CN103348859A - No-tillage water-saving cotton seeding method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of planting, in particular to a no-tillage water-saving cotton seeding method. The no-tillage water-saving cotton seeding method comprises the steps that (1) ridging and fertilizing are carried out; (2) positions where seeding is carried out are watered, namely, watering is slightly carried out among ridges; (3) herbicide is sprayed and mulching films are paved, namely, after water permeates soil and can not be seen, and the herbicide is sprayed and the mulching films are paved at the same time; (4) hole forming and seeding are carried out, namely, holes are formed in two sides of each mulching film, and cotton seeds are put into the formed holes; (5) substrates are covered, namely, the holes are covered by the substrates after seeding, wherein the substrates comprise 70-75% of fine sand and 25-30% of a grass carbon and perlite mixture. Aiming at the potential risks that hardening can be caused and seedling emergence can be affected because film hole forming and soil covering are popularized in the Yellow River basin, the specific covering substrates for film hole forming and seeding developed according to the no-tillage water-saving cotton seeding method have the advantages of preserving heat, and being ventilative, free of hardening and good in seedling emergence. Meanwhile, because cotton seedling stage disease control drugs are added, seedling stage diseases can be reduced, and the neat and strong seedling effect is achieved.

Description

Cotton no-tillage and water-saving sowing method

technical field

The invention relates to the field of planting, in particular to a no-tillage and water-saving sowing method for cotton.

Background technique

my country has a history of more than 2,000 years of cotton planting, and is one of the countries with a long history of cotton planting in the world. It has now become a major cotton producing country, a major cotton consumer country and a major cotton technology country. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's cotton varieties and planting techniques have been continuously updated, and the cotton yield has continued to increase, from 165kg/hm ² in 1949 to the average yield of 1175kg/hm ² in the first 10 years of the 21st century, and the cotton yield has increased by more than 6 times.

At present, my country's cotton cultivation techniques mainly include seedling transplanting technology, film-covered live broadcast technology, and film-covered drip irrigation cultivation technology. Seedling transplanting technology is based on precision agriculture and is mainly used in the Yangtze River Basin. Its advantage is that it uses less seeds, but its disadvantage is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The film-covered live broadcast technology is mainly used in the Yellow River Basin. Its advantage is stable output, but its disadvantage is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Waste of water; mulching drip irrigation cultivation technology is a relatively advanced cultivation technology, mainly used in Xinjiang irrigated agricultural areas, its advantages are water saving, high yield, the disadvantage is high investment, and low efficiency in non-irrigated areas.

In recent years, my country's cotton area has gradually declined, especially in the Yellow River Basin. The main reason is that the cost of cotton planting increases year by year and the degree of mechanization is low. Compared with grain crops such as wheat and corn, its comparative advantage in economic benefits is gradually reduced or even lost. The cotton area in the Yellow River Basin mainly adopts plastic film covering live broadcasting technology. The specific process is that the land needs to be prepared before sowing. Generally, tractors are used to plow the ground, rake the ground, ridges, water, and rake the ground again when the moisture is suitable. Put the seedlings and press the soil manually. The disadvantages of this technology are time-consuming and labor-intensive, low water use efficiency, high cost and low benefit. Moreover, the Yellow River Basin often receives rain after sowing, which will cause compaction of the covering soil in the sowing holes, resulting in the failure of normal emergence of cotton seeds. Therefore, it is of great significance to strengthen the research on cotton light, simplified and mechanized sowing technology, and to explore low energy consumption, low intensity and high benefit sowing technology to improve cotton planting efficiency and stabilize cotton area.

Contents of the invention

Aiming at the risk of the existing perforated cover soil in the Yellow River Basin, the present invention has developed a special covering substrate, which has the characteristics of heat preservation, air permeability, non-hardening, and good seedling emergence. At the same time, it also adds cotton seedling disease control drugs, which can reduce seedling Diseases, to achieve the effect of Qi Miao Zhuang.

The purpose of the present invention is to explore a simple, practical, and easy-to-promote no-tillage and water-saving sowing method, solve the problems existing in the current live broadcasting technology in the cotton area of the Yellow River Basin, reduce costs, and improve benefits.

The cotton no-tillage water-saving sowing method provided by the present invention comprises the following steps:

1) Ridging and fertilization. In the early stage of preparation for sowing, use a tractor to form a ridge with a ridge width of 60cm, a ridge spacing of 90cm, and a ridge height of about 20cm. During the ridge formation process, use a fertilizer applicator to apply base fertilizer. Fertilize in 3 rows, the fertilization row spacing is 40cm, and the base fertilizer is about 30kg per mu;

2) Watering, before sowing, only water the sowing place, that is, watering between the ridges, just water for horse racing, about 30 tons of water per mu;

3) Spray the herbicide and lay the mulch, wait for the water to seep into the soil, and use the sprayer to spray the herbicide all over the ground, and lay the mulch at the same time, use a 100cm wide mulch, the mulch can be tightly combined with the soil, the mulch Both sides use film pressers to press the film into the soil, which can effectively prevent water evaporation and strong wind from blowing up the film.

4) Punching and sowing. When sowing, use a machine or manually use a puncher to punch holes on both sides of the mulch film. The row spacing is 60cm, the plant spacing is 28cm, the hole diameter is 2.5cm, and the hole depth is 3.0-3.5cm. into cotton.

5) Substrate covering. After sowing, the special substrate can be used to cover the sowing hole by machine or manually ^. The dosage of each hole is 20-30cm ³ . The substrate should press the plastic film around the hole and compact it. The matrix is composed of fine sand with a mass or volume ratio of 70%-75%, a mixture of grass carbon and perlite with a mass or volume ratio of 25%-30%, and an appropriate amount of root-promoting agent and seedling-preserving agent.

The perforated seeding on the film has the advantages of low risk, good seedling emergence, and labor saving. It is mainly promoted and applied in Xinjiang, using the soil cover in the field, but the Yellow River Basin often rains after planting, which will cause compaction of the covering soil in the sowing holes. , causing cotton seeds to fail to emerge normally. Aiming at the risk of the existing method of perforating and covering soil in the Yellow River Basin, the present invention develops a special covering matrix, which has the characteristics of heat preservation, air permeability, no hardening, and good emergence of seedlings. Diseases at the seedling stage can achieve the effect of uniform seedlings and strong seedlings.

According to the advantage of no-tillage water-saving cultivation method of the present invention is:

1) No-tillage and environmental protection. After the cotton is harvested, use the cotton firewood harvester to pull out the cotton stalks, and more than 95% of the plastic film will be removed along with the cotton firewood, effectively reducing the content of residual film in the farmland; at the same time, after the cotton is harvested, the ground will not be plowed and the original soil will not be damaged. There is a plow layer, no harrowing, reducing environmental pollution.

2) Energy saving and labor saving. Due to the use of no-tillage technology, it eliminates the need for plowing the ground for winter irrigation, raking the land for ridges, watering and raking the land again, and has the effect of saving electricity and energy. It can save electricity costs of 5 yuan per mu and agricultural machinery costs of about 100 yuan per mu. It can save 2 laborers for site preparation, and save a total cost of about 180 yuan per mu.

3) Water saving and high efficiency. Applying this technology, only 60% of the arable land area is watered, and it is only the horse race water instead of the traditional flood irrigation, and the area that is not sown is not irrigated, so it can save about 40% of water, about 40 cubic meters of water; after irrigation, After the surface water seeps down, cover the planting area with plastic film to reduce water evaporation and improve water use efficiency. Generally, no irrigation is required until the first ten days of July, reducing watering once and saving 40 cubic meters of water. The Yellow River Basin will enter the flood season in July, and watering is generally no longer required after that. Therefore, the whole growth period can save about 70 cubic meters of water, about 60%.

4) Miao Qi Miao Zhuang. Covered with a special substrate, it has the characteristics of good heat preservation, no hardening, good seedling emergence, neat seedlings, and seedling disease prevention. The emergence rate in the field is over 97%, and there are very few occurrences of cotton seedling blight and root rot.

Description of drawings

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of ridging and fertilization.

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of sowing.

Detailed ways

Embodiment 1 No-tillage water-saving cotton sowing method

1. Selection and arrangement of plots. On April 3, 2011, in Dongwei Village, Cheng'an Town, Cheng'an County, Hebei Province, a plot of 30 mu with flat terrain was selected. After simply leveling the plot, use a tractor to ridge and fertilize under the ridge. The fertilization under the ridge is carried out according to the row spacing of 40cm, a total of 3 rows, the ridge width is 60cm, and the ridge spacing is 90cm. The mechanical cost is about 60 yuan/mu, which is 120 yuan/mu less than the common sowing method.

2. Watering. On April 11, 2011, the pumped well was used to pump groundwater for irrigation, and the water was irrigated under the ridge. The total pumped water was about 1,000 tons, which saved more than 50% of water compared with flood irrigation.

3. Spraying herbicides and laying mulch. When the water under the ridge seeps into the ground and there is no clear water, use the sprayer to spray the herbicide on the whole plot, and use a 100cm wide mulch film under the ridge to manually lay the mulch film, and use the pressing wheel to press both sides of the mulch film into the soil, and the labor cost is 0.5 One man per mu, compared with the ordinary method of laying plastic film, it reduces labor by 1 per mu. Due to the saturation of soil moisture, the mulch film will be closely combined with the soil after it is laid, and there is no need to press the soil on the mulch film, and it can effectively prevent the evaporation of water and the blowing of the mulch film by strong winds.

4. Punch and sow. On April 21, 2011, using a puncher with a diameter of about 2.5cm, the holes were manually drilled according to the row spacing of 60cm and the plant spacing of 28cm. The hole depth was 2.5-3.0cm. Cotton seeds require about 1 labor per mu, which is 0.5 labor more than ordinary sowing methods.

5. Cover with soil. Make sure to cover the hole after sowing with a special substrate. On average, 0.1 square meters of substrate is needed per mu of land, and the approximate cost is 5 yuan/mu. Covered with a special substrate, with strong heat preservation and good air permeability, it basically guarantees that all seedlings are sown once, and the emergence rate is 98%, and there are few dead seedlings in the subsequent period of time. The dosage for each hole is 25-30cm ³ , the substrate should press the plastic film around the hole and compacted, the dosage is 0.1m ³ per mu. The substrate is composed of 70%-75% fine sand, 25%-30% grass carbon and perlite mixture, plus an appropriate amount of seedling-preserving and root-promoting agent (the main components are active humic acid, sodium naphthalene acetate and antibiotics, and each cubic substrate contains root promoting agent 100-150 grams).

6. Due to the plastic film covering, the water is not easy to lose, which can basically guarantee the water demand of cotton from sowing to bud stage. Because the plastic film is close to the soil and the use of herbicides, it is difficult for weeds to grow in the plastic film covering part, which can effectively control weeds and reduce weeding labor. In early July, a film-breaking machine was used to cut the mulch from the middle and topdress it, and natural precipitation or watering could penetrate into the ground smoothly, and it could reduce the evaporation of water and meet the water demand of cotton. After the cotton is harvested, the cotton stalks are pulled out with the cotton firewood harvester, and more than 95% of the plastic film is removed along with the cotton firewood, which effectively reduces the content of residual film in the farmland. Using this cultivation technology can effectively reduce the consumption of groundwater, which is less than 50% of the conventional water consumption.

Influence of substrate on emergence rate under the condition of no-tillage and water-saving sowing of embodiment 2

In 2010, a test of the impact of substrate dosage on the emergence rate was carried out at the Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2010. The no-tillage and water-saving seeding method provided by the present invention was used to set up 2 factors and 4 levels of random block experiments, 2 row blocks 3 repetitions, The area of the plot is 20m ² , the diameter of the sowing hole is 2.5cm, and the sowing depth is 2, 2.5, 3, and 4cm. Double, 2 times, 2.5 times four levels, the standard is that the upper surface of the substrate is flush with the surrounding plastic film, and the cotyledon is flat (every 8 days after sowing) to investigate the emergence rate. The test results are as follows:

2cm 2.5cm 3cm 4cm 1 times 82.1 83.4 83.1 85.4 1.5 times 88.6 98.2 97.9 95.1 2 times 90.8 98.5 99.1 90.5 2.5 times 89.6 92.1 90.2 88.6

The results show that when the sowing depth is 2.5-3cm and the amount of substrate is 1.5-2 times the theoretical volume, the emergence rate is higher, both higher than 97%. That is, the amount of each hole is 20-30cm ³ , and the density per mu is 3000-3500 plants. The substrate dosage is about 0.1m ³ .

In 2010, the laboratory of the Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences conducted a study on the influence of substrate composition changes on seedling emergence. The experiment used a 29cm×20cm×12cm plastic box as the plot unit, and put the test soil in each plastic box (the surface layer was taken from the sowing field) Fine soil after passing through a 30-mesh sieve) 10cm thick, add water evenly, cover with film, 10 seeding holes per box, hole diameter 2.5cm, depth 2.5cm, take Zhongmian Institute 41 as the test material, 2 seeds per hole Set 4 levels of substrate for seed and covering, namely ① fine sand content 100%, ② fine sand content 75%, grass carbon and perlite mixture content 25%; ③ fine sand content 50%, grass carbon and perlite mixture content 50%; ④ The content of fine sand is 0%, the content of grass carbon and perlite mixture is 100%; the amount of substrate is 1.5 times the theoretical volume. After sowing, place it in an incubator at 35 degrees, and investigate the emergence rate 7 days after sowing. The results showed that the second group, that is, the content of fine sand was 75%, the content of grass carbon and perlite mixture was 25%, the emergence rate was 98.9%, the emergence rate of the first and fourth groups were 88% and 75% respectively. In production applications it has been found that there is a greater risk when fully covered with fine sand or safely with a mixture of grass carbon and perlite. For example, after sowing in 2011, there was heavy rain, and the fine sand was agglomerated, and the cotton seedlings lifted the sand, which caused the cotton seedlings to be exposed to the air. After emergence, the windy and sunny weather would affect the growth of cotton seedlings, and even lead to the death of cotton seedlings. , the emergence rate is only about 70%. When about 25% of peat and perlite are mixed into the covering fine sand, the covering matrix will basically not be agglomerated after heavy rain, and has good air permeability, and can effectively control the cost. Peat and perlite are more expensive than sand, and adding more peat and perlite adds to the cost. After comparison, the mixture of about 25%-30% grass carbon and perlite mixture and 70%-75% fine sand is used as mulch, which has better emergence effect and effective cost control.

Claims (4)

1. the no-tillage water saving type of seeding that grows cotton is characterized in that described method comprises step:

1) ridging and fertilising;

2) water, before the sowing, only water in the place of sowing, namely only between the ridge, gently water;

3) spraying herbicide and spreading wait water to infiltrate in the soil, lose open fire, spraying herbicide, simultaneously spreading;

4) punching sowing during sowing, at two side perforatings of mulch film, is put into cotton seed therein after having openning hole;

5) matrix covers, and after planting, will sow hole with matrix and cover, and described matrix comprises the fine sand of 70%-75%, careless carbon and the perlite mixture of 25%-30%.

2. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in step 5), the consumption of every pore matrix is 20-30cm ³

3. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, in step 5), the consumption of every mu of pore matrix is 0.1m ³

4. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described matrix comprises the rooting promoter of keeping a full stand of seedings.

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