Governmental Accounting

Th is article presents evidence of Italian infl uences on the Brazilian Public Sector Accounting in the early twentieth century, using the analytically structured history approach and the institutional theory. Th e study presents the institutional work developed by accountant Carlos de Carvalho in employing a new accounting methodology at the time. Th e article proposes a new perspective on the literature on the history of accounting in Brazil, suggesting that the emergence of budgetary and fi nancial accounting was due to the innovation of local practices in a municipality of the state of São Paulo, and then expanded to the entire state, infl uenced by the Italian legal doctrine. Th erefore, the use of dual accounting in Brazil during the early twentieth century was fi rst disseminated in practice and transformed into legislation aft erward. Th e Italian roots that infl uenced this movement are present in the current model, which is being reviewed by the current process of convergence to international IPSAS standards. Raízes da contabilidade orçamentária e patrimonial no Brasil Este artigo trata da infl uência italiana na contabilidade do setor público no Brasil do início do século XX. A análise aplica a metodologia de história estruturada e a vertente sociológica da teoria institucional. Narra-se o trabalho institucional desenvolvido pelo contador Carlos de Carvalho ao empregar uma nova metodologia contábil. Este estudo reposiciona a literatura sobre história da contabilidade no Brasil, pois propõe que a contabilidade dual (orçamentária e patrimonial) iniciou sua evidenciação conjunta em um município (São Carlos-SP), mas só alcançou sua integração no Estado de São Paulo sob a infl uência doutrinária e legal italiana. Seu uso foi difundido primeiro e transformado em lei depois. As raízes italianas da inovação contábil do início do século XX no Brasil continuam presentes no modelo atual, que vem sendo revisto pelo processo de convergência às normas internacionais de contabilidade do setor público (International Public Sector Accounting Standards [IPSAS]). Palavras-chave: história da contabilidade; infl uência italiana; contabilidade dual; contabilidade pública. Las raíces de la contabilidad presupuestaria y patrimonial en Brasil El artículo presenta evidencias de la infl uencia italiana sobre la contabilidad del sector público en Brasil a principios del siglo XX. El análisis aplica la metodología de la historia estructurada y el aspecto sociológico de la teoría institucional. Se narra el trabajo institucional desarrollado por el contador Carlos de Carvalho al emplear una nueva metodología contable en ese momento. Este estudio reposiciona la literatura histórica sobre contabilidad en Brasil, puesto que propone que el surgimiento de la contabilidad presupuestaria y patrimonial se debió a la innovación de las prácticas locales en un municipio infl uenciado por los métodos empleados en la contabilidad dual italiana de la época, difundida y estandarizada en la ley. Las raíces italianas que infl uyeron en este movimiento permanecen presentes en el modelo actual, que está siendo revisado por el proceso actual de convergencia hacia las normas internacionales IPSAS. Palabras clave: historia de la contabilidad; infl uencia italiana; contabilidad dual; contabilidad pública.

We examine the infrastructure provision of the GASB's Statement No. 34 to determine whether there is unique information content in the modified approach versus traditional depreciation, both allowable under this provision. Using a dataset containing investor bid spreads on secondary market bond auctions from states using the modified approach as well as those from states using traditional depreciation, we find bonds from modified approach states have significantly narrower bid spreads than bonds from traditional depreciation states, indicating the modified approach provides unique information about governments' financial condition. Findings suggest the modified approach reduces uncertainty about infrastructure condition, improving market efficiency.

En el documento, se desarrolla una medición de la armonización formal entre el marco normativo aplicable a las entida-des de Gobierno en Colombia y las International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). Para tal fin, se emplea la metodología de las distancias euclidianas, una herramienta estadística que consiste en comparar y asignar un parámetro numérico a las divergencias presentadas entre principios y tratamientos contables alternativos. Se concluye que, a pesar de los avances en la estrategia de convergencia implementada por la Contaduría General de la Nación (CGN), la entidad emisora de las normas de contabilidad para el sector público en Colombia, aún hay diferencias desde el punto de vista normativo-técnico que pueden disminuir los beneficios potenciales de un proceso de paridad con estándares internacionales de general aceptación, en particular, la comparabilidad de la información financiera gubernamental. The paper develops a measurement of formal harmonization between the regulatory Framework applicable to Government Entities and the International Public-Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). For this purpose, the methodology of Euclidean distances is used, a statistical tool that consists of comparing and assigning a numerical score to the divergences and coincidences presented between alternative accounting principles and treatments. It´s concluded that, despite of the advances in the convergence strategy implemented by the Contaduría General de la Nación (CGN), the entity standard-setting of public sector accounting in Colombia, there are still differences from the normative-technical point of view, which can diminish the potential benefits of a parity process with standards international of general acceptance, especially, the comparability of governmental financial information

The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze how PAD (Local Original Revenue) and DAU (General Allocation Fund) affect direct and indirect economic growth. This paper differs from previous research, which generally places economic growth as an exogenous factor, and the results remain inconsistent. While this research puts the variable of economic growth in an endogenous position that is factor influenced by public expenditure, which in this context is the allocation of capital expenditure. PAD is an indicator of local government productivity that is influenced by local government innovations in the development of productive assets. DAU is one aspect of funding derived from government transfers used for public spending. The results of this study indicate that PAD has no significant effect on capital expenditure allocation. PAD is also an indicator of regional independence in providing financing sources of regional development. Theoretically, the greater the PAD of an area, the more independent the region is. But for whatever achievement PAD, if there is inefficiency in the management, the amount of PAD will be absorbed for operational financing, so it does not affect the capital expenditure for investment purposes. DAU has a significant influence on capital expenditure and economic growth. The total effect of DAU on Economic Growth through the Capital Expenditure is 0.359 or 36 percent. While the indirect effect of DAU (0.082 or 8 percent) is lower than the direct impact on economic growth (28 percent). This proves that capital expenditure variables have a role as a mediating variable, in the form of partial mediation.

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of original local government revenue growth and local government capital expenditure growth on fiscal stress in regencies/municipalities in West Java Province. This study employed all 27 regencies/municipalities in West Java Province in 4 (four) periods from 2013 to 2016. This study used multiple regression analysis (panel data) and performed classical assumption tests. Because in the literature, no measurement meets the characteristics of local government budgets in Indonesia. The authors introduced a new approach by applying the fiscal capacity formula to measure fiscal stress. This study's results indicate that the growth in original local government revenue and the growth in local government capital expenditures simultaneously have a positive effect on fiscal stress in regencies/municipalities in West Java Province. The growth of local government revenue partially has a negative effect on fiscal stress in regencies and municipalities in West Java Province. The growth of capital expenditures partially has an insignificant effect on fiscal stress in regencies and municipalities in West Java Province. This research implies that the measurement of fiscal pressure is carried out using the fiscal capacity index as a new alternative that can be used by local governments to design policies. A B S T R A K This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of original local government revenue growth and local government capital expenditure growth on fiscal stress in regencies/municipalities in West Java Province. This study employed all 27 regencies/municipalities in West Java Province in 4 (four) periods from 2013 to 2016. This study used multiple regression analysis (panel data) and performed classical assumption tests. Because in the literature, no measurement meets the characteristics of local government budgets in Indonesia. The authors introduced a new approach by applying the fiscal capacity formula to measure fiscal stress. This study's results indicate that the growth in original local government revenue and the growth in local government capital expenditures simultaneously have a positive effect on fiscal stress in regencies/municipalities in West Java Province. The growth of local government revenue partially has a negative effect on fiscal stress in regencies and municipalities in West Java Province. The growth of capital expenditures partially has an insignificant effect on fiscal stress in regencies and municipalities in West Java Province. This research implies that the measurement of fiscal pressure is carried out using the fiscal capacity index as a new alternative that can be used by local governments to design policies.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penatausahaan aset desa. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dan menggunakan teknik data penelitian dengan wawancara mendalam, observasi dan dokumentasi. Pemilihan Desa Rawa Burung dan Desa Rawa Rengas dalam penelitian ini karena kedua desa tersebut memiliki lokasi dekat dengan Provinsi DKI Jakarta yang diharapkan memiliki pegawai yang kompeten dalam pengelolaan aset desa. Belum pihak yang menangani spesifik aset di kedua desa tersebut. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah kepala urusan perencanaan desa rawa rengas dan kepala seksi pemerintahan daerah yang bidang pekerjaannya tidak terkait dengan pengelolaan aset desa secara langsung.
Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penatausahaan aset desa  belum dilakukan secara optimal, terutama Desa Rawa Rengas yang masih belum dilaksanakan pelaporan aset desa sehingga masih belum dilaksanakan akuntabel dan transparan. Pengelolaan aset desa khususnya penatausahaannya difokuskan kepada satu pihak saja, padahal untuk pekerjaan tersebut membutuhkan jumlah pegawai yang cukup dan memiliki kompetensi dalam penatausahaan aset. Selain itu, standar akuntansi desa termasuk pengaturan atas aset desa masih belum ada karena standar akuntansi pemerintah hanya mengatur akuntansi termasuk aset pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah.

This study is aimed to analyze the effect of financial performance indicators such as absorption of local expenditure ratio, effectiveness ratio, and financial independence ratio on the disclosure compliance of financial information on the website, as well as audit opinion as moderating variable. The sample of the study is the local governments in Java with consisting of 81 selected local governments within three years period. The data are analyzed with multiple regression analysis
using the fixed-effect method.
The results show that the absorption of the local budget ratio cannot
Encourage the disclosure compliance of financial information on the website. While the effectiveness ratio and the financial independence ratio are positively associated with the disclosure compliance of financial information on the website. This study also finds that audit opinion weakens the effect of financial independence ratio on the disclosure compliance of financial information on the website. However, audit opinion cannot moderate the effect of absorption of local budget ratio and the effectiveness ratio on the disclosure compliance of financial information on the website

Minerals are a commons, held by state governments in
public trust for the people, especially for future
generations. With mining, states dispose of minerals for
money, and have so far lost more than half their value.
As this study shows, over the last eight years of iron ore
mining in Goa, each family of four in the state has lost
the equivalent of Rs 13.51 lakh,  while the average Goan
private household’s assets are estimated to be Rs 10.44
lakh. This is catastrophic.

Understanding student perceptions of future employment opportunities is important to educators and recruiters. Knowledge of the student perceptions can be used to guide instruction, advice, and recruiting tactics. Prior research has identified that governmental accounting has a lower perceived value than public or private accounting. The current research addresses these three broad areas with a field experiment given at a small southern university. The current findings indicate that students prefer public accounting as their first choice of career while private industry accounting and working for the federal government offer desirable jobs as well. In choosing long-term career paths, private accounting and public accounting lead the way. One interesting finding reveals that the students perceive no difference in the work-life balance issues offered between public, private, and governmental accounting.

O objetivo do estudo é estabelecer algumas perspectivas para avançar no desenvolvimento de pesquisas em
contabilidade governamental na América Latina, tomando como referência uma análise crítica da produção
científica do período de 2000 a 2018. Nesse sentido, a partir da revisão de as publicações acadêmicas especializadas as áreas de gestão e contabilidade foi determinado um conjunto de 260 artigos nos quais
foram examinados parâmetros bibliográficos e de conteúdo, como a metodologia utilizada, as áreas temporal, geográfica e organizacional abordadas, as áreas temáticas tratadas, entre outras. De maneira geral, verificou-
se que aproximadamente 45% dos documentos examinados se concentravam na discussão de questões regulatórias relacionadas às práticas contábeis e orçamentárias e sua convergência com os padrões internacionais. Portanto, as perspectivas de progresso poderiam ser orientadas para tópicos como a utilidade das informações financeiras (reconhecimento e valorização de ativos públicos e intangíveis) e informações não financeiras (aspectos sociais e ambientais), apoiadas em escopos teóricos, temporais e geográficos mais amplos, maior evidência empírica e uma melhor compreensão da natureza e finalidade de várias organizações, como entidades fiscalizadoras, universidades, hospitais e empresas estatais.

This study aims to find out and analyze how the response of the regency/municipality to the occurrence of fiscal stress, which is the inability of local governments to generate sufficient income in the current period to meet their expenditure. This study used descriptive qualitative approach to explore primary data information.. This study used Yogyakarta municipality and Surakarta municipality as research sample, the author conducted interviews with related parties for data collection. The results of this study found that the character of local government entities is an important factor in how the region responds to fiscal stress. Regional Original Income has significant influence on fiscal stress, high or low Regional Original Income will affect the confidence of the region in allocating the budget that will be used for public services. The higher the ability of a region in optimizing local revenue, the smaller the impact of fiscal stress on the area, and vice versa. Another response from local governments to fiscal stress is to allocate appropriate Capital Expenditures in accordance with priorities, so that regional potential will increase and attract investors, so that it will grow the economy of the region, and in the end it is expected to increase regional income in the future. In addition to avoiding fiscal stress, the regional government allocates capital expenditures from Special Allocation Funds (DAK), so that these funds if its increase or decrease have little effect on the fiscal stress, because the capital expenditure funding comes from central government transfer funds. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis bagaimana respon pemerintah kabupaten/kota terhadap terjadinya fiscal stress yang merupakan ketidakmampuan pemerintah daerah untuk menghasilkan pendapatan yang cukup dalam jangka waktu saat ini untuk memenuhi pengeluarannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan mencoba menggali informasi data primer ke narasumber. Penelitian ini menggunakan kota yogyakarta dan kota surakarta sebagai sampel penelitian, dan penulis melakukan wawancana ke pihak terkait untuk pengumpulan data. Hasil dari penelitian ini menemukan bahwa karakter entitas pemerintah daerah adalah faktor penting bagaimana daerah tersebut merespon terjadinya fiscal stress. Pendapatan Asli Daerah memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap fiscal stress, tinggi atau rendahnya Pendapatan Asli Daerah akan mempengaruhi kepercayaan diri daerah tersebut dalam mengalokasikan anggaran belanja yang akan digunakan untuk pelayanan publik. Semakin tinggi kemampuan suatu daerah dalam mengoptimalkan pendapatan asli daerah, semakin kecil pula dampak fiscal stress pada daerah tersebut, begitu sebaliknya. Respons lain dari pemerintah daerah terhadap fiskal stress adalah dengan mengalokasikan Belanja Modal yang sesuai sesuai dengan prioritas, sehingga potensi daerah akan meningkat dan menarik investor, sehingga pada akhirnya akan menumbuhkan perekonomian daerah tersebut, dan pada akhirnya diharapkan akan meningkatkan pendapatan daerah di masa yang akan datang. Selain itu untuk menghindari fiscal stress pemerintah daerah mengalokasikan belanja modal berasal dari Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK), sehingga dana ini apabila mengalami kenaikan atau penurunan tidak terlalu berpengaruh terhadap tingkat fiscal stress daerah tersebut, karena pembiayaan belanja modal tersebut berasal dari dana transfer pemerintah pusat.

Municipalities are responsible for ensuring they receive sufficient revenue in order to pay for their expenditures. Planning for revenues and expenditures is accomplished by various means such as the development of a five year financial plan and an annual municipal report. Today in modern economic conditions cannot perform any activity without having financial indicators, a lot of things cannot be understand or even discussed. Here, it can be underlined the operationalization on local level i.e. the Municipalities and their efforts for more quality life of the people. This is done with resolutions that should be adopted by the mayor and his associates that have certified quality and contribution to the community. But in order that to be successful, it is necessary accounting recording of the events and transactions to be conducted, as well as their presentation to the public, which will deliver accurate, precise and timely information. In fact, the quality of the received information is reflected to the quality of the decisions made by the managers.
Namely, based on the information in the financial reports a plan is generated and a strategy is formed for the
development of the municipality. In this way, the mayor determines the objectives to be achieved to meet the
needs of the population and to create conditions for a better life in the future.
Keywords: financial statements; cash; accrual; reporting.