An Integrated Reporting Approach to Blue Accounting

International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy

The aim of this study is to examine the importance of Environmental Accounting Disclosure Practices (EADP) and provide a systematic review based on the existing literature. Bibliometric analysis technique was used in this research work based on the Scopus database over a 30-year period (1991-2021), using a sample of 190 articles we determined the most relevant journals, influential authors, countries, keywords, academic institutions, most cited papers, and trends. The results of the study show that this area of research is still at an early stage but is developing at a greater pace. The current analysis reveals that there is a steady rise in publications, and major academic work in this area was from Italy, the USA and the UK. This research also highlighted that environmental accounting disclosure practices have a positive effect on a firm’s performance and that these disclosure practices are significantly dependent upon the firm’s characteristics such as firm size, profitability, t...

Indonesia as the largest archipelagic country in the world has a marine economic potential of up to US$ 1,338 billion per year, but its utilization requires a sustainable approach through the implementation of Blue Accounting as an instrument for marine resource management that integrates economic, social, and environmental aspects. This study aims to analyze the practice of Blue Accounting in the fisheries sector in West Kutai Regency, identify the factors that affect its implementation, evaluate its contribution to the sustainability of the marine economy, and identify challenges and opportunities for its implementation. The research used a descriptive qualitative method with an in-depth interview technique with seven related structural officials as key informants selected by purposive sampling, carried out for nine months at the West Kutai Regency Fisheries Office. The results of the study show that the implementation of Blue Accounting is still in the development stage with the formulation of sustainable policies having been implemented well, the community-based POKMASWAS system has been formed in six coastal sub-districts, but monitoring technology has not been optimal. Aquaculture production increased by 15.7% to 2,777 tons with the achievement of the target of 106.8%, accompanied by a reduction in poverty of 0.53% and open unemployment of 0.58%. The main inhibiting factors include limited supervisory human resources, lack of operational budget (1.5% of the total budget), and limited technological infrastructure. Blue Accounting contributes positively to the sustainability of the marine economy through increasing productivity, diversifying businesses, and improving the welfare of coastal communities. It is recommended to increase budget allocation, strengthen human resource capacity, develop real-time monitoring systems, and diversify funding sources to optimize the implementation of sustainable Blue Accounting.

Journal of Cleaner Production

This study presents a literature review of environmental reports based on papers published in 20 accounting journals between 2006 and 2015. A majority of the papers were published in journals, such as Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Accounting Forum, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, and Accounting, Organizations and Society. For each article, the aims and results obtained, methodologies adopted, data sources, industrial sectors, and countries involved were identified. Most of the studies present a longitudinal approach and use content analysis as their methodology. The most extensively used theories are the legitimacy and stakeholders theories. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the reflection of the state of the art of research in social and environmental accounting.

University of St Thomas Law Journal, 2014

Ninety-five percent of the Global Fortune 250, along with thousands of other companies worldwide, voluntarily report on their environmental, societal, and economic impacts. The practice is variously known as sustainability reporting, corporate responsibility (CR) reporting, corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting, citizenship reporting, environmental, societal, and governance (ESG) reporting, or triple bottom line (TBL) reporting. A growing number of countries now mandate or provide guidance related to this practice to some extent. For example, in the United States, * The authors would like to thank Linda Lowson, Esq., Founder and CEO of the Global ESG Regulatory Academy™ and CSR Insight™ LLC, for contributing her findings regarding SEC noncompliance on ESG issue SEC reporting requirements. 1060 2013] BEYOND SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING 1061 the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act explicitly requires publicly traded companies to disclose data related to their supply chains of certain minerals. Should greater disclosures be explicitly and specifically required? Should companies begin greater disclosures for their own benefit? Do the basic principles of existing laws already require a greater amount of disclosure in our current context? If so, what would be gained from greater and more explicit guidance from legislators or regulators such as the SEC? We seek to answer these questions. This article summarizes the history, current state, and motivations and impacts of sustainability reporting and regulation-by-disclosure, along with data on the present needs of investors and recent market trends. It also reviews the definition of materiality under U.S. securities laws and regulations-the key to understanding what data a company must publicly disclose for the benefit of investors. Based on our review of recent history, the current needs of investors, and the definition of materiality, it is clear that existing laws and related rules already require greater disclosure of data on environmental and societal impacts than commonly understood. The article concludes with recommendations for managers, their attorneys, accountants, and policymakers, and provokes further questions for constructive scholarship in the fields of business and law.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014

Ninety-five percent of the Global Fortune 250, along with thousands of other companies worldwide, voluntarily report on their environmental, societal, and economic impacts. The practice is variously known as sustainability reporting, corporate responsibility (CR) reporting, corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting, citizenship reporting, environmental, societal, and governance (ESG) reporting, or triple bottom line (TBL) reporting. A growing number of countries now mandate or provide guidance related to this practice to some extent. For example, in the United States, * The authors would like to thank Linda Lowson, Esq., Founder and CEO of the Global ESG Regulatory Academy™ and CSR Insight™ LLC, for contributing her findings regarding SEC noncompliance on ESG issue SEC reporting requirements. 1060 2013] BEYOND SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING 1061 the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act explicitly requires publicly traded companies to disclose data related to their supply chains of certain minerals. Should greater disclosures be explicitly and specifically required? Should companies begin greater disclosures for their own benefit? Do the basic principles of existing laws already require a greater amount of disclosure in our current context? If so, what would be gained from greater and more explicit guidance from legislators or regulators such as the SEC? We seek to answer these questions. This article summarizes the history, current state, and motivations and impacts of sustainability reporting and regulation-by-disclosure, along with data on the present needs of investors and recent market trends. It also reviews the definition of materiality under U.S. securities laws and regulations-the key to understanding what data a company must publicly disclose for the benefit of investors. Based on our review of recent history, the current needs of investors, and the definition of materiality, it is clear that existing laws and related rules already require greater disclosure of data on environmental and societal impacts than commonly understood. The article concludes with recommendations for managers, their attorneys, accountants, and policymakers, and provokes further questions for constructive scholarship in the fields of business and law.

Integrated Reporting: Antecedents and Perspectives for Organizations and Stakeholders, Springer, Cham, Switzerland., 2019

Organisations are increasingly disclosing financial and non-financial performance as they are becoming more accountable and transparent to the providers of capital and other interested parties. Most of them are clearly specifying their environmental, social and governance (ESG) content, materiality and assurance mechanisms in their corporate disclosures. Very often, the organisations integrate financial, social and sustainability reporting. In this light, this chapter provides a critical review of key theoretical underpinnings that have anticipated the development of the corporations’ integrated disclosures. Afterwards, it describes the International Integrated Reporting Council’s <IR> Framework and its guiding principles. This contribution posits that there are potential tensions and challenges for those organisations who intend using the <IR> Framework. In conclusion, this chapter outlines future avenues as it identifies knowledge gaps in the realms of integrated reporting.

ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING: AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BUSINESS STRATEGY , 2012

ABSTRACT Environmental accounting is on an expansion path. With increasing social focus on the environment, accounting fills an expectation role, to measure environmental performance. Only stressing on the economic and industrial development unfortunately we, the Indian forget the importance of and the consequences of such forgetfulness gave birth to the remarkable incidence of the Bhopal chemical leak (1984), Tsunami in India (2004). Infect the industrial and business activity are directly or indirectly responsible for various environmental problems such as Global Warming, a rapid changes in climate, glacier meltdown, soil erosion, land degradation, deforestation, loss of biodiversity and pollution of all kinds such as water, air, marine, noise, light etc. A native American proverb states that, “only when the last tree is cut, only when the last river is polluted, only when the last fish is caught only when they will realized that you cannot eat money”. The issue of environmental responsibility and the sustainable industrial development has given to the birth of new branch of accounting, i.e. environmental accounting and reporting. Environmental accounting is relatively a recent entrant in the domain of accounting. It is the process of identification measurement and commutation of information in the environmental responsibility of the performance of an entity to permit economic decision. Environmental accounting first adopted by Norway in the 1970s and in India it is applied only the cements, oil and petroleum, power and electronics, steel, engineering and textile industries. For proper implementation of environmental accounting in India a large number of researches, discussion, accounting standard and regulatory frameworks is necessary. The status of environmental awareness provides a dynamic for business reporting its environmental performance. Examining the integration of environmental policy with business policy is the focus of this research. The business firm’s strategy includes responding to capital and operating AJRBF Asian Journal of Research in Banking and Finance Vol.2 Issue 4, April 2012, ISSN 2249 7323 Journal of Asian Research Consortium 86 http://www.aijsh.org costs of pollution control equipment. This is caused by increasing public concerns over environmental issues, and by a recent government-led trend to incentive-based regulation. This paper describes the environmental component of the business strategy, producing the required performance reports and recognizing the multiple skills required to measure, compile and analyze the requisite data. Special emphasis of the research is on generation of reports and their standards, for the range of business and regulatory purposes. KEYWORDS: Environmental Accounting, Business Strategy, Environmental Reporting, Environmental policy.

Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research (JAEHR), 2022

To pay attention to environmental issues and problems in today's modern economy, especially in academia, is a valuable orientation. Cooperation between related organizations about environmental issues is now more important than before. It has covered environmental reporting in several complementary stages. In addition, it has established its new reporting based on the field of environmental disclosure. The latest version of reporting is the integrated reporting, which is the most important environmental disclosure. Usually, any new version on any topic should cover the limitations of the previous version. This paper is a review study. In this study, environmental accounting and its limitations are first explained. Integrated reporting is then discussed as the newest type of financial and non-financial reporting. Finally, the possibility of covering the environmental accounting constraints is examined through integrated reporting. The results showed that the transparency in environmental accounting figures, democratization and information linkages are likely to be achieved through the implementation of integrated reporting. Therefore, it will be effective in covering the limitations of environmental accounting.

Social and Environmental Accounting Journal

Tourism Management, 2014

theyhave not always satisfied this intention as CSR reports do not always represent a genuine attempt to account for negative as well as positive aspects of all material impacts (Adams, 2004). There are different practices that undermine the benefits of transparency and credibility, and a wide range of theories about why and how companies report. Voluntary disclosure theory claims that firms are willing to disclose good news to differentiate themselves following a resource-based view of the firm (Barney, 1991; Branco & Rodrigues, 2006; Healy & Palepu, 2001), often tested by suggesting a positive relation between financial and sustainability performance (Campbell, 2007; Garay & Font, 2012). In contrast, stakeholder and legitimacy theory see disclosure as a response to social and political pressures and is therefore reactive, predicting a negative relation between environmental performance and voluntary environmental disclosure (Adams, Hill, & Roberts, 1998; Deegan, 2002; Hooghiemstra, 2000). Since legitimacy relies on meeting social systems' expectations, this approach lends itself well to explain Carroll's definition in the first paragraph, although there are those claiming that market-driven stakeholder accountability will produce reports that are in the organization's best interests (Gray, et al., 1997). Reputation risk management and impression management are commonly the intended purpose behind corporate social reporting (Bebbington, Larrinaga, & Moneva, 2008; Hooghiemstra, 2000). Evidence suggests that environmental managers determine the contents of their CSR reports based on their understanding of the relative importance of different stakeholders (Cormier, Gordon, & Magnan, 2004). Firms prefer to disclose major environmental events when they feel threatened by stakeholders, and disclose by defending what has been done about it retrospectively as a means of maintaining or restoring legitimacy (Elijido-Ten, Kloot, & Clarkson, 2010). Deegan (2002) summarizes some of the possible reasons for disclosure as economic rationality, acceptance of accountability responsibilities, and meeting requirements of or preventing pressure from various stakeholders including government, lenders, buyers, suppliers, industry associations, amongst others. Companies disclose more according to their size, ownership-publicly traded or government owned-, low levels of debt, age of fixed assets, environmental footprint and risk (Cormier,