Cash-Based Accounting

The recent global Covid 19 disease crisis is unprecedented in its kind. The crisis spread rapidly and affected not only financial markets but also the real economies and many countries in a short period of time through quarantine and social distancing. One of the countries that suffered a lot from this crisis is Italy, which we will focus on in this article. Computational methods for information on solutions, reassurance and conflict resolution play an important role in crisis management. Italy has used special accounting methods and bank guarantees to address government financial issues resulting from the recent global crisis. However, studies show that financial commissions and standardizers in this country still consider cash accounting to be the most targeted and legitimate body of information it has chosen to evaluate its financial performance. But the important thing is that a major reference to cash accounting, regardless of the accrual information as well as the modified accrual information, has a short-term perspective. This view downplays some effects and does not take into account long-term effects. This is exactly what researchers do not recommend. Given the countries' studies and experiences of past crises, accrual accounting seems to facilitate decisionmaking on emergency measures.

This study presents E-payment system as means of fast tracking the implementation of government policies through the elimination of delays in government payment system and minimizing interactions between government officials and contractors to eliminate opportunity for corruptive tendencies. This is with the view of achieving economic and efficient transactions in government finances and improve quality of reporting system in the Nigerian public sector. Though the e-payment system is faced with challenges, like public acceptability, lack of uniform platform being operated by the banks, lack of adequate infrastructure and issues of security, with the proper use of the E-payment system, corruption which is a cancer in the public sector will be adequately addressed.

Purpose of the article: This study investigates the effect of historical cost accounting on the reported profit of a company, with an evaluation of current cost accounting as an alternative reporting method in a high-inflationary and volatile economy as experienced in Nigeria. Using secondary data gleaned from the annual reports and accounts of ten (10) manufacturing companies quoted in the industrial sector of consumer goods of the Nigerian Stock Exchange from 1996-2016. Methodology/methods: To test the formulated hypotheses, a multiple regression model was formulated comprising the depreciation charge, taxes and dividend as the independent variables while reported profits both at historical and current cost of the firm served as the dependent variables. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation technique was employed to ascertain the interrelationships between the variables. Scientific aim: This research is aimed at empirically investigating, by means of available statistics, the effect of historical cost accounting on the reported profit of a company during period of inflation. Findings: The study revealed that both historical cost and current cost accounting have significant effect on reported profit, as an increase in the depreciation charge, tax bills and dividends declared by firms will occasion a decrease in the reported profit. Conclusions: It is recommended that companies should prepare their financial reports using both historical cost and fair value (current cost) methods simultaneously, as this will allow the companies to ascertain the true financial position of their companies before declaring dividends and other benefits.

Purpose of the article: This study examines the comparative abilities of accrual-based and cash-based accounting information to predict future operating cash flows with particular focus on quoted Nigerian non-financial companies. Secondary data were utilized for the study and were extracted from published annual statements and accounts of eighty (80) quoted firms in Nigeria between 2005-2015. Methodology/methods: Data collected were statistically analysed with the aid of the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression method, correlation analysis, variance inflation factor (VIF) tests for multicollinearity, and the Breusch-Pagan/Cook Weisberg test for heteroscedasticity. 5% level of the test of significance was employed to measure the degree of statistical relationship between stated variables. Scientific aim: This research is aimed at empirically ascertaining, by means of available statistics, the comparative predictive abilities of accrual-based and cash-based accounting information in forecasting future cash flows for quoted non-financial companies in the Nigerian stock exchange. Findings: It has been revealed in this study that historical earnings data prepared under the accrual-basis possessed superior predictive ability over operating cash flows data in forecasting future cash flows of quoted non-financial firms in Nigeria. Conclusions: Company management who are saddled with the responsibility of preparation and presentation of financial statements as part of their management responsibility should, as a matter of utmost priority, uphold integrity and transparency by adhering strictly to the provisions of accounting standards so as to enhance reliability and decision-usefulness of financial disclosures with a view to improving the predictive ability of accounting information.

Purpose: The current study hypotheses that the antecedent factors (knowledge, skills and abilities, change attitude, and training) would influence budget preparers’ awareness of accrual-based budgeting in the Malaysian public sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study employed a questionnaire survey to investigate three variables, namely knowledge, skills and abilities, change attitude, and training in predicting the accrual-based budgeting awareness among budget preparers in the Malaysian government sector. Before data collection, the questionnaire survey was validated by conducting expert reviews before examining 42 pilot data through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Subsequently, multiple regression analysis was performed on 174 collected responses. Findings: The findings revealed that the three variables significantly influence budget preparers’ awareness of accrual-based budgeting in the Malaysian public sector. Specifically, fundamental knowledge is essential to assist ...

Kontainer merupakan media pengangkutan kemasan luar negeri atau dalam negeri yang berbentuk kotak besar. Pengangkutan kontainer dengan transportasi kargo akan menimbulkan adanya biaya penyewaan terhadap kontainer yang disewa oleh penyewa dan pihak perusahaan kontainer. Penyewaan kontainer yang dilakukan pada PT Java Sarana Mitra Sejati dilakukan dengan cara mencatat biaya sewa di buku dan dihitung besarnya biaya sewa berdasarkan ukuran, tipe dan tujuan pengiriman. Proses perhitungan masih menggunakan kalkulator, sehingga menjadi tidak efektif dan efisien sering terjadi pengulangan data. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sebuah sistem yang mampu melakukan perhitungan biaya sewa kontainer secara otomatis agar dapat mempermudah dan meminimalisir kesalahan dalam penentuan harga dan biaya sewa kontainer.

The era of rapid growth of the internet has witnessed the exponential growth of electronic payment systems (EPS); consequently, business transactions are constantly shifting from cash-based to electronic-based system. This paper is a product of a research conducted to explore factors that could influence effective adoption and implementation of the EPS among hospitals in Tanzania and the challenges associated with its adoption. The study used the KCMC as a case in point. The case study design was used. In this study we sampled 152 respondents randomly who included clients at the outpatient clinics of the hospital. The data were gathered using a structured questionnaire consistent with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The findings suggest that the majority of the clients preferred to use EPS whereas, intention to use EPS, previous experience in the use of EPS, and being banked were significant factors influencing both preference of EPS and intention to use EPS. It is recommende...

Purpose: The current study hypotheses that the antecedent factors (knowledge, skills and abilities, change attitude, and training) would influence budget preparers’ awareness of accrual-based budgeting in the Malaysian public sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study employed a questionnaire survey to investigate three variables, namely knowledge, skills and abilities, change attitude, and training in predicting the accrual-based budgeting awareness among budget preparers in the Malaysian government sector. Before data collection, the questionnaire survey was validated by conducting expert reviews before examining 42 pilot data through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Subsequently, multiple regression analysis was performed on 174 collected responses. Findings: The findings revealed that the three variables significantly influence budget preparers’ awareness of accrual-based budgeting in the Malaysian public sector. Specifically, fundamental knowledge is essential to assist ...

Understanding accounting standard in crucial for those bestowed with responsibility to record and prepare the required accounts and financial statements. Whilst the accountability to prepare those accounts and financial statement lies on the management, this task is responsibled to the accounts department of the organization. The importance of recording and reporting is equally crucial to the public sector as well as the private sector if not more. As the government agencies entities are subject to the public scrunity even though their performance if not measured by increase in the net profit, however, the way they manage the public fund is of prime concern. The Malaysian public sector agencies is in the transition of changing from cash accounting to accrual accounting in their recording and reporting of their accounts. A preliminary study has been performed to postulate the understanding of the accounting officers of the new method. To achieve the objective of the study, a questionnaire was distributed to the account staffs of local government agencies within the state of Melaka. A total of 131 questionaires were gathered from 16 state government agencies. The findings shows mixed responses have been received from the different level of positions for the change of the method as well as their understanding over the accrual accounting method.

This study reviews recent articles discussing the benefits of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) implementation in reforming public sector accounting, specifically in developing countries. These benefits are among others better transparency, accountability, and decision making in public sector financial transactions. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of IPSAS in addressing some critical financial issues, including financial aids, budget deficit, taxes, and corruption, which may hinder the progress of Jordanian public sector and the country's economic growth. This study concludes that IPSAS has an effective role in addressing these thorny issues and its implementation would therefore allow the Jordanian public sector to reach its development goals. The unique contribution of this study is that it enriches the body of knowledge regarding the benefits of IPSAS implementation in a more holistic manner and in a new context, Jordan.

Purpose: This paper aims to share the experience of state governments in Malaysia in implementing the Malaysian Public Sector Accounting Standards (MPSAS). Methodology/Approach: A mixed methods study involving questionnaire survey and interview was employed. The study covers all 13 state governments of Malaysia. A total of 147 accounting and finance staff responded to the questionnaires and 12 interview sessions were held in 12 states involving the state treasurers. Findings: Similar challenges observed in other countries in implementing IPSAS prevailed in the 13 state governments, which are (i) resources related to lack of competent accounting and finance staff, and lack of IT facilities and IT support; (ii) accounting and reporting issues related to difficulties in assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses recognitions and measurement; and (iii) top management commitment in ensuring successful change management programmes. However, many of those challenges have been tackled except...

Purpose: This paper aims to share the experience of state governments in Malaysia in implementing the Malaysian Public Sector Accounting Standards (MPSAS). Methodology/Approach: A mixed methods study involving questionnaire survey and interview was employed. The study covers all 13 state governments of Malaysia. A total of 147 accounting and finance staff responded to the questionnaires and 12 interview sessions were held in 12 states involving the state treasurers. Findings: Similar challenges observed in other countries in implementing IPSAS prevailed in the 13 state governments, which are (i) resources related to lack of competent accounting and finance staff, and lack of IT facilities and IT support; (ii) accounting and reporting issues related to difficulties in assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses recognitions and measurement; and (iii) top management commitment in ensuring successful change management programmes. However, many of those challenges have been tackled except...

CV Nanjung Pratama merupakan salah satu perusahaan yang bergerak dalam CV Nanjung Pratama merupakan salah satu perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bidang penyewaan truk delivery. Dalam melakukan pengelolaan penerimaan dan pengeluaran kas pada CV Nanjung Pratama masih menggunakan sistem secara manual. Semua penerimaan dan pengeluaran dicatat ke dalam buku kas dan dihitung menggunakan kalkulator. Kemudian untuk pembuatan laporan keuangan memiliki kesulitan karena pemilik harus membuka kembali catatan buku kas. Aplikasi penerimaan dan pengeluaran kas berbasis web ini dapat membantu pihak CV Nanjung Pratama dalam melakukan pengelolaan penerimaan dan pengeluaran kas serta pembuatan laporan arus kas per periode tertentu. Pembuatan proyek akhir ini menggunakan metode pengembangan terstruktur, yaitu model waterfall dan tahapan yang dilakukan hanya sampai pengujian program. Aplikasi ini diimplementasikan menggunakan peemrograman PHP dan database MySQL. Hasil akhir dari aplikasi ini dapat membantu pihak CV Nanjung Pratama dalam melakukan pengelolaan penerimaan dan pengeluaran kas serta menghasilkan laporan arus kas secara cepat dan akurat.

The era of rapid growth of the internet has witnessed the exponential growth of electronic payment systems (EPS); consequently, business transactions are constantly shifting from cash-based to electronic-based system. This paper is a product of a research conducted to explore factors that could influence effective adoption and implementation of the EPS among hospitals in Tanzania and the challenges associated with its adoption. The study used the KCMC as a case in point. The case study design was used. In this study we sampled 152 respondents randomly who included clients at the outpatient clinics of the hospital. The data were gathered using a structured questionnaire consistent with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The findings suggest that the majority of the clients preferred to use EPS whereas, intention to use EPS, previous experience in the use of EPS, and being banked were significant factors influencing both preference of EPS and intention to use EPS. It is recommende...

Understanding accounting standard in crucial for those bestowed with responsibility to record and prepare the required accounts and financial statements. Whilst the accountability to prepare those accounts and financial statement lies on the management, this task is responsibled to the accounts department of the organization. The importance of recording and reporting is equally crucial to the public sector as well as the private sector if not more. As the government agencies entities are subject to the public scrunity even though their performance if not measured by increase in the net profit, however, the way they manage the public fund is of prime concern. The Malaysian public sector agencies is in the transition of changing from cash accounting to accrual accounting in their recording and reporting of their accounts. A preliminary study has been performed to postulate the understanding of the accounting officers of the new method. To achieve the objective of the study, a questionnaire was distributed to the account staffs of local government agencies within the state of Melaka. A total of 131 questionaires were gathered from 16 state government agencies. The findings shows mixed responses have been received from the different level of positions for the change of the method as well as their understanding over the accrual accounting method.

Information Communication Technology play a major role in the implementation and adoption of electronic payment systems in Nigeria. The rapid growth of the internet has facilitated the exponential growth in the electronic payment systems (EPS) as a result business transaction is constantly moving from cash-based to electronic-based hence leading to economic growth in Nigeria. This study examines the implementation and adoption of Electronic Payment System by Hospitals in Nigeria. A case study of Good Shepherd Clinic. A random sampling of 150 patients of the clinic was carried out and the data gathered through structured questionnaire consistent with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Based on the findings, it revealed that most of the clients preferred to use the electronic payment system (EPS) or has intention to use the EPS method. It is also seen that economic growth has a significant positive effect on the implementation of electronic payment system in the hospital. To continuously promote the adoption of EPS in Nigeria, it is necessary to address the barriers identified and encourage clients to use the services of the bank where the money is kept for easy usage.

This study reviews recent articles discussing the benefits of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) implementation in reforming public sector accounting, specifically in developing countries. These benefits are among others better transparency, accountability, and decision making in public sector financial transactions. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of IPSAS in addressing some critical financial issues, including financial aids, budget deficit, taxes, and corruption, which may hinder the progress of Jordanian public sector and the country's economic growth. This study concludes that IPSAS has an effective role in addressing these thorny issues and its implementation would therefore allow the Jordanian public sector to reach its development goals. The unique contribution of this study is that it enriches the body of knowledge regarding the benefits of IPSAS implementation in a more holistic manner and in a new context, Jordan.

This study reviews recent articles discussing the benefits of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) implementation in reforming public sector accounting, specifically in developing countries. These benefits are among others better transparency, accountability, and decision making in public sector financial transactions. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of IPSAS in addressing some critical financial issues, including financial aids, budget deficit, taxes, and corruption, which may hinder the progress of Jordanian public sector and the country's economic growth. This study concludes that IPSAS has an effective role in addressing these thorny issues and its implementation would therefore allow the Jordanian public sector to reach its development goals. The unique contribution of this study is that it enriches the body of knowledge regarding the benefits of IPSAS implementation in a more holistic manner and in a new context, Jordan.

Understanding accounting standard in crucial for those bestowed with responsibility to record and prepare the required accounts and financial statements. Whilst the accountability to prepare those accounts and financial statement lies on the management, this task is responsibled to the accounts department of the organization. The importance of recording and reporting is equally crucial to the public sector as well as the private sector if not more. As the government agencies entities are subject to the public scrunity even though their performance if not measured by increase in the net profit, however, the way they manage the public fund is of prime concern. The Malaysian public sector agencies is in the transition of changing from cash accounting to accrual accounting in their recording and reporting of their accounts. A preliminary study has been performed to postulate the understanding of the accounting officers of the new method. To achieve the objective of the study, a questionnaire was distributed to the account staffs of local government agencies within the state of Melaka. A total of 131 questionaires were gathered from 16 state government agencies. The findings shows mixed responses have been received from the different level of positions for the change of the method as well as their understanding over the accrual accounting method.

Understanding accounting standard in crucial for those bestowed with responsibility to record and prepare the required accounts and financial statements. Whilst the accountability to prepare those accounts and financial statement lies on the management, this task is responsibled to the accounts department of the organization. The importance of recording and reporting is equally crucial to the public sector as well as the private sector if not more. As the government agencies entities are subject to the public scrunity even though their performance if not measured by increase in the net profit, however, the way they manage the public fund is of prime concern. The Malaysian public sector agencies is in the transition of changing from cash accounting to accrual accounting in their recording and reporting of their accounts. A preliminary study has been performed to postulate the understanding of the accounting officers of the new method. To achieve the objective of the study, a questionnaire was distributed to the account staffs of local government agencies within the state of Melaka. A total of 131 questionaires were gathered from 16 state government agencies. The findings shows mixed responses have been received from the different level of positions for the change of the method as well as their understanding over the accrual accounting method.

The public sector, respectively general government sector, presents a significant part of the national economy. Consumption in the public sector primarily depends on its size and the effectiveness of management. Irrational resource management has a number of negative implications for the country as a whole; increasing in public expenditure leads to an increase in the fiscal burden of population and economy. The public sector is required to achieve certain objectives with lower costs. Traditionally performance measurement moves to the efficient and effective delivery of public services. An appropriate accounting system is required to be designed to provide overall information about all aspects of government activity in order to make political, economic and social decisions and evaluation responsibilities of public managers. These objectives can be achieved only by accepting the full accrual basis of accounting. The adoption of the accrual basis, incorporating the budget into the accounting system and harmonization of accounting and statistical bases are the main features of new, improved government accounting system. This system provides an information basis for the presentation of such financial statements which include complete information about the reporting entity in a manner that meets the objectives of financial reporting and enables decision-making and evaluation responsibilities. Since the goal of government entities is not to make profit, but to provide services to citizens in order to achieve these objectives, it is necessary to measure and report about success of providing established services beside financial, for the evaluation of the impact of current decisions on future generations, today, presentation of report on fiscal sustainability is required. New Public Management and accrual accounting base are the best way to improve public sector management and raise the efficiency and transparency, since the decisions of public managers are based in most cases on the reports that are the product of accounting.

This research examines the needs of reforming the government accounting system in Iraq as a developing country through the adoption of an accrual accounting based on IPSAS. It tries to search the reasons and requirements to apply IPSAS, discover the challenges which may face the Iraqi public financial management; and discuss what the supported factors that help public management to adopt the accrual base based on IPSAS are. Based on that, the research generally aims to contribute in the development of the public sector accounting and evaluate comprehensively the usefulness, feasibility and abilities of adopting the IPSAS through accrual base in Iraq. Our study, mainly focused on the central government .The research uses qualitative methodology through a questionnaire sent to accountants in the finance ministry, auditors in Iraqi supreme audit board and lecturers in Iraqi universities, specialized in government accounting to get data about reasons, requirements,  challenges and suppo...

This study aims to investigate the effects of accrual accounting adoption and the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) on government's effectiveness, as one of the key pillars of public entities' financial sustainability. Despite some doubts expressed by scholars concerning both accrual accounting adoption (

Purpose: The study aims to investigate the level of acceptance and preparation of the Local Administration Organizations regarding the adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in Greece. Design/Methodology/Approach: In order to accomplish this purpose a survey was realized by addressing a questionnaire to officers and employees of the finance department of 325 municipalities in Greece and to the elected representatives who are responsible for their financial management and reporting. Findings: The results from 58 municipalities that participated in the research show that even though the officers and employees of the finance department of municipalities are not familiar with IPSAS, there is a wide acceptance of the need to implement them. It was also concluded that municipalities in Greece are not prepared for the accounting change and the adoption of IPSAS. Overall, Greece appears to be at a premature stage with delays observed in the implementation of ex...

This study examines the acceptance level of Accrual Accounting System (AAS) among the accountants in the public sector. Subsequently, this study examines whether the accountants' acceptance level of AAS influences their motivation, job satisfaction and job performance. Using a cross sectional study via a questionnaire survey on 166 public sector accountants in the public sector, the study shows that the accountants accepted AAS. The study also shows that the acceptance of AAS among the accountants significantly influences their motivation, job satisfaction and job performance. Further analyses show that the accountants' motivation to accept AAS significantly influences their job satisfaction and subsequently, job performance. The findings of this study indicates that acceptance of a technology could lead to positive attitude and ultimately, ensuring AAS implementation success in the public sector.

This study aimed to examine the critical success factors of government accountants' readiness for adoption of accrual accounting in Jordan. Based on 331 usable questionnaire survey received, data were analysed using the SPSS version 24. Results of multiple regression analysis demonstrated that human resource and information technology contribute significant and positively influences government accountants' readiness for adoption of accrual accounting. Independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were performed in this study to assess the mean difference of government accountants' readiness according to demographic attributes. The results demonstrated significant changes in the mean of the endogenous variable between groups of the demographic attributes including; gender, experience, education and specialization or background. This study not only contributes to expanding the literature concerning adoption of accrual accounting in the Jordanian context, but also provides meaningful guideline to the government of Jordan for adopting accrual accounting, as well as providing insights on the critical success factors in the adoption process.

This study examines the acceptance level of Accrual Accounting System (AAS) among the accountants in the public sector. Subsequently, this study examines whether the accountants' acceptance level of AAS influences their motivation, job satisfaction and job performance. Using a cross sectional study via a questionnaire survey on 166 public sector accountants in the public sector, the study shows that the accountants accepted AAS. The study also shows that the acceptance of AAS among the accountants significantly influences their motivation, job satisfaction and job performance. Further analyses show that the accountants' motivation to accept AAS significantly influences their job satisfaction and subsequently, job performance. The findings of this study indicates that acceptance of a technology could lead to positive attitude and ultimately, ensuring AAS implementation success in the public sector.

O reconhecimento contábil dos imóveis dos entes públicos, de acordo com o processo de convergência aos padrões internacionais de contabilidade, é obrigatório para os estados e Distrito Federal a partir do exercício de 2019, de acordo com anexo da Portaria STN (Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional) 548/2015. Este fato é um desafio para os gestores públicos, sendo que um dos aspectos relevantes é a necessidade da reavaliação dos imóveis dos entes públicos. É objetivo desta pesquisa analisar a metodologia de mensuração desenvolvida pela Controladoria Geral do Estado (CGE) e aplicada ao Ambulatório Médico de Especialidades (AME). A pesquisa utiliza o método do estudo de caso, sendo de caráter exploratória e descritiva. Além das informações documentais, também foi realizada entrevista qualitativa aplicada a dois participantes da equipe do projeto: o engenheiro chefe e o gerente da frente contábil. Ao final, é demonstrada a metodologia desenvolvida pela CGE para mensuração do AME, sendo represe...

This study examines the acceptance level of Accrual Accounting System (AAS) among the accountants in the public sector. Subsequently, this study examines whether the accountants' acceptance level of AAS influences their motivation, job satisfaction and job performance. Using a cross sectional study via a questionnaire survey on 166 public sector accountants in the public sector, the study shows that the accountants accepted AAS. The study also shows that the acceptance of AAS among the accountants significantly influences their motivation, job satisfaction and job performance. Further analyses show that the accountants' motivation to accept AAS significantly influences their job satisfaction and subsequently, job performance. The findings of this study indicates that acceptance of a technology could lead to positive attitude and ultimately, ensuring AAS implementation success in the public sector.

Mexico is in the early stages of a process of governmental accounting reform at the national level. We use the Herfindahl index to evaluate the actual harmonisation level of public accounting in Mexico regarding IPSAS 1 and 2. The purpose of this study is to explain the difference between the IPSASs and the actual Mexican accounting system to determine to what extent the adoption of IPSAS during the reform of the accounting system in Mexico can promote transparency and accountability in all levels of government.

The significance and impact of Accrual-based Public Sector Accounting Standards (APSAS) in financial reporting has in recent times gained traction and has prompted debates which are aligned towards APSAS reporting. This implies that reforms in the government’s management systems are becoming critical towards examination of actions and steps taken to enhance demands for better transparency and accountability in the management of public finance. As is presently presented in Pakistan, there are numerous fundamental challenges that currently inhibit the efficiency of the government’s finance and accounting management. These problems arise due to poor supervision, poor management of basic financial functions, inefficient financial information including support for decision making, poor staff motivation and finally lack of proper accountability measures. Due to these arising challenges, the purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting the implementation of Accrual-based Int...

Recent years have seen changes in governmental accounting from a cash-based accounting system to an accrual-based accounting system. According to Lüder, development in governmental accounting system is influenced by its environment. Lüder hypothesized that specific contextual variables and primary user orientation of governmental accounting and reporting could determine the design of the governmental accounting systems. These variables could indicate whether or not a particular governmental accounting system is favourable towards change. Assessment of the national context and development of the Malaysian governmental accounting shows support for Lüder's hypothesis.

This study reviews recent articles discussing the benefits of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) implementation in reforming public sector accounting, specifically in developing countries. These benefits are among others better transparency, accountability, and decision making in public sector financial transactions. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of IPSAS in addressing some critical financial issues, including financial aids, budget deficit, taxes, and corruption, which may hinder the progress of Jordanian public sector and the country's economic growth. This study concludes that IPSAS has an effective role in addressing these thorny issues and its implementation would therefore allow the Jordanian public sector to reach its development goals. The unique contribution of this study is that it enriches the body of knowledge regarding the benefits of IPSAS implementation in a more holistic manner and in a new context, Jordan.

It is the goal of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) to improve the quality and purpose of financial reporting in the public sector in order to better inform assessments of resource allocation decisions made by the government, increasing accountability and transparency (Aggestam-Pontoppidan and Andernack 2016)(Bandy 2015)(Simm 2018). Two of the primary accounting systems that permeate the public sector are cash basis and accruals basis. This brief analysis begins by summarizing both systems as presented by Simm (2018) in Public Financial Management: Financial Reporting (IPSAS). It goes on to review the  International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) Public Sector Committee (PSC) (2000) considerations of both cash and accruals methods. With this foundational understanding, de Sousa et al. (2013) provides an organized comparison of each by adapting the prior research of  Athukorala and Reid (2003). IPSAS suggests that the public-sector shift towards an accruals basis and this reality is explored through case studies spanning a developing nation, modern western democracies, and states experiencing economic hardship. Fiji presents an environment where accruals migration was attempted but was unsuccessful for a myriad of reasons. In the United States of America (US), government regulations dating back to 1949 call for the implantation of accruals basis in the public sector; yet a political culture of misinformation and false promises has led to the incentivizing of stagnation, regarding systemic transformation. Another study of western democracies in Belgium, Denmark, Greece, France, Portugal, and Spain identifies that cash basis budgeting combined with accrual-based reporting may better serve the needs of the public sector. Moreover, a separate inquiry into Greece finds that municipalities and their respective resources play critical contextual roles in the successful assimilation of accrual-based systems across different government boroughs. Ultimately, this analysis concurs with prior practical and substantive research that a modified approach to accounting, taking advantage of the benefits of both cash basis and accruals basis can best serve the contextual needs of respective governments.

This paper proposes a Prescriptive Model of the transition to accrual accounting in the central government. The main objective of the Prescriptive Model is to present a comprehensive transition framework that aims at explaining the whole reform process including all relevant factors and seeking to overcome the shortcomings of the earlier developed governmental accounting innovation models (e.g., Contingency Model, its variants and Basic Requirements Model (BRM)) by focusing not only on the contextual and behavioral variables and on creating climate fit for the accounting reform process but also on the content, technical and capacity variables .Launching point of the Prescriptive Model is that the explanatory models (such as the Contingency model and its variants) are not able to explain the whole reform process and to comprise all the relevant factors that are required for putting the accounting innovations into real practice. It also takes into consideration the fact that the transition to accrual accounting is a major cultural, administrative and technical change and in order to successfully be adopted, it must take place in phases with a clear plan of progress established from the outset. Therefore, the Prescriptive Model consists of three phases: Reform decision-making phase, Transition phase, and Post-transition phase, this is in addition to final result and overcoming the transition barriers.

While private sector receives its revenues from exchange transactions, public sector entities receive a large portion of their revenues through non-exchange transactions, including sales, income, and property taxes; intergovernmental grants, entitlements, and other financial assistance; and private donations. In addition, governments provide financial assistance to other governmental and nongovernmental entities (GASB, 1998). Therefore, the government's decision with respect to the timing of recognition of non-exchange transactions in the financial statements can have significant impact on the reported results and financial position and on the user's ability to compare information across governments and over time (GASB, 1998). Despite the significance of non-exchange transactions, there is a lack of uniform guidance on when to report them. As a result, different public sector accounting standards setting bodies, such as IPSASB, GASB and ASB-UK, AASB-Australia and CICA-Canada, have used different criteria in making reporting decisions. This has resulted in making the situation more difficult for the practitioners to adopt different criteria into practice and for the users (internal and external) to understand the financial statements and to make their decisions. Furthermore, the public sector accounting literature did not cover enough the recognition of revenues resulting from non-exchange transactions and it did not even agree about the approaches that should be used in that recognition process. Therefore, there is a need for developing a Practice-relevant approach that can assist the practitioners in the recognition of revenues process in the public sector including both exchange and non-exchange transactions. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to make an attempt to develop a practice-relevant approach for the recognition of revenues (including exchange and non-exchange transactions) in the public sector context. The contribution of this paper is twofold: First, our paper examines the accounting treatment of revenues recognition in the public sector from different international and national standard setting bodies' point of view; this has led to infer that there is a lack of uniform guidance for the revenues recognition in the public sector entities. Second, we will make an attempt to develop practice-relevant approach. The paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 discusses the theoretical background. Following that we review prior Literature with respect to different accounting treatment of revenues recognition in public sector from different standard setting bodies' point of view. Section 4 describes our attempts to develop a Practice-Relevant Approach for revenues recognition in the public sector from the practitioner's perspective. Section 5 concludes. 2-Theoretical Background: Recognition/Realization Principle

Custo do produto agrícola colhido proveniente de ativo biológico 20. Os estoques que compreendam o produto agrícola que a entidade tenha colhido, originários dos seus ativos biológicos, devem ser mensurados no reconhecimento inicial pelo seu valor justo deduzido dos gastos estimados no ponto de venda no momento da colheita. Outras formas para mensuração do custo 21. O custo-padrão leva em consideração os níveis normais de utilização dos materiais e bens de consumo, da mão-de-obra e da eficiência na utilização da capacidade produtiva. Ele deve ser revisado regularmente de acordo com as condições correntes. As variações relevantes do custo-padrão em relação ao custo devem ser alocadas nas contas e nos períodos adequados de forma a se ter os estoques de volta a seu custo. 22. O método de varejo é muitas vezes usado no setor de varejo para mensurar estoques de grande quantidade de itens que mudam rapidamente, itens que têm margens semelhantes e para os quais não é praticável usar outros métodos de custeio. O custo do estoque deve ser determinado pela redução do seu preço de venda na percentagem apropriada da margem bruta. A percentagem usada deve levar em consideração o estoque que tenha tido seu preço de venda reduzido abaixo do preço de venda original. É usada muitas vezes uma percentagem média para cada departamento de varejo. Critérios de valoração de estoque 23. O custo dos estoques de itens que não são normalmente intercambiáveis e de bens ou serviços produzidos e segregados para projetos específicos deve ser atribuído pelo uso da identificação específica dos seus custos individuais. 24. A identificação específica do custo significa que são atribuídos custos específicos a itens identificados do estoque. Este é o tratamento apropriado para itens que sejam segregados para um projeto específico, independentemente de eles terem sido comprados ou produzidos. Porém, quando há grandes quantidades de itens de estoque que sejam geralmente intercambiáveis, a identificação específica de custos não é apropriada. Em tais circunstâncias, um critério de valoração dos itens que permanecem nos estoques deve ser usado.

RESUMO: Este trabalho enfatiza a importância do registro da depreciação patrimonial e de seu reflexo na gestão da informação pública. A informação contábil e patrimonial contribui para o processo de tomada de decisão na gestão pública. Um sistema de informações contábeis bem estruturado e organizado possibilita o acompanhamento dos objetivos organizacionais e o controle de forma efetiva do desempenho da instituição e regula a aplicação de investimentos. A implementação de novas normas contábeis tornou-se compulsória. Estas foram criadas com o objetivo de aperfeiçoar e padronizar procedimentos de controle do patrimônio do órgão público, na medida em que asseguram maior eficiência e transparência, de modo que a sociedade perceba a melhor aplicação dos recursos. Apresenta uma análise da Portaria 184 do Ministério da Fazenda, datada de 26 de agosto de 2008, que preconiza o registro da depreciação, paralelamente à análise de uma instituição pública. Busca-se com esta pesquisa construir um embasamento teóricoconceitual sobre os impactos desta nova legislação contábil traz e explicar como deve ser aplicada como ferramenta de gestão capaz de fomentar o desenvolvimento de ações positivas no setor público. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, que, a partir do referencial teórico sobre o tema abordado, traça um panorama da inserção desta nova normatização na gestão pública, em harmonia com as práticas já adotadas internacionalmente nas entidades tanto privadas como públicas. Sugere-se, também um procedimento de registro da depreciação em adequação à normatização e na busca do atendimento aos novos anseios da população para a obtenção de maior transparência e controle dos gastos públicos, contribuindo para a construção de uma sociedade mais democrática.

Over the last 20 years, there have been sustained calls for governments to move towards accrual based accounting and to adopt private-sector-style financial statements. Indeed, this move has become some what of a trend or fashion and accrual accounting was described recently as the hero of the day at an academic conference on public sector financial reporting.However, accrual accounting should not be considered in isolation, but as part of a package of reforms which have come to be known as New Pubic Management. Accrual accounting is not an end in itself, but rather, a means of shifting the emphasis of the budgetary process away from cash inputs, towards outputs and outcomes, in the hope that this will result in greater management efficiencies, and hence, better outcomes for governments and the communities they serve. The move to accrual accounting is primarily aimed at facilitating contestability or competition in the provision of public sector services. Thus it aims to allow compa...

Recent years have seen changes in governmental accounting from a cash-based accounting system to an accrual-based accounting system. According to Lüder, development in governmental accounting system is influenced by its environment. Lüder hypothesized that specific contextual variables and primary user orientation of governmental accounting and reporting could determine the design of the governmental accounting systems. These variables could indicate whether or not a particular governmental accounting system is favourable towards change. Assessment of the national context and development of the Malaysian governmental accounting shows support for Lüder’s hypothesis.

The move from cash to accrual accounting in public sector was initially made by the Malaysian government in year 2011. When the government made the announcement, it gives a huge shock to the preparers of the governmental financial reporting. It is believed that by the year 2015, all public sectors in Malaysia would fully adopt the accruals accounting system. The time to prepare for the implementation process is short compared to other countries that have successfully implemented the accrual accounting in their public sector. This study is made to examine the preparedness of accountants in implementing the accrual accounting. The Lüder’s Contingency Model was constructed to explain the contributing factors that lead to the accounting innovation in governmental accounting system. The Model was used in this study to identify the implementation barriers that will slow down the implementation process. As identified in the Model, factors such as the qualified accountants are one of the implementation barriers. Thus, the result of this study shows that the accountant’s attitude and the amount of training provided to the accountant is positively influence their preparedness in implementing accrual accounting.  Even though the results show that the accountants’ attitude are positive towards preparing for the implementation of accrual accounting, but there are concerns over the implementation of accrual accounting in public sector. Most of the accountants are highly concern on the employees’ lack of knowledge. This shows that there is still a long way before Malaysia public sector successfully adopts the accruals accounting system.

The purpose of this paper is to present experiences from the use of accrual accounting information in the public higher education sector in Romania and, thus, to contribute to our understanding of the prospects for using that kind of accounting in public organizations.

In the last decade, the European Union (EU) has reformed its accounting system, issuing its own conceptual framework and 18 accounting standards that draw upon the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) issued by the IPSAS Board. The aim of this article is to analyse this renewed EU accounting system that frames and shapes financial accounting and reporting of the European Communities (EC), in order to assess its capacity to "truly and fairly" represent EC economic activity as a non-business entity.

The purpose of this paper is to present experiences from the use of accrual accounting information in the public higher education sector in Romania and, thus, to contribute to our understanding of the prospects for using that kind of accounting in public organizations.