Financial Accounting and Reporting

This study explored the integration and price discovery processes among major castor markets in India, a critical factor for enhancing marketing efficiency and providing reliable price signals. This attempt focussed on five major castor wholesale markets, viz., Kurnool, Thara, Patan, Sumerpur, and Adoni, alongside national spot and futures markets. The daily prices data pertaining to the selected markets were sourced from AGMARKNET and NCDEX, spanning from April 2015 to March 2024, and for the analysis, the daily data converted to average monthly prices. To examine the relationship among these markets, a series of econometric techniques including Augmented Original Research Article

This study assess the nexus between human resource accounting and financial performance of listed petroleum marketing companies in Nigeria over the period 2014-2023. The human resource accounting proxy by staff remuneration and staff training cost and financial performance which is proxy by return on asset. Firm size was used as a control variable. The sample of the study covers six (6) companies in the downstream oil and gas sector. The research adopts an ex facto research design and secondary data were collected from the company's annual reports. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses were carried out with the aid of E-views. The result reveals that staff remuneration and staff training cost have a significant and insignificant relationship with financial performance of listed petroleum marketing companies in Nigeria respectively. The study concludes that staff remuneration has a positive relationship with financial performance while staff training cost have a negative relationship with financial performance of listed petroleum marketing companies in Nigeria. The study recommends that staff remuneration should be maintained or increased so that staff can continue putting in their best in their job to achieve high performance and cost of staff training should be improved so that staff can acquire the necessary and appropriate skills and the knowledge to carry out their work thereby increasing performance to higher heights.

This research investigates the impact of audit committee characteristics (audit committee size, independence, activity, financial expertise, and percentage of common stocks owned by audit committee) on improving accounting conservatism for a sample of 50 Jordanian industrial corporations listed in Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) during the period of 2004-2009. To achieve this goal, accounting conservatism was measured using two methods, Book-to-Market approach and ratio of total accruals to gross profit. By using Pooled Data Regression, the study found that the examined audit committee characteristics are not significantly related to accounting conservatism excluding the financial experience of audit committee members which has a positive relationship with conservatism.

While sustainability has become a global call, manufacturing firms in Nigeria continue to face challenges in making their corporate sustainability reporting transparent. Precisely, the challenges are often symptomatic of poor underlying corporate governance structures, particularly in the composition of the board in terms of gender and the presence of foreign directors. Though highly recognized for driving improved sustainability practices, boards that are diverse and internationally oriented are yet to be certain about their particular influence on sustainability reporting in Nigeria. In light of these challenges, this study seeks to explore how board gender diversity and foreign director presence influence corporate sustainability reporting in Nigeria. The study adopted an ex-post factor research design and sampled 20 manufacturing companies using a judgmental sampling approach. The study utilized secondary data collected from annual reports of listed manufacturing firms throughout 2010-2023 and employed an error-corrected panel regression technique for data analysis. The findings indicate that board gender diversity positively influences corporate sustainability reporting, while the presence of foreign directors does not significantly influence corporate sustainability reporting in Nigeria. This study concludes that diverse and international boards are more likely to lead to comprehensive sustainability reporting. The present study made available some insight into the role that inclusive board configurations can play in furthering good corporate governance and sustainability in Nigerian firms. The study recommends that corporate entities should ensure that promoting gender diversity on boards is a step towards enhancing their corporate governance and sustainability practices, which also needs companies to encourage and promote gender inclusion in board appointments to influence their sustainability reporting and dedication towards corporate social responsibility.

Le présent mémoire a pour objectif général d'analyser la gestion des risques financiers dans le secteur des assurances, en mettant un accent particulier sur le cas de l'AGC Centrafrique. Il cherche à comprendre comment cette entreprise identifie, évalue et gère les risques financiers susceptibles d'affecter sa rentabilité et sa solvabilité, tout en respectant les exigences réglementaires du Code CIMA et des standards internationaux tels que Solvabilité II et les normes IFRS. Sur le plan méthodologique, la recherche s'appuie sur une approche mixte, combinant des données qualitatives et quantitatives. Les données primaires ont été recueillies à travers des entretiens semi-directs et des questionnaires administrés aux responsables de différents services d'AGC Centrafrique. Les données secondaires proviennent de rapports internes, de documents réglementaires et des travaux académiques relatifs à la gestion des risques financiers. L'analyse a mobilisé des outils descriptifs et analytiques permettant d'évaluer la conformité et l'efficacité du dispositif de gestion mis en place. Les résultats obtenus montrent que AGC Assurance a mis en oeuvre plusieurs mécanismes de gestion des risques, notamment la diversification des placements, la réassurance, et la gestion actif-passif (ALM). Cependant, ces dispositifs demeurent insuffisamment structurés, souffrant de faiblesses dans l'identification exhaustive des risques, d'un manque d'outils d'évaluation quantitative et d'une intégration encore limitée du référentiel Solvabilité II. La gestion du risque de souscription, du risque de crédit et du risque de liquidité apparait particulièrement sensible. La conclusion générale souligne que la gestion des aléas financiers est un levier essentiel de stabilité et de performance pour les compagnies d'assurance. Pour AGC Assurance, elle constitue un axe stratégique à renforcer afin d'assurer sa pérennité financière dans un environnement économique instable. L'étude recommande la mise en place d'un dispositif intégré de gestion des risques (ERM), la formation continue du personnel, la digitalisation des processus de contrôle, ainsi que l'adoption de modèles internes conformes aux exigences du Code CIMA et de Solvabilité II.

Le présent mémoire a pour objectif général d'analyser la gestion des risques financiers dans le secteur des assurances, en mettant un accent particulier sur le cas de l'AGC Centrafrique. Il cherche à comprendre comment cette entreprise identifie, évalue et gère les risques financiers susceptibles d'affecter sa rentabilité et sa solvabilité, tout en respectant les exigences réglementaires du Code CIMA et des standards internationaux tels que Solvabilité II et les normes IFRS. Sur le plan méthodologique, la recherche s'appuie sur une approche mixte, combinant des données qualitatives et quantitatives. Les données primaires ont été recueillies à travers des entretiens semi-directs et des questionnaires administrés aux responsables de différents services d'AGC Centrafrique. Les données secondaires proviennent de rapports internes, de documents réglementaires et des travaux académiques relatifs à la gestion des risques financiers. L'analyse a mobilisé des outils descriptifs et analytiques permettant d'évaluer la conformité et l'efficacité du dispositif de gestion mis en place. Les résultats obtenus montrent que AGC Assurance a mis en oeuvre plusieurs mécanismes de gestion des risques, notamment la diversification des placements, la réassurance, et la gestion actif-passif (ALM). Cependant, ces dispositifs demeurent insuffisamment structurés, souffrant de faiblesses dans l'identification exhaustive des risques, d'un manque d'outils d'évaluation quantitative et d'une intégration encore limitée du référentiel Solvabilité II. La gestion du risque de souscription, du risque de crédit et du risque de liquidité apparait particulièrement sensible. La conclusion générale souligne que la gestion des aléas financiers est un levier essentiel de stabilité et de performance pour les compagnies d'assurance. Pour AGC Assurance, elle constitue un axe stratégique à renforcer afin d'assurer sa pérennité financière dans un environnement économique instable. L'étude recommande la mise en place d'un dispositif intégré de gestion des risques (ERM), la formation continue du personnel, la digitalisation des processus de contrôle, ainsi que l'adoption de modèles internes conformes aux exigences du Code CIMA et de Solvabilité II.

This article explores the relationship between corporate financial performance (CFP) and commitment to ESG (environmental, social and governance) practices, using a sample of companies listed on the S&P 500 and TSX 60 indices. By employing a linear regression model, the study examines how financial indicators such as Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA), return on assets (ROA), Assets and Debt influence ESG scores. The results show that financial indicators such as EBITDA, ROA and Assets are positively associated with increased ability to commit resources to ESG practices, except in some cases like when costs associated with ESG initiatives can reduce the competitiveness and profitability of companies in the short term, where ROA is negatively correlated with the adoption of ESG criteria. Also, with regard to the size of companies, thanks to their greater resources, larger companies are more inclined to adopt ESG criteria. These findings enhance the understanding of financial conditions that enable or constrain ESG adoption and provide managerial insights for strategic resource allocation in the pursuit of sustainability goals.

Purpose This paper aims to explore problems facing the recruitment of accounting and finance staff in research-led universities. “University accounting and finance (A&F) departments are experiencing difficulty in attracting and retaining suitably qualified staff” (Duff and Monk, 2006, p. 194). The literature identifies a number of reasons for the shortage of A&F phenomenon (Duff and Monk, 2006; Smith and Urquhart, 2018), including, the wide salary gap between academe and industry profession, difficulty in achieving publications in highly rated journal, high workload in teaching and marking due the limited number of A&F staff. Design/methodology/approach The paper provides new insights for the use of the grounded theory and how the theory has been generated from the semi-structured interviews. Findings This study has resulted in eight main challenges emerged, and a final theory has been generated. Implications of this research on business schools are valuable in research-led universi...

Purpose This paper aims to present a comprehensive view of the assets recognition criteria by providing a coherent set of pre-measurement themes that should be taken into consideration to be a candidate asset. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a conceptual review paper. Findings This synthesis review results in seven themes; the social constructionist nature of the conceptual framework (CF), the nature of assets, the changing nature of asset recognition, asset measurement bases, entity-specific vs market-specific recognition, the economic resource comprising “rights”, and finally, the role of “separability” in asset recognition. Originality/value With the increasing importance of internally created assets and their implications on the financial position of the business entity, and with coinciding of revisiting the CF for financial reporting (at the time of writing this paper), this paper shows a synthesis and comprehensive themes of asset-based recognition criteria for tangi...

This study investigates the application of regression analysis in auditing to identify financial
trends, correlations, and potential irregularities, addressing gaps in traditional auditing methods.
Employing a descriptive research design, data was collected from peer-reviewed journals, industry reports,
and case studies between 2020 and 2024. The regression analysis revealed a strong correlation between
revenue and expense growth (r=0.92, p<0.01), with predictive models effectively identifying anomalies in
financial reporting. Logistic regression models demonstrated increasing fraud detection rates from 10.0%
in 2020 to 12.9% in 2024, while the chi-square test for financial misstatements indicated significant
deviations (χ²=25.67, p<0.01). The findings confirm that regression analysis enhances audit effectiveness
by improving fraud detection and financial oversight. The study recommends increased training for
auditors in statistical methods, the integration of multiple analytical tools, improved data quality,
consideration of macroeconomic factors, and the adoption of robust cyber security measures. These steps
will ensure the effective use of regression analysis in modern auditing practices.

To determine trend and extent that corporate environmental disclosure address environmental impact, this study examined the association between environmental disclosure quantity and quality of listed non-financial firms in Nigeria. The study adopted legitimacy theory, ex-post facto research design and purposive sampling technique to select most polluting firms as sample. Secondary data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Average overall and sectorial quantity and quality of environmental disclosure of sampled firms are below average, with quality lower than quantity. Overall and individual sector results proved that statistically significant positive association exists between quantity and quality of environmental disclosure of sampled firms. Correlation coefficient of overall, consumer goods and healthcare sectors' is very strong (above 0.83 and overall 0.71), industrial goods sector is strong (0.66), natural resources and oil and gas sectors were moderate (0.52 & 0.49 respectively). The study concludes that the statistically significant positive relationship between quantity and quality of environmental disclosure of listed non-financial firms in Nigeria is imperfect (less than 1) and confirmed the assumptions of legitimacy theory, which is more pronounced in the industrial goods, natural resources, and oil and gas sectors. The study recommends that relevant agencies and stakeholders should adopt policies that improve corporate disclosure of environmental information that effectively address their environmental impacts.

Objective
With the rapid growth of the economy and the expanding role of the private sector, financial markets have gained increased importance. Among the factors influencing the efficiency of financial markets, how information is disseminated to various stakeholders plays a crucial role. The method of information transfer stands as a key component in shaping the efficiency of capital markets. Management Commentary (MC), serving as a supplementary report to companies' financial statements, holds a pivotal role in enhancing capital market transparency through the disclosure of both financial and non-financial information. The objective of this research is to formulate an MC framework and subject it to experimental testing utilizing quantitative data. It is to introduce, for the first time, an MC framework specifically tailored to the context of Iran.

Methods
This study adopts a mixed research methodology. Initially, qualitative content analysis was utilized, involving the comprehensive review of documents and studies pertaining to the IFRS Foundation in the domain of Management Commentary (MC), along with other relevant guidelines and reporting frameworks. This systematic examination facilitated the construction of the initial MC reporting framework and the formulation of pertinent hypotheses. Subsequently, to adapt and present the MC reporting framework in the Iranian context, survey data, obtained through a researcher-designed questionnaire, was collected. Each sub-category of the reporting framework was assessed and ranked using the one-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with the final ranking determined based on Friedman's test

Using a large sample of US firms, we show that high audit quality is associated with a higher proportion of public debt and correspondingly a lower proportion of bank debt in firms' debt financing. The findings are robust to endogeneity issues, alternative measures of audit quality, and alternative model specifications. We also find that the effect of audit quality on the debt mix is stronger in firms with high information asymmetry and poor governance. The results suggest that high audit quality improves firms' transparency, alleviating the concerns of public lenders and thereby enabling firms to borrow more information-sensitive public debt. Particularly, the results suggest that high audit quality mitigates the post-contract moral hazard between public debtholders and managers, which in turn reduces the advantage of bank loans arising from bank monitoring. Last, we show that audit quality is incrementally effective and has a substitutive effect over accruals quality (i.e. audit quality is more effective in shifting the debt preference towards public debt when accruals quality is lower).

This study was undertaken with the objective of finding Impact of Internal control on efficiency of organizations in Jaffna District. The study is based on twenty five organizations and wo hundred and forty four respondent in Jaffna District, which are private and public organizations in the district. Internal control assessment is measured by control environment, risk assessment; information and communication, control activities, and monitoring and financial performance is measured by efficiency. Internal control and efficiency measured by correlation analysis and regression analysis. The study finds internal control and efficiency are statistically significant in determining efficiency. Further the study suggests that work performed by the organizations have been implemented in the past and the work schedules take into consideration the goals of internal control. The study further points out that keen attention should be paid on to adopt efficient management information system and training of the staff. All these enhance the staff productivity and reducing costs and also ensure the efficient operation of the firms and financial performance of their operation as well.

I will forever be beholden to my research respondents for the time they took filling my questionnaires and their willingness to give me the vital information that was necessary for the study given their busy schedules. Lastly and most importantly, I wish to thank the almighty God for giving me health, wisdom and knowledge that enabled me do this work and for the continuous support where I couldn't handle. Lastly I also acknowledge the efforts of Dr. Nabeta Nkote Isaac towards perfecting my final dissertation as earlier proposed by the committee. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL .

The advancement of technology has significantly transformed the practice of management accounting, redefined traditional theories and reshaped the role of management accountants in contemporary business environments. This paper explores the evolution of management accounting theory in response to technological innovations such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data analytics, Cloud computing, and Blockchain. The study critically examines how these tools have influenced cost management, budgeting, forecasting, and strategic decision-making. While technology enhances accuracy, efficiency, and realtime reporting, it also introduces new challenges regarding data security, ethical concerns, and the need for constant skill development. The paper concludes that management accounting theory must continue to evolve to integrate technological change while preserving its core purpose: providing relevant financial and nonfinancial information for effective management decision-making. The study further highlights how technology has enabled greater integration of financial and nonfinancial data, improved real-time reporting, and supported evidence-based management practices. At the same time, it acknowledges emerging challenges relating to data security, ethical considerations, system reliability, and the demand for continuous skill development among accounting professionals. By examining both the opportunities and risk associated with digital transformation, the seminar argues that management accounting theory must adapt to align with technological progress while retaining its core objective of delivering relevant, timely, and reliable information to support organizational performance and competitiveness.

This study looks at how Nigerian multinational corporations' consolidated financial reporting quality is affected by their adherence to the International Accounting Standards Board's (IASB) Conceptual Framework. The study assessed compliance's impact on three aspects of financial reporting quality timeliness, audit quality (Big Four affiliation), and market-based performance (share price) using a disclosure index. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine data gathered from a sample of 110 firm-year observations. Greater adherence to IASB fundamentals is linked to noticeably longer reporting lags, according to panel regression predicting timeliness (FRQ_AQM) (B =-22.37, p <.001). Compliance has no statistically significant impact on audit quality or share price, but it has a significant negative impact on timeliness. These results imply that while thorough disclosures might improve openness

The peculiar trajectory and performance implications of competition on firms operating in Nigeria's ICT sector motivated this research. The main objective of this study was to determine the mediating effect of innovation investment on the relationship between competitive intensity and performance of ICT firms in Nigeria. The expost facto research design was adopted in the study. Secondary data were obtained from the annual reports of the 8 listed ICT firms from 2012 to 2023. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics while the random effect regression result was used to test the hypotheses. The result revealed that there was an insignificant negative relationship between competitive intensity and performance of listed ICT firms in Nigeria (t 0.05 =-0.048869, p = 0.9612, p > 0.05). The result also showed a significant positive relationship between competitive intensity and innovation investment of the firms (t 0.05 = 2.628492, p = 0.0103, p < 0.05). However, in contrast with many previous studies, the result showed that innovation investment had a significant positive relationship with the firm performance (t 0.05 = 1.613793, p = 0.1107, p < 0.05). Following the output of the Sobel test, it was concluded that innovation investment partially mediates the relationship between competitive intensity and performance of ICT firms. It was recommended that, as part of efforts towards mitigating the negative effect of competition, ICT firms in Nigeria should adopt a long-term perspective on innovation investment and also ensure that they complement that with robust implementation strategies that will enhance their performance.

In the evolving financial landscape, the adoption of accounting software has become instrumental in enhancing the quality of financial reporting. This study investigates the impact of accounting software adoption on the accuracy, timeliness, and compliance of financial reporting among listed companies in Nigeria. As technology increasingly drives transparency and accountability, the study evaluates how features such as audit trail functionality, real-time processing, IFRS compliance, and user interface quality influence reporting outcomes. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, and primary data were collected from 184 financial reporting professionals using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and linear regression analyses were conducted using SPSS. Face and content validity were ensured through expert reviews from two senior lecturers and a chartered accountant. Reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha, with all constructs scoring above 0.91. The regression analysis revealed significant positive relationships between accounting software adoption and three core reporting quality indicators: accuracy (R² = 0.165, F = 36.074, p < 0.001), timeliness (R² = 0.151, F = 32.254, p < 0.001), and compliance (R² = 0.168, F = 36.770, p < 0.001). Features such as audit trails, real-time processing, and IFRS-compliant design contributed most to these improvements. The study concludes that accounting software adoption significantly enhances the quality of financial reporting in terms of accuracy, timeliness, and regulatory compliance. It recommends that firms invest in IFRS-compliant and user-friendly accounting systems, provide regular user training, upgrade digital infrastructure, and align internal policies with reporting regulations to optimize software benefits. These findings have key implications for corporate governance, audit quality, and financial transparency in Nigeria.

Previous studies find a monotonic positive relationship between a firm's internationalization and its foreign exchange hedging. We argue that high levels of internationalization can reduce the need for foreign exchange hedging through diversification (e.g. sales to several markets) and operational hedging (matching of cash flows and operational flexibility). We employ multivariate regression analysis and find an inverse U-shape relationship ("humpback") for large listed non-financial German firms. Foreign exchange hedging activity peaks when half of sales (or long-term assets) is outside Europe. We do not find support that diversification or production facilities abroad drive our results. Our paper is the first empirical paper to document an inverse U-shape relationship between internationalization and foreign exchange hedging.

This study looks at how Nigerian multinational corporations' consolidated financial reporting quality is affected by their adherence to the International Accounting Standards Board's (IASB) Conceptual Framework. The study assessed compliance's impact on three aspects of financial reporting quality timeliness, audit quality (Big Four affiliation), and market-based performance (share price) using a disclosure index. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine data gathered from a sample of 110 firm-year observations. Greater adherence to IASB fundamentals is linked to noticeably longer reporting lags, according to panel regression predicting timeliness (FRQ_AQM) (B =-22.37, p <.001). Compliance has no statistically significant impact on audit quality or share price, but it has a significant negative impact on timeliness. These results imply that while thorough disclosures might improve openness

This study investigated the impact of internal audit quality on risk management in Nigerian money deposit banks. In particular, it looks at how the effectiveness of risk management procedures is impacted by three important factors: the internal audit department's budget (IADB), size (IADS), and percentage of certified internal auditors (POCCIA). Both survey and correlation research designs were used in this investigation. The study used structured questionnaires with a five-point Likert scale to collect primary data from accounting professionals working in the banking sector in the South West. A sample size of 108 respondents was chosen through a deliberate sampling technique, with an emphasis on people who had particular traits that were pertinent to the study. According to multiple regression analysis, greater financial investment in internal audit functions and a higher proportion of certified internal auditors significantly enhance risk management effectiveness, whereas the size of the internal audit department does not yield a significant impact. These findings underscore the critical importance of quality over quantity in internal audit resources, highlighting the need for strategic budget allocation and continuous professional development. The study concludes with practical recommendations for enhancing risk management frameworks in the banking sector, offering valuable insights for policymakers and industry practitioners seeking to bolster organizational resilience and financial stability.

The need to enhance financial reporting in the public sector has led many countries to adopt international standards such as IPSAS to promote transparency and global comparability. This conceptual paper evaluated how the adoption of IPSAS 3 influences accounting information disclosure in public sector entities. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study conducts a theoretical analysis based on secondary data drawn from scholarly literature, accounting standards, and government documents. Rather than collecting new empirical data, the study synthesizes existing research to develop insights into IPSAS 3's impact. The methodology involved a systematic literature review and thematic analysis, focusing on publications from 2015 to 2024. Key databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and ScienceDirect were searched using terms like "IPSAS 3" and "public sector financial reporting." Through critical examination, the paper identified recurring themes and conceptual linkages between IPSAS 3 components: disclosures of accounting policies, changes in estimates, error corrections and improved accounting information disclosure. The analysis revealed that structured implementation of IPSAS 3 enhances the transparency, consistency, and reliability of financial statements. Findings are consistent with prior research conducted in countries such as

The main objective of this study is to examine empirically the signalling theory for a sample of firms listed at Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) during the period 2005 to 2010. The sample consists of 183 observations and 132 observations for dividend release sample and no-dividend release sample, respectively. Event Study Methodology (ESM) is applied to examine the market reaction to dividend release announcements. The market model is used to generate the expected returns. Also, the t-test is used to examine the significance of the mean and cumulative abnormal returns. Results from the dividend release sample shows that there is a significant positive abnormal return on the announcement days. Also, it shows that there is an overreaction straight after the announcement day, then a correcting attempt in the post event and then it goes back to normal, which is consistent with the signalling hypothesis. For the no-dividend release sample, the results show no significant abnormal return on an...

he qualified as a chartered accountant with Arthur Andersen (London) and then moved to Price Waterhouse (Paris), where he became a partner in Management Consultancy Services. Professor Archer has written and contributed to a number of publications and academic articles on international accounting, as well as corporate governance and related issues in Islamic financial institutions. He has also been involved in Islamic finance-related consultancy projects.

Infrastructure provision is mostly the responsibility of governments using taxpayers’ money through budgetary allocations. However, a growing phenomenon world-wide is the inability of public funds to adequately finance ever-growing infrastructure needs, with serious consequences in developing countries. Although governments in most countries are striving hard towards adequate infrastructure provision, a wide gap still exists in terms of meeting the quantity and quality of infrastructure required for sustainable socio-economic development, principally due to a shortage of public funds (Iboh et al. 2013). Numerous issues persist relating to dwindling resources, variable power supply, inadequate healthcare facilities, poor and insufficient housing, and problems with modes of transport including roads and air, which have become death traps in many developing countries like Nigeria. The appalling state of this infrastructure has given credence to private sector participation in the devel...

There is increasing global interest in ocean ecosystem health and how to harness the untapped potential of the blue economy. Additionally, nature-related financial risks can materialise from the environmental impact of firms within the blue economy. These risks can materially affect the cash flows and economic performance of blue economy firms. Yet, there is a lack of empirical studies in accounting literature on Blue Accounting Disclosures, which involve reporting oceanrelated sustainability practices in financial statements. This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework for Blue Accounting Disclosure that incorporates both financial and impact materiality, addressing the need for ocean-specific reporting guidance within existing sustainability frameworks. Adopting a qualitative research design, the study employs a systematic literature review, theoretical analysis, and conceptual modeling to create an integrated reporting disclosure model. The findings present an Integrated Blue Accounting Disclosure Model with four interconnected components: Materiality Assessment and Scoping, Impact Identification and Measurement, Risk and Opportunity Analysis, and Disclosure and Reporting Integration. The model provides a preliminary structured approach for incorporating marine ecosystem considerations into corporate reporting. The study contributes theoretically by extending materiality and stakeholder theories into the marine sustainability domain. It also advocates a shift from traditional financial reporting to forward-looking disclosures that align with the complexities of marine ecosystem stewardship and global sustainability goals.

Assessing the financial performance of insurance firms during periods of global economic difficulty has been a topic of great importance to the insurance industry. Interest in sound finance practices peaked in the years following the recession of 2008. Yet, there has been relatively little analysis of the UAE insurance industry and its performance during the financial crisis. The aim of this study is to measure the financial performance of three insurance companies operating in United Arab Emirates during the financial years 2006 to 2009, with the specific goal being to measure the impact of the financial crisis on performance. The analysis examines company performance on key performance indicators such as profitability, liquidity, capital structure and market performance indicators over the years 2006 to 2009. The findings show generally high levels of instability for profitability indicators. Regarding both liquidity and capital structure indicators, the firms in question experienced lower levels of variability and instability across the board. Performance on the earnings per share measure experienced a higher level of volatility, in contrast to the market value per share indicator which remained relatively stable throughout the period in question. Furthermore, profitability levels showed a systemic & notable decline in the crisis year 2008.

The purpose of this study is to compare the financial performance of two UAE based Islamic and conventional banks between the years 2002 and 2006. Quantitative analysis was undertaken by looking at various sets of financial ratios that are routinely used to measure bank performance. The main ratios that were employed put a particular focus on the banks liquidity, profitability, management capacity, capital structure and share performance as reliable indicators of a bank performance. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to rank the performance, measuring the dispersion and the stability-variability of the indicators. The research goes one step further and measures the financial stability of the two banks. Conclusions were then drawn from the computation of the relevant ratios that allowed the author to make an effective comparison of said banks. Subsequently, each bank&#39;s performance was then ranked via the use of descriptive statistical analysis. This type of analysis was us...

This study examines whether firms with low performance are more engaged in earnings management practices than firms with high performance in an emerging market; namely, Egypt. We estimate a model of the relationship between earnings and cash flows from operations with a dummy variable that allows parameter shifts for cash flows of low performance firms. Thus, the model captures whether the strength of the relationship between earnings and cash flows differs between low and high performance firms. The results show that, compared to firms with high performance, firms with low performance have smaller regression coefficient of earnings on cash flows. These results can be interpreted as indicating that low performance firms engage in more earnings management (increase their earnings management practices) than high performance firms. Overall, these results suggest that firm performance is a critical determinant of earnings management. Given the current weakness of shareholder protection ...

The purpose of this study is to compare the financial performance of two UAE based Islamic and conventional banks between the years 2002 and 2006. Quantitative analysis was undertaken by looking at various sets of financial ratios that are routinely used to measure bank performance. The main ratios that were employed put a particular focus on the banks liquidity, profitability, management capacity, capital structure and share performance as reliable indicators of a bank performance. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to rank the performance, measuring the dispersion and the stability-variability of the indicators. The research goes one step further and measures the financial stability of the two banks. Conclusions were then drawn from the computation of the relevant ratios that allowed the author to make an effective comparison of said banks. Subsequently, each bank’s performance was then ranked via the use of descriptive statistical analysis. This type of analysis was used t...

The study investigates the effect of capital structure on the financial performance of the 17 nonfinancial companies listed in the Bahrain Bourse. The investigation was performed using 5 years data for the period from 2009 to 2013. The impact of some key macroeconomic variables (gross domestic product growth and inflation rate) on the performance of the firm was also considered in this study. Multiple regressions represented by ordinary least squares (OLS) were used to examine the effect of the independent variables (capital structure, inflation rate and GDP growth) on the financial performance measures used (ROA, ROE, EPS, and Dividend Yield)). Capital structure is encapsulated by total liabilities to total assets (TLTOTA) and total equity to total assets (EQTOTA). The results indicate that capital structure, represented by total liability to total assets, has a significantly positive impact on the performance of the firm represented by ROE, but not by ROA, EPS, and DIYILD. The results also indicate that lagged performance measures of ROA, ROE, EPS, and DYIELD have a significantly positive influence on the current year's performance measures of the firm. Moreover, the results indicate that lagged macroeconomic variables of inflation have a significantly negative relationship with certain performance measures (ROA, ROE, and EPS). Furthermore, the results indicate that gross domestic product growth (GDPG) has a significantly negative relationship with financial performance measured by EPS, but not those measured by ROA, ROE and DYIELD.

PurposeThe nature of corporate governance (CG) mechanisms in an entity may influence the timeliness of the audited annual report. The purpose of this paper is to argue that the “quality” of CG in a firm has a significant association with the time it takes the audited annual report and financial statements to be released.Design/methodology/approachUsing a set of 543 firm-year observations over the period 2007–2016, the authors examine whether a validated CG-Index is associated with audit report delay (ARD). The authors employ both granular as well as aggregated approaches to the analyses. In addition, the authors include control variables known to have an association with ARD in the panel data regressions.FindingsThe findings, which are robust for self-selection among other checks, reveal that financial expertise in the audit committee, board size, board meetings and independence in the board are associated with longer ARDs. Some CG attributes such as board diversity (i.e. women and ...

This research work is aimed at determining the effectiveness of the Audit Committee (AC), analyzing its impact on the reliability of accounting information issued by spanish listed companies. With this aim, we study whether certain features such as its voluntary or otherwise compulsory formation, its independence and activity lead to an improvement of financial reporting quality, which is defined as the removal of avoidable qualifications in the audit report. We considered the periods where ACs were voluntary (1998-2002) and compulsory (2003 onwards). The results obtained suggest that: (a) compulsory ACs are more effective than voluntary ones; (b) ACs with a higher proportion of independent members do not lead to greater improvements in the quality of accounting information; and (c) the number of meetings of the AC is directly related to improvements in the quality of accounting information.

This research focuses on the relationship between the quality of financial reporting and the level of corporate governance of Brazilian firms, particularly between New Market and Traditional Market. We measure earnings quality based on a widely used accruals model. Governance quality is represented by the type of market the firms chooses to be listed in. Firms that opt for the New Market must apply more stringent governance principles. The empirical analysis shows evidence of a positive relationship between the quality of financial reporting and the level of corporate governance. Thus, firms listed on the New Market characterized by better governance practices evidence better quality financial reporting.

By considering the intense competitiveness and prevalent challenges in the current business environment, organizations can’t survive just focusing on attracting and capturing new customer but they have to choose the strategy that help in retaining the existing customers and enhanced their loyalty to the organization. So, in the customer service based industry, satisfied customers are no longer suitable, and the businesses have to explore the new ways to flourish and promote the loyalty of customers. The current study hypothesize that customer loyalty is significantly affected by the customer satisfaction and trust of the customers. Whereas, perceived value and service quality is important determinants to create the customer satisfaction and trust. The data was collected from different customers of various banks and the hypothesize links are tested. Results indicate that there is a significant relationship between customer satisfaction and trust with customer loyalty. It is also conf...

The Zakariya Journal of Social Sciences (ZJSS) publishes empirical, theoretical, conceptual and methodological papers of the highest quality on topics in the fields of education, pedagogy and all allied disciplines of social sciences. Any submission to ZJSS is expected to meet the journal requirements and focus on practicably empirical research. Typically, a paper suitable for ZJSS should attempt to replicate, create, advance, deepen, or repudiate existing published theory about professional teaching and learning and allied social sciences disciplines through conspicuous and vivid illustrations and models that can be tested through the evidence for the purpose of empirical support. ZJSS also encourages a variety of disciplinary perspectives, methods, conceptual approaches, and substantive problem areas. ZJSS at AIRSD is interested in publishing articles derived from experiential paradigm and field-based exposures along with conceptually robust theory rooted in social and cultural practices within the allied disciplines.

The paper examines the impact of firms' operational and corporate governance characteristics on forward-looking information disclosure for a sample of firms listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange during the period from 2014 through 2019. I predict that firm's operational characteristics, specifically, firm size, audit size, leverage, and profitability, positively affect forward-looking information disclosure level. It's further hypothesized that corporate governance attributes, specifically, board size, board independence, audit committee performance, and ownership structure, also affect forward-looking information disclosure level. Results reveal that firm size, audit size, profitability, and board size positively and significantly affect forward-looking information disclosure level, whereas the effect of board independence, audit committee, and ownership concentration appears negative, yet significant. Moreover, results uncover the insignificant impact of leverage on forward-looking information disclosure level. Further, sensitivity analyses support these results and indicate the dominance of quantitative forward-looking disclosure.

Circulating capital management and its impact on profitability seek an empirical relationship between circulating capital and profitability. The study is based on secondary data collected from the websites of food and beverage companies. Because of the availability of data, this study covers six food and beverage companies from 2016 to 2020. The circulating capital components are cash conversion cycle (CCC), inventory turnover (IT), accounts payable payment period (APPP), accounts receivable collection periods (ARCP), and profitability, which involves return on assets (ROA) and net profit margin (NPM). This study implicates descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, which have analyzed mean, standard deviation, correlation, and regression to summarize the inverse connection between CCC, IT, ARCP, APPP, and ROA. The study also summarizes the significant relationship between CCC, ARCP, and NPM and the insignificant impact of IT and APPP on NPM. I have found both positive and n...

Financial  infractions  among  government  entities  in  Nigeria,  such  as  embezzlement  and misappropriation  of  public  funds,  have  persisted  largely  due  to  ineffective  auditing.  This  study aims to examine the impact of the auditing system on financial infractionsby specifically assessing the  impact  of  internal  controls  and  financial  audits  on  the  prevention  of  financial  infractions among  government  entities  in  Kwara  State,  Nigeria. The  Primary  data  was  collected  from a population of 295 auditors across 76 MDAs inKwara State. A descriptive survey research design was  employed,  involving  170  senior  employees  sampled  from  various  MDAs  in  Kwara  Statethrough a random sampling technique. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using Multiple Regression analysis. The findings revealed that internal controls have a positive impact on preventing financial infractions (β = 0.064, t = 2.848, p = 0.005), while financial audits have a negative and insignificant impact (β = -0.028, t = -0.306, p = 0.760). The study concluded that internal controls play a critical role in mitigating financial infractions within government  entities  in  Kwara  State,  whereas  financial  audits  appear  to  lack  effectiveness  in addressing  these  issues.  The  study  recommended  thatthe Kwara  State  Government  entities enhance internal controls through regular assessments and training, and improve transparency in audit reporting to better mitigate financial infractions

Fintech revolutionized the traditional banking business models in emerging countries. The effect of fintech on banks’ operating efficiency and risk-taking behavior is still inconclusive. The study is aimed at exploring the effect of fintech products on banks’ operating efficiency and risk-taking behavior. The study used a quantitative research approach by collecting secondary data from annual reports of 50 commercial banks from emerging countries, namely, China, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, for the period 2014 to 2021. The study used panel data for path analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the theoretical mediation model by using STATA. The results show that the fintech product reduces the bank’s risk-taking behavior by enhancing the bank’s operating efficiency. The path analysis results show that operating efficiency mediates the relationship between fintech products and bank risk-taking behavior in emerging countries. The paper offers useful recommendations ...

Introduction 1.1.Introduction Ruzaidah and Takiah (2004) found that the audit committee is essential for management oversight and control. The committee must monitor the company's operations and internal controls to protect shareholders. The audit committee (AC) advises the board on financial and operational issues and helps develop the company's strategy. An effectiveness of the audit committee would improve the company's competitiveness and performance, which rely on external variables like the economy (Charan, 1998; Craven and Wallace, 2001). Watthne and Heide (2000) say a good audit committee would prioritize shareholder value above management's self-interest. The audit committee oversees financial reporting, financial report review, internal accounting controls, the audit process, and, more recently, risk management (Klein, 2002). Audit committees strengthen transparency, enforcement, and board and key staff education and training. In March 2013, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka Securities and Exchange Commission of Sri Lanka published the Code of the Best Practices of Corporate Governance, which recommends audit committee size, independence, duties, and responsibilities. Porter and Gendall (1993) found that unexpected corporate failure and corporate malfeasance led to the formation of audit committees in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. In 2002, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka established the Code of Best Practice for Audit Committees. Malaysia formed audit committees after business scandals, according to Teoh and Lim (1996). The literature (Neely, Gregory, & Platts, 1995) defines "performance measurement" as assessing an action's effectiveness and productivity. Lebas (1995) defines performance measurement as "the transfer of the complex reality of performance into organized symbols that can be related to and relayed under the same conditions." Any sector's Sri Lankan promotion depends on the audit. Modern corporations emphasize market-centric thinking to improve financial performance.

The success of any organization greatly depends on the collective performance of teams working under that umbrella. Therefore to measure/monitor the effectiveness of a team is of vital importance for both practitioners and researchers. Many researchers have presented their models explaining how to respond to this concern. This study critically analyzes the existing methods of assessing effectiveness of teams and found two main deficiencies in the current models (lack of accountability and satisfaction). The current study provides 'team management and the Islamic paradigm' (TMIP) instrument to measure the effectiveness of team performance, thus filling the gap in contemporary approaches. Although TMIP instrument is based on the Islamic perspective, it provides a unique blend of Islamic and existing ways of measuring the effectiveness of team management. TMIP instrument analyzes team effectiveness from three dimensions including values, environment and rewards and accountability. This is a seminar work from an Islamic perspective; however, future research opportunities, given at the end of this paper, can open new horizons of research for Islamic scholars.