CN103168591A - Tobacco mulching cultivation method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a mulching cultivation method for flue-cured tobacco. The total nitrogen application rate is 52.5kg/hm ² , the base-to-growth ratio is 7:3, N:P ₂ O ₅ :K ₂ O=1:1:3, and the base application rate is 7:3. Decomposed sesame cake fertilizer 3000kg/hm ² , ammonium nitrate 60kg/hm ² , phosphate fertilizer 80kg/hm ² , potassium sulfate 191.4kg/hm ² , zinc sulfate 37.5kg/hm ² and boric acid 22.5kg/hm ² Potassium 37kg/hm ² and potassium nitrate 84kg/hm ² . When transplanting, apply 15kg/hm ² of phosphorus nitrate to the nest, cover with plastic film, remove the plastic film in the middle and early June, and cover with 7500kg/hm ² of wheat straw after cultivating the soil until the end of harvesting. The method can maintain good soil moisture and heat conditions during the tobacco growth period, promote the formation of layered and well-developed shelf root systems in tobacco plants, and facilitate the coordination of soil water, fertilizer, gas, and heat.

Description

A kind of covering cultivation method of flue-cured tobacco

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and relates to a mulching cultivation method of flue-cured tobacco, in particular to an integrated mulching cultivation technique of "front film and back straw" for producing flue-cured tobacco to extract potassium and reduce chlorine.

Background technique

In recent years, dry farming techniques such as film mulching and straw mulching technology have become more and more common in China's tobacco production, which has played an important role in the development of tobacco production. But the current mulching technology is still relatively extensive, blindly mulching with plastic film, and lacking other supporting measures for management. In many areas, even in plain tobacco areas with good water conditions, it is common for tobacco fields not to uncover the film during the whole growth period. Premature aging is not conducive to the production of high-quality tobacco leaves. In terms of research, most of the existing research on tobacco field mulching technology is aimed at plastic film mulching technology, but there is little information on tobacco straw mulching, and research on the comprehensive application of plastic film mulching and straw mulching is rarely reported .

The fluvo-aquic soil in the plain tobacco area of Henan Province is rich in potassium and calcareous, the groundwater table is shallow, and the soil and groundwater contain high chlorine content. Tobacco leaves "low in potassium and high in chlorine" are the most prominent problems in the inherent quality of tobacco leaves in this area.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the above-mentioned deficiencies existing in the prior art, and provide a kind of mulching cultivation method of flue-cured tobacco, the present invention considers the dynamic distribution characteristics of air temperature and rainfall, soil water and salt migration during the tobacco growth period in the plain area of Henan Province Laws of tobacco water and fertilizer nutrition, no mulching, plastic film mulching, wheat straw mulching (7500kg/hm ² ), integration of front film and back straw, and 7500kg/hm ² wheat straw mulching in the early stage and late mulch in the plain tobacco fields of Henan Province Several different mulching treatments were used to explore the dynamics of soil moisture and temperature changes during the tobacco growth period, as well as the effects of tobacco growth and yield on different conditions, and to improve potassium production through "dry farming technology" in the production of tobacco leaves in shallow buried areas of high-chlorinated groundwater. Provide a theoretical basis and technical approach to reduce chlorine and improve tobacco leaf quality.

Its technical solution is:

A mulching cultivation method of flue-cured tobacco, the total nitrogen application rate is 52.5kg/hm ² , the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers N:P ₂ O ₅ :K ₂ O is 1:1:3, the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer to base dressing is 7:3, and the base fertilizer Apply decomposed sesame cake fertilizer 3000kg/hm ² and ammonium nitrate 60kg/hm ² , topdressing potassium nitrate 75kg/hm ² in the group tree stage, use heavy superphosphate as the phosphate fertilizer, and use 80kg/hm ² as the base fertilizer; use potassium sulfate as the potassium fertilizer 191.4kg/hm ² is the base fertilizer, potassium sulfate 37kg/hm ² and potassium nitrate 84kg/hm ² are topdressed at the group tree stage, zinc sulfate 37.5kg/hm ² , boric acid 22.5kg/hm ² are applied as base fertilizer, and the base fertilizer is applied at the end of April in spring Apply double ditching at the beginning of May, then low ridges, and apply 15kg/hm ² phosphorus nitrate as nest fertilizer when transplanting tobacco, and topdressing is carried out by dissolving fertilizer injection irrigation method at the tobacco leaf cluster stage, and the planting density is 16,500-18,000 plants /hm ² , the tobacco seedlings were transplanted in the first ten days of May, and the tobacco seedlings were transplanted with medicine. The seedbed was sprayed with 800 times of omethoate solution, and a large hole was dug when transplanting, and water was poured. Plastic film, the tobacco seedlings grow until the middle and early June, remove the covered plastic film and cultivate the tobacco ridge. After the soil is cultivated, cover the tobacco ridge with wheat straw, the amount of wheat straw is 7500kg/hm ² , until the end of harvesting.

Beneficial effects of the present invention:

Compared with the prior art, through the dynamic monitoring of soil moisture and temperature during the tobacco growth period in the present invention, it can be found that the integrated mulching cultivation technology of "front film and back straw" can maintain a relatively good temperature in different stages of tobacco growth. Moisture conditions. At the same time, when the temperature is off season in the early stage of tobacco growth, the ground temperature can be significantly increased by mulching plastic film. In the season of high temperature in the middle and late stages of tobacco growth, the ground surface can be blocked from light, reduce surface evaporation, and maintain soil moisture by removing the film, cultivating soil, and covering wheat straw. 1. To stabilize the ground temperature, cultivate the soil to make the tobacco plants proliferate a large number of adventitious roots, forming a layered and developed frame-like root system, which is conducive to the absorption of soil water, fertilizer and nutrition and the coordination of the relationship between soil water, fertilizer, gas and heat. In addition, wheat straw mulching can inhibit the growth of weeds, reduce the damage of surface soil structure, improve soil permeability, and the gradual decomposition and mineralization of organic matter is also conducive to improving soil biological activity and increasing the input of soil potassium; soil temperature and surface evaporation The decline also inhibits the accumulation of highly free chloride ions (Cl ^- ) in the soil to the plow layer soil, thereby reducing the absorption of chloride ions by tobacco leaves. These are the important theoretical basis for why the mulching cultivation of "front film and back straw" can "raise potassium and reduce chlorine".

The integrated mulching cultivation technology of "front film and back straw" is based on the specific climate, soil and production conditions in the plain tobacco area of Henan Province, and is combined with the local optimized cultivation of high stem and strong seedlings, low ridging, deep digging, suitable It is matched with technical requirements such as early transplanting and reduction of early irrigation, and has a basis for its application. In this area, the early stage of field tobacco growth is the season of low temperature and little rain in late spring and early summer. The main obstacle to tobacco fields is low temperature. During this period, under the conditions of low ridge formation, deep digging, deep planting of tobacco, and sufficient watering, through mulching Plastic film ensures soil heat and water supply before soil cultivation in early June; after June, the ground temperature is too high, and the rainy season gradually progresses, and the rainfall is less when the tobacco leaves are harvested. Therefore, soil moisture in the middle and late stages of the tobacco field is still a limiting factor. Removing the film, cultivating the soil, and covering the wheat straw can effectively solve this problem, and at the same time, it also solves the habit of not removing the film and cultivating the soil for the whole period of the tobacco farmers' mulching. At the same time, this technology is suitable for the requirements of soil C/N adjustment, increase of organic matter and biological activity, and soil nutrient balance in this area, as well as the requirements of banning straw burning, green environmental protection and pollution-free agricultural production, and can achieve economic benefits, environmental benefits, and social benefits. Unity of benefits.

Under the specific climate and soil conditions of the test area, the integrated cultivation method of "film in front and straw in the back" can promote the early growth and rapid growth of tobacco plants, form a suitable tobacco leaf yield, and obtain the best tobacco leaf grade composition. The proportion of medium and high-grade tobacco, especially the substantial increase of high-grade tobacco, enables the maximum output value and economic benefits per unit area. The analysis of some chemical indicators also shows that in the integrated mulching cultivation of tobacco leaves with "front film and back straw", the content of potassium (K ₂ O) in tobacco leaves has increased significantly, reaching 1.84%, while the content of chlorine is the lowest, only 0.38%, and the ratio of potassium to chlorine has reached The appropriate ratio is 4.84. Compared with the non-covering treatment, the proportion of medium and high-grade tobacco in the tobacco leaves of other mulching measures decreased, but the output value per unit area of these treatments was relatively high due to the increase of tobacco leaf yield. However, from the perspective of the intrinsic quality of tobacco leaves, the potassium content of these cover-cultivated tobacco leaves is relatively low, the chlorine content is relatively high, and the ratio of potassium to chlorine is uncoordinated. Therefore, combined with the optimized low-riding, deep-planting tobacco, and soil-cultivation techniques, the integrated mulching cultivation technique of "film in front and straw in the back" can maintain good soil moisture and heat conditions during the tobacco growth period, and at the same time promote the formation of tobacco components. Layers and well-developed frame-like root system are conducive to the absorption of soil water, fertilizer and nutrients and the coordination of soil water, fertilizer, air and heat.

Detailed ways

The method of the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with specific examples.

A mulching cultivation method of flue-cured tobacco, the total nitrogen application rate is 52.5kg/hm ² , the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers N:P ₂ O ₅ :K ₂ O is 1:1:3, the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer to base dressing is 7:3, and the base fertilizer Apply decomposed sesame cake fertilizer 3000kg/hm ² and ammonium nitrate 60kg/hm ² , topdressing potassium nitrate 75kg/hm ² in the group tree stage, use heavy superphosphate as the phosphate fertilizer, and use 80kg/hm ² as the base fertilizer; use potassium sulfate as the potassium fertilizer 191.4kg/hm ² is the base fertilizer, potassium sulfate 37kg/hm ² and potassium nitrate 84kg/hm ² are topdressed at the group tree stage, zinc sulfate 37.5kg/hm ² , boric acid 22.5kg/hm ² are applied as base fertilizer, and the base fertilizer is applied at the end of April in spring Apply double ditching at the beginning of May, then low ridges, and apply 15kg/hm ² phosphorus nitrate as nest fertilizer when transplanting tobacco, and topdressing is carried out by dissolving fertilizer injection at the tobacco leaf cluster stage, and the tested tobacco variety is China Tobacco 101 or NC89, or the main local flue-cured tobacco variety, the planting density is 16,500-18,000 plants/hm ² , and the tobacco seedlings are transplanted in the first ten days of May, and the tobacco seedlings are transplanted with medicine. When transplanting, dig a large hole and pour enough water. After planting, sprinkle poisonous bait in time, and cover with plastic film according to local requirements, so as to keep water and heat preservation. When the tobacco seedlings grow to the middle and early June, remove the covered plastic film and carry out the cultivation of smoke ridges and soil. Immediately after that, cover the tobacco ridges with wheat straw, the amount of wheat straw is 7500kg/hm ² , until the end of harvesting. After the tobacco leaves are mature, they are harvested according to the local tobacco farmers' habits.

The above is only the best implementation mode of the present invention, any simple changes or equivalent replacements of the technical solutions that can be clearly obtained by any person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in the present invention all fall into the scope of the present invention within the scope of protection.

Claims (1)

1. A mulching cultivation method for flue-cured tobacco, characterized in that the total amount of nitrogen applied is 52.5kg/hm ² , the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers N: P ₂ O ₅ : K ₂ O is 1: 1: 3, and the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer base follow-up 7:3, 3000kg/ ^hm2 of decomposed sesame cake fertilizer and 60kg/ ^hm2 of ammonium nitrate were applied as base fertilizer, 75kg/ ^hm2 of potassium nitrate was topdressed at the group stage, and heavy superphosphate was used as phosphate fertilizer, and the application rate was 80kg/ ^hm2 . Base fertilizer: Potassium sulfate 191.4kg/hm ² is used as the base fertilizer, potassium sulfate 37kg/hm ² and potassium nitrate 84kg/hm ² are topdressed in the group tree stage, zinc sulfate 37.5kg/hm ² and boric acid 22.5kg/hm ² are applied as the base fertilizer , the base fertilizer is applied from the end of April to the beginning of May in spring, followed by low ridge formation. When the tobacco is transplanted, 15kg/hm ² of phosphorus nitrate is applied as nest fertilizer. The density is 16,500-18,000 plants/hm ² . Tobacco seedlings were transplanted in early May, and the tobacco seedlings were transplanted with medicine. The seedbed was sprayed with omethoate 800 times liquid. When transplanting, dig a large hole and water enough to plant Sprinkle poisonous bait in time, cover plastic film, and remove the plastic film covered by the tobacco seedlings until the middle and early June, and cultivate the smoke ridges. After the soil is cultivated, cover the tobacco ridges with wheat ^straw . Closed.