Landscape Archaeology

This work is framed within what we call critical perspectives on landscape studies. In this context,cartography becomes a fundamental tool for unraveling preconceived narratives about theterritories we inhabit and study. We focus on recognizing the materialities and agencies of groupsoften rendered invisibled in official narratives, such as Indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples.We analyze the Indigenous landscape of the
cerritos de indios
as a form of counter-cartographythat reflects territorialities constructed over the past 5,000 years and allows for rewriting historyat the Uruguay–Brazil border. Through an interdisciplinary approach, we examine therelationship between materiality, cartographic records, and oral memory. We study the
cerritos
and their toponyms, as well as historical documents, accounts from local inhabitants, andarchaeological data generated by our team. Guided by the mound biographies that evoke “otherhistories,” the study reveals the evolution of human occupations, interethnic interactions, andhistorical influences that shaped this singular landscape. In sum, it provides an opportunity tooffer a historically grounded reading, with temporal depth, of territories that are underestimatedand underrepresented in official cartographies, highlighting that these were lived, created, andtransformed lands over millennia.

This paper discusses an unusual rock art scene found alongside other carvings at a Pharaonic hilltop site about 20 km southwest of the Dakhla Oasis in Egypt's Western Desert. Taking into account the site's function as a control and monitoring station for traffic along and around access routes to the oasis, the paper explores the various possible levels of meaning in the scene – depicting a cat catching a mouse – which most likely dates to the Late Period (26th Dynasty, 664-525 BC). The most prominent interpretation appears to embody what could be described as 'the (subtle?) humour of the stronger'.

The territory of Villarosa is located in the westernmost part of Enna's province: it develops in the valleys below Mount Altesina, and the Morello River, a tributary of the Imera Meridionale, crosses it. From an archaeological point of view, this territory has long been ignored by official research, with a consequent absence of data regarding the past settlement patterns that characterise this part of internal Sicily. In the last two decades, however, the territory has been the subject of growing archaeological investigation activity since 2004 through various surface surveys and stratigraphic excavations in the most significant sites, such as Case Bastione, Monte Giulfo, and Contrada Gaspa. Thanks to these investigations, carried out with a multidisciplinary approach by national and international research teams in collaboration with the Enna Superintendence, it is now possible to significantly fill that gap. The contribution, therefore, aims to collect and present the most significant evidence yielded by the various landscape archaeology projects carried out here to produce an archaeological map of the municipal territory, useful both for the continuation of field research and for the protection of the cultural heritage preserved in this part of the Erei plateau.

This study examines the construction of individual and collective identity in pre-Neolithic Egypt and the Levant through the post mortem manipulation of human remains. Focusing on funerary rituals and skull reuse, interpreted using recent anthropological theory frameworks, we propose a totemic framework of ontological identity, in which clans associated with specific animals structured their ritual and spatial practices. Based on archaeological, taphonomic, and ethnohistorical evidence, it is possible to identify how these practices reflect clan-based social units, seasonal mobility, and a reciprocal relationship with the environment, integrating corporeal and mental continuity. Plastered skulls in the Levant acted as intergenerational anchors of communal memory, while early Egyptian dismemberment practices predate the standardization of mummification and reveal the function of some structures of pre-Neolithic sanctuaries. By interpreting these mortuary rituals, we argue that selective body treatment served as a deliberate mechanism to reinforce totemic identity, transmit ancestry, and mediate ontological transitions in response to sedentarization and environmental change.

Enrique Llobregat prestó especial atención en su célebre Contestania ibérica a las manifestaciones religiosas y funerarias conocidas en esta región. Pese a que buena parte de los datos se encontraban obsoletos y presentaban inexactitudes, trató de superar este “vacío de información” con un denso trabajo de síntesis que gozó durante largo tiempo de absoluta validez e inició un debate del que somos deudores.
La disciplina arqueológica moderna se ha enriquecido con nuevos hallazgos y enfoques interpretativos que atienden a cuestiones como la iconografía, influjos foráneos, análisis espaciales y los estudios de género, beneficiándose a su vez de las ciencias auxiliares.
El panorama actual del conocimiento sobre las necrópolis, santuarios y áreas sacras implica recuperar aspectos en torno al universo de las creencias, recordando yacimientos “clásicos” como los de la Serreta, la Illeta dels Banyets, la necrópolis de Cabezo Lucero o la de l’Albufereta, para presentar a continuación los principales avances efectuados a la luz de revisiones y descubrimientos como los acontecidos en la Vila Joiosa, el Tossal de les Basses, el Castillo de Guardamar o Monforte del Cid, sin olvidar el recurrente tema de las cuevas-santuario u otros más novedosos como el hallazgo de sepulturas aisladas en áreas periurbanas.

Se lleva a cabo una revisión histórica de cómo se han tratado
en las fuentes anticuarias y arqueológicas, desde el siglo xvi al presente,
las referencias y el estudio del Ianus Augustus, conocido por fuentes
epigráficas a partir del descubrimiento de algunos miliarios en la ciudad
de Córdoba en aquella primera centuria, así como la Via Augusta, con
importantes referencias en las fuentes antiguas, incluyendo fuentes
itinerarias (Estrabón, Plinio el Viejo, Ptolomeo, Itinerario de Antonino,
vasos de Vicarello, etc.). Por su vinculación con la ciudad romana de
Cerro Maquiz (Mengíbar) también repasamos las diversas opiniones que
han tenido los autores de la Edad Moderna y Contemporánea sobre este
yacimiento entorno a las que se ha discutido. Así, frente a la tradicional
identificación con la ciudad romana de Ossigi, citada por Plinio el Viejo
como inicio de la provincia Baetica (caput Viae Augustae), a raíz del
descubrimiento del —por otro lado, problemático— epígrafe de Tiberio
Sempronio Graco a mediados del siglo xx, se impuso su identificación
con la ciudad de Iliturgi. En ese marco, la localización y excavación
arqueológica recientes del Ianus Augustus, unde incipit Baetica, incorpora
importantes datos sobre la reconstrucción e interpretación del arco
augusteo, que se asocia a un altar monumental.

A historical review is carried out of how the references
and study of Ianus Augustus, known from epigraphic sources from the
discovery of some milestones in the city of Córdoba in that first century,
as well as the Via Augusta, with important references in ancient sources,
including itinerary sources (Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Ptolemy, Antoninus
Itinerary, Vicarello, etc.). Due to its connection with the Roman city of
Cerro Maquiz (Mengíbar), we also review the various opinions that the
authors of the Modern and Contemporary Age have had about this site
around which it has been discussed. Thus, compared to the traditional
identification with the Roman city of Ossigi, cited by Pliny the Elder as
the beginning of the Baetic province (Caput Viae Augustae), following
the discovery of the – on the other hand, problematic – epigraph by
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus in the middle of the 20th century, its
identification with the city of Iliturgi was imposed. In this framework,
the recent location and archaeological excavation of the Ianus Augustus,
unde incipit Baetica, incorporates important data on the reconstruction
and interpretation of the Augustan arch, which is associated with a
monumental altar.

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T he aim of this paper is to discuss the role the territory of present-day western Slovenia played in the defence of northern Italy in the Early Middle Ages. In Slovenian early medieval archaeology, we are focused mainly on local and regional topics, but in this paper the author suggests we observe the turbulent political and historical context of the northeastern Italy in the 9th and 10th centuries. T he western part of the now Slovenian territory in particular represented a significant transit area which retained an important strategic position until the southeastern border of the Holy Roman Empire moved further towards Pannonia and the Krka River Valley. In the light of the active control and defence of transport and communications by the representatives of the state, we could perhaps understand the renewed use of hilltop sites in this period.

e e il Comune di (OR) hanno di recente intrapreso un progetto di ricerca triennale, in collaborazione con la competente Soprintendenza Archeologica. Durante i mesi di aprile e settembre 2016 si sono portate avanti le prime attività con una ricognizione sui monumenti già segnalati in bibliografia e nel PUC, al fine di chiarire e documentare scientificamente la situazione attuale delle emergenze archeologiche del territorio di epoca preistorica e protostorica. Alle attività hanno partecipato studenti, specializzandi e dottorandi delle Università di Cagliari e di Granada. Questa prima fase dei lavori ha restituito un quadro complessivo del popolamento preistorico e protostorico della zona abbastanza chiaro, ma ancora non completo. Il sito più interessante dell'area in esame è senz'altro quello in località Bingia 'e Monti: le indagini effettuate da E. Atzeni negli anni '80 del secolo scorso hanno messo in luce, presso l'omonimo nuraghe, una tomba preistorica dalle caratteristiche straordinarie, sia per la formula architettonica ipogeico-megalitica che per l'eccezionalità dei ritrovamenti, riferibili ad una fase di transizione tra l'Eneolitico e l'età del Bronzo Antico (ATZENI 1998). Per quanto riguarda le fasi protostoriche, sono stati documentati almeno 14 nuraghi (più altre 4 strutture di dubbia attribuzione), un esteso villaggio nuragico con presenza di diversi pozzi, una tomba di giganti, 11 di dispersione di ceramiche dall'epoca preistorica fino a quella medievale. Alcuni di tali siti erano già segnalati in letteratura (cfr. ad es. LILLIU 1975), ma la raccolta di segnalazioni da parte della comunità locale riguardanti altre emergenze sconosciute in bibliografia ha portato a nuove scoperte, tra cui, ad esempio il nuraghe complesso in località Procilis.

A. Tuba Ökse’ye Armağan, Kızılırmak’tan Fırat ve Dicle’ye: Kültürlerin ve Uygarlıkların İzinde / Studies in Honour of A. Tuba Ökse, From the Halys to the Euphrates and Tigris: In the Footsteps of Cultures and Civilizations (Eds. A. Engin, A. Aykurt, A. U. Türkcan, T. Zmmermann, D. Yaşin, S. Gedik Zimmermann, Ö. Ekinbaş Can, Ş. Çiftçi, Ş. Can, E. Kekeç), Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara 2025: 730-734.

In September 2021, a series of metal artefacts found with a metal detector in the “Bod – Podu Oltului area” were handed over to the Brașov County Directorate for Culture. Once they entered the collection of the Brașov County History Museum, these objects manage to homogeneously illustrate the elaborate panoply, with a pronounced Scythian colouring, of a mounted warrior from the 5th century BC. The cremated bones with which they were found speak of an incineration grave. The paper addresses the essential aspects of this discovery (specifications on the place from which the materials were extracted, the typology and origin of the weapons and horse harness pieces, the chronology of the presumed grave supported by a radiocarbon date) and its significance (probably one of the best‑equipped Ha D warriors in all of Transylvania). This tomb with a spectacular funerary inventory, located near well‑known pieces of oriental workmanship previously discovered in the south‑eastern corner of Transylvania (Dobolii de Jos, Bartolomeu), is able to contribute significantly to the nuanced understanding of the complex archaeological landscape of the region, from the transition between the Early and the Late Iron Age. This is an area towards which four of the major trans-Carpathian passes converge (Rucăr‑Bran, Teleajen, Buzău and Oituz), therefore always exposed to inter‑regional contacts.

The project of an Archaeological Information System applied to urban archaeology in the city of Enna-started in 2013 after the awarding of a post-grad research fellowship at the Kore University-has been enriched in recent years, thanks to its nature as an open and implementable platform, with new data from more recent preventive archaeology investigations conducted in the urban context. The integration of new data into the GIS has multiplied the analytical and querying potentials: this has led to a re-reading and reinterpretation of what had been conveyed by the history of archaeological research in Enna, and the development of a new hypothesis for the topographic map of the ancient city. The use of this system with the aim of predicting buried resources allows for the development of an Archaeological Potential Map, which is now a useful and essential tool for an archaeology that increasingly seeks to become an integral part of urban planning and, more generally, public works.

.Wheat, wool, cheese, horses. Productivity and viability and in central Sicily between the Punic wars and the early Empire - Regarding the Sicilian events in the Punic wars we are accustomed to think of naval battles and the conquest of Syracuse by the consul Marcellus. In the interior of Sicily, in a zone of contact between the Carthaginian and Syracusan areas, it was instead a land war; Livy dedicates much space to the events affecting Enna, Morgantina, Herbessos. These led to confiscations and redistributions of land; the cities’ experience of war was not homogeneous: whath appened at Enna was considerably different from the experience of Morgantina, and events at Centuripe case were different still. After the war with Sextus Pompey, the Augustan reorganization of Sicily saw the foundation of coloniae, all in coastal cities; yet the consequences for the interior were considerable. For example Morgantina, who had recovered after the damage of the Second Punic War and the repopulation with former Spanish mercenaries, disappeared; so too other mountain centers. The Catania-Agrigento road is the only one that now does not retrace the previous road system; it connects Catania, one of the newly established coloniae, with Agrigento, which retains its importance in the imperial age: it is clear that the new artery affects the layout of the territory. Wheat and animal husbandry seem to coexist, sometimes with continuity over a long period of time.

This paper aims to highlight, with a series of insights about settlement systems from prehistory to Middle Ages, the general framework of the archaeological landscape in the historical region of Gerrei, located in South-Eastern Sardinia-Italy (Western Mediterranean), and its transformations through the epochs. The territory is characterized by a rugged and complex terrain, featuring plateaus and deep valleys. The numerous monumental traces span from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages, and show different settlement configurations related to changing forms of the landscape. From horizontal grounds to the most rugged and bumpy forms that are reflected in the toponymy of 'bruncus', man has gradually diversified over time, and sometimes has preserved its own settlement characteristics. The Authors, using a series of statistical and spatial GIS analyses (Viewshed and Least-Cost Path analyses), have analyzed the locational preferences at different times and how these are strongly connected to geomorphological conditioning of the landscape of this region. The diachronic analysis of the area's population, considered in its relationship with the landscape, has highlighted several changes in settlement choices, also linked to the succession of different forms of economy and society. Lo studio di un'area-campione individuata nella regione storica del Gerrei, nella Sardegna sudorientale, ha messo in luce un ricco sistema insediativo dalla preistoria fino all'età medievale (Forci 2008; Cicilloni e Forci 2012; Fig. ).

Many villa sites in the Dutch province of Limburg were discovered and (partially) excavated in the second half of the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries and have been hardly investigated since. A number of sites were designated as listed monuments in the  1970s and  1980s; others remained unprotected in the soil. The knowledge we have of these sites is mostly limited to the reports written by the excavators of the time.
These vary greatly in scope and level of detail and were written at a time when scientific archaeological research was still in its infancy. An exception are the villas Meerssen-Onderste Herkenberg and Cadier en Keer-Backerbosch.  New fieldwork has been carried out on these listed monuments in recent years. This research, although only limited in scope, has provided new insights into the old excavations and the size and layout of the villas. Both villas are the focus of this article.

This study presents a new tridimensional perspective on Castelo Velho de Safara (Moura), one of the great walled settlements of the Iron Age/Roman Republic by the Guadiana River, obtained through a high-resolution survey using a drone integrated with a LiDAR sensor. The outline of the walls was defined in more detail, which meant revising the occupation area, now estimated at circa 1.36 hectares. Several unknown elements were detected, such as the entrance area and other possible defensive structures. The data obtained for the Castelo Velho de Safara demonstrate the potential of LiDAR for understanding the topographical characteristics of this type of fortified enclosure, whose structural remains are not always clear to the naked eye.

The Doric Temple at the Triangular Forum in Pompeii is the oldest sanctuary of the town. The first phase can be dated some few decades after Pompeii’s foundation, even though its monumental form can be placed only around 530-520 BC. Along the history of the sanctuary, its peculiar orientation has remained unvaried: the building was not placed in line with any geomorphological or urban directions. Considering the local land- scape, an archaeoastronomical analysis was here applied to explain this sacred orientation. As a result, it se- ems clear that the Doric Temple has been founded to be intentionally oriented towards the Sun at Summer Solstice, setting exactly behind the temple. Indeed, the importance of the sanctuary within the town founda- tion ritual is discussed, as supported by the fact that the urban grid is turned towards Summer Solstice as well, but at the rising Sun. This interest for the Summer Solstice is confirmed by the fact the beginning of the year in Pompeii was the 1st July, as attested by later sources. This integrated solar design is tentatively con- textualised within the fragmentary knowledge of the local cult, in the Hellenistic times governed by Athēna/ Minerva and, possibly, Hēraklēs. Finally, the natural illumination of the inner temple is tested by the tools of 3D Virtual Archaeology and digital reconstruction (anastylōsis). Focusing on the relative positions of the cult statue base found in situ, the temple thresholds, and the course of the Sun, it is here suggested that a light epi- phany of divinity might have been planned to be annually recurrent on specific days of the ritual activities.

KEY WORDS: Pompeii, Doric Temple, Foundation Ritual, Orientation, Sun, (Summer) Solstice, Athēna, Miner- va, Hēraklēs, Archaeoastronomy, Skyscape Archaeology, Solar Illumination, Archaic Temples in Italy.

This is a summary of the different electrical devices, applied to the archaeological survey of the Sanctuary of Gastiburu. Choice of the method of survey depends on the characteristics of both the environment and the site itself. In this case, the electrical profiling method was chosen, because we considered this to be the most suitable option, according to our needs. We covered the area using two interelectrodic opening symmetrical devices of 3m and 6 m each. Later, the excavation of half the structures enabled us to correlate the building features encountered with the present anomalies detected. The survey continued after those features were dismantled, which provided us with new results.

de i + d «Formas de ocupación rural en el cuadrante noroccidental de la peninsula ibérica: transición y desarrollo entre las épocas romana y medieval. Territoria» (hum-2004-040010-C2-02-Hist) y «La villa romana de Veranes (Gijón, Asturias). Potencialidad productiva y evolución de su dominio» (PC04-29).

En este trabajo se propone el estudio de dos sitios específicos del sector centro-oriental de la Provincia de Corrientes, Itá Pucú y Tres Cerros, caracterizados por su ubicación a una elevada altura en el marco de un paisaje uniformemente llano. Se aplican las concepciones provistas por la arqueología del paisaje, principalmente aquellas relacionadas con la visibilidad, visibilización y control visual. A través de programas informáticos se testeó su visibilidad sobre el entorno circundante, mediante el cálculo de las cuencas visuales y el punto del observador. Se postula que los sitios abordados podrían haber funcionado como “hitos”, como referentes espaciales para conseguir orientación en el paisaje, como indicadores de caminos y límites o fronteras entre grupos que habitaron este espacio en el pasado. 

La consulta d'aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l'acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d'aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel•lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d'investigació i docència. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) y a través del Repositorio Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you're accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tdx.cat) service and by the UB Digital Repository (diposit.ub.edu) has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Those rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it's obliged to indicate the name of the author.

Resumen Reconstruimos aquí parte de la historia de la vege-tación del Holoceno Tardío, utilizando un módulo del modelado ecosistémico, el Modelo de Retrodicción de Ecosistemas HEMO. Esta reconstrucción se re-laciona con la absorción de la radiación fotosintéti-camente activa (APAR) de las plantas, la cobertura vegetal y la humedad. Se presenta la reconstrucción del paleo-NDVI en el Valle de Ambato, Catamarca (Argentina) desde el año 442. Se discuten las ano-malías positivas y negativas ligadas a diferentes momentos de la ocupación Aguada, y la sensibilidad que presentó el modelo en relación con fenómenos globales. Palabras clave: Modelado ecosistémico; Valle de Ambato; Arqueología; Paleo-NDVI. Abstract In order to reconstruct the Late Holocene vegetation history we used a module from of HEMO (Hindcasting Ecosystems Model), an ecosystem-process model. This reconstruction of the environmental past in terms of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is related to plant's ...

The theme for volume 3 in this new book series is Foundations in Stone-the Greek and Graeco-Roman architecture of Crete and offers the opportunity for authors to submit articles on aspects relating to the architecture on the island from the Hellenistic through to the Late Roman/early Byzantine periods. This volume covers three transformative eras of Cretan architecture-from the bold urban planning and buildings of the Hellenistic poleis, through the monumental theatres, aqueducts, towns and villas of Roman rule, to the basilicas and churches of the early Byzantine period. The theme of the volume offers an opportunity to compare and explore the differences and changes in the architectural landscapes of these periods in both urban, rural and industrial contexts, along with the supporting construction industry, including quarrying, stone and marble working. Submissions pertaining to the study or investigation of individual buildings are also welcome as are articles relating to the internal decoration of buildings, including ornamentation, wall paintings, mosaics, fixtures, and fittings.

This article examines how Jordan and Saudi Arabia construct and project national identities within global contexts shaped by colonial legacies and modern economic agendas. Building on the concepts of staged authenticity (MacCannell 1973) and hyper-reality (Eco 1986; Baudrillard 1993), it explores how both nations selectively perform and commodify aspects of their heritage to attract tourism and investment. In Jordan, the colonial past and the need to differentiate from Palestinian identity led to the creation of a national image centred on Bedouin heritage, now marketed through “authentic” desert experiences that blur the line between reality and performance. In contrast, Saudi Arabia’s relative autonomy from Western colonialism has allowed the state to redefine its image through Vision 2030 and its Giga projects, such as NEOM and Al-ʿUlā, producing futuristic and commodified hyper-realities detached from local culture and religion. Through ethnographic and archaeological field observations, policy analysis, and cultural media, the study highlights how both countries navigate globalization by transforming self-representation into a strategic resource of power, identity, and economic diversification.

The paper presents some examples of the use of remote sensing products for characterization of hazardous waste sites. The sites are located at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) where materials associated with past weapons testing are buried. Problems of interest include the detection and delineation of buried trenches containing contaminants, seepage from capped areas and old septic drain fields, and delineation of strata for soil sampling. Imagery products shown in this paper were derived from airborne multispectral Daedalus data, SPOT satellite imagery, aerial photography, digital map information and engineering drawings of sites. Site managers at LANL suggested the environmental areas in need of assistance and participated in the interpretation of imagery. Overlays of suspected trench locations on thermal images showed correlation between image signatures and trenches. Another thermal image showed warm anomalies suspected to be areas of water seepage through an asphalt cap. Some new cold spots were discovered that could be buried objects. Merging of hydrographic and soil contaminant data with imagery provided aids for soil sampling. Overlays of engineering drawings on recent and historical photos showed errors in trench location and extent. Multispectral images showed correlation between image signatures and engineering drawings of drain fields.

Research on the varied former, medieval to modern, uses of marshland in Cornwall. Most important was summer grazing and hay making, but also willows for withies used in basketry, reeds and rushes for thatching, and the wildfowl for the pot. The loss of marshland to reclamation or improvement affects the cultural as well as the natural aspects of place.

Zu Cas par Schamberger ( 1623 -1 706), als erster Stammvater einer Schulrichtung der ' Rothaa r-Chirurgie' eine beruhmte Figur in d er Geschichte der euroj apanischen Kul turkontakte, ha be ich be rei ts verschiedene Arbeiten uber H erkunft, Grabrede usw. verfaBt. I-Iier verfol ge ich die Ereignisse wahrend sein es J apanaufenthaltes von 1649 bis 1651. Nach Einsatzen als Schiffsbarbier in Slid-und Sudos tasien wird Schamberger im J ahre 1649 als Faktoreichirurg nach Nagasaki versetzt. Der auf ein J ahr angesetzte Posten ist trotz allerlei U nannehmlichkeiten nicht unbeliebt, denn noch kann man auf eigene Faust kleine, aber lukrative Geschafte machen. Zun ac hst ein kurzer Blick a uf die allgemeine Lage. Japa n ist nach auf3e n so gut wie abgeschlossen. Dies war nicht immer so. Rund ein J a hrhundert zuvor h atten di e ersten europaisch en Seeleute 1532 das vrhule des O s tens' erreicht. Das lnselarchipel wurde scinerzeit von unzahligen Kleinkriegen der T erri torialherrscher zerrisscn und verheert, so da8 die Historiker h eu te von der Periode d er kam pfenden Land er (Sengoku jidai) sprechen. Die vorwiegend iberisch en K a uf-Jeute and Missionare waren durchaus nicht unwillkomm em. Man wuf3te die Feuerwaffen, ihre astronomischen, chirurgischen und andere wissenschaftlich en Kenn tni sse zu wiirdigen. Ihre Schiffe landeten l -• wichtige Cuter w ie Seidr, Arznrirn usw . aus dem asiatischrn Ausland an. Bald lag d er Seidenbandel mit China fast ganz in ihren Handen. Au ch die Mi ssionstatigkeit d er j es uiten zeitigt zun achs t grof3e Erfolge, sogar Land esfurs ten li cHen sich taufen. Doch in den Rankun r n und Kampfen spielt der Auf3enhandel eine zu wichtige Rolle, um ihn den Portugiesrn zu uberlassrn , und die R eli gionen, Christentun1 wie Buddhismus, werden a llsrits instrum entalisiert. A ls di e Schlachten geschlage n und di e Machtfragen schlicf3lich geklart sind, find en sich die in -und a usla ndiscb en C~hri s t en in d er Rolle der s torenden Auf3enseiter wied er, welche die n eugescha ffen e Ordnung la tent bedroh en. In m ehreren Schritten dammt man ihre Bewegungsfr eiheit ein , unterdruckt und ve-rnichtet das C hri stentum und verweis t schlieBli ch allc Frrmden d es l~a nd cs. Kontakt zur Auf3enwelt hat man nur noch uber die Stadt Nagasaki a uf d er lnsel Kyushu , doch der Zugang zu di esem Hafcn ist auf chine-sische und hollandische KauOeute beschrankt. Die seit 1609 a uf d er Insel Hirado un weit von Nagasaki vergleichsweise unbehindcrt Handel trcibcnden Niederlander haben sich durch ihre Feindschaft zu Spanien und Portugal, durch ihre 'ande re' R eligion und eine gewisse waffentechn ische Koopera tion gere ttet. Aber auch ihr Schwert is t zweischneidig . D enn gerad e die •• Uberlegenheit ihrer K a nonen und Schiffe macht d en Japanern deut-Ji ch , wie wi chtig es ist, diese l..eute nicht frei agiercn zu lasscn. Und man weiB nur zu g ut, daB der Protestantismus eine Form des Christentums ist. A ls man sie 1640 vor die W a hl s tellt, das Land zu verlassen oder aur die In sel Dejim a in d er Bucht von Nagasaki umzusiedeln, erkla rt man d as sehr gcnau: 1 ' Di e kaiserliche Majestat ist gewiBlich informieret, daB ihr alle, so wie di e Portugiesen , C hris ten seid. Ihr unterha lte t d en Sonntag, ihr schreibt das Datum von Christi Geburt o ben auf di e Spitze und Gi ebel eurer Hauser , vo r Gesicht und Augen unseres ganzen L a ndes Nation, habt die Zehn Gebote, h abt Vater Unser und den Glauben , di e 'T'aufe, T eilung von Brot, Bibel, Testament, Mosrs, Propheten und Apos tel, in Summa ein W erk, das Prinzip , das sich zcigt.'

The Šona Lithic Mounds, located near Făgăraș in Transylvania, Romania, represent a group of eight anomalous elevations arranged in two regular west-east rows of four. Previous Romanian descriptions have classified them as earthen "pyramids" or tumuli composed primarily of mud and clay, with estimated heights of up to 30 m. However, those statements lack any empirical field data or structural investigation. This study presents the first in situ field measurements and scientific observations conducted in October 2025 by the author. Using topographic surveying, ionization, and electromagnetic measurements, combined with direct access into tunnel cavities created by illicit excavation in 2013, the mounds were confirmed to consist of compact lithic material rather than loose sediment or anthropogenic fill. Their geometry is irregular, yet the spatial organization is clearly intentional-aligned west-east, corresponding with the solar axis (sunrise-sunset). Morphometric analyses based on halfellipsoid modeling reveal consistent circumferences between 150-166 m for six of the eight mounds (±5 %), suggesting deliberate proportional control despite naturalistic external forms. Environmental readings indicated normal background radiation (0.12-0.15 µSv/h), moderate magnetic and electric field strengths, and positive-negative air ion balance typical for unpolluted rural sites. No anomalous energies were detected. The Šona mounds therefore present a paradox: lithic structures displaying ordered placement and proportional similarity, yet lacking signs of shaping or tool-based modification. Further research involving LIDAR, GPR, and excavation is recommended to determine their origin, internal architecture, and potential relation to the wider European tumulus tradition.

Northwest Serbia has long been recognized for its rare and abundant mineral resources. A rare source of fluvial tin cassiterite ore has been identified in streams along the southern slopes of Cer Mountain. This tin deposit was first exploited during the Bronze Age, around the midsecond millennium BCE (Before the Common Era). Several surface-level copper sources in the Podrinje-Valjevo mountain range were known, with evidence suggesting that their exploitation began as early as the fourth millennium BCE. Archaeological surveys and excavations have uncovered numerous Late Bronze Age necropolises, while evidence of only a single lowland settlement from this period has been found. However, research has also revealed a significant number of hillforts from the Transitional period, marking their first appearance in this region. Material culture, along with a series of calibrated radiocarbon dates, points to the presence of culture originating farther to the north in southern Pannonia. These hillforts were all strategically located on the highest mountain peaks and were fortified with massive walls and defensive ditches clear indicators of a substantial transformation in landscape use between approximately 1000 and 850 BCE. Further analysis using Light Detection and Ranging technology uncovered the immense scale and architectural complexity of the Cikote stronghold, a scale unprecedented in earlier periods. In addition, a Geographic Information System-based viewshed analysis of 14 hillforts and lowland settlements from this era demonstrated that all sites were visually connected to at least one neighbouring location. Some strongholds maintained visual links with multiple sites, with lines of sight extending over several dozen kilometres.

In addition to the direct evidence of ancient Maya canoe travel from wooden canoe paddle from the K'ak' Naab' salt works, ancient Maya settlement of offshore islands from the Late Preclassic through the Postclassic periods documents waterborne travel. The Preclassic Butterfly ...

Artiklen tager udgangspunkt i tre garde,  der var eller var planlagt til at komme pa frilandsmuseum; gardene fra True i Ostjylland og Sonder Sejerslev pa Frilandsmuseet og en fynsk gard Vibelund, der var nedtaget for at blive genopbygget pa den fynske landsby. Indgaende undersogelser af disse garde peger pa, at deres bygninger havde udviklet sig over tid. De var generelt udvidet betydeligt, isaer af driftsmaessige hensyn. Der konstateres lobende udvidelser gennem 1700-tallet og igen midt i 1800-tallet, mens der ikke ses storre umiddelbare folger af landboreformerne i bygningerne.

Quarries are information-rich anthropic landscapes, but their unique characteristics often limit the effectiveness of traditional archaeological documentation strategies. Here, the authors present a novel interdisciplinary method for the documentation and analysis of these landscapes, focusing on two ancient marble quarries on the Mediterranean island of Naxos. The workflow, combining lidar, photogrammetry, sculptural and architectural study, geoscience, ecological study and archaeological survey, provides a means for the systematic documentation of quarry landscapes in the Mediterranean and beyond, and aims to promote an understanding of premodern extractive activities not as isolated occurrences but as important aspects of interconnected, evolving landscapes.

Η παρουσίαση των προϊστορικών θέσεων στο νοτιοδυτικό άκρο της πεδιάδας της Καρδίτσας, με έμφαση στην νεολιθική περίοδο, αποτελεί το πρώτο μέρος μιας συνολικότερης προσπάθειας καταγραφής και μελέτης των προϊστορικών θέσεων ολόκληρης ης Π.Ε. Καρδίτσας. Οι δεκαεννιά θέσεις που εξετάζονται βρίσκονται στο Δήμο Καρδίτσας στα όρια των τοπικών κοινοτήτων Καλλιθήρου, Καλλιφωνίου, Ζαϊμίου και Πτελοπούλας. Το οικιστικό τοπίο, όπως διαμορφώνεται με τις νεότερες έρευνες συνολικά, αποδεικνύεται σημαντικά πιο πυκνό και πολύπλοκο από όσο ήταν γνωστό μέχρι πρόσφατα.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es correlacionar las señales ambientales registradas en dos de los yacimientos de Cueva Mayor (Atapuerca), la Galería de Estatuas y el Portalón, durante los últimos 14 ka. Durante este intervalo, en la Galería de Estatuas ...

We are indebted to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for the generous funding of the archaeological survey. We thank the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Türkiye, the General Directorate for Cultural Assets and Museums, and the Directorate of the Bergama Museum for granting the research permits and for continuous support. This article has been made possible thanks to the enthusiastic work of the team-members of the international DAI research platform at Pergamon. For a definition of ›micro-region‹ in the context of the TransPergMicro project see the introduction of this volume by Pirson et al.

We present the investigation of two rather ephemeral archaeological sites located in the municipality of Oprtalj/Portole (Croatian Istria) by means of integrated archaeological, geophysical and remote sensing techniques. The results obtained confirm the first interpretation of these contexts; a protohistoric burial mound and a small hillfort, respectively. We further obtained detailed information about both deposits through 2D and 3D remote sensing and geophysical studies that produced maps, volumes, profiles and cross-sections. At the first site, the volume reconstruction of both the inner stone core and the superimposed earth of the putative stone mound also allowed us to estimate the labour necessary to erect the structure. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the integrated approach can be valuable not only to acquire novel data about the archaeological deposits but also to calibrate future investigations and to plan effective measures for heritage management, monitoring a...

En la era contemporánea, integrar el conocimiento científico en los procesos educativos, particularmente en la transmisión del patrimonio cultural tangible a los estudiantes, se ha convertido en una prioridad. Fomentar el interés por la historia antigua de la propia patria comienza con la exploración de la geografía histórica de los primeros asentamientos humanos y la promoción de monumentos arqueológicos. Esto resulta especialmente relevante ante la proliferación de afirmaciones infundadas sobre sitios históricos. Organizar recorridos educativos para estudiantes de escuelas y universidades a diversos sitios arqueológicos—muchos recientemente descubiertos y que ofrecen nuevos hallazgos científicos—brinda un gran valor pedagógico y científico. Las clases al aire libre en “arqueoparques” proporcionan experiencias inmersivas que conectan el conocimiento teórico con la práctica de campo. Actualmente, los estudiantes aprenden principalmente sobre la historia
antigua de Azerbaiyán, sus sitios arqueológicos, poblaciones prehistóricas, costumbres, actividades económicas, herramientas y armas a través de libros de texto y literatura educativa. Sin embargo, los materiales existentes suelen
carecer de estructura, coherencia y organización orientada a resultados, especialmente en los períodos antiguos y medievales. Por ello, un enfoque sistemático en la planificación y ejecución de las lecciones, que garantice coherencia inter e intra-sistémica, resulta esencial para mejorar los aprendizajes y competencias. Las escuelas de verano arqueológicas han demostrado ser efectivas para superar estas carencias. Al integrar programas pedagógicos orientados a la creatividad, estimulan la participación y la innovación de los estudiantes. Los módulos científico-prácticos, incluyendo masterclasses en historia y arqueología, buscan fomentar el pensamiento creativo. Actividades
como visitas a sitios y trabajos de campo arqueológicos ofrecen experiencias visuales y prácticas que potencian el razonamiento analógico, la comprensión multidisciplinaria, la generación de ideas, el reconocimiento de patrones y
la reflexión crítica. Estas estrategias evidencian que combinar educación histórica estructurada con aprendizaje práctico enriquece significativamente la comprensión estudiantil y desarrolla competencias clave en el estudio del patrimonio cultural.

Publicación que se adentra en el estudio de las galerías drenantes o infraestructuras hidráulicas de periodo andalusí, en este caso en Los Santos de Maimona, población del sur de Badajoz, que tiene su origen en época andalusí y perviven, aunque maltrechas, hasta nuestros días.

Los denominados qanats de las fuentes árabes se relacionan de forma directa con la conquista islámica del siglo VIII y con la transformación que, a partir de entonces, tuvo lugar en los sistemas y estrategias productivas y en los paisajes del territorio de al-Andalus. En Los Santos hemos documentado hasta una treintena de estas galerías de drenaje, aunque no todas son necesariamente del periodo andalusí, puesto que esta hidrotecnología pasará a incorporarse a los conocimientos ecológicos locales de las sociedades posteriores a la conquista feudal.

En el libro se analizan cuatro de estas galerías de entre las más cercanas al cerro del castillo, precisamente porque aquí podrían haberse situado los espacios de cultivo de época andalusí y esa es la premisa principal de la presente investigación. En definitiva “se trata de un intento por visibilizar su importancia histórica, económica y social en el medio rural”, donde la sustitución de sistemas cultivo ha generado una mayor demanda de agua y un cambio en el paisaje agrario tradicional. Por todo ello era necesario recoger estos últimos ejemplos de galerías drenantes conservados en la región antes de su entera desaparición.