CO2 fixation

A special display titled "Biodiversity of the Woods in the Nagoya University Campus" was held as one of the programs for the Homecoming Day 2009 on 24th October. The display introduced the biodiversity of the campus with special references on the woods, insects and birds, demonstrating that the university obtains natural environments and harbors a wide diversity of organisms for the campus located in urban district.

The rhenium complex fac-(5,5 0-bisphenylethynyl-2,2 0-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl was used as a novel catalyst for the electro-and photochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO in homogeneous solution. The results were compared to (2,2 0-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl as a benchmark compound. Cyclic voltammetric studies as well as bulk controlled potential electrolysis experiments were performed using a CO 2 saturated solution in acetonitrile. (5,5 0-bisphenylethynyl-2,2 0-bipyridyl)Re(CO) 3 Cl showed a 6.5-fold increase in current density under CO 2 at À1750 mV versus normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) as compared to the operation without CO 2. Quantitative analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy showed a Faradaic efficiency of around 45% for the formation of CO.

Molecular mechanisms for N2 fixation (solar NH3) and CO2 conversion to C2+ products in enzymatic conversion (Nitrogenase), electrocatalysis, metal-complexes and plasma-catalysis are analysed and compared. It is evidenced that differently from what present in thermal and plasma-catalysis, the electrocatalysis path requires not only the direct coordination and hydrogenation of undissociated N2 molecule, but to realize a series of features present in the Nitrogenase mechanism. There is the need of i) a multi-electron and -proton simultaneous transfer, not as sequential steps, ii) forming bridging metal hydride species, iii) generate intermediates stabilized by bridging multiple metal atoms, iv) have the capability of the same sites to be effective both in N2 fixation and in COx reduction to C2+ products. Only iron oxide/hydroxide stabilized at defective sites of nanocarbons was found to have these features. This comparison of the molecular mechanisms in solar NH3 production and relatio...

Der Schlüssel zur Forstästhetik liegt in der Idee, die Holzproduktionsaktivitäten mit der Schaffung wunderschöner Wälder in Einklang zu bringen, d. h. "Harmonie zwischen Wirtschaftlichkeit und Schönheit von Bewirtschaftungsforst".Dieser Gedanke wird im Kontext sozioökonomischer und kultureller Fragestellungen zum Umgang mit Wäldern diskutiert, die im Laufe der 100-jährigen deutschen Waldentwicklung einen hohen ökonomischen Stellenwert haben und die dadurch verloren gegangene Schönheit der regionalen Landschaft widerspiegeln. Es wurde von Riches Buch und seiner tatsächlichen Waldschöpfung genährt. Schließlich wird die Forstästhetik von der Gesellschaft durch die Heimatschutzbewegung bewertet und akzeptiert, eine sogenannte lokale Landschaft, die sich aus deutschem Naturschutz, Ackerland und Wäldern zusammensetzt. In diesem Aufsatz habe ich zunächst den Hintergrund der Entstehung der Forstästhetik in Bezug auf den Entwicklungsprozess der deutschen Forstwirtschaft und verwand...

A multi-scale reservoir simulation framework for large-scale, multiphase flow with mineral precipitation in CO2-brine systems is proposed. The novel aspects of this reservoir modeling and simulation framework are centered around the seminal coupling of rigorous reactive transport with full compositional modeling and consist of (1) thermal, multi-phase flow tightly coupled to complex phase behavior, (2) the use of the Gibbs-Helmholtz Constrained (GHC) equation of state, (3) the presence of multiple homogeneous/heterogeneous chemical reactions, (4) the inclusion of mineral precipitation/dissolution, and (5) the presence of homogeneous/heterogeneous formations. The proposed modeling and simulation framework is implemented using the ADGPRS/GFLASH system. A number of examples relevant to CO2 sequestration including salt precipitation and solubility/mineral trapping are presented and geometric illustrations are used to elucidate key attributes of the proposed modeling framework.

The electrochemical behavior of fac-[Mn(pdbpy)(CO)3 Br] (pdbpy=4-phenyl-6-(phenyl-2,6-diol)-2,2'-bipyridine) (1) in acetonitrile under Ar, and its catalytic performances for CO2 reduction with added water, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE), and phenol are discussed in detail. Preparative-scale electrolysis experiments, carried out at -1.5 V versus the standard calomel electrode (SCE) in CO2 -saturated acetonitrile, reveal that the process selectivity is extremely sensitive to the acid strength, producing CO and formate in different faradaic yields. A detailed spectroelectrochemical (IR and UV/Vis) study under Ar and CO2 atmospheres shows that 1 undergoes fast solvolysis; however, dimer formation in acetonitrile is suppressed, resulting in an atypical reduction mechanism in comparison with other reported Mn(I) catalysts. Spectroscopic evidence of Mn hydride formation supports the existence of different electrocatalytic CO2 reduction pathways. Furthermore, a comparative investigation p...

This work was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones (Argentina) and t Recent hypotheses include selective bilane cyclization,3 interconversion of uropor-the National Institutes of Health (USA). phyrinogens,4 and condensation of porphobilinogen and tripyrrane.5-8 37 1 372 Annals New York Academy of Sciences inversion takes place in the order of the 0-substituents of ring D. The stoichiometry of the enzymatic reaction indicated that 1 mol of uroporphyrinogen was formed when 4 mol of porphobilinogen were consumed and that during the process 4 mol of ammonia were liberated.2 It had also been proved that no other monopyrrolic substrate, apart from porphobilinogen, took part in the process,2 and it had been established* that the enzymatic reaction took place with n o formation of oxidized intermediates (pyrrylmethenes). The conclusion was then that we are in the presence of an intramolecular rearrangement leading to the described inversion. To explain this inversion, the great majority of the postulated hypothesis proposed that a rearrangement step was involved in the process. This step could take place at: (1) the dipyrrylmethane formation; (2) the tripyrrane formation; (3) the bilane formation; or (4) the final cyclization process. A most important point that had t o be established was whether the process took place through a series of discrete and free pyrrylmethanes, or if it occurred entirely on the enzyme's surface with no formation at all of free intermediates until the cyclic uroporphyrinogen was released into the medium. T o study those problems we undertook to prepare synthetically the hypothetic pyrrylmethane intermediates, performed a detailed analysis of the enzymatic system involved in the process, and then examined the interactions among both of them in order to clarify the nature of the rearrangement step. We will discuss our results in that order. $ The same method with slight modifications was recently used to prepare porphobilinogen lactam methyl ester-I4C (0.4 rnCi/nmol).10

An iridium(iii) trihydride complex supported by a pincer ligand with a hydrogen bond donor in the secondary coordination sphere promotes the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to formate in water/acetonitrile with excellent Faradaic efficiency and low overpotential. Preliminary mechanistic experiments indicate formate formation is facile while product release is a kinetically difficult step.

The introduction and removal of protecting groups is ubiquitous in multi-step synthetic schemes. From a green chemistry standpoint, however, alternative strategies that employ in situ and reversible protection and deprotection sequences would be attractive. The reversible reactions of CO2 with amines could provide a possible vehicle for realizing this strategy. Herein, we present (1) the products of reaction of benzylamines with CO2 in a variety of solvents with and without the presence of basic additives; (2) new adducts associated with CO2 protected benzylamine in acetonitrile containing 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU); and (3) the intermolecular competitive acylation of benzylamine and benzyl alcohol and the intramolecular competitive acylation of

Humans are faced with a potentially disastrous global problem owing to the current emission of 32 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually into the atmosphere. A possible way to mitigate the effects is to store CO2in large porous reservoirs within the Earth. Fluid mechanics plays a key role in determining both the feasibility and risks involved in this geological sequestration. We review current research efforts looking at the propagation of CO2within the subsurface, the possible rates of leakage, the mechanisms that act to stably trap CO2, and the geomechanical response of the crust to large-scale CO2injection. We conclude with an outline for future research.

In this review article, we report the development and utilisation of fuel cells, metal electrodes in aqueous electrolyte and molecular catalysts in the electrochemical reduction of CO 2. Fuel cells are able to function in both electrolyser and fuel cell mode and could potentially reduce CO 2 and produce energy at the same time. However, it requires considerably high temperatures for efficient operation. Direct reduction using metal electrodes and molecular catalysts are possible at room temperatures but require an additional applied potential and generally have low current densities. Density functional theory (DFT) studies have been used and have begun to unveil possible mechanisms involved which could lead to improvements and development of more efficient catalysts.

The total combined weight of biological material on planet Earth has been estimated in one source at about 75 × 10 9 t. Of this: crops comprise 2 × 10 9 t (2.7%) as well as microbes, fungi, algae and similar types of microorganisms are estimated to comprise over 50% of the total amount. Microalgae is outstanding among all the types of biomass sources in its ability to respond to the challenges of the future in terms of availability, high growth and production rates, yield per unit area, not competing for arable land, being most suitable optimal sources for both liquid and gaseous biofuels and valuable co-products within biorefineries. It is logical that the increased ability to occupy new niches in the energy sector is determined by uptake of the new forms of biomass exploitation coupled with environmental impact reduction. This could explain the worldwide interest in exploiting algal biomass as an ideal attribute for photosynthetic capture of anthropogenic carbon that reached a record high of~10 Pg C yr −1 in 2014. In this review, we outline microalgae's potential to capture carbon in coalfired power plant, discuss the advantages of photosynthetic organisms as a source for biodiesel and solid biofuel production, discuss the process engineering, different synergies and legislative factors needed to make the process efficient and economically viable. Before commercial-scale installations become feasible, however, numerous points still have to be resolved. In order to identify potentials and obtain recommendations for action, co-authors have studied in detail various options for climate-beneficial recycling and trapping CO 2 in the algae factories of the future that potentially could be built in the European humid continental climate countries.

The aim of wastewater treatment should think beyond water purification to minimize the waste generation as well as the use of non-renewable resources to make the treatment process as sustainable. Currently, microalgae have been utilized in tertiary treatment methods to address water-energy nexus through biofuel production. The present paper focus on the mathematical modeling of microalgal lipid production along with carbon dioxide sequestration potential of open ponds of National Institute of Technology Rourkela (NITRKL). The model incorporates the sitespecific data of solar radiation to derive the bioenergy content of microalgal biomass by photon energy balance. NITRKL has the average microalgal biomass production potential as 54.13 g.m-2 .day-1 and the maximum growth has been predicted in the month of April. Scalability of microalgae and their introduction as wastewater treatment tools necessitate these modeling studies as a preliminary work for the better comprehension of the effect of climate on the microalgal growth rate.

rate in the Co' neutral complexes but not in the Coo anion radicals. This argues that the isomerization mechanism is different in the two different metal oxidation states. 2. The rapid isomerization of the Coo complexes may arise from lifting of symmetry restrictions to the simplest molecular isomerization mechanism in the 19-electron monoanions. 3. When dibenzocyclooctatetraene is used as the ligand, the Coo monoanion has a different ground state than [CpCo(cot)]-, and CpCo(dbcot) behaves more like a cod complex with electron-withdrawing substituents. The activation barrier to isom-erization in [CpCo(dbcot)]-is raised at least 9.4 kcal/mol over that of [CpCo(cot)]-, a value consistent with the necessity to break up aromatic resonance in a 1,3-isomer of CpCo(dbcot). Acknowledgment. This work was generously supported by the National Science Foundation (CHE 83-03974). We are grateful to J. L. Spencer for an initial sample of 2, to J. Edwin for help on the synthesis of dbcot, and to C. H. Bushweller for aid in simulations of dynamic NMR spectra. A S. wishes to acknowledge the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation (2.165-0.83).

With this study, it is aimed to provide an integrated review of the likelihood of microalgae deployment in the framework of biofuels production, while confronting it with emerging technologies, namely solar power. In this framework, a comparison study between the evolution of solar energy and algae biofuels will be made to draw lessons for what could be a possible success path of microalgae biofuel technology. This paper presents a discussion of the ongoing development of policies to optimise production and to encourage emerging energy technologies. To provide insightful arguments, this paper builds upon the Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET Plan) and the European Directives, 2010 scenarios made available by the International Energy Agency regarding energy technologies perspectives, among scientific state-of-the art literature.

Measurements of CO 2 (direct GHG) and CO, SO 2 , NO (indirect GHGs) were conducted on-line at some of the coal-based thermal power plant in India. The objective of the study having three major objectives: to quantify the measured emissions in terms of emission coefficient per kg of coal and per kWh of electricity, to calculate the total possible emission from Indianthermal power plant, and subsequently to compare them with some previous studies. Instrument IMR 2800A Flue Gas Analyzer was used on-line to measure the emission rates of CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , and NO at 08 numbers of generating units of different ratings. Certain quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) techniques were also adopted to gather the data so as to avoid any ambiguity in subsequent data interpretation. For the betterment of data interpretation, the requisite statistical parameters (standard deviation and arithmetic mean) for the measured emissions have been also calculated. The emission coefficients determined for CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , and NO have been compared with their corresponding values as obtained in the studies conducted by other groups. The total emissions of CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , and NO calculated on the basis of the emission coefficients find have been found to be 511.944,2.0576,4.473,1.241 Tg respectively.

Electrochemical investigation on differently substituted boron-caped and glyoximato-strapped ligands of cobalt clathrochelate complexes in the presence of acid revealed the formation of cobalt-based nanoparticles at the surface of the electrode. The potential for the electrochemical deposition is a function of the chemical nature of the substituents. The overpotential for the catalytic proton reduction of the resulting cobalt particles at pH 7 was found to be ∼700 mV less negative than on the bare carbon electrode for a geometric current density of 5 mA/cm 2 .

Interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere occurs through simple one-way forcing-response mechanisms as well as complex feedback loops. Interesting yet under-explored regions to study these feedbacks and their effects are croplands. This is because crop growth is strongly regulated by environmental factors yet growing crops also change their own environment. Perhaps these changes are best quantified by looking at the surface-atmosphere fluxes of heat and moisture. In this study we examine the impact of soil moisture on land-atmosphere interactions, including feedbacks, in a spring wheat cropland in northern India. We use a coupled atmosphere-crop growth dynamics model that has been recently developed by coupling the crop growth module from Simple and Universal Crop growth Simulator (SUCROS) model with the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale atmospheric model. Crop growth is computed by using daily averaged maximum and minimum temperature, hourly shortwaves and...

The premise leading to this investigation was based on the following: if a class of compounds has desirable crystallization behavior(s), can one translate that information to related species whose behavior is not yet established, but which may be valuable scientifically and/or commercially? We explored that premise, and below present our results. Thus, since we noted that [CoN 4 (oxalato)] + (N 4 = di-or multi-dentate amine ligands) frequently crystallize in Sohncke space groups, sometimes with more than one molecule in the asymmetric unit, we decided to investigate the effect of replacing the oxalato ligand with a simple relative (carbonato) to determine if this held true. For that purpose, we examined a number of [Co(en) 2 carbonato] + salts with various counter-anions and found that, as in the oxalato series, there were essentially two categories: anhydrous ones and hydrated ones, and that there were, indeed, some interesting common features in their crystallization modes, including important, identifiable hydrogen bonding interactions which are described below.

The species of algae are suitable for lipid production [1].Different types of algae have different ability to produce different products. Algae have 20%-80% oil contents that could be converted into different types of fuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, etc. [2] What is Algae? Algae are generally microscopic organisms which, live in a wide range of aquatic ecosystem. These organisms use light & carbon dioxide to create the biomass. [16] The species of algae suitable for lipids production. Algae have oil contents that could be converted into different types of fuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, etc. [17] Classification of Algae There are two types of algae Macro Algae Macro algae are the largest multi cellular algae and called-seaweed‖. It can grow in variety of ways. These algae are measured in inches. [18] Micro Algae Microalgae are unicellular algae and tiny in size. Microalgae are recognized as good potential source for biofuel production. [19]These algae are measured in micrometers. They are grown in suspension within a body of water. They have rapid biomass production. [20] Microalgae have ability to increase the size by every 24 hours. They have high content of oil and lipid. [21] Microalgae can double in number by every three or one and half hour during the peak growth phase. [22] The micro algal mass culture can be grown on saline water or waste water. [23] These microalgae are gaining the ABSTRACT Our society needs a sustainable source of energy that can replace fossil fuels as the part of sustainable development. Biofuel is a long term solution to fossil fuels. Because fossil fuels are decreasing fast in the amount & are directly related to the air pollution, water pollution, etc. So the renewable source of energy is required urgently in our environment. Biofuel is defined as the liquid fuel produced from biological sources such as biomass. Biofuel is a renewable and eco-friendly source of energy. The production of biofuel from algae can provide some exclusive advantages such as their rapid growth rate, greenhouse gas fixation ability & high production capacity of lipids.

A study on spatiotemporal variability of soil organic carbon content (SOC) over India is carried out based on a remote sensing data-driven terrestrial ecosystem model and the regional databases. The model is initialized with the equilibrated solutions corresponding to undisturbed balanced biosphere condition and then marched forward with realistic forcing for the recent decades. Both the model solution and regional data show a good agreement between them with a large SOC values with mean 12 kg m-2 for the forest and cropland-dominated regions, a moderate value (8 kg m-2) for the mixed shrub and grassland, and small for the grassland regions (4 kg m-2) correspondingly for 30 m upper active layer of the soil. The model SOC shows a significant seasonal variability across all the vegetation types with peak value during spring season (March-April) and trough during the autumn (September-October). The SOC budget of the country is around 13 Pg for the top active layer of the soil. It has shown a significant increasing trend of 22 Tg year-1 for the study period resulted from the positive growth rate of 25 Tg year-1 for the cropland and negative growth rate of 3 Tg year-1 for the forest region. The extrapolated annual national SOC budget is 25 Pg correspondingly for 1 m depth soil layer.

Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) is a floating facility used in primary petroleum processing. In Brazil, most FPSOs have been installed in Campos Basin and new facilities may be implemented in the pre-salt area are projected to boost the Brazilian oil production. Crude oil composition has a significant influence on the operational mode of the FPSO. In this study, three operational modes of a FPSO are assessed: the first mode is used when the crude oil has the maximum water and CO 2 contents, the second mode is implemented for a composition of 50% basic sediment and water (BSW) in the crude oil, and the third mode is operated when the crude oil has the maximum oil and gas fractions. The FPSO facility configuration changes with the operational mode, and it is possible to have gas export, gas injection, and CO 2 injection, in order to achieve the functional conditions established by the FPSO operator. Energy and exergy criteria have been applied to evaluate and compare the performance of components and systems of the three operational modes of the FPSO. The processing and utilities plants have been modeled and simulated by using Aspen HYSYS ®. Results indicate that higher oil content in the crude oil increases the power consumption, the exergy requirement and the destroyed exergy of the FPSO.

ABSTRACT: Carbon capture and utilization technologies (CCU) and electrolytic hydrogen production are closely interconnected technologies and necessary for a sustainable energy system. This work describes the development of a process for room temperature co-electrolysis of CO2 and water to produce syngas, at mild pressures. The influence of several parameters in the performance of the process is reported.N/

Organic carbamates represent an important class of compounds showing various interesting properties. They find wide utility in various areas as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals (pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides etc.), intermediates in organic synthesis, protection of amino group in peptide chemistry, and as linker in combinatorial chemistry etc. Classical synthesis of carbamates involves use of harmful reagents such as phosgene, its derivatives and carbon monoxide. Recently, various kinds of synthetic methods have been developed for the synthesis of organic carbamates. In the present review, I would like to highlight the recent developments on the synthesis of organic carbamates using variety of reagents.

Sustainability is a key principle in natural resource management and it involves effective utilization of natural resources. Across the world, industrialization and the consequent emergence of economies reliant on fossil fuels have inevitably resulted in the adverse condition of atmospheric warming known as the greenhouse effect. Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) has been identified as one of the major causes. Out of several CO₂ sequestration methods, biological methods of sequestration using algae are energy efficient due to less energy requirement. Algae are autotrophic micro-organisms capable of converting CO₂ into carbohydrates and lipids in the presence of light by photosynthesis. Micro algae are cultivated for the treatment of domestic and industrial waste water and also for CO₂ sequestration. Many studies were carried out in the areas of CO₂ sequestration using algae. From those studies it was concluded that the algae can be effectively used for the treatment of wastewater a...

Here, we have reported an effective and simple electrochemical technique to determine folic acid (FA) in a colloidal suspension solution containing Fe III ion, methylene blue (MB) surfacecoated ZnO nanoparticles (MB@ZnONPs) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (Fe III /MB@ZnONPs/SDS). MB, and ZnONPs were used as redox indicator and signal amplification element respectively. Low-concentration of MB (2.5 μM) strongly is maintained at ZnONPs surface. SDS was used to improve the dispersion stability of the suspension. ZnONPs were synthesized through biological pathway using cordia myxa leaves extract. To investigate physicochemical properties of ZnONPs and MB@ZnONPs, fourier-transform infrared spectra, nitrogen desorption/adsorption isotherms, field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry showed the positive effect of Fe III ion, on the redox behavior of the suspension solution, probably due to inhibiting effect of this cation on the agglomeration of MB@ZnONPs/SDS suspension. Addition of FA to suspension solution, caused a sharp decrease in the peak current. Therefore, the colloidal suspension solution employed as an analytical probe for FA determination. The response of the probe showed a linear dependence on the logarithm of FA concentration in the range of 1.42 nm to 3.30 μM (I/μA =-0.26 Log [FA] + 0.03, R 2 = 0.99). The calculated limit of detection was 0.98 nM.

Measurements of CO 2 (direct GHG) and CO, SO 2 , NO (indirect GHGs) were conducted on-line at some of the coal-based thermal power plant in India. The objective of the study having three major objectives: to quantify the measured emissions in terms of emission coefficient per kg of coal and per kWh of electricity, to calculate the total possible emission from Indianthermal power plant, and subsequently to compare them with some previous studies. Instrument IMR 2800A Flue Gas Analyzer was used on-line to measure the emission rates of CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , and NO at 08 numbers of generating units of different ratings. Certain quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) techniques were also adopted to gather the data so as to avoid any ambiguity in subsequent data interpretation. For the betterment of data interpretation, the requisite statistical parameters (standard deviation and arithmetic mean) for the measured emissions have been also calculated. The emission coefficients determined for CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , and NO have been compared with their corresponding values as obtained in the studies conducted by other groups. The total emissions of CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , and NO calculated on the basis of the emission coefficients find have been found to be 511.944,2.0576,4.473,1.241 Tg respectively.

Analysis of pyridinium catalyzed electrochemical and photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2: Chemistry and economic impact Kate A Keets , Emily Barton Cole, Amanda J Morris, Narayanappa Sivasankar, Kyle Teamey, Prasad S Lakkaraju c, * & Andrew B Bocarsly * Liquid Light Inc, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey, USA Department of Chemistry, Georgian Court University, New Jersey, USA Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

We have had high expectations for using algae biodiesel for many years, but the quantities of biodiesel currently produced from algae are tiny compared to the quantities of conventional diesel oil. Furthermore, no comprehensive analysis of the impact of all factors on the market production of algal biodiesel has been made so far. This paper aims to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with algal biodiesel, to evaluate its production prospects for the biofuels market. The results of the analysis show that it is possible to increase the efficiency of algae biomass production further. However, because the production of this biodiesel is an energy-intensive process, the price of biodiesel is high. Opportunities for more economical production of algal biodiesel are seen in integration with other processes, such as wastewater treatment, but this does not ensure large-scale production. The impact of state policies and laws is significant in the future of...

Molecular mechanisms for N2 fixation (solar NH3) and CO2 conversion to C2+ products in enzymatic conversion (Nitrogenase), electrocatalysis, metal-complexes and plasma-catalysis are analysed and compared. It is evidenced that differently from what present in thermal and plasma-catalysis, the electrocatalysis path requires not only the direct coordination and hydrogenation of undissociated N2 molecule, but to realize a series of features present in the Nitrogenase mechanism. There is the need of i) a multi-electron and -proton simultaneous transfer, not as sequential steps, ii) forming bridging metal hydride species, iii) generate intermediates stabilized by bridging multiple metal atoms, iv) have the capability of the same sites to be effective both in N2 fixation and in COx reduction to C2+ products. Only iron oxide/hydroxide stabilized at defective sites of nanocarbons was found to have these features. This comparison of the molecular mechanisms in solar NH3 production and relatio...

Global environmental problems of global warming and climate change are primarily due to uncontrolled emission of green house gas (GHG), carbon dioxide (CO 2) in atmosphere. Various ecosystem components (plants, microbes, soil and water) in environment play important role to sequester the carbon (C) and minimize the problem. The literature considering the carbon sequestration properties of different ecosystem components is scanty. The present review attempted to draw a short picture on the carbon sequestration properties of different ecosystem components in environment as literature available. The present paper summarized the C-sequestration properties of higher plants (forestry, agroforestry, tropical and subtropical forests, medicinal plants and biofuel producing plants), algae, fungi, bacteria, soil and water to exhibit and elucidates their role in minimizing the problems of global warming and climate change and showed that variation in carbon storage among different tree species, other organisms and abiotic components. It can be concluded herein that ecosystem components play vital role in minimizing the CO 2-emission. Therefore, management and conservation of natural resources or ecosystem components in the environment is necessary to improve the control measures against the problem of global warming and climate change.

This study presents the sequestration and emissions of forests and algae related to CO 2 while providing a comparison to other biomass sources (arable crops, short rotation coppices). The goal of the paper is to analyze the impact of the current CO 2 balance of forests and the future prospects for algae. Our calculations are based on data, not only from the literature but, in the case of algae, from our own previous experimental work. It was concluded that the CO 2 sequestration and natural gas saving of forests is typically 3.78 times higher than the emissions resulting from the production technology and from the burning process. The economic and environmental protection-related efficiency operate in opposite directions. The CO 2 sequestration ability of algae can primarily be utilized when connected to power plants. The optimal solution could be algae production integrated with biogas power plants, since plant sizes are smaller and algae may play a role, not only in the elimination of CO 2 emissions and the utilization of heat but also in wastewater purification.

The industrial production of urea involves two sequential steps, reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia followed by the reaction of the ammonia with carbon dioxide, so the process is capital expensive, massive energy consuming and complex synthesis process with multiple cycles to increase the production efficiency. The electrocatalytic C–N coupling reaction to specifically produce urea by simultaneous activation followed by co-reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen sources (N2, NO2– or NO3–) at ambient condition presents a sustainable and eco-friendlier alternate route for urea production by a single step process. However, there are several challenges like adsorption capabilities of the reactants on the substrates followed by activation, suppression of hydrogen evolution reaction and finally effective C–N bond formation to specifically produce urea. In this work we showcase the road map of the electrocatalytic green urea production, with concise yet precise discus...

Analysis of pyridinium catalyzed electrochemical and photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2: Chemistry and economic impact Kate A Keets , Emily Barton Cole, Amanda J Morris, Narayanappa Sivasankar, Kyle Teamey, Prasad S Lakkaraju c, * & Andrew B Bocarsly * Liquid Light Inc, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey, USA Department of Chemistry, Georgian Court University, New Jersey, USA Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

Owing to the energetic cost associated with CO 2 release in carbon capture (CC), the combination of carbon capture and recycling (CCR) is an emerging area of research. In this approach, "captured CO 2 ," typically generated by addition of amines, serves as a substrate for subsequent reduction. Herein, we report that the reduction of CO 2 in the presence of morpholine (generating mixtures of the corresponding carbamate and carbamic acid) with a well-established Mn electrocatalyst changes the product selectivity from CO to H 2 and formate. The change in selectivity is attributed to in situ generation of the morpholinium carbamic acid, which is sufficiently acidic to protonate the reduced Mn species and generate an intermediate Mn hydride. Thermodynamic studies indicate that the hydride is not sufficiently hydritic to reduce CO 2 to formate, unless the apparent hydricity, which encompasses formate binding to the Mn, is considered. Increasing steric bulk around the Mn shuts down rapid homolytic H 2 evolution rendering the intermediate Mn hydride more stable; subsequent CO 2 insertion appears to be faster than heterolytic H 2 production. A comprehensive mechanistic scheme is proposed that illustrates how thermodynamic analysis can provide further insight. Relevant to a range of hydrogenations and reductions is the modulation of the hydricity with substrate binding that makes the reaction favorable. Significantly, this work

Analysis of pyridinium catalyzed electrochemical and photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2: Chemistry and economic impact Kate A Keets , Emily Barton Cole, Amanda J Morris, Narayanappa Sivasankar, Kyle Teamey, Prasad S Lakkaraju c, * & Andrew B Bocarsly * Liquid Light Inc, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey, USA Department of Chemistry, Georgian Court University, New Jersey, USA Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

Biodiesel production from algae is a promising technique. Microalgae have the potential to produce 5,000-15,000 gallons of biodiesel/(acre-year). However, there are challenges; these include high yield of algae biomass with high lipid content and the effective technique to harvest the grown algae, extract the algal oil and transesterify the oil to biodiesel. In this project Tubular PhotoBioReactor (TPBR) was designed and achieved a ten times increase in algae concentration. It produced 1g of dry algal biomass per liter of medium within 12 days, with a lipid content of 12% approximately. Healthy algal culture grew well in the TPBR reaching 56x10 cells/mL of culture medium. The 10 fold increase is higher than those reported for open ponds and helical photobioreactor.

This research is focused on a modern technique and offers a framework that maximizes the concept of the efficient landscape that focused on microalgae technology. Industrial areas have become a threat to most of the countries; particularly unused industrial areas represent a wide area. as a result, it has become a time bomb, so scientists and designers have gone to search for the most efficient ways of using green microalgae to solve this issue and combine it with the elements of landscape features where green microalgae can be grown within open ponds (Open Race Way Ponds) in the industrial areas to become a tool with two advantages: organic green fuel (Productive Landscape),also algae represents an aesthetic view through the various green color tones and movement of microalgae in its various colors drawing a rainbow on the ground and you will saw it on its natural green radiation at night (Natural Green (Nightscape)). All of this needs wastewater or salty water and carbon dioxide, solar radiation as inputs for algae breeding, i.e. waste transfer to useful urban potentials (Positive to Negative and thus the industrial spaces will be converted to human spaces and this represent the main objective for the research that radiate vitality day and night and become a source of oxygen, where algae produce 6 times the oxygen of trees. Through this research, a framework will be presented to use these strains in the spaces of industrial areas as a new approach in the landscape trends and theme.

Co-locating microalgae cultivation facilities with sources of waste CO2 may present opportunities for cost savings that could benefit the algal biomass industry and industries or utilities that have incentives to manage carbon emissions. However, the cost savings have not been quantified. We compare the cost of utilizing CO2 from flue gas transported to 405-ha, base-case, open-pond microalgae facilities to the commercial purchase price of CO2. Sources of CO2 include coal-and natural gas-fired power plants and ethanol, ammonia, and cement production plants in the United States. The transport of CO2-containing gases to the microalgae cultivation facility requires infrastructure and electricity. This engineering analysis explores the parameters that affect the infrastructure and transport distance over which emitted flue gases can be cost-effectively transported to microalgae cultivation facilities, compared to the cost of commercially purchased CO2 (i.e., the break-even distance). Parameters that are varied include size of facility pond area, productivity, and daily duration of waste CO2 emissions that are transported to algae. Under our assumptions and under all cases in this study, cost savings can be achieved by co-locating microalgae facilities near waste CO2 sources. The break-even distance, which is estimated here to range from under 2 to 80 km, depends primarily on the concentration of CO2 in flue gas, algae productivity, facility size, and pipeline system design considerations. Greater break-even distances are simulated if electricity cost is minimized, rather than if capital cost is minimized.

To accelerate ammonia synthesis, the effect of the electrode potential on the kinetics of ammonia synthesis was investigated with a proton-conducting solid electrolyte, BaCe 0.9 Y 0.1 O 3 (BCY), at temperatures between 500-650 °C. Ammonia synthesis was conducted using a double chamber electrochemical setup with an electrolyte-supported Pt|BCY|K,Al-modified Fe-BCY cell. Although slow ammonia formation kinetics by cathodic polarization was observed when pure N 2 was supplied to the cathode side, obvious acceleration of the ammonia formation rate by cathodic polarization was observed following addition of 15% H 2 to the cathode side. The ammonia formation rate increased more than 20 times at-1.5 V relative to that at the open circuit voltage, which was not observed by anodic polarization. Notably, the acceleration at cathodic potential was observed over 610 °C. These results indicate that the enhancement of ammonia formation occurs because of promotion of nitrogen dissociation by cathodic polarization and a change in the transport properties of the BCY electrolyte. The acceleration mechanism was discussed based on kinetic measurements and the dependence of the reaction kinetics on temperature and partial pressure.

Measurements of CO 2 (direct GHG) and CO, SO 2 , NO (indirect GHGs) were conducted on-line at some of the coal-based thermal power plant in India. The objective of the study having three major objectives: to quantify the measured emissions in terms of emission coefficient per kg of coal and per kWh of electricity, to calculate the total possible emission from Indianthermal power plant, and subsequently to compare them with some previous studies. Instrument IMR 2800A Flue Gas Analyzer was used on-line to measure the emission rates of CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , and NO at 08 numbers of generating units of different ratings. Certain quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) techniques were also adopted to gather the data so as to avoid any ambiguity in subsequent data interpretation. For the betterment of data interpretation, the requisite statistical parameters (standard deviation and arithmetic mean) for the measured emissions have been also calculated. The emission coefficients determined for CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , and NO have been compared with their corresponding values as obtained in the studies conducted by other groups. The total emissions of CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , and NO calculated on the basis of the emission coefficients find have been found to be 511.944,2.0576,4.473,1.241 Tg respectively.