between volatility and reporting quality (r = 0.86). These findings underscore the urgency of adopting real-time risk analytics, fair value accounting models, and governance protocols to improve reporting reliability. The study concludes with actionable recommendations for firms to enhance IFRS compliance, improve liquidity transparency, and institutionalize crypto governance-contributing to audit credibility and investor trust.

Digital asset impairment accounting in South Africa has been challenged by legacy valuation models ill-suited for fintech volatility. With the fintech sector expanding by 148% between 2020 and 2024, this study investigated how impairment risk complexity-comprising market dynamics, valuation techniques, and data infrastructure-affects impairment reporting accuracy under the moderating influence of audit and oversight environments. Using secondary data from 50 fintech entities, regression and diagnostic tests (ADF, VIF, DW, Breusch-Pagan) were conducted to ensure validity. Results revealed that market dynamics (β = 0.387, p< 0.001), valuation techniques (β = 0.352, p< 0.001), and data infrastructure reliability (β = 0.339, p< 0.001) were significant predictors of reporting accuracy, with audit oversight also contributing (β = 0.298, p< 0.001). The model's explanatory power was high (R² = 0.82), while the strongest correlation was between market dynamics and reporting accuracy (r = 0.88). The study concludes that volatility-sensitive valuation models, real-time data systems, and enhanced auditor competencies are essential to IFRS/IAS-compliant reporting. It recommends adoption of fair value techniques, integration of blockchain audit trails, and regulatory standardization to improve financial transparency in digital asset environments.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are widely acknowledged as engines of economic growth and innovation, yet they frequently face significant barriers in accessing affordable and timely capital. Traditional financial systems often rely on rigid credit evaluation models, limited data sources, and high compliance costs that exclude many legitimate borrowers-especially those in underserved or informal markets. In response, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) within financial technology (fintech) solutions offers a transformative opportunity to democratize credit access, enhance financial inclusion, and uphold regulatory standards. This explores the development of comprehensive AIdriven fintech architectures that address three interconnected goals: enabling wider access to credit for small businesses, enhancing financial crime detection, and ensuring regulatory compliance. AI-powered credit scoring models utilize alternative and non-traditional data-such as mobile usage, e-commerce transactions, and behavioral indicators-to more accurately assess the creditworthiness of businesses lacking formal financial histories. Simultaneously, AI enhances financial crime detection by identifying patterns and anomalies in real-time, enabling dynamic Know Your Customer (KYC), Anti-Money Laundering (AML), and fraud prevention measures. Furthermore, the adoption of explainable AI, cloudnative infrastructures, and open banking APIs facilitates seamless integration with core banking systems, regulatory platforms, and digital identity verification services. These systems are increasingly being governed by regulatory sandboxes, ethical AI guidelines, and automated audit trails that ensure transparency and accountability. The convergence of these technologies enables fintechs and financial institutions to scale secure, fair, and data-driven lending services to millions of SMEs. By bridging technology, compliance, and financial empowerment, AI-driven fintech solutions hold the potential to reshape the landscape of SME financing. This advocates for a collaborative approach involving policymakers, financial institutions, and technology providers to foster inclusive innovation and unlock the latent economic potential of small businesses worldwide.

The International Financial Reporting Standard 9 (IFRS 9) introduced a forward-looking impairment model that significantly transformed how financial institutions assess and recognize credit losses. Unlike its predecessor IAS 39, IFRS 9 mandates the calculation of Expected Credit Losses (ECL) across all financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss. This shift demands high-frequency data processing, dynamic risk modeling, and the incorporation of macroeconomic forecasts-all of which present substantial challenges to institutions relying on manual or semi-automated systems. In response, this proposes an IFRS 9-compliant Impairment Automation Framework designed to ensure regulatory compliance while enhancing financial accuracy, scalability, and operational efficiency. The proposed framework comprises modular, cloud-native components that automate the ingestion, transformation, and governance of credit data from core banking systems, customer databases, and external market feeds. It integrates machine learning algorithms to enhance the estimation of key risk parameters-Probability of Default (PD), Loss Given Default (LGD), and Exposure at Default (EAD)-and supports multi-scenario macroeconomic overlays to meet forward-looking requirements. The architecture also features a stage assessment engine for classifying assets according to significant increases in credit risk (SICR), in line with IFRS 9's three-stage model. Further, the system enables seamless interaction with general ledger systems and regulatory reporting tools through API-based orchestration and real-time audit trails. By automating the end-to-end impairment process, financial institutions can achieve greater accuracy, transparency, and responsiveness in credit loss recognition. This framework not only ensures compliance with global accounting standards but also equips institutions with predictive insights that can inform strategic credit risk decisions. Ultimately, the paper calls for Chief Financial Officers (CFOs), Chief Risk Officers (CROs), and data science teams to adopt intelligent automation strategies to future-proof their impairment processes in an increasingly data-driven regulatory environment.

In order to be able to talk about a sustainable business, financial information alone is not sufficient, but also qualitative and difficult-to-measure non-financial data are needed. The purpose of this study is to reveal the impact of sustainable performance determinants on the firm value of the businesses listed in the Global 100 list, where the most sustainable businesses are ranked globally. Within the scope of the research, panel data regression analysis was conducted on the data of 14 enterprises operating in the Global 100 between 2016-2021, excluding the banking sector. The results of the analysis of the final models obtained after the estimator selection and deviation from assumption tests show that there is a significant relationship between the sustainability activities of the enterprises and their firm values in general, and that the determinants of sustainable performance are most positively affected by return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE), while a significant negative relationship is observed with the Tobin's Q ratio.

Each of government units has responsibility to make report showing its accountability and trasparancy. To achieve this situation, the main problem is on the information relevancy and accurateness so the government can avoid frauds. Using entity theory as the grand theory, agency theory as the middle theory and behaviour organizations as supporting theory, the reseach show that both public sector accounting implementation and government financial report quality control will have an impact to the accountability of government unit performance and then they also will make an impact to their effort to avoid fraud.

This study was motivated by the imperative to enhance financial transparency and stability within Nigeria's critical insurance sector. Its primary objective was to evaluate board independence, audit committee expertise, and ownership structure on earnings management. Employed an ex-post facto research design, the study analysed secondary panel data collected from the annual reports of 34 Nigerian insurance companies (selected from a population of 67) spanning the years 2015 to 2024.Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, the findings were mixed: Board independence (β=-0.074, p=0.25) and audit committee expertise (β=-0.019, p=0.75) were found to have no statistically significant impact on earnings management. However, ownership concentration (β=+0.045, p=0.041) showed a significant and positive relationship with an increase in earnings manipulation. The regression models were statistically robust, evidenced by high adjusted R² values (0.865 for discretionary accruals and 0.945 for real earnings management). This suggests a notable gap between formal corporate governance structures and actual oversight, implying that dominant shareholders may prioritize short-term gains. Consequently, the study recommended improving accountability by enhancing legal protections for independent directors, increasing ownership transparency, and strengthening regulatory oversight.

There is a growing need for strong methods to guarantee the accuracy and reliability of data due to the widespread use of next-generation AI in automated processes. This research delves into new approaches to rethink AI system quality checks, with a focus on context-aware, adaptable, and dynamic validation. Modern artificial intelligence ecosystems are notoriously difficult for traditional data integrity frameworks to manage due to the sheer volume and variety of data streams and continuous learning paradigms used therein. A proactive and scalable quality assurance methodology is proposed by this study by combining state-of-the-art methods including feedback loops, explainable AI, and anomaly detection. Research shows that using these methods greatly improves AI-driven processes in terms of accuracy and dependability while decreasing the likelihood of bias, mistakes, and inefficiencies. Findings from this research highlight the need of continuously improving quality assurance procedures for sustaining credibility and efficiency in the age of intelligent automation. This paper delves into the changing landscape of quality assurance in AI-driven processes, with a focus on how automated workflows must prioritise data integrity. With their reliance on varied, high-volume information and complicated algorithms, next-generation AI systems are dynamic and complex, making traditional quality checks inadequate. In order to guarantee strong data integrity, this study suggests a new AI quality assurance system that combines adaptive mistake detection, predictive analytics, and sophisticated validation techniques. The framework reimagines quality standards in AI operations by using state-of-the-art technologies such as blockchain for traceability and federated learning for decentralised validation. There are noticeable gains in efficiency, accuracy of decisions, and reduction of errors in empirical assessments. The results highlight the need to reconsider quality standards in order to build trustworthy and reliable AI ecosystems, which will allow for their ethical and scalable implementation. Organisations striving to align AI systems with strict quality and integrity requirements in increasingly automated settings might look to our work as a benchmark.

The IASB is an independent accounting standard setter established in April 2001. It is based in London, United Kingdom. Its predecessor, International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), was founded in 1973. At the first meeting of IASB, it adopted the International Accounting Standards (IASs) issued by IASC.The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) plays a crucial role in shaping accounting standards globally, this is a result of the development, adoption and promoting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The IASB is in the business of enhancing transparency, consistency and comparability in the reporting of financial across jurisdictions, making the investors take informed economic decisions. The IASB has also tried to work around the diverse economic environments by doing extensive research and consultations with the stakeholders that are key. The IASB has also maintained cordial relationship with the standard setters of countries, so as promote the convergence of accounting practices worldwide. This abstract shows the effort of the IASB to promote and strengthen global financial infrastructure, making the accounting standards of good quality. This paper looks into the collaboration of the IASB, with the FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board), to achieve a convergence with GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Practice). This paper also critically examines the IASB's role as a standardsetter globally, and also addressing some debates about the relevance of the body in this dynamic economic environment. The challenges and opportunities available for the IASB in shaping global accounting standards is also examined.

As organizations increasingly rely on ERP for their financial operations, the need for effective data governance becomes paramount to ensure accuracy, security, and compliance. This study investigates the principles of data governance as applied to ERP, with a specific focus on safeguarding financial transactions.The research delves into the intricacies of ERP data governance, examining how robust governance frameworks contribute to the integrity of financial data throughout the transaction lifecycle. By analyzing case studies and industry best practices, this study identifies key challenges and opportunities in implementing data governance strategies tailored to ERP environments.The findings underscore the critical role of proactive data governance in mitigating risks associated with financial transactions within ERP systems. The integration of governance protocols not only enhances data quality and consistency but also fortifies security measures, aligning financial processes with regulatory requirements. Furthermore, the study explores the synergy between data governance and ERP excellence, emphasizing the potential for improved decision-making, operational efficiency, and stakeholder trust. Insights gained from this research offer practical recommendations for organizations seeking to optimize their data governance approach within the context of ERP, particularly in the safeguarding of financial transactions. In conclusion, this study advocates for a holistic data governance approach to achieve ERP excellence in managing financial transactions. The research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the intersection of data governance and ERP systems, providing a roadmap for organizations striving to balance innovation, efficiency, and data security in their financial operations. In the ever-evolving landscape of financial services, the adoption of robust data governance practices emerges as a strategic imperative for institutions seeking to navigate the complexities of data management. This research presents a comprehensive case study that delves into the real-world implementation of data governance within a domestic bank group, shedding light on the challenges, strategies, and transformative impact associated with this undertaking. The study employs a qualitative approach, drawing insights from interviews, documentation analysis, and direct observations within the bank group's operational environment.

There is a growing need for strong methods to guarantee the accuracy and reliability of data due to the widespread use of next-generation AI in automated processes. This research delves into new approaches to rethink AI system quality checks, with a focus on context-aware, adaptable, and dynamic validation. Modern artificial intelligence ecosystems are notoriously difficult for traditional data integrity frameworks to manage due to the sheer volume and variety of data streams and continuous learning paradigms used therein. A proactive and scalable quality assurance methodology is proposed by this study by combining state-of-the-art methods including feedback loops, explainable AI, and anomaly detection. Research shows that using these methods greatly improves AI-driven processes in terms of accuracy and dependability while decreasing the likelihood of bias, mistakes, and inefficiencies. Findings from this research highlight the need of continuously improving quality assurance procedures for sustaining credibility and efficiency in the age of intelligent automation. This paper delves into the changing landscape of quality assurance in AI-driven processes, with a focus on how automated workflows must prioritise data integrity. With their reliance on varied, high-volume information and complicated algorithms, next-generation AI systems are dynamic and complex, making traditional quality checks inadequate. In order to guarantee strong data integrity, this study suggests a new AI quality assurance system that combines adaptive mistake detection, predictive analytics, and sophisticated validation techniques. The framework reimagines quality standards in AI operations by using state-of-the-art technologies such as blockchain for traceability and federated learning for decentralised validation. There are noticeable gains in efficiency, accuracy of decisions, and reduction of errors in empirical assessments. The results highlight the need to reconsider quality standards in order to build trustworthy and reliable AI ecosystems, which will allow for their ethical and scalable implementation. Organisations striving to align AI systems with strict quality and integrity requirements in increasingly automated settings might look to our work as a benchmark.

Taxation is a fundamental tool of government fiscal policy. This study investigates the factors influencing Turnover Tax collection among category-B-taxpayers in Ethiopia, focusing on the relationships between taxpayer registration, knowledge, attitude, and tax collection. An exploratory research design using a mixed-methods approach was employed. From 797 registered taxpayers in the zone, 266 were selected through simple random sampling. Additionally, 36 employees from 18 Woreda offices were chosen purposively, and 19 managers were interviewed, yielding a total sample size of 321. Data was collected from both primary sources (questionnaires and interviews) and secondary sources (published and unpublished materials) and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings indicate that taxpayer knowledge, payment convenience, taxpayer attitudes, and enforcement through penalties significantly affect tax collection. A strong negative correlation was found between tax collection and both taxpayer registration gaps and corruption. The study recommends government action on ICT infrastructure, taxpayer education, and anti-corruption measures. These findings offer practical insights for Ethiopian tax policymakers to identify weaknesses in registration and collection processes, improve compliance, and design more effective tax strategies. However, the study's generalisability is limited by its focus on South Gonder Zone, the sample size, and the chosen research design.

Human beings are considered essential to achievement of productivity, well above equipment, technology and money. Human Resource Reporting is an attempt to identify, quantify and report investments made in human resources of an organisation that are not presently accounted for under conventional accounting practice. The necessity of Human resource reporting emerged as a result of the rising anxiety for human relations management in industry. Behavioural scientists (like R Likert, 1960), concerned with the management of organisations, found that the inability of accountants to value human resources was the main hurdle in effective management decisions. However it was criticised on the basis that valuation of human resources is not viable.

Core Principles of Accounting aims to provide southern African students with a decolonised teaching and learning experience. While the science behind the discipline of accountancy is complex to decolonise, especially because many countries have adopted the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), an effort has been made by the

Le contexte de scandales financiers au niveau international (Enron, Worldcom, Parmalat) (Downes et Russ, 2005) et la perte de confiance du public et des investisseurs envers la gestion des organisations amènent un questionnement plus serré sur la qualité et la fiabilité des informations financières que les entreprises mettent à leur disposition. De ce fait, les normes IAS/IFRS ont introduit une modification profonde et considérable des pratiques comptables pour les comptes consolidés des grands groupes. De plus,leur incidence ne se limite pas au seul domaine comptable, elles ont également un impact sur la qualité et la transparence de l&#39;information financière. Toutefois, une économie ouverte sur l&#39;international ne peut se soustraire à cette nouvelle tendance sans risquer la marginalisation au moment même où l&#39;insertion dans l&#39;économie mondiale devient un facteur de performance au plan économique, et devra donc forcément parler le langage en vigueur au plan internatio...

The aim of the research is to show the importance of applying IFRS standards at the international and local levels in Iraqi banks and its reflection. This research used statistical methods and indicators, as the data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires to a sample of international development banks, and Gulf commercial banks, to accountants and auditors working in Iraq, where they were distributed to (226) participants and analyzed using SPSS v 26 and Amos v 26, as well as a study comparing the impact of the application of IFRS-9 before and after by analyzing the financial statements of the above banks. The research included the study of several topics, including an overview of IFRS standards and the quality of financial reports, the definition of international financial reporting standards, the objectives of financial reports prepared for public use, the importance of IFRS, the quality of financial reports, the factors affecting the quality of financial reports, the importance of IFRS standards, the factors affecting the quality of financial reports, the challenges faced by banks in preparing financial reports, the application of IFRS standards, the impact on the performance of banks, the application of IFRS standards, the fair presentation of the financial position, the application of IFRS standards and the presentation of cash flows to banks, and the reality of adopting IFRS standards in Iraqi banks. The research concluded that the presence of interest of Iraqi banks in the application of financial reporting standards in order to enhance the quality of financial reporting, that the level of impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in enhancing the qualitative characteristics of accounting information among Iraqi banks (the research sample), all of which increased the application of IFRS, reflected positively on the qualitative characteristics of accounting information. The research contributes to financial institutions such as banks and banks as a means of providing external users, investors and at all levels with the financial data and information necessary to make rational and correct decisions after the application of IFRS standards.

This study looks at how Nigerian multinational corporations' consolidated financial reporting quality is affected by their adherence to the International Accounting Standards Board's (IASB) Conceptual Framework. The study assessed compliance's impact on three aspects of financial reporting quality timeliness, audit quality (Big Four affiliation), and market-based performance (share price) using a disclosure index. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine data gathered from a sample of 110 firm-year observations. Greater adherence to IASB fundamentals is linked to noticeably longer reporting lags, according to panel regression predicting timeliness (FRQ_AQM) (B =-22.37, p <.001). Compliance has no statistically significant impact on audit quality or share price, but it has a significant negative impact on timeliness. These results imply that while thorough disclosures might improve openness

This research aims to study the impact of green banking on economic growth, focusing on the Trade Bank of Iraq. A quantitative methodology was used based on a questionnaire that included 176 employees of the bank, who were randomly selected to ensure representation of different departments. The research addressed three main dimensions: green financial products, environmental risk management, and corporate social responsibility. The results showed that there is a strong positive relationship between green banking and economic growth, as the correlation coefficient between social responsibility and economic growth reached 0.75, while it reached 0.72 for green financial products and 0.68 for environmental risk management. Statistical analyses confirmed that green banking explains 68% of the change in economic growth according to the R-squared value = 0.68. The results also showed that adopting green finance enhances sustainable investments, which contributes to creating new job opportunities by 4.2 according to the Likert scale. The research recommended expanding awareness of green banking practices, increasing financial incentives for institutions that adopt sustainability, and strengthening legislation supporting green finance to ensure the sustainability of the financial sector.

This study explores the relationship between financial globalization and financial sector development in Nigeria by analyzing annual time series data from 1996 to 2024, employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique. Findings indicate that financial globalization has a negative but statistically insignificant effect on financial development in the short run. In the long run, the impact turns positive; however, it remains statistically insignificant at the 5% threshold. Notably, foreign direct investment (FDI) demonstrates a significant and positive influence on financial development across both short-and long-term horizons. In contrast, foreign portfolio investment (FPI) does not display a meaningful effect. These outcomes suggest that financial globalization alone may not be a decisive factor in promoting financial development in Nigeria. Consequently, the study advocates for a reassessment of current financial strategies. Key recommendations include strengthening FDI through strategic investment programs and streamlined policies, reinforcing regulatory mechanisms to safeguard against the risks of financial globalization, and improving capital market systems and investor awareness to foster FPI participation.

We investigated IFRS adoption and its impact on financial reporting quality in developing countries, pointing out its significance in promoting global transparency and comparison. The main objective was to assess the IFRS adoption level and investigate its perceived effect on the quality, relevance, and value of financial statements. Highlighting the significance of reliable accounting information in a highly uncertain investment and governance environment, the research utilized a descriptive survey design and a structured questionnaire administered to 120 finance professionals in selected developing countries. The results indicated an excellent level of IFRS awareness and partial to full adoption in many firms, which led to enhancing the transparency, comparability, and decision-usefulness of financial statements according to respondents. However, we also identified difficulties like low expertise, high deployment cost, and in-depth standard barriers. The research findings indicated that IFRS adoption positively impacted the level of financial reporting quality, and its effectiveness was conditional on institutional backing and professional capability. The implications are that, to achieve the full value of IFRS to emerging economies, policymakers and regulatory authorities should invest in training, infrastructure, and localized implementation.

Based on data from 1,281 observations on Vietnam's stock market in the period 2009-2015, the article clarified two fundamental issues by identifying the existence of earnings management of listed companies and analyzing the factors influencing earnings management such as business sectors, auditing firms, and debt-to-equity ratio. The findings of the article contributed to the limited research on earnings management on Vietnam's stock market in particular as well as on the disclosure of earnings information of Vietnam's enterprises in general.

Reporting Standard more significant than ever before. The adoption of IFRS in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia like in many countries banking sectors has obstacles and challenges. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting adoption of IFRS in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, as well as potential benefits and key challenges that will face on adoption of IFRS. In this regard from the total of distributed 55 questionnaires to all finance department accountants and auditors in head office, 53 were valid to analysis and interviews were conducted with accounts director, finance managers and with experts and also document analysis were used to collect the required data. To address research objectives and test the hypotheses the study adopted the mixed research approach. The questionnaire data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and multiple linear regression analysis and data from interview and document reviews were interpreted qualitatively. The study finds that with the exception of government policy the other four independent variables which are educational level, professional bodies, company size and capital market are significantly affect the adoption of IFRS in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia. The results also show that IFRS adoption in CBE will result in a number of important benefits to a wide range of stakeholders, Managements and to the bank. High cost of adopting, the complex nature, lack of proper instructions from regulatory bodies for adopting IFRS, high level training requirement as well as IFRS's emphasis on fair value accounting, are listed among the most important challenges of IFRS adoption. Based on the findings CBE is required to revise the current accounting policy and procedure of the bank in accordance with IFRS and a number of recommendations and direction for future research are provided.

This study looks at how Nigerian multinational corporations' consolidated financial reporting quality is affected by their adherence to the International Accounting Standards Board's (IASB) Conceptual Framework. The study assessed compliance's impact on three aspects of financial reporting quality timeliness, audit quality (Big Four affiliation), and market-based performance (share price) using a disclosure index. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine data gathered from a sample of 110 firm-year observations. Greater adherence to IASB fundamentals is linked to noticeably longer reporting lags, according to panel regression predicting timeliness (FRQ_AQM) (B =-22.37, p <.001). Compliance has no statistically significant impact on audit quality or share price, but it has a significant negative impact on timeliness. These results imply that while thorough disclosures might improve openness

This study investigated the impact of internal audit quality on risk management in Nigerian money deposit banks. In particular, it looks at how the effectiveness of risk management procedures is impacted by three important factors: the internal audit department's budget (IADB), size (IADS), and percentage of certified internal auditors (POCCIA). Both survey and correlation research designs were used in this investigation. The study used structured questionnaires with a five-point Likert scale to collect primary data from accounting professionals working in the banking sector in the South West. A sample size of 108 respondents was chosen through a deliberate sampling technique, with an emphasis on people who had particular traits that were pertinent to the study. According to multiple regression analysis, greater financial investment in internal audit functions and a higher proportion of certified internal auditors significantly enhance risk management effectiveness, whereas the size of the internal audit department does not yield a significant impact. These findings underscore the critical importance of quality over quantity in internal audit resources, highlighting the need for strategic budget allocation and continuous professional development. The study concludes with practical recommendations for enhancing risk management frameworks in the banking sector, offering valuable insights for policymakers and industry practitioners seeking to bolster organizational resilience and financial stability.

The need to enhance financial reporting in the public sector has led many countries to adopt international standards such as IPSAS to promote transparency and global comparability. This conceptual paper evaluated how the adoption of IPSAS 3 influences accounting information disclosure in public sector entities. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study conducts a theoretical analysis based on secondary data drawn from scholarly literature, accounting standards, and government documents. Rather than collecting new empirical data, the study synthesizes existing research to develop insights into IPSAS 3's impact. The methodology involved a systematic literature review and thematic analysis, focusing on publications from 2015 to 2024. Key databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and ScienceDirect were searched using terms like "IPSAS 3" and "public sector financial reporting." Through critical examination, the paper identified recurring themes and conceptual linkages between IPSAS 3 components: disclosures of accounting policies, changes in estimates, error corrections and improved accounting information disclosure. The analysis revealed that structured implementation of IPSAS 3 enhances the transparency, consistency, and reliability of financial statements. Findings are consistent with prior research conducted in countries such as

Background: This study addressed the critical intersection of accounting standards and investor returns within Africa's oil and gas sector. Specifically, it investigated how diverse accounting treatments under International Financial Reporting Standards 6 (IFRS 6) for exploration and evaluation costs, including capitalization, depreciation methods, and disclosure, affect investor returns. Utilizing panel data and regression analysis, this study examined the nuanced impact of these accounting choices on key financial performance indicators, offering insights into the complex relationship between IFRS 6 implementation and investor confidence in the African context. Aim: This study examined the impact of International Financial Reporting Standards 6 (IFRS 6) exploration and evaluation accounting choices on investor returns in African firms. Methodology: This study examined the impact of IFRS 6 accounting choices on investor returns in African oil and gas firms. This study used an ex post facto design and purposive sampling; panel data from 9 listed companies was analyzed using panel regression techniques. The regression techniques investigated the relationship between IFRS 6 accounting choices (capitalization, depreciation, disclosure, and impairment) and investor return measures such as share price, Tobin's Q, return on equity, and return on sales. The sample consists of 9 oil and gas companies listed on stock exchanges within Africa, with representation from key oil-producing nations such as Nigeria, Ghana, and others. Findings: The findings revealed that IFRS 6 positively and significantly affects debt service capacity, highlighting that compliance with the standard enhances financial credibility and enables firms to meet their debt obligations more effectively, a critical factor for improving investor confidence. However, the study also identified a negative and significant relationship between IFRS 6 and profitability metrics such as return on equity (ROE) and return on sales (ROS). While the recognition of exploration and evaluation expenses enhances perceived asset values, it simultaneously reduces profitability metrics, suggesting the high upfront costs associated with these activities weigh heavily on short-term returns. Furthermore, the findings showed positive but statistically insignificant relationships between IFRS 6 and share price, dividend payout, and debt capital raised, as well as a negative but insignificant effect on equity capital raised. These results emphasize the complex interplay between IFRS 6 adoption and financial performance, indicating that while transparency improves, profitability and market outcomes do not uniformly benefit from the standard's implementation. Contributions: This study contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the impact of IFRS 6 exploration and evaluation accounting choices on investor returns in the African context. The findings challenge some prevailing assumptions, particularly regarding the positive relationship between capitalized exploration costs and investor returns. By demonstrating the nuanced and sometimes contradictory effects of different IFRS 6 accounting choices on various financial metrics, this research provides valuable insights for academics, practitioners, and policymakers. Recommendations: It is recommended that African firms in the extractive sector enhance their communication strategies to effectively convey the long-term benefits of exploration activities to investors. Transparent and comprehensive disclosure of exploration and evaluation activities, aligned with IFRS 6 requirements, is crucial for building investor confidence and mitigating concerns related to declining short-term profitability. Furthermore, regulators should consider promoting best practices in IFRS 6 implementation and encourage firms to adopt robust internal controls for exploration and evaluation activities. Implications for Africa: This study has several significant implications. Theoretically, it contributes to the literature on the impact of accounting standards on investor behavior and market outcomes. By examining the specific case of IFRS 6 in the African context, the study challenges some prevailing assumptions about the relationship between accounting choices and investor returns. Practically, the findings highlight the importance of effective communication strategies for African oil and gas companies to convey the long-term value of exploration and evaluation activities to investors. These insights can inform corporate decision-making regarding exploration and evaluation strategies and accounting policies. For policymakers, the study emphasized the need for clear and consistent implementation of IFRS 6 within the African context, along with supportive regulatory frameworks to encourage best practices in financial reporting. Researchers: Further researchers should explore the impact of IFRS 6 on investor returns in other African subregions or countries, considering factors like economic development, regulatory environment, and investor sophistication. Investigating the long-term impact of IFRS 6 on investor behavior and market outcomes would also be valuable. Additionally, exploring the role of corporate governance, disclosure quality, and analyst coverage in mediating the relationship between IFRS 6 and investor returns could provide deeper insights.

The accountancy profession in Jordan has been criticized for failing to achieve its goals to society, with the main players in the profession constantly exchanging accusations in this regard. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the roles and the relationships between the players in the accountancy profession in Jordan (regulators, academics and practitioners), and to provide recommendations in order to improve the quality of the accountancy profession. Results indicate that the regulators are to be blamed for the insufficient monitoring and control of the profession, as they have failed to oversee the auditors and to take disciplinary actions against the wrongdoers. Additionally, regulators jeopardized the profession by adopting IFRS as a sole framework for financial reporting for all companies. Academics have allegedly provided low quality education and inadequate teaching programs, as teaching focuses on theoretical issues with minimal consideration for the current busines...