Funerary Archaeology

Con il volume intitolato Italia tra Mediterraneo ed Europa l'Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria inaugura la Serie dei numeri speciali della Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche. La nuova serie, che mantiene la veste grafica e le norme editoriali della Rivista, è stata pensata per accogliere volumi dedicati all'approfondimento di tematiche specifiche, con guest editors e procedura di peer-rewiev estesa a tutti i contributi. L'intento è quello di dare spazio alle molteplici occasioni di riflessione incentrate sulle tematiche della ricerca preistorica e protostorica in Italia, valorizzando l'attività scientifica degli studiosi e destinando loro una sede editoriale rispondente agli attuali sistemi di valutazione accademica. Già a partire da questo numero saranno quindi pubblicati in questa sede anche gli esiti delle Riunioni Scientifiche dell'Istituto, sostituendo la collana "Studi di Preistoria e Protostoria" che si avvia a conclusione. Per quanto riguarda i criteri editoriali, si è scelto di salvaguardare la distinzione delle due serie (ordinaria e speciale): la Rivista proseguirà la numerazione attuale con cadenza regolare e numeri romani, mentre la serie speciale manterrà il numero della rivista relativo all'anno di uscita, aggiungendo a seguire una numerazione (S1, S2, S3,...) in progressione interna continua. L'adozione di un colore differente per le scritte di copertina e l'inserimento di un logo di volta in volta differenziato, utile a identificare lo specifico numero tematico, completano la veste editoriale dei numeri speciali. Mi preme sottolineare il respiro internazionale con cui si inaugura la serie speciale, con un volume che rappresenta un'importante riflessione sul tema dei molteplici contatti che il nostro Paese ha stretto, fin dalla preistoria, con gli altri paesi d'Europa e del Mediterraneo, ricevendone influssi che ha spesso integrato nel proprio patrimonio, rielaborandoli e ritrasmettendoli a sua volta. Alla curatrice, già Presidente dell'Istituto dott.ssa Maria Bernabò Brea e al Direttore della Rivista, prof. Carlo Lugliè va il mio sentito ringraziamento per aver reso possibile questo progetto.

Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrov in Karelia, northwestern Russia, is the largest known Mesolithic cemetery in northern Europe. Most of the graves are well preserved, and a wealth of materials, including human skeletal remains and a variety of grave goods, has been documented during the excava-tions in 1937 and 1938. Animal bones, both unmodified and in the form of artifacts were found in the graves. Mammalian bones were analyzed soon after the excavation and the interpreta-tions published in Nina Gurina’s monograph of 1956. However, bird bones found in the graves were not identified as to species. In this paper, we present fresh results of our analysis of bird bones from graves on Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrov. The most common bird species in the cemetery was the osprey (Pandion haliaetus). By studying the location of bird bones in burials as well as the distribution of anatomical elements, we interpret the roles of birds in burial practices. The behaviour and ecology of the identified species are use...

FICHEIRO EPIGRÁFICO é um suplemento da revista CONIMBRIGA, destinado a divulgar inscrições romanas inéditas de toda a Península Ibérica, que começou a publicar-se em 1982. Todos os volumes estão disponíveis no endereço iarq/documentos_index/ficheiro. Publica-se em fascículos de 16 páginas, cuja periodicidade depende da frequência com que forem recebidos os textos. As inscrições são numeradas de forma contínua, de modo a facilitar a preparação de índices, que são publicados no termo de cada série de dez fascículos. Cada «ficha» deverá conter indicação, o mais pormenorizada possível, das condições do achado e do actual paradeiro da peça. Far-se-á uma descrição completa do monumento, a leitura interpretada da inscrição e o respectivo comentário paleográfico. Será bem-vindo um comentário de integração histórico-onomástica, ainda que breve. Toda a colaboração deve ser dirigida a:

La versión electrónica de este libro está disponible en acceso abierto en editorial.csic.es y se distribuye bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Atribución-Non Comercial-No Derivadas 4.0. La información completa sobre dicha licencia puede ser consultada en . Esta licencia afecta solo al material original del libro. El uso del material proveniente de otras fuentes (indicadas en las referencias), como diagramas, ilustraciones, fotografías o fragmentos de textos, requerirá permiso de los titulares del copyright. Las noticias, los asertos y las opiniones contenidos en esta obra son de la exclusiva responsabilidad del autor o autores. La editorial, por su parte, solo se hace responsable del interés científico de sus publicaciones.

Il panorama dell’insegnamento secondario nell’Italia unificata era caratterizzato da una notevole frammentarietà che, per quanto concerne i professori, si manifestava nella formazione, nelle modalità di reclutamento e nella carriera: una frammentarietà che era certo in gran parte un portato delle differenti tradizioni culturali e scolastiche preunitarie, ma cui fu difficile trovare rimedio e che anzi fu perpetuata dalle sommarie procedure di reclutamento dei nuovi docenti, dalla conferma di molti dei vecchi, e dalla complicata gerarchia professionale. La modestia della preparazione che contrassegnava una cospicua parte di questo corpo raccogliticcio ma anche la riluttanza a operare un miglioramento deciso delle sue condizioni mise subito in crisi il progetto di uniformare verso l’alto i percorsi formativi che si coglie nella legge Casati, la quale esigeva dai futuri professori addirittura il possesso della laurea e il concorso, salvo in caso di chiara fama. Tali requisiti erano adeguati all’alto livello richiesto alla secondaria e ai suoi cruciali compiti, quelli cioè di garantire l’unificazione culturale e l’adeguamento alle nuove istituzioni degli sparsi ceti medi italiani, collocati nella posizione strategica di cerniera tra le elite dirigenti e un popolo da incivilire. All’interno della stessa Casati erano però previste delle eccezioni, poi largamente sfruttate, che consentivano procedure di selezione e reclutamento meno rigorose. Solo a Ottocento avanzato si affacciarono nuove leve di insegnanti, spesso con un ottimo curriculum di studi, cui la professione, per quanto modesta nelle prospettive di stipendio e carriera, appariva comunque relativamente appetibile, anche per la difficoltà di trovare altri sbocchi occupazionali. Fallì tuttavia il tentativo di creare specifiche competenze didattiche, dal momento che iniziative come le Scuole di Magistero andarono pressoché deserte, mentre la Normale di Pisa si orientò, di fatto, alla formazione di docenti universitari. Furono soprattutto le Università del Centro Nord a laureare insegnanti che vennero a colmare i posti vacanti nelle scuole del Mezzogiorno. L’incontro con la scuola meridionale, carente sotto molti punti di vista, e con la società locale fu spesso traumatico e all’insegna dell’incomprensione reciproca. Segno delle trasformazione della condizione insegnante e soprattutto della mutata percezione del proprio ruolo fu il costituirsi, a partire dagli anni Ottanta, di associazioni di docenti, con un profilo apolitico, che rivendicavano uno stato giuridico e stipendi più adeguati al proprio livello professionale. Si trattava di associazioni ancora elitarie, che riunivano personaggi di notevole spessore intellettuale, ma nel complesso isolati in una categoria ancora molto differenziata e divisa nelle rivendicazioni, quando non timorosa di ritorsioni da parte delle autorità scolastiche. Esse quindi non erano in grado di incidere significativamente sulla politica scolastica, al contrario di quanto sarebbe avvenuto, nel nuovo secolo, in un clima politico profondamente mutato, con la più combattiva FNISM.

Capítulo 10 del libro monográfico "El monumento orientalizante de Pozo Moro (Albacete)", Studia Hispano-Phoenicia 12, Instituto de Estudios Albacetenses y Publicacions Universitat d'Alacant, 2025.
Incluye las conclusiones de la investigación conjunta (Almagro-Gorbea, Prieto Vilas) sobre los elementos metrológicos y modulares del edificio orientalizante de la finca de "Pozo Moro" (Chinchilla de Montearagón, Albacete).

Este trabajo muestra los principales resultados e hipótesis interpretativas acerca de la funcionalidad de los patios delanteros de las cuevas artificiales a partir de las recientes excavaciones en el patio de la cueva n.o 45 de Calescoves (Alaior, Menorca). Se presenta un estudio de las fases de este espacio desde la Prehistoria hasta la actualidad, los contextos arqueológicos y la materialidad asociada al mismo. La excavación ha documentado una notable potencia estratigráfica, identificando episodios de vertido, reutilización y una significativa concentración de materiales votivos en el nivel de uso original. Destaca el hallazgo de una gran piedra escuadrada, tumbada intencionadamente, bajo la cual aparecieron cuatro agujas de bronce, interpretado como un posible ritual de clausura. Se recuperaron restos óseos de todas las edades procedentes del interior de la cueva, incluidos perinatales posiblemente inhumados en recipientes cerámicos, aportando datos sobre prácticas funerarias. La morfología abierta y rehundida del patio, con potencial acumulación de agua, refuerza su interpretación como un espacio liminal de transición y ritualidad funeraria, clave en la performance ritual y la memoria colectiva. Los resultados permiten reconsiderar el papel simbólico y funcional de estos espacios liminales en el contexto de las prácticas mortuorias de las comunidades postalayóticas, subrayando su centralidad más allá de meros accesos.

This study examines the construction of individual and collective identity in pre-Neolithic Egypt and the Levant through the post mortem manipulation of human remains. Focusing on funerary rituals and skull reuse, interpreted using recent anthropological theory frameworks, we propose a totemic framework of ontological identity, in which clans associated with specific animals structured their ritual and spatial practices. Based on archaeological, taphonomic, and ethnohistorical evidence, it is possible to identify how these practices reflect clan-based social units, seasonal mobility, and a reciprocal relationship with the environment, integrating corporeal and mental continuity. Plastered skulls in the Levant acted as intergenerational anchors of communal memory, while early Egyptian dismemberment practices predate the standardization of mummification and reveal the function of some structures of pre-Neolithic sanctuaries. By interpreting these mortuary rituals, we argue that selective body treatment served as a deliberate mechanism to reinforce totemic identity, transmit ancestry, and mediate ontological transitions in response to sedentarization and environmental change.

Analizamos dos esculturas en piedra caliza local y bulto
redondo de la colección De la Chica, de procedencia exacta desconocida
y originalmente interpretadas como «jugadoras de tabas». En su lugar,
planteamos que representan a personajes masculinos, turdetanos o
béticos en genuflexión y gesto de súplica, de acuerdo con la iconografía
de populi dediticii vel gentes pacatae et receptae in fidem Populi Romani.
Tal iconografía se acuña en el arte romano de manera determinante en
época de Augusto y, más concretamente, en las emisiones del triumvir
monetalis del año 19 a. C. P. Petronius Turpilianus, conmemorativas de
la recuperación de las insignias párticas y de la sumisión de Armenia.
Ambas piezas formarían parte de un grupo escultórico en «pendant»
probablemente junto con una estatua del Princeps que, por su específica
carga simbólica e ideológica, tal vez hubiera decorado el conjunto
monumental del Ianus Augustus (arco o altar inmediato). O bien el grupo
se habría erigido en la cercana Iliturgi (Cerro Maquiz), pero directamente
inspirado por la ornamentación del caput viae Augustae, en cuya
construcción participó, precisamente, el propio Petronio Turpiliano en
calidad de procónsul de la Bética entre los años 5 y 2 a. C.

We analyze two sculptures in local limestone, of unknown
exact provenance but conserved in De la Chica collection, originally
interpreted as «girls playing tabas game». Instead, we suggest that they
represent male, Turdetan or Betic characters in a gesture of genuflection and supplication, in accordance with the populi dediticii vel gentes pacatae
et receptae in fidem Populi Romani iconography. Such iconography
is coined in Roman Art decisively at the time of Augustus and, more
specifically, in the emissions of the triumvir P. Petronius Turpilianus of
the year 19 B.C, commemorating the recovery of the signa Parthica and
the submission of Armenia. Both paired statues would form part of a
sculptural group, probably together with a image of the Princeps which,
due to its specific symbolic and ideological charge, might have decorated
the monumental ensemble of the Ianus Augustus (arch or inmediate
altar). Or else it would have been erected in the nearby Iliturgi (Cerro
Maquiz), but directly inspired by the ornamentation of the caput viae
Augustae, in whose construction Petronio Turpiliano himself would
participate, precisely, as proconsul Baeticae between the years 5 and 2 B.C.

Our ability to build precise narratives regarding megalithic funerary rituals largely depends on an accurate understanding of bone assemblage formation. The cemetery of Panoría offers an excellent opportunity for exploring the ritual variability through the study of funerary taphonomy, as four of the nine recently excavated dolmens are remarkably well-preserved. Based on a multi-proxy approach that includes the contextual archaeological features, skeletal preservation and representation indexes, taphonomic processes, and radiocarbon chronology, three main ritual practices can be outlined: (i) primary sequential inhumations followed by the differential in situ decomposition of skeletal remains; (ii) the selective removal of crania and long bones; and (iii) the curation of subadult crania and probably long bones. The use-life of tombs, the intensity of mortuary depositions, and the intentional protection of specific bones appear as key aspects for understanding the variability in bone...

In this research, sampling optimisation and modelling based thereon follow from the assumption that each human skeleton can be treated as a set of heterochronous carbon reservoirs capable of supplying at least an elementary sequence consisting of two 14C dates corresponding to the moment of birth (otic capsule) and that of demise (ribs), as well as an anthropologically defined lag between them. Two case studies demonstrate that the approach can raise the precision of 14C dates related to the death of the individuals. The benefits and main issues of this sampling strategy as well as the involved bioarchaeological conflict potential are taken under discussion.

Работа посвящена исследованию случайной находки рогового удильного нащёчья и керамического сосуда позднего бронзового века около с. Таутурген в Алматинской области Казахстана. На основании сравнительно-типологического, палеозоологического, трасологического, технологического и радиоуглеродного методов проводится подробная характеристика, и рассматривается культурнохронологическая принадлежность артефактов. Ближайшие аналоги предметам из c. Таутурген наблюдаются среди материалов чустской культуры Ферганской долины, однако декор артефакта указывает на его принадлежность к саргаринско-алексеевской культуре. На основании сравнительнотипологического метода в рамках традиционной хронологии данные предметы относятся к последней трети II тыс. до н.э. в рамках периода Яз-I. Полученная по нащёчью из c. Таутурген радиоуглеродная дата согласуется с радиоуглеродной хронологией чустской, саргаринско-алексеевской культур, комплексов Яз-Депе-I и Намазга VI в пределах второй половины XVI-начала XV вв. до н.э. Таутургенские находки ставят вопрос о существовании широкой контактной зоны между носителями чустской и позднебронзовых культур Юго-Восточного Казахстана, а также о более ранней позиции стержневидных роговых нащёчьев с отверстиями в разных плоскостях на территории Центральной Евразии, чем это принято в настоящее время. Авторами была выполнена реконструкция узды с «мягкими» удилами. Ключевые слова: Юго-Восточный Казахстан, поздний бронзовый век, чустская культура, саргаринско-алексеевская культура, конское снаряжение, роговое удильное нащёчье, керамический горшок, реконструкция узды.

A human femur diaphysis in the form of a burin was excavated from a secondary burial context containing osteological remains and industry in the Archaeological Complex of Perdigões (Portugal). The majority of these evidences are thermo‐altered and highly fragmented. Radiocarbon dates for this context place it in the middle 3rd millennium BC. Typological analyses indicate that the human femur fragment is a burin, and use‐wear comparisons suggest that it was used to drill hide. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Understanding tool markings (traceology) on wood enables an analysis of the technical gestures of woodcutters and carpenters, which in turn allows for the identification of the physical movements made by the craftspeople during the manufacturing process. This article aims to lay the foundations for a methodology to analyse tool markings (traceology) from the Middle Ages through the comparison of archaeological and experimental markings. Such an analysis will lead to improved knowledge about woodcutters and carpenters from the era, as well as a deeper understanding of their gestures and techniques. Thus, revealing details about the tools they used, their levels of expertise and universal techniques. Across scientific study, the clarification of terms allows a precise and shared understanding of concepts and words. This holds true for the categorisation of physical markings on wood, for example: cupules/cup markings, torn grain, cross cut markings, gouging, chipping and so on. Such a ...

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Des analyses statistiques réalisées à partir de 165 ensembles céramiques de Belgique et du Limbourg néerlandais, totalisant 5 101 éléments de décors, permettent de proposer une périodisation en six phases et treize stades à valeur chronologique pour le Rubané de la Meuse. Cette séquence peut être synchronisée avec celles établies pour la région de Langweiler, la Lorraine française et le bassin de la Seine, ce qui permet de mieux caractériser chaque style régional et de mesurer les interactions entre les différents groupes de la zone d'étude. Les premières implantations du Limbourg et de Hesbaye relèvent du style de Flomborn qui s'impose, au Rubané ancien, dans tout le bassin du Rhin. À partir de l'étape moyenne, sur le cours moyen de la Meuse et en Hainaut, le Rubané partage avec le plateau d'Aldenhoven des motifs constitués de bandes délimitées remplies d'impressions au poinçon qui définissent un style Rhin-Meuse. Au Rubané récent, la Belgique se distingue par des bandes très larges remplies d'impressions au poinçon ou, plus fréquemment, au peigne à dents multiples. Ce style particulier, pour lequel il est légitime de conserver le terme d'Omalien, se distingue encore au Rubané final par une proportion majoritaire de motifs curvilignes, alors que partout ailleurs, ce sont les thèmes rectilignes qui s'imposent. À ces époques, la Hesbaye et le Hainaut se montrent relativement peu sensibles aux influences du style de Cologne, qui prédomine en Rhénanie du Nord. Depuis le Rubané moyen et jusqu'au Rubané final, la Lorraine du Nord entretient des échanges soutenus avec les régions mosanes, ce qui se traduit par des transferts de style, principalement en rive gauche de la Moselle, et par l'importation massive de lames en silex du Maastrichtien et du Campanien de Belgique. Au Rubané terminal, une rupture semble se produire au moment de la mise en place du groupe de Blicquy-Villeneuve-Saint-Germain, qui forme une même entité stylistique entre le bassin de la Seine et la Belgique, régions qui jusqu'alors n'entretenaient pratiquement aucun échange.

RApAHël DURAND.: doNNÉeS PalÉodÉMograPhiqueS et ClaSSeS d'Âge iMMatureS: reCruteMeNt et geStioN deS eNFaNtS daNS leS eSPaCeS FuNÉraireS gallo-roMaiNS SIAp Servei d'iNveStigaCioNS arqueolÒgiqueS i PrehiStÒriqueS 41 DoNNÉeS pAlÉoDÉMoGRApHIqUeS eT ClASSeS D'âGe IMMATUReS: ReCRUTeMeNT eT GeSTIoN DeS eNfANTS DANS leS eSpACeS fUNÉRAIReS GAllo-RoMAINS raphaël duraNd introduction les informations apportées par les sépultures d'enfants ne se limitent pas aux pratiques funéraires. elles nous renseignent également sur le recrutement des nécropoles, au travers de l'analyse des profils de mortalité de la population inhumée. Selon toute vraisemblance, les nécropoles de l'antiquité sont marquées par une gestion particulière des espaces funéraires qui exclue ou sectorise les enfants. les analyses paléodémographiques confirment l'existence d'espaces réservés aux jeunes enfants qui, lorsqu'ils sont mis au jour, rééquilibrent les distributions des classes d'âge. inversement, lorsque de tels secteurs échappent aux archéologues, les premières classes d'âge sont presque toujours déficitaires. Cependant, il est possible de démontrer qu'une application sans discernement du protocole paléodémographiques peut stéréotyper les conclusions et atténuer l'importance du contexte archéologique sur notre compréhension du fonctionnement de l'espace funéraire. démographie historique, paléodémographie, recrutement et mortalité: quelques éclaircissements méthodologiques Pour l'antiquité romaine, des travaux ont été menés à l'échelle de l'empire romain ou plus modestement de certaines provinces ou de certaines régions. leur objectif commun est de préciser l'espérance de vie à la naissance et pour un certain nombre d'analyser plus particulièrement la mortalité infantile (andouche,

Aquest treball té la intenció de servir com a guia bàsica per a la recol·lecció i registre de mol·luscs (terrestres i marins), i d’altres invertebrats marins, que faciliti el treball als responsables de les intervencions arqueològiques a les Balears, així com la investigació posterior.
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Methodological proposal for the collection and registration of certain invertebrates in archaeological sites in the Balearic Islands.
This work intends to serve as a basic guide for the collection and registration of molluscs (terrestrial and marine), and other marine invertebrates, which facilitates the work of those responsible for archaeological interventions in the Balearic Islands, as well as subsequent research.

Je tiens d'abord à remercier mon directeur de recherche, Monsieur Laurent Popovitch, maître de conférences à l'Université de Bourgogne, qui a accepté de soutenir mon travail, et ce depuis maintenant trois ans. Je le remercie pour la confiance qu'il a pu m'accorder ainsi que pour son aide méthodologique et bibliographique concernant la numismatique. Je tiens à remercier Madame Germaine Depierre, archéo-anthropologue MCC à l'UMR 6298 ARTEHIS, pour son aide apportée pour tout ce qui touche à l'archéothanatologie. Je veux aussi remercier l'ensemble du personnel encadrant du master ASA à l'université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, qui a toujours su montrer un intérêt certain vis-à-vis de mes recherches. Ce travail n'aurait pas été possible sans l'aide de plusieurs personnes qui m'ont permis d'avoir accès au mobilier numismatique et à la littérature de fouille des sites étudiés. Ainsi, je tiens à remercier Marie-Laure Bassi, responsable d'opération au SMAP 1 de la Ville de Besançon, ainsi qu'Adrien Saggese, pour m'avoir accueilli au sein de leurs locaux et de m'avoir donné accès au mobilier numismatique et à la documentation de fouille. Je tiens également à remercier Marie-José Ancel, et Emilien Pardon pour leur aide concernant les sites de Tavaux I et II. Leur aide m'a permis d'avoir accès au mobilier numismatique du site de Tavaux II, et leurs remarques lors de nos différents échanges m'ont permis de mieux appréhender ces deux sites oh combien intéressants. Je tiens d'ailleurs à remercier plus particulièrement Emilien Pardon de m'avoir donné la chance de réétudier le mobilier numismatique de Tavaux II. Je tiens également à remercier tous ceux, amis et étudiants, pour leurs conseils avisés sur ce travail et pour leur soutien constant. Merci à Julien Ringeval pour son aide et sa bonne humeur. J'ai une pensée particulière pour mes amis, Baptiste, Laure-Hélène, Titouan, Quentin, Marie, Johanna, Anna, Elouan et tous ceux que j'ai oublié. Merci pour leur soutien indéfectible et leur présence. Je tiens à remercier ceux qui ont cru en moi depuis longtemps, ma famille. Merci à mes grandsparents, Odette Liesenfelt, Bernard et Jeanine Manière, pour leur confiance et leur aide. Merci à ma maman, Isabelle Manière, pour sa patience, son oreille attentive et sa précieuse relecture. Enfin, je tiens à remercier celle qui partage mon quotidien, merci pour ta confiance et ton soutien Melissa Dehaye. Pour finir, j'aimerais avoir une pensée à tous les défunts présents au sein de cette étude, qu'ils ne soient pas oubliés. Que la terre leur soit légère. 1 Service Municipal d'Archéologie Préventive présent travail a notamment été impacté en ce qui concerne la « face d'apparition » des monnaies 3 , caractère qui ne peut être renseigné que lorsqu'une photo de la monnaie en contexte a été prise. Pour finir, nous espérons que ce travail, comme les précédents sur le sujet, pourra alimenter la recherche, et pourquoi pas avoir sa place au sein des travaux de référence concernant l'archéologie du rite et la numismatique. 3 À savoir si il s'agit du revers ou du droit de la monnaie qui est tourné vers le ciel.

This study evaluates a Hellenistic period tumulus in Bahadın town, Sorgun district, Yozgat province, and the artefacts found within it. Among the 290 tumuli identified in Yozgat Province, only the Zeynel Höyüğü Tumulus has been excavated by museum specialists, and the findings have been presented in reports and inventory studies. Excavations in this region, which has been inhabited since the Prehistoric periods, reveal a rich archaeological history and cultural diversity. The tumulus, 30 meters in diameter and 5 meters high, provides significant data about the region's history. The findings suggest that the tumulus dates to the Hellenistic period and contains artefacts that could make valuable contributions to the history of Yozgat and its surroundings. Furthermore, comparing these tumuli with other archaeological sites in the region offers a broader understanding of the Hellenistic period and the funerary traditions of Central Anatolia. The Zeynel Höyüğü Tumulus is also remarkable for its architectural features; the grave was carved into the bedrock and supported with mudbrick. Excavations uncovered artefacts such as a lagynos, kantharos, gold leaf, hairpins, metal wire, and an oxidized copper bowl, along with valuable finds like gold earrings, glass beads, bronze mirrors, copper ring fragments, and silver coins.

L’article descriu un mètode de prospecció arqueològica intensiva de superfície aplicat a projectes de parcs fotovoltaics a Mallorca. Davant l’augment d’aquestes instal·lacions i la densitat patrimonial de les Illes Balears, es proposa una metodologia sistemàtica i adaptable basada en malles de 20x20 m i punts d’observació cada 20 m, seguint el model del LEIA Project. El sistema, precís i eficient, permet treballar amb molt pocs recursos humans, detectar materials fins en condicions visuals adverses i generar mapes detallats de dispersió, facilitant interpretacions arqueològiques i mesures correctores en contextos d’impacte energètic.
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This paper presents a method of intensive surface archaeological survey applied to photovoltaic park projects in Mallorca. In response to the growing number of such installations and the high density of archaeological heritage in the Balearic Islands, he proposes a systematic and adaptable methodology based on 20x20 m grids with observation points every 20 m, following the model of the LEIA Project. This precise and efficient system allows surveys to be conducted with limited human resources, enables the detection of materials even under poor visibility conditions, and produces detailed dispersion maps that facilitate archaeological interpretation and corrective measures in contexts of energy-related development.

3-37
¿TÚMULOS EN EL BRONCE DE LA MANCHA?
Catalina Galán Saulnier
38-67
MOTILLAS Y VIAS DE COMUNICACIÓN COMO ELEMENTO VERTEBRADOR, DE ORGANIZACIÓN DEL TERRITORIO Y DE COHESIÓN DURANTE LA EDAD DEL BRONCE
Rebeca Lenguazco González
68-83
REPRESENTACIONES HOMÉRICAS SOBRE CERÁMICA ROMANA. EL CASO DE MÉRIDA
José Manuel Jerez Linde
84-129
LAS CERÁMICAS BAJOIMPERIALES Y TARDOANTIGUAS DEL CASTILLO DE VIGUERA (LA RIOJA): UN DEBATE ENTRE BUENAS PRODUCCIONES, USO EXTREMO Y REUTILIZACIÓN
José María Tejado Sebastián, Luis Carlos Juan Tovar y Álvaro Ceniceros Pérez

A human femur diaphysis in the form of a burin was excavated from a secondary burial context containing osteological remains and industry in the Archaeological Complex of Perdigões (Portugal). The majority of these evidences are thermo‐altered and highly fragmented. Radiocarbon dates for this context place it in the middle 3rd millennium BC. Typological analyses indicate that the human femur fragment is a burin, and use‐wear comparisons suggest that it was used to drill hide. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The period of the late 6th – early 5th centuries BC was the initial stage of the history of classical, or Herodotus', Scythia. Scythian culture extended across a vast territory, and naturally, certain regions developed distinct local characteristics. This article aims to highlight the regional specificity of Scythian presence in the Dniester-Danube Interfluve and to outline areas of influence associated with different groups within the Scythian cultural sphere.
In the area under discussion, Scythian / Scythoid burials are not numerous and don’t show uniformity. This testifies to the tribal (or possibly ethnic) heterogeneity of the population. These funerary sites may be divided into three main groups based on the core features of burial practice. Accordingly, the territory of the Dniester-Danube interfluve can be divided into three “cultural zones”:
Zone I. Burial mounds with “burns”: the mounds cover probable cremation sites marked by layers of burnt soil (“burns”) and cremated human remains. Such burial mounds are rare and widely dispersed, and they appear to trace a trade route connecting Northern Dobrudja (particularly the Hellenic centers of the Western Pontic coast) with the northwestern Black Sea region — Hinterland (Middle Dniester region?) and Greek colonies. This route was used and possibly controlled during the 6th (?) century BC by the Early Scythian culture bearers migrated to the Lower Danube region from the Middle Dniester / Middle Dnieper forest-steppe; the route is marked by the burial mounds with “burns”. Trade caravans may have been assembled at a “checkpoint” — in the area of the archaeological complex of Telitsa – Celik Dere.
Zone II. Flat inhumation graves (meridional orientation of skeletons). These burials, found in the modern forest-steppe region of Romanian Moldova, have parallels in Northern Dobrudja. Hence the second “zone” extends from Northern Dobrudja to approximately the middle part of the Siret-Prut interfluve. From the end (?) of the 6th century BC onward, new inhabitants of these lands seem to have replaced the earlier mound-building population. Through control of trade and strategically important routes between the Western and Northern Black Sea coast, the Hellenic world and the hinterland tribes, the settlement (perhaps formerly a winter encampment?) in the Chelik River valley evolved into a local administrative center, similar to the Elizavetinskoe hillfort on the eastern Black Sea coast.
Zone III. Flat inhumation graves (latitudinal orientation of skeletons) in the Lower Dniester region (Dancheni, Suruceni, Mayaki); tumuli graves are rare and date to the end of the studied period. This zone stretches from the upper reaches of the Dniester estuary to the edge of the modern forest-steppe. From the second quarter of the 5th century BC, nomadic activity shifted southward, and extended to the Danube, while the Dniester forest-steppe saw the expansion of Geto-Thracian culture.
By the end of the 5th century BC, the population of the region increased significantly due to another wave of eastern nomads. Cremation mounds reappeared — possibly introduced by the migrants from the Middle Dnieper forest-steppe. The influx of nomadic pastoralists, combined with more favorable climatic conditions, predetermined the development of the southern part of the Dniester-Danube steppe. Nomads began to settle away from the large river basins; their presence is evidenced by necropolises and camps along small rivers of Bessarabia, where the hydrological regime is entirely determined by local physical and geographical conditions.
Therefore, internal (within the Dniester-Danube interfluve) migrations, movement routes of mobile pastoralists and, as a consequence, “migrations” of the main body of their burials, expansion and contraction of their range — the whole chain of these changes was often determined by not military-political events, but by natural factors and needs of nomadic cattle breeding.

Interest in the phenomenon of the Scythians has not waned for more than two centuries. It is based mainly on the ideas drawn from Herodotus’ «Scythian Logos». This work covers the early and the developed phases of Scythian history. The post-Herodotus period of European Scythia, which corresponds to the 4th century BC, is largely illustrated by artefacts from bright archaeological burial complexes.
In the final quarter of the 20th century, materials were published about several large Scythian kurhans in the steppe of the Lower Dnipro: rasnokutskyi kurhan, Tovsta Mohyla, Solokha, Melitopol kurhan, Chortomlyk and the kurhans of the surrounding areas, such as Kurdzhypskyi, Kelermes, and Perepyatykha.
This work continued at the beginning of the 21st century when the materials about the following kurhans were released: Bratolyubivka kurhan, Blyznyuk 2, Ryzhanivka kurhan, Haymanova Mogyla, and Alexandropol. These publications raised Scythian studies to a new level, although the disproportion between the excavated monuments and those introduced into the scientific field remains very significant.
The study of certain large Scythian kurhans and necropolises allows us to remodel the social structure of society, to testify to the political and cultural standard of living of nomads, to clarify relations with Hellenes and representatives of other ethnic groups. It also allows us to determine the chronological positions of monuments and to organise the array of rich burials with the allocation of a narrow group of royal tombs.
Among the excavated kurhans of the Scythian elite, Oguz remained unexplored at the proper level until the last quarter of the 20th century and overshadowed by monuments containing more significant and numerous artefacts.
Therefore, a complex study of this monument is relevant and should fill one of the gaps in the series of researches of fully excavated Scythian kurhans.
The monographic study of the Oguz kurhan is intended to bring together and systematise the materials obtained by researchers in different years of work, and to consider its burial complex in the context of a wide range of similar monuments

The German name “geschweifte Fibeln” refers to a certain “typological family” of fibulae of the Late La Tène scheme, widespread in Central, North‑Central and Eastern Europe. Sinuous fibulae became the guiding fossil of the post‑Manching phase, respectively the LT D2 phase, interposed between the final occupation stage of the Manching oppidum (LT D1) and the Roman conquest of the north‑alpine regions. Despite their relative rarity, the sinuous fibulae discovered in Romania are of particular importance for the periodization of the Late La Tène period at the Lower Danube and in Transylvania.

En este trabajo se analiza la información tafonómica proveniente del Entierro 1 del sitio Laguna Los Chilenos 1 (SO de la Provincia de Buenos Aires), de tipo secundario. El mismo constituye una estructura de entierro múltiple (MN1= 14). Mediante el análisis de distintas variables, se intenta inferir su historia pre y postdepositacional. Los principales resultados indican que el tratamiento previo de los individuos que lo integraban fue diferencial, estando éste probablemente condicionado por el lapso transcurrido entre la muerte de cada individuo y la fo rmación del entierro. Diversos agentes postdepositacionales (presión de los sedimentos, raíces, roedores) alteraron el estado de los huesos y su disposición. Sin embargo, se concluye que las diferencias en el grado de integridad anatómica de cada individuo difícilmente podrían ser explicadas por estos factores, siendo probablemente el resultado de contingencias en el proceso de formación del entierro.

1st REPRINT of the book: La necrópolis orientalizante de la Cruz del Negro (Carmona, Sevilla). Los trabajos de Jorge Bonsor (1896-1911) published on 2023
The orientalizing necropolis of Cruz del Negro (Carmona, Seville) is, without a doubt, one of the most significant funerary complexes of the First Iron Age in the Iberian Peninsula. Accidentally discovered in the 19th century, it began to be excavated by members of the Archaeological Society of Carmona, with the figure of the Anglo-French painter George Edward Bonsor (1855-1930) standing out among them. Due to his tireless activity, Jorge Bonsor –as he is better known in Spain– became one of the most prominent figures in Spanish archaeology in the first third of the 20th century. Bonsor's work at Cruz del Negro has been known since its inception, as he himself briefly mentioned it in his famous work Les Colonies agricoles pré-romaines de la vallée du Betis (1899), but he later barely published any further information. Subsequently, many researchers have approached Cruz del Negro to rediscover its historical and cultural importance, addressing various aspects that have placed the site at the focal point of intense debates within Spanish protohistoric archaeology in recent decades. However, the information has always been very incomplete and disjointed, due to the dispersed nature of the material. This volume presents for the first time a comprehensive study of all the activities carried out by Jorge Bonsor at Cruz del Negro, starting from the analysis of the material assemblages (many of them unpublished) preserved at the Hispanic Society of America in New York, at the Bonsor House-Museum in Mairena del Alcor, and at the Archaeological Museum of Seville, along with a rigorous examination of the documentation preserved in the General Archive of Andalusia, generated by Bonsor himself throughout his fruitful research career. With this background, which from the perspective of Cultural Heritage also represents the scientific revaluation of one of the reference historical collections of Spanish archaeology, we can be in a position to undertake a new stage of studies on Cruz del Negro, which will allow us to address its many questions from firmer argumentative bases and from more current scientific perspectives.

Given the absence of written records, the main source of information available to analyze gender inequalities in early complex societies is the human body itself. And yet, for decades, archaeologists have struggled with the sex estimation of poorly preserved human remains. Here we present an exceptional case study that shows how ground-breaking new scientific methods may address this problem. Through the analysis of sexually dimorphic amelogenin peptides in tooth enamel, we establish that the most socially prominent person of the Iberian Copper Age (c. 3200–2200 BC) was not male, as previously thought, but female. The analysis of this woman, discovered in 2008 at Valencina, Spain, reveals that she was a leading social figure at a time where no male attained a remotely comparable social position. Only other women buried a short time after in the Montelirio tholos, part of the same burial area, appear to have enjoyed a similarly high social position. Our results invite to reconsider e...

The paper presents an incomplete, undecorated, burned rhomboidal clay plate discovered in the Gumelnița A1 settlement at Iepurești – La Islaz (Giurgiu County). Its importance relies on the fact it is one of the two westernmost known artefacts of the kind, discovered far from the main bulk of such finds in northern Muntenia, southern Moldavia, southern Moldova and southern Ukraine. The plate is discussed in the context of other similar items. Current interpretations relate them to the presence of rhomboidal decorations on certain female figurines.

This paper focuses on the identification of three fibulae of the Middle La Tène scheme, and three vessels curated at the local museum in Çorum in eastern central Türkiye, which were published by Resul İbiş in 2021 in a museum report. To clarify the assignment of these vessels to eastern Galatia, we first summarised what was previously known and what was described by recent studies on so‑called “Galatian ware”. In the next chapter, we grouped 14 fibulae of the Middle and Late La Tène schemes from Türkiye into two typological groups and contextualised the Çorum fibulae among other Hellenistic examples from Asia Minor. In conclusion, one can see that the number of such finds connecting eastern Galatia to some contemporary material in continental Europe is increasing.

espanolThese activities were initiated with a partial digging in the site due to preventive action, followed by a lab work carried out in the agreement framework established by ANTEQUEM S.L. and the Archaeology Department of the University of Burgos. As a result of these activities, the activities obtained allows us to preliminary value the archeological register documented. This register shows the existence of a necropolis linked to a ruined building with a initially at least religious purpose. The tombs as well as the structures and the materials recovered allow the discussion about the formations and transformation of the site, and also establish the diff erent use periods and some signifi cant aspects related to the community (funeral ceremonial, age groups, pathologies…) considering that according to the fi rst data, a strong presence of mudejar attributed materials has been verified. galegoEn el presente trabajo se presentan los resultados de las actividades arqueologicas llev...

RESUMEN Fruto de una intervencion arqueologica de urgencia, se documentaron una serie de vestigios arqueologicos en un espacio anejo a la Iglesia Vieja de San Vicente de Potes (Cantabria). Estos restos venian a confirmar la existencia de una necropolis medieval en el lugar. A tenor del tipo de enterramiento (tumbas de lajas) y de las dataciones radiocarbonicas se pudo concretar el marco temporal en el que los enterramientos se habian producido (finales del siglo X-inicios del XI). El trabajo intenta llevar a cabo un estudio que supere los tradicionales enfoques empiristas vinculados a este tipo de yacimientos, pues la evidencia arqueologica es capaz de proporcionar los elementos necesarios para interpretarla en terminos sociales. A partir de esta premisa se pone en relacion el registro arqueologico con los procesos historicos vinculados a la consolidacion del sistema feudal en Potes. PALABRAS CLAVE: Tumbas de lajas, comunidad de aldea, ritual funerario, feudalizacion, Liebana.

En el presente trabajo se toma como caso de estudio el registro arqueológico asociado cronológicamente a la tardoantigüedad del yacimiento de Cuesta Vega (Cavia, Burgos). La particularidad del mismo reside en que se han documentado depósitos y estructuras, algo inusual en el entorno donde el registro está dominado por los hoyos. La documentación de este tipo de elementos permite discutir sobre el proceso de formación del yacimiento, proporcionar una interpretación preliminar así como tomar en consideración su ubicación y relación con otros lugares semejantes dentro del marco establecido por el valle del Arlanzón y su entorno inmediato.

Este trabajo se centra en el registro arqueológico vinculado a la Prehistoria reciente del yacimiento de "Los Rompizales", situado en la localidad de Quintanadueñas (Burgos). El yacimiento fue excavado por la empresa ANTEQUEM S.L. dentro del proyecto "Circunvalación de Burgos BU-30, Tramo: Villalbilla de Burgos-Quintanadueñas". Se ha documentado un campo de hoyos con 113 contextos, entre los cuales destacan cuatro estructuras de combustión y dos enterramientos individuales, no habiéndose encontrado indicios directos de estructuras de hábitat. El estudio permitirá analizar la distribución espacial de las evidencias así como exponer algunas facetas específi cas de los restos arqueológicos documentados, además de ampliar la información relativa al Bronce Medio en la Cuenca del Arlanzón.

Resumen: El registro arqueológico calcolítico de la Cuenca Media del Arlanzón se ha ampliado considerablemente en los últimos 30 años. Sin embargo, la incorporación de dataciones absolutas es prácticamente nula. Como alternativa se ha utilizado sistemáticamente la comparación tipológica, la cual plantea problemas importantes para tal fin. Por esta razón se programó el proyecto "Dataciones absolutas de contextos calcolíticos de la Cuenca Media del Arlanzón (Burgos)". Los resultados del mismo son limitados y deberán ser completados con más esfuerzos futuros para aumentar la resolución de la información. Sin embargo, han permitido establecer un marco cronológico consistente. El trabajo detalla los resultados del proyecto así como las valoraciones derivadas del marco cronológico proporcionado por las fechas absolutas obtenidas.

El trabajo centra su atención en los restos humanos documentados en los yacimientos calcolíticos de El Hornazo y Túmulo IL.C1 de Cótar (Burgos). Estas evidencias no son muy habituales en el registro arqueológico de la zona oriental de la Meseta Norte, por lo que se ha realizado un estudio antropológico con el fin de obtener la mayor información posible de los mismos. No obstante, los datos obtenidos no se pueden desligar de su contexto por lo que también se presenta la información arqueológica relacionada con ellos. Los casos de estudio difieren en cuanto a patrones funerarios y cronología. Esta discrepancia necesita ser explicada. El estudio pretende no sólo presentar y discutir los aspectos formales desde un punto de vista antropológico sino plantear inferencias e hipótesis en relación al marco social donde se generaran las evidencias arqueológicas. En este sentido, se propone como hipótesis que debieron ser generadas por comunidades cuya organización se llevase a cabo bajo esquemas sociales segmentarios.

El registro arqueológico calcolítico de la cuenca media del arlanzón se ha ampliado considerablemente en los últimos 30 años. Sin embargo, la incorporación de dataciones absolutas es prácticamente nula. Como alternativa se ha utilizado sistemáticamente laIn the last 30 years, the chalcolithic archaeological record from river arlanzón middle basin has been increased considerably. However, new radiocarbon dates have not been incorporated during this time. Alternatively the typological comparison has been s

Fuente Celada es un yacimiento ubicado en el término de Quintanadueñas, localidad a 8 Km. al noroeste de la ciudad de Burgos (Fig. ). Las evidencias documentadas en este lugar (Martí-nez Díez et al. 2008) constituyen un buen ejemplo de los yacimientos calcolíticos de la Meseta Norte. En ellos se reconocen un alto número de estructuras negativas que configuran lo que se conoce como "campos de hoyos" El registro funerario de Fuente Celada (Burgos): prácticas funerarias de las comunidades calcolíticas de la Meseta Norte.

Annual report on excavations in Augst in 2012    13
Annual report on excavations in Kaiseraugst in 2012 (feat. excavation Auf der Wacht 2012.001)    55

Archaeology taught on site: the public excavation 2012.058 in Augusta Raurica    115

The mysterious statue from Flühweghalde - Searching for clues: from findings to colourful reconstruction    99

The epigraphic culture of the Roman colony of Augusta Raurica: A Celtic-influenced “epigraphic habit”    117

The proof of the pudding is in the eating – an experimental archaeological refutation of published cut marks on human bones from Augusta Raurica    137

A cremation burial ground from the Middle Imperial period in Augusta Raurica: the Kaiseraugst-Widhag necropolis    147

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Ausgrabungen in Augst im Jahre 2012    13
Ausgrabungen in Kaiseraugst im Jahre 2012 (mit Grabung Auf der Wacht 2012.001)    55

Archäologie vor Ort vermittelt: Die Publikumsgrabung 2012.058 in Augusta Raurica    115

Die geheimnisvolle Statue von der Flühweghalde - Auf Spurensuche: Vom Befund zur farbigen Rekonstruktion    99

Die epigraphische Kultur der römischen Kolonie Augusta Raurica: Ein «epigraphic habit» keltischer Prägung    117

Probieren geht über Studieren – eine experimentalarchäologische Widerlegung publizierter Schnittspuren an menschlichen Knochen aus Augusta Raurica    137

Ein Brandgräberfeld der mittleren Kaiserzeit in Augusta Raurica: Die Nekropole Kaiseraugst-Widhag    147

Săpăturile arheologice preventive efectuate în vederea realizării lucrărilor de construire a autostrăzii A7, tronsonul Dumbrava – Mizil, au avut ca rezultat descoperirea a trei morminte de înhumație într‑un tumul a cărui construcție nu poate fi elucidată din punct de vedere cronologic. Unul dintre morți (M. 2) a fost înhumat pe direcția nord‑sud, iar ceilalți doi (M. 1 și M. 3) în direcția est‑vest. Având în vedere faptul că un singur mormânt avea ca inventar un inel de buclă, dintr‑un aliaj de cupru și zinc, am recurs la datarea a două morminte cu ajutorul radiocarbonului. Cele două date 14C (secolele X–XI și XI–XII) relevă o distanță în timp între înmormântări, fapt ce demonstrează că tumulul în care au fost descoperite a fost utilizat în mai multe perioade. Astfel, avansăm ipoteza existenței, din a doua jumătate a secolului al X‑lea până la mijlocul secolului al XIII‑lea, unui stil de viață nomad, cel puțin pentru o parte a comunităților (nomadism pastoral), adaptat realităților geomorfologice ale Câmpiei Române.

Săpăturile arheologice preventive efectuate în vederea realizării lucrărilor de construire a autostrăzii A7, tronsonul Dumbrava – Mizil, au avut ca rezultat descoperirea a trei morminte de înhumație într‑un tumul a cărui construcție nu poate fi elucidată din punct de vedere cronologic. Unul dintre morți (M. 2) a fost înhumat pe direcția nord‑sud, iar ceilalți doi (M. 1 și M. 3) în direcția est‑vest. Având în vedere faptul că un singur mormânt avea ca inventar un inel de buclă, dintr‑un aliaj de cupru și zinc, am recurs la datarea a două morminte cu ajutorul radiocarbonului. Cele două date 14C (secolele X–XI și XI–XII) relevă o distanță în timp între înmormântări, fapt ce demonstrează că tumulul în care au fost descoperite a fost utilizat în mai multe perioade. Astfel, avansăm ipoteza existenței, din a doua jumătate a secolului al X‑lea până la mijlocul secolului al XIII‑lea, unui stil de viață nomad, cel puțin pentru o parte a comunităților (nomadism pastoral), adaptat realităților geomorfologice ale Câmpiei Române.