CN101085985A - 纤维素酶变体 - Google Patents
纤维素酶变体 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101085985A CN101085985A CNA2007101019344A CN200710101934A CN101085985A CN 101085985 A CN101085985 A CN 101085985A CN A2007101019344 A CNA2007101019344 A CN A2007101019344A CN 200710101934 A CN200710101934 A CN 200710101934A CN 101085985 A CN101085985 A CN 101085985A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- humicola insolens
- cellulase
- enzyme
- acid
- residue
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Abstract
一种通过氨基酸的取代、缺失或插入来改进纤维素分解酶性质的方法,该方法包括下列步骤:a.构建至少两个氨基酸序列的多重对比,所述序列已知具有与来自Humicola insolens的内切葡聚糖酶V(EGV)类似的三维结构,该结构从蛋白质数据库4ENG项可知;b.以EGV结构为基础,构建该纤维素分解酶的基于同源性的三维结构;c.识别距离底物结合裂隙不超过5的氨基酸残基位置;d.识别酶的暴露于表面的氨基酸残基;e.识别酶的所有带电或可能带电的氨基酸残基位置;f.选择一个或多个位置,在所述位置处氨基酸残基将被取代、缺失或将插入氨基酸残基;g.用常规的蛋白质工程技术进行取代、缺失或插入;和由该方法得到的纤维素酶变体。
Description
本案是分案申请,申请号为97197983.9(国际申请号为PCT/DK97/00393),申请日为1997年9月17日,发明名称为“纤维素酶变体”
本发明涉及通过取代、插入和/或缺失的方法得自一种母体纤维素酶(也就是内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶)的纤维素酶变体,也就是内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶变体,该变体具有一个催化性核心结构域,该结构域内,所述变体在5位具有丙氨酸残基(A)、丝氨酸残基(S)或苏氨酸残基(T);在8位具有苯丙氨酸残基(F)或酪氨酸残基(Y);在9位具有苯丙氨酸残基(F)、色氨酸残基(W)或酪氨酸残基(Y);在10位具有天冬氨酸残基(D);在121位具有天冬氨酸残基(D)。
背景技术
纤维素酶或纤维素分解酶是涉及纤维素水解的酶。在天然纤维素的水解中,已知涉及三种主要类型的纤维素酶,即纤维素生物水解酶(1,4-β-D-葡聚糖纤维素生物水解酶,EC 3.2.1.91)、内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(内切1,4-β-D-葡聚糖4-葡聚糖水解酶,EC 3.2.1.4)和β-葡糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.21)。
尤其是内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(EC No.3.2.1.4)构成了令人关注的一组用于所述工业用途的水解酶。内切葡聚糖酶催化下列内切水解反应:纤维素、纤维素衍生物(例如羧甲基纤维素和羟乙基纤维素)和地衣淀粉中的1,4-β-D-糖苷键,混合的β-1,3葡聚糖(例如谷类β-D-葡聚糖或木葡聚糖)和其他含有纤维素部分的植物材料中的β-1,4键。法定名称为内切1,4-β-D-葡聚糖4-葡聚糖水解酶,不过本说明书中使用缩略语内切葡聚糖酶。可以参考T.-M.Enveri,“微生物纤维素酶”,W.M.Fogarty,《微生物酶与生物技术》,应用科学出版社,p.183-224(1983);《酶学方法》(1988)160卷,p.200-391(Wood,W.A.和Kellogg,S.T.编);Beguin,P.,“纤维素降解的分子生物学”,《微生物学年评》(1990)44卷,pp.219-248;Beguin,P.和Aubert,J-P.,“纤维素的生物学降解”,
《欧洲微生物学联合会微生物学评论》13(1994)p.25-58;Henrissat,B.,“纤维素酶及其与纤维素的相互作用”,《纤维素》(1994)1卷,pp.169-196。
纤维素酶可由大量微生物和植物合成,这些微生物包括真菌、放线菌、粘液菌和真细菌。尤其已经鉴定了具有各种专一性的内切葡聚糖酶。
纤维素分解酶的一个非常重要的工业用途是用于纤维素纺织品或织物的处理,例如作为洗涤剂组合物或织物软化剂组合物的成分;用于新织物的生物抛光(服装涂饰);用于获得含纤维素织物、尤其是斜纹粗棉布的“石洗”样外观,并且已经提出了若干用于这些处理的方法,例如GB-A-1368599、EP-A-0307564和EP-A-0435876、WO 91/17243、WO 91/10732、WO 91/17244、PCT/DK 95/000108和PCT/DK 95/00132。纤维素分解酶的另一种重要的工业用途是用于纸浆的处理,例如用于改进排水或回收纸的脱墨。
还已知纤维素酶可以具有或可以不具有一个纤维素结合结构域(CBD)。CBD能加强酶对含纤维素纤维的结合,增加酶催化活性部分的功效。
真菌和细菌产生一系列纤维素分解酶(纤维素酶),根据序列的相似性(疏水性聚类分析),可以分为不同族的糖基水解酶(Henrissat B & Bairoch A;《生物化学杂志》1993,293:781-788)。目前已知的纤维素酶属于第5、6、7、8、9、10、12、26、44、45、48、60和61族糖基水解酶。
WO 91/17243、WO 91/17244和WO 91/10732等描述了工业上有良好表现的内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶,WO 94/07998描述了特异的纤维素酶变体。
本发明的目的是提供新颖的纤维素分解酶变体,该变体与母体酶比较,表现出改进的性能。
发明概述
在可用于工业生产方法的纤维素分解酶、也就是内切1,4-葡聚糖酶中,已经鉴定了大量氨基酸残基的位置,这些位置对酶的性质、继而对其在这些生产方法中的性能都是重要的。
因此,本发明第一方面提供了通过氨基酸的取代、缺失或插入来改进纤维素分解酶性质的方法,该方法包括下列步骤:
a·构建至少两个氨基酸序列的多重对比,该氨基酸序列已知具有类似于来自Humicola insolens的内切葡聚糖酶V(EGV)的三维结构,该结构从蛋白质数据库4ENG项可知;
b·以EGV结构为基础,构建纤维素分解酶的基于同源性的三维结构;
c·识别距离底物结合裂隙不超过5_的氨基酸残基位置;
d·识别酶的暴露于表面的氨基酸残基;
e·识别酶的所有带电或可能带电的氨基酸残基位置;
f·选择一个或几个位置,其中的氨基酸残基将被取代、缺失或将插入氨基酸残基;
g·用常规的蛋白质工程技术进行取代、缺失或插入。
利用本发明方法,通过本身为已知的蛋白质工程方法,将所需性质从一种纤维素酶转移到另一种纤维素酶上实际上现已成为可能。
更具体来说,本发明提供了纤维素酶变体,该变体关于下列性质得到了改进:改变(增加或减少)了的催化活性;和/或改变了的对阴离子表面活性剂的敏感性;和/或改变了的pH最优值和pH活性曲线以及稳定性曲线。
因此在进一步的方面,本发明提供了一种通过取代、插入和/或缺失的方法而得自母体纤维素酶的纤维素酶变体,该变体具有一个催化性核心结构域,其中该变体
在5位具有丙氨酸残基(A)、丝氨酸残基(S)或苏氨酸残基(T);
在8位具有苯丙氨酸残基(F)或酪氨酸残基(Y);
在9位具有苯丙氨酸残基(F)、色氨酸残基(W)或酪氨酸残基(Y);
在10位具有天冬氨酸残基(D);以及
在121位具有天冬氨酸残基(D)(纤维素酶编号方式)。
发明的详细公开
纤维素酶变体
本发明提供了通过取代、插入和/或缺失而得自母体纤维素酶的新纤维素酶变体。本发明的纤维素酶变体是一种纤维素酶变体或变异的纤维素酶,它具有自然界中没有发现过的氨基酸序列。本发明的纤维素酶变体表现出改进的性能,特别是增加了催化活性;和/或改变了对阴离子表面活性剂的敏感性;和/或改变了pH最优值;和/或改变了耐热性。
本发明的纤维素酶变体或变异的纤维素酶可以被正式地看作是母体纤维素酶(也就是天然或野生型酶)的功能衍生物,并且可以通过改变母体基因或其衍生物(能编码母体酶)的DNA核苷酸序列而获得。若将编码纤维素酶变体的DNA核苷酸序列插入适当的宿主生物体的适当载体,则可以表达和产生纤维素酶变体或变异的纤维素酶。宿主生物体不必与母体基因来源的生物体相同。
在文献中,已经把酶变体称为突变体或突变蛋白。
氨基酸
本发明的上下文中,使用下列氨基酸和氨基酸残基的符号和缩写:
A = Ala = 丙氨酸
C = Cys = 半胱氨酸
D = Asp = 天冬氨酸
E = Glu = 谷氨酸
F = Phe = 苯丙氨酸
G = Gly = 甘氨酸
H = His = 组氨酸
I = Ile = 异亮氨酸
K = Lys = 赖氨酸
L = Leu = 亮氨酸
M = Met = 甲硫氨酸
N = Asn = 天冬酰胺
P = Pro = 脯氨酸
Q = Gln = 谷氨酰胺
R = Arg = 精氨酸
S = Ser = 丝氨酸
T = Thr = 苏氨酸
V = Val = 缬氨酸
W = Trp = 色氨酸
Y = Tyr = 酪氨酸
B = Asx = Asp或Asn
Z = Glx = Glu或Gln
X = Xaa = 任意氨基酸
* = 缺失或缺无的氨基酸
纤维素酶编号方式
在本发明的上下文中,对纤维素分解酶中氨基酸残基位置使用特殊的编号方式。如下表1所示,通过对比已知纤维素酶的氨基酸序列,是有可能将一个氨基酸位置号明确分配给任何纤维素分解酶中的任意氨基酸残基的,只要它的氨基酸序列是已知的。
下表1中,对比了11种所选择的不同微生物来源的纤维素酶的氨基酸序列。它们是(a)Humicola insolens;(b)枝顶孢.;(c)Volutella collectotrichoides;(d)粪生粪壳;(e)Thielaviaterrestris;(f)尖镰孢;(g)嗜热毁丝霉(Myceliophthorathermophila);(h)Crinipellis scabella;(i)菜豆壳球孢(Macrophomina phaseolina);(j)荧光假单胞菌;(k)玉蜀黍黑粉菌。WO 96/29397描述了纤维素酶(a-i),基因库中入藏号G45498描述了(j),基因库中入藏号S81598和《生物化学》Hoppe-Seyler,1995,376(10):617-625描述了(k)。
使用发源于得自WO 91/17243等公开的Humicola insolens菌株的、序列列在表1第一列中的纤维素酶(内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶)氨基酸序列的编号系统,和许多其他纤维素酶的氨基酸序列一起对比,就有可能明确指出纤维素分解酶中氨基酸残基的位置。
在描述按照本发明产生或预期产生的不同纤维素酶变体时,为便于参考,使用下列命名法:
[原始氨基酸;位置;取代的氨基酸]
因此,在119位用组氨酸取代谷氨酰胺记为Q119H。
代表与来自Humicola insolens的纤维素酶氨基酸序列有关的插入的氨基酸残基的编号方法是,按字母顺序向前一个纤维素酶编号加入字母,例如,*21aV位代表“插入”的缬氨酸(V),该位点在来自Humicola insolens纤维素酶的氨基酸序列的21位赖氨酸和22位丙氨酸之间没有氨基酸存在,参见表1。
来自Humicola insolens的纤维素酶氨基酸序列中49位脯氨酸(P)的缺失记为P49*。
多个突变由斜线号(“/”)分开,例如Q119H/Q146R,代表119位和146位的突变,其中分别用组氨酸(H)取代谷氨酰胺(Q)和用精氨酸(R)取代谷氨酰胺(Q)。
如果取代是由得自Humicola insolens等菌株的纤维素酶内的突变产生的,则将产物记为“Humicola insolens/*49P”。
本申请中由纤维素酶编号方式指代的所有位置均指上述纤维素酶编号,并且相对于得自Humicola insolens的纤维素酶的氨基酸序列而定,参见表1(a)。
表1
氨基酸序列对比
所选择的不同微生物来源的纤维素酶的编号方式
(a)Humicola insolens;(b)枝顶孢.;(c)Volutellacollectotrichoides;(d)粪生粪壳;(e)Thielavia terrestris;(f)尖镰孢;(g)嗜热毁丝霉;(h)Crinipellis scabella;(i)菜豆壳球孢;(j)荧光假单胞菌;(k)玉蜀黍黑粉菌。
a b c d e f g h i j k
1 A G G G G G G T T C *
2 D S T S S S I A S N *
3 G G G G G G G G G G G
4 R H R K Q H Q V V Y M
5 S T T S S S T T T A A
6 T T T T T T T T T T T
7 R R R R R R R R R R R
8 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
9 W W W W W W W W W W W
10 D D D D D D D D D D D
11 C C C C C C C C C C C
12 C C C C C C C C C C C
13 K K K K K K K K K K L
14 P P P P P P P P P P A
15 S S S S S S S S S H S
16 C C C C C C C C C C A
17 G A G A A S A G A G S
18 W W W W W W W W W W W
19 A D D S P S P S T S E
20 K E E G G G G G G A G
21 K K K K K K K K K N K
21a * * * * * * * * * V *
22 A A A A A A G A A P A
23 P A S S A A P S S S P
24 V V V V V V * V V L V
25 N S S N S N S S S V Y
26 Q R Q R Q A S A K S A
27 P P P P P P P P P P P
28 V V V V V A V V V L V
29 F T K L Y L Q R G Q D
30 S T T A A T A T T S A
31 C C C C C C C C C C C
32 N D D D D D D D D S K
33 A R R A A K K R I A A
34 N N N N N N N N N N D
35 F N N N F D D G D N G
36 Q S N N Q N N N N T V
37 R P P P R P P T A R T
38 I L L L L I F L Q L L
39 T S A N S S N G T S I
40 D P S D D N D P P D D
41 F * * A F T G * S V S
42 D G T N N N G * D S K
42a * * * * * * S D L * K
43 A A A V V A T V L V D
44 K V R K Q V R K K G P
45 S S S S S N S S S S S
46 G G G G G G G G S S G
47 C C C C C C C C C C Q
48 E D D D N E D D D D S
49 P P S * * G A S * * G
49a * * * * * * * * * * C
49b * * * * * * * * * * N
50 G N N G G G G G G G G
51 G G G G G G G G G G G
52 V V V S S S S T S G N
53 A A A A A A A S A G K
54 Y F Y Y Y Y Y F Y Y F
55 S T T T S A M T Y M M
56 C C C C C C C C C C C
57 A N N A A T S A S W S
58 D D D N D N S N N D C
59 Q N N N Q Y Q N Q K M
60 T Q Q S T S S G G I Q
61 P P P P P P P P P P P
62 W W W W W W W F W F F
63 A A A A A A A A A A D
64 V V V V V V V I V V D
65 N N N N N N S D N S E
66 D N D D D D D N D P T
67 D N N N N E E N S T D
68 F V L L L L L T L L P
69 A A A A A A S A S A T
70 L Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y L
71 G G G G G G G G G G A
72 F F F F F F W F F Y F
73 A A A A A A A A A A G
74 A A A A A A A A A A F
75 T T T T T T V A A T G
76 S A A K S K K H K S A
77 I F F L I I L L L S F
78 A P S S A S A A S G T
79 G G G G G G G G G D T
80 S G G G G G S S K V G
81 N N S T S S S S Q * Q
82 E E E E E E E E E * E
83 A A A S S A S A T * S
84 G S S S S S Q A D * D
85 W W W W W W W W W * T
86 C C C C C C C C C C D
87 C C C C C C C C C G C
88 A A A A A A A Q G R A
89 C C C C C C C C C C C
90 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y F
91 E A A A A A E E K Q Y
92 L L L L L L L L L L A
93 T Q Q T T T T T T Q E
94 F F F F F F F F F F F
95 T T T T T T T T T T E
95a * * * * * * * * * G *
95b * * * * * * * * * S *
95c * * * * * * * * * S *
95d * * * * * * * * * Y *
95e * * * * * * * * * N *
95f * * * * * * * * * A *
95g * * * * * * * * * P *
95h * * * * * * * * * G H
95i * * * * * * * * * D D
95j * * * * * * * * * P A
95k * * * * * * * * * G Q
96 S S S S S T S S S S G
97 G G G G G G G G T A K
98 P P P P P P P P A A A
99 V V V V V V V V V L M
100 A A A S A K A V S A K
101 G G G G G G G G G G R
102 K K K K K K K K K K N
103 K T T T T K K K Q T K
104 M M M L M M M L M M L
105 V V V V V I I T I I I
106 V V V V V V V V V V F
107 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
108 S S S S S S A V I A V
109 T T T T T T T T T T T
110 S N N S S N N N N N N
111 T T T T T T T T T I V
112 G G G G G G G G G G G
113 G G G G G G G G G Y G
114 D D D D D D D D D D D
115 L L L L L L L L L V V
116 G S S G G G G G G S Q
117 S G G S S D D N N G S
118 N T N N N N N N N G Q
119 H H H H Q H H H H Q N
120 F F F F F F F F F F F
121 D D D D D D D D D D D
122 L I I L I L L L I I F
123 N Q L N A M A M A L Q
124 I M M M M M I I M V I
125 P P P P P P P P P P P
126 G G G G G G G G G G G
127 G G G G G G G G G G G
128 G G G G G G G G G G G
129 V L L V V V V V V V L
130 G G G G G G G G G G G
131 I I I L I I I L I A A
132 F F F F F F F F F F F
132a * * * * * * * T * * P
133 D D D D N D N Q N N K
134 G G G G G G A G G A G
135 C C C C C C C C C C C
136 T T T K S T T P S S P
137 P P P R S S D A K A A
138 Q Q Q E Q E Q Q Q Q Q
139 F F W F F F Y F W W W
140 G G G G G G G G N G G
140a * F V * * K A S G V V
141 G T S G G A P W I S E
142 L F F L L L P N * N A
143 P P P P P G N G * A S
143a * * * * * * G * N E L
143b * * * * * * W * L L W
144 G G G G G G G G G G G
145 Q N N A A A D A N A D
146 R R R Q Q Q R Q Q Q Q
147 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
148 G G G G G G G G G G G
149 G G G G G G G G G G G
150 I T T I I I I V F F V
150a * * * * * * * * * L *
150b * * * * * * * * * A *
150c * * * * * * * * * A *
150d * * * * * * * * * C *
150e * * * * * * * * * K *
150f * * * * * * * * * Q *
150g * * * * * * * * * Q *
150h * * * * * * * * * L *
150i * * * * * * * * * G *
150j * * * * * * * * * Y *
150k * * * * * * * * * N *
151 S T T S S S H S T A K
152 S S S S S S S S D S S
153 R R R R R R K R R L A
154 N S S S D S E D S S T
155 E Q Q E Q E E Q Q Q E
156 C C C C C C C C C Y C
157 D A S D D D E S A K S
158 R E Q S S S S Q T S K
159 F L I F F Y F L L C L
160 P P P P P P P P P V P
160a * * * * * * * * * L *
160b * * * * * * * * * N *
160c * * * * * * * * * R *
160d * * * * * * * * * C *
160e * * * * * * * * * D *
160f * * * * * * * * * S *
160g * * * * * * * * * V *
160h * * * * * * * * * F *
160i * * * * * * * * * G *
160j * * * * * * * * * S *
160k * * * * * * * * * R *
160l * * * * * * * * * G *
160m * * * * * * * * * L *
161 D S S A A E E A S T K
162 A V A A P L A A K Q P
163 L L L L L L L V W L L
164 K R Q K K K K Q Q Q Q
165 P D P P P D P A A Q E
166 G G G G G G G G S G G
167 C C C C C C C C C C C
168 Y H N Q Q H N Q N T K
169 W W W W W W W F W W W
170 R R R R R R R R R F R
171 F Y Y F F F F F F A F
172 D D D D D D D D D E S
173 W W W W W W W W W W E
174 F F F F F F F M F F W
175 K N N K Q E Q G E E G
176 N D D N N N N G N A D
177 A A A A A A A A A A N
178 D D D D D D D D D D P
179 N N N N N N N N N N V
180 P P P P P P P P P P L
181 S N D E T D S N T S K
182 F V V F F F V V V L G
183 S N S T T T T T D K S
184 F W W F F F F F W Y P
185 R R R K Q E Q R E K K
186 Q R R Q Q Q E P P E R
187 V V V V V V V V V V V
188 Q R Q Q Q Q A T T P K
189 C C C C C C C C C C C
190 P P P P P P P P P P P
191 A A A S A K S A Q A K
192 E A A E E A E Q E E S
193 L L L L I L L L L L L
194 V T T T V L T T V T I
195 A N D S A D S N A T D
196 R R R R R I K I R R R
197 T S T T S S S S T S S
198 G G G G G G G G G G G
199 C C C C C C C C C M C
200 R V R K K K S V S N Q
201 R R R R R R R R R R R
*该位置中没有氨基酸残基
本发明的酶(内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶)变体
本发明涉及纤维素酶变体。更具体来说,本发明提供了通过取代、插入和/或缺失的方法而得自母体纤维素酶的纤维素酶变体,该变体具有一个催化性核心结构域,在该结构域内,所述变体
在5位具有丙氨酸残基(A)、丝氨酸残基(S)或苏氨酸残基(T);
在8位具有苯丙氨酸残基(F)或酪氨酸残基(Y);
在9位具有苯丙氨酸残基(F)、色氨酸残基(W)或酪氨酸残基(Y);
在10位具有天冬氨酸残基(D);
在121位具有天冬氨酸残基(D)(纤维素酶编号方式)。
本发明的内切葡聚糖酶可以含有一个作为酶整体部分而存在的纤维素结合结构域(CBD),或者来自另一种来源的CBD可以被引入内切葡聚糖酶,于是创造出一个酶杂合体。在本文中,对术语“纤维素结合结构域”的理解是如下列所定义的:Peter Tomme等,“纤维素结合结构域:分类与性质”,出自《不溶性碳水化合物的酶降解》,John N.Saddler和Michael H.Penner(Eds.),ACS专题论文集系列第618号,1996。该定义将超过120种纤维素结合结构域分为10族(I-X),并证明了在不同酶中都发现有CBD,这些酶例如有纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、甘露聚糖酶、阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶、乙酰酯酶和壳多糖酶。在藻类中也已发现有CBD,例如红藻Porphyra purpurea,这是一种非水解性的多糖结合蛋白,见Tomme等,出处同上。不过,大多数CBD来自纤维素酶和木聚糖酶,并发现CBD位于蛋白质的N和C末端,或位于内部。酶杂合体是本领域已知的,例如WO 90/00609和WO 95/16782,并且可以通过下述方法制备:将含有与编码内切葡聚糖酶的DNA序列通过(或不通过)接头而连接的编码纤维素结合结构域的DNA至少一个片段的DNA构建体转化到宿主细胞中,并培养宿主细胞以表达融合基因。
酶杂合体可以表述为下式:
CBD-MR-X或X-MR-CBD
其中CBD为氨基酸序列的N末端或C末端区域,相当于至少纤维素结合结构域;MR为中间区域(接头),可以是一个键,或者是一个短的连接基团,优选为约2至约100个碳原子,更优选为2至40个碳原子;或者优选为约2至约100个氨基酸,更优选为2至40个氨基酸;X为按照本发明的酶的N末端或C末端区域。
本发明的方法
在另一方面,本发明涉及通过氨基酸取代、缺失或插入来改进纤维素分解酶性质的方法,该方法包括下列步骤:
a·构建至少两个氨基酸序列的多重对比,所述氨基酸序列已知具有类似于来自Humicola insolens的内切葡聚糖酶V(EGV)的三维结构,该结构从蛋白质数据库4ENG项可知;
b·以EGV结构为基础,构建纤维素分解酶的基于同源性的三维结构;
c·识别距离底物结合裂隙不超过5_的氨基酸残基位置;
d·识别酶的暴露于表面的氨基酸残基;
e·识别酶的所有带电或可能带电的氨基酸残基位置;
f·选择一个或几个位置,其中的氨基酸残基将被取代、缺失或将插入氨基酸残基;
g·用常规的蛋白质工程技术进行取代、缺失或插入。
该方法的步骤f优选通过选择位置进行,根据步骤a的对比结果,这些位置在诸对比序列中多数携带相同的氨基酸残基;更优选为在至少63%的诸对比序列中携有相同氨基酸;进一步优选为在诸对比序列中携带不同氨基酸残基的那些位置,参阅下文。
在一种优选的实施方案中,纤维素酶的比活性可以得到改进,优选是通过在一些氨基酸残基位置进行取代、缺失或插入的方法,所述氨基酸残基距离底物结合裂隙不超过5_,更优选为不超过3_,进一步优选为不超过2.5_。据信距离不超过2.5_的残基是能够与底物进行直接接触的。
在另一种优选的实施方案中,纤维素酶的pH活性曲线、pH活性最优值、pH稳定性曲线或pH稳定性最优值可以被改变,这优选是通过在一些氨基酸残基位置处进行取代、缺失或插入而达到的,这些残基距离底物结合裂隙不超过5_,更优选为不超过3_,进一步优选为不超过2.5_;或者是在酶的暴露于表面的氨基酸残基位置进行,从而从局部或整体上改变静电环境。优选进行涉及带电或可能带电的残基的取代,该残基是原始的残基或取代的残基。在本文中,带电或可能带电的残基包括Arg、Lys、His、Cys(如果不是二硫桥部分)、Tyr、Glu、Asp。
在另一种优选的实施方案中,纤维素酶在阴离子表面活性剂或阴离子洗涤剂成分存在下的稳定性可以得到改变,这优选是通过在酶的暴露于表面的氨基酸残基位置进行取代、缺失或插入从而从局部或整体上改变静电环境而达到的。优选进行涉及带电或可能带电的残基的取代,该残基是原始的残基或取代的残基均可。在本文中,带电或可能带电的残基包括Arg、Lys、His、Cys(如果不是二硫桥部分)、Tyr、Glu、Asp。朝向带更多负电的氨基酸残基的突变导致纤维素酶在存在阴离子表面活性剂时的稳定性得到改进,而朝向带更多正电的氨基酸残基的突变会降低纤维素酶对阴离子表面活性剂的稳定性。
而且,含有本文公开的任意两种或多种氨基酸取代、缺失或插入组合的纤维素酶变体也包含在本发明范围内,参阅举例说明的诸变体。
纤维素酶的多序列对比
用堆积算法进行多序列对比,该算法在威斯康星序列分析软件包8.1版-UNIX(GCG,遗传学计算机集团公司)中执行。所用方法类似于Higgens和Sharp所述的方法(《CARBIOS》19895151-153)。间距产生罚分为3.0,间距延长罚分为0.1,同时使用如《核酸研究》198614(16):6745-6763的计分矩阵(Dayhoff表(Schwartz,R.M.和Dayhoff,M.O.;《蛋白质序列与结构图谱》(Dayhoff,M.O.编);国家生物医学研究基金,华盛顿特区1979353-358),并进行如下重新调整,即将每个值除以其行与列的和,并使其达到平均值为0、标准离差为1.0的规格。FY(Phe-Tyr)值=RW=1.425。精确匹配设为1.5,任何行上没有匹配好于精确匹配)。
纤维素酶的成对序列对比
用Needleman & Wunsch(《分子生物学杂志》,1970,48:443-453)所述的算法进行成对序列对比,以GAP途径在威斯康星序列分析软件包(GCG)中执行。用于GAP途径的参数与上文堆积算法所述相同。
强制配对的纤维素酶的成对序列对比
用Needleman&Wunsch(《分子生物学杂志》,1970,48:443-453)所述的算法进行残基强制配对的成对序列对比,以GAP途径在威斯康星序列分析软件包(GCG)中执行。用于GAP途径的参数与上文堆积算法所述相同,其中计分矩阵修改为加入一个名为X的残基,该符号表示待配对的残基。X与X配对的对角线值设为9.0,所有涉及X的对角线以外的值设为0。
Humicola insolens内切葡聚糖酶与纤维七糖之间的复合体
根据与纤维六糖复合的Humicola insolens EGV内切葡聚糖酶无活性变体(D10N)的核心结构域的X射线结构(Davies等,《生物化学》,1995,34:16210-12220,PDB第4ENG项),用下列步骤建立与纤维七糖复合的天然Humicola insolens EGV内切葡聚糖酶核心结构域的结构模型:
1·使用Insight II 95.0的生物聚合物模块(Insight II 95.0用户指南,1995年10月,San Diego:Biosym/MSI,1995),用天冬氨酸取代N10。
2·通过复制整个分子制作占据亚部位-3的糖单元拷贝,并删除额外的原子。手工移动新的糖单元使其最适合未占据的-1结合部位。制作键以将新的糖单元与两个现有纤维三糖单元键合。
3·缺失掉重叠的晶体水分子。它们是用Subset InterfaceBy-Atom 2.5命令识别的。
4·在pH 8.0下应用带电的末端建立氢。
5·用Residue Replace<D121 residue name>ASP L命令使D121质子化。
6·通过Potentials Fix命令应用CVFF力场模板(forcefieldtemplate)。
7·固定除新的糖单元以外的所有原子。
8·利用分子力学程序Discover 9 5.0/3.0.1(Discover95.0/3.0.0用户指南,1995年10月,San Diego:Biosym/MSI,1995),用300次简单能量最小化循环,随后用5000步1fs简单分子动力学,最后用300次简单能量最小化循环,使新糖单元的原子位置弛豫。
纤维素酶的同源性建立
根据Humicola insolens EGV纤维素酶的已知X射线结构构建具有已知氨基酸序列的纤维素酶的结构模型,整个过程由下列步骤组成:
1·根据多种已知工业上有用的纤维素酶序列中的多序列对比,限定待做模型的结构核心区域的近似范围和半胱氨酸的排布。
2·对新序列与具有已知X射线结构的序列进行成对序列对比。
3·根据序列对比定义结构保守的区域(SCR)。
4·在SCR内为模型结构指定坐标。
5·通过检索环结构数据库,在SCR之间找出环或可变区域(VR)的结构。
6·由数据检索结果,为模型结构中的VR指定坐标。
7·生成二硫键,设置质子化状态。
8·用分子力学改善所建立的结构。
Humicola insolens EGV纤维素酶的已知X射线结构将在下文中称为参考结构。待做模型的结构将被称为模型结构。
Ad1:酶核心部分的近似范围是由包括多种已知纤维素酶序列的多序列对比确定的。由于参考结构仅含有酶核心部分的原子坐标,因此在模型的建立中只能包括待做模型的序列中与参考结构核心部分排布在一起的残基。这种排布也确定了半胱氨酸的排布。如上所述,用堆积算法进行多序列对比。
Ad2:如上所述进行成对序列对比。如果保守二硫桥中的半胱氨酸和/或活性位点残基(D10和D121)不能排布,则如上所述,用保守二硫桥中的半胱氨酸和/或活性位点残基的强制配对进行成对序列对比。序列对比的主要目的是定义用于模型结构生成的SCR(见后)。
Ad3:根据序列对比,结构保守的区域(SCR)定义为没有插入或缺失的重叠序列的连续区域。
Ad4:用计算机程序Homology 95.0(Homology用户指南,1995年10月,San Diego:Biosym/MSI,1995),通过AssignCoordsSequence s命令,能够从参考结构的原子坐标生成模型结构的原子坐标。
Ad5:用计算机程序Homology 95.0,通过检索包含在Homology95.0中的环结构数据库,找到剩余区域即可变区域(VR)的可能构象。对每个VR进行该过程。
Ad6:如果VR长度小于六个残基,选择数据库检索结果中的第一个环结构来生成坐标。在生成更长环的情况下,选择列表中没有严重原子重叠的第一个解决方案。可以用计算机程序Insight II95.0(Insight II 95.0用户指南,1995年10月,San Diego:Biosym/MSI,1995)中的Bump Monitor Add Intra命令分析原子重叠的程度,碰撞命令参数为0.25时说明严重重叠。如果在插入的环区域和蛋白质的剩余部分之间存在十个以上碰撞,则试验下一个解决方案。如果用这些参数没有找到解决方案,就选择碰撞数最少的解决方案。用Homology 95.0程序中的AssignCoords Loops命令生成VR区域坐标。
Ad7:用Insight II 95.0的生物聚合物模块中的Bond Create命令生成二硫键,用Hydrogens命令设置质子化状态以便pH8.0与带电帽匹配。最后,用residue replace<D121 residue name>ASPL命令将活性质子供体(等价于参考结构中D121的残基)质子化。为了完成模型数据,通过Potentials Fix命令用CVFF力场(forcefield)应用适当的力场模板。
Ad8:最后,用分子力学程序Discover 95.0/3.0.1(Discover95.0/3.0.0用户指南,1995年10月,San Diego:Biosym/MSI,1995),对模型结构进行500次能量最小化循环。基于与Humicolainsolens EGV纤维素酶的序列同源性,上述过程的结果是描述新纤维素酶核心结构域的结构模型的原子坐标。
纤维素酶结构的重叠
为了重叠两种纤维素酶结构,用Homology 95.0(Homology用户指南,1995年10月,San Diego:Biosym/MSI,1995)的StructureAlignmen t命令进行结构的重叠。命令的所有参数均选择缺席值。
距离底物3_和5_内的残基的测定
为了测定位于底物特定距离内的氨基酸残基,将一种给定的纤维素酶结构重叠于如上所述的Humicola insolens EGV内切葡聚糖酶与纤维七糖之间的复合体的模型结构内纤维素酶部分。然后用Insight II 95.0(Insight II 95.0用户指南,1995年10月,SanDiego:Biosym/MSI,1995)的Interface Subset命令找到位于底物特定距离内的残基。将特定距离作为参数提供给程序。
该测定结果列在下表2和3中。
表面可及性的测定
为了测定溶剂可及性,使用Homology 95.0(Homology用户指南,1995年10月,San Diego:Biosym/MSI,1995)中的Access-Surf命令。该程序使用了由Lee和Richards提出的定义(Lee,B.&Richards,F.M.“蛋白质结构的翻译:静态可及性的估定”,《分子生物学杂志》197155379-400)。使用1.4_的溶剂探针半径,计算中仅包括了重原子(也就是非氢原子)。具有零可及性的残基定义为埋藏残基,所有其他残基定义为暴露于溶剂中,位于酶结构表面。
纤维素酶之间比活性的转移水平
为了转移两种纤维素酶之间的催化活性水平,用上述方法应用下列方案。该方法突出了引起比活性差异的氨基酸残基,为了从对比纤维素酶转移比活性水平,序列内一个或几个这些氨基酸残基必须被取代:
1)进行所有已知的工业上有用的纤维素酶(Trichoderma reesei纤维素酶除外)的多序列对比。从这一鉴定,识别所涉及的两种序列和Humicola insolens EGV纤维素酶序列之间的保守二硫桥,定位活性位点残基(D10和D121);
2)将每一序列与Humicola insolens EGV纤维素酶核心结构域(残基1-201)进行成对序列对比。如果保守的二硫桥中的半胱氨酸在相同位置没有排布,和/或如果两个活性位点残基(D10和D121)在相同位置没有排布,那么用强制配对方法进行纤维素酶的配对序列对比。仅包括诸序列中与Humicola insolens EGV纤维素酶核心结构域(残基1-201)重叠的各残基;
3)构造每个序列的基于同源性的结构;
4)测定每个基于同源性的结构中位于距离底物3_内的残基。在这些位置处序列之间的差异最可能是引起比活性差异的残基。若在上述距离内的任何序列中发现插入片段形式的残基,则可能是整个插入片段引起比活性的差异,并且必须将整个插入片段转移到没有该插入片段的序列中,或者必须在具有该插入片段的序列中缺失掉整个插入片段;
5)如果距离底物3_内的残基的取代没有恢复所有比活性,测定每个基于同源性的结构中距离底物5_内的残基将揭示最可能引起比活性剩余差异的残基。若在任何序列中于上述距离内找到插入片段形式的残基,则可能是整个插入片段引起比活性的差异,并且整个插入片段必须转移到没有该插入片段的序列中,或者必须从具有该插入片段的序列中缺失掉整个插入片段。
在纤维素酶之间转移对阴离子表面活性剂的稳定性水平
为了在两种纤维素酶之间转移对阴离子表面活性剂的稳定性水平,用上述方法应用下列方案。该方法突出了引起对阴离子表面活性剂稳定性水平差异的氨基酸残基,为了从对比纤维素酶转移比活性水平,必须在一种序列中取代一个或几个这些氨基酸残基:
1)进行所有已知的工业上有用的纤维素酶(Trichoderma reesei纤维素酶除外)的多序列对比。由此鉴定出所涉及的两种序列与Humicola insolensEGV纤维素酶序列之间保守的二硫桥,定位活性位点残基(D10和D121);
2)将每一序列与Humicola insolens EGV纤维素酶核心结构域(残基1-201)进行成对序列对比。如果保守二硫桥中的半胱氨酸在相同位置没有排布,和/或如果两个活性位点残基(D10和D121)在相同位置没有排布,那么用强制配对方法进行纤维素酶的配对序列对比。仅包括诸序列中与Humicola insolens EGV纤维素酶核心结构域(残基1-201)重叠的各残基;
3)构造每个序列的基于同源性的结构;
4)测定位于酶表面的残基。通过计算表面可及性可做到这一点。具有大于0.0_2的表面可及性的残基即暴露于表面;
5)属于下列氨基酸组:D、E、H、K、R和C(如果不参与二硫桥的话)的暴露于表面的任一残基,若在两个序列之间不同,则最可能是它引起对阴离子表面活性剂稳定性水平的差异。若在任何序列中发现上述氨基酸类型组内残基以插入片段形式存在,则可能是整个插入片段引起对阴离子表面活性剂的稳定性水平的差异,并且必须将整个插入片段转移到没有该插入片段的序列中,或者必须从具有该插入片段的序列中缺失掉整个插入片段。
二硫桥
二硫桥(也就是Cys-Cys桥)对酶结构起到稳定作用。据信一定量的稳定性二硫桥对保持该酶适当的稳定性来说是必需的。不过,预期也能够从蛋白质结构中除去二硫桥,产生较不稳定、尤其是较不耐热、但仍具有显著活性的酶变体。
因此在另一方面,本发明提供了一种纤维素酶变体,该变体具有下列二硫桥中的4个或更多个:C11-C135;C12-C47;C16-C86;C31-C56;C87-C199;C89-C189和C156-C167(纤维素酶编号方式)。在一个更明确的实施方案中,本发明变体具有下列二硫桥中的5个或更多个:C11-C135;C12-C47;C16-C86;C31-C56;C87-C199;C89-C189和C156-C167(纤维素酶编号方式)。在最明确的实施方案中,本发明变体具有下列二硫桥中的6个或更多个:C11-C135;C12-C47;C16-C86;C31-C56;C87-C199;C89-C189和C156-C167(纤维素酶编号方式)。
在另一种实施方案中,本发明提供了一种纤维素酶变体,其中在16、86、87、89、189和/或199位(纤维素酶编号方式)中的一处或多处,半胱氨酸已被另一种天然氨基酸取代。
结合裂隙取代
在进一步的方面,本发明提供了通过在位于底物结合裂隙内的一个或几个氨基酸残基处进行取代、插入和/或缺失而得自母体纤维素酶的纤维素酶变体。在靠近底物的位置引入的突变会影响酶-底物相互作用性的结合。
测定结构中与可能的底物发生相互作用的残基的一种适当方式是将该结构分配在“壳”中。壳的定义是:第1个壳是直接与底物发生相互作用即底物与残基(均包括氢原子)之间的最小原子间距离小于2.5_的残基,这将包括经由氢键与其他非键性相互作用在内的所有直接相互作用。接下来的(第2个、第3个等)壳的定义方式相同,是到底物或所有前面决定下来的壳的原子间距离小于2.5_的残基。这样就可以将结构分配在壳中。可用程序Insight II95.0(Insight II 95.0用户指南,1995年10月,San Diego:Biosym/MSI,1995)中的“subset zone”途径来测定壳。
在一种优选的实施方案中,按照本发明预期的氨基酸残基位于底物结合裂隙中距离底物不超过5_的位置。
当对对比的纤维素酶进行上文所公开的计算机模型方法处理时,揭示出下述位置在距离底物不超过5_处:4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、18、19、20、21、21a、42、44、45、47、48、49、49a、49b、74、82、95j、110、111、112、113、114、115、116、119、121、123、127、128、129、130、131、132、132a、133、145、146、147、148、149、150b、178和/或179(纤维素酶编号方式),参见表2。
因此,在一个更明确的实施方案中,本发明提供了通过在一个或几个这些氨基酸残基进行取代、插入和/或缺失而得自母体纤维素酶的纤维素酶变体。在一种具体的实施方案中,纤维素酶变体是由表2中识别的纤维素酶之一((a)Humicola insolens;(b)枝顶孢;(c)Volutella collectotrichoides;(d)粪生粪壳;(e)Thielaviaterrestris;(f)尖镰孢;(g)嗜热毁丝霉;(h)Crinipellisscabella;(i)菜豆壳球孢;(j)荧光假单胞菌;(k)玉蜀黍黑粉菌),通过在表2中识别的这些纤维素酶的一处或几处位置进行取代、插入和/或缺失而衍生得到的。
表2
距离底物小于5_的氨基酸残基
由纤维素酶编号方式识别的位置
(a)Humicola insolens;(b)枝顶孢;(c)Volutellacollectotrichoides;(d)粪生粪壳;(e)Thielavia terrestris;(f)尖镰孢;(g)嗜热毁丝霉;(h)Crinipellis scabella;(i)菜豆壳球孢;(j)荧光假单胞菌;(k)玉蜀黍黑粉菌。
a b c d e f d h i j k
4 Y
5 S T T S S S T T T A A
6 T T T T T T T T T T T
7 R R R R R R R R R R R
8 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
9 W W W W W W W W W W W
10 D D D D D D D D D D D
11 C
12 C C C C C C C C C C C
13 K K K K K K K K K K L
14 P P P P P P P P P P A
15 S S S S S S S S S H S
16 C
18 W W W W W W W W W W W
19 A D D S P S P S T E
20 K E E G G G A
21 K K K K K K K K K K
21a V
42 G T D
44 V R K Q V R G
45 S S S S S N S S S S
47 C C C C C C C C C C
48 E D D D N E D D D D S
49 P
49a C
49b N
74 A A A A A A A A A A F
82 E E E E E E E E E
95j P
110 S N N S S N N N N N N
111 T T T T T T T T T I V
112 G G G G G G G G G G G
113 G G G G G G G G G Y G
114 D D D D D D D D D D D
115 L L L L L L L L L V V
116 G
119 H H H H Q H H H H Q N
121 D D D D D D D D D D D
123 Q
127 G G G G G G G G G G G
128 G G G G G G G G G G G
129 V L L V V V V V V V L
130 G G G G G G G G G G G
131 I I I L I I I L I A A
132 F F F F F F F F F F F
132a T P
133 N N
145 A D
146 R R R Q Q Q R Q Q Q Q
147 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
148 G G G G G G G G G G G
149 G G G G G
150b A
178 D D D D D D D D D D P
179 N N N N N N N N N N V
在另一个优选的实施方案中,按照本发明预期的氨基酸残基位于底物结合裂隙中距离底物不超过3_。
在对对比的纤维素酶进行上文所公开的计算机模型方法处理时,揭示了距离底物不超过3_的下列位置:6、7、8、10、12、13、14、15、18、20、21、45、48、74、110、111、112、113、114、115、119、121、127、128、129、130、131、132、132a、146、147、148、150b、178和/或179(纤维素酶编号方式),参见表3。
因此,在一个更明确的实施方案中,本发明提供了一种通过在这些氨基酸残基的一个或几个进行取代、插入和/或缺失而得自母体纤维素酶的纤维素酶变体。在一个具体的实施方案中,纤维素酶变体是由表3中识别的纤维素酶之一((a)Humicola insolens;(b)枝顶孢;(c)Volutella collectotrichoides;(d)粪生粪壳;(e)Thielavia terrestris;(f)尖镰孢;(g)嗜热毁丝霉;(h)Crinipellis scabella;(i)菜豆壳球孢;(j)荧光假单胞菌;(k)玉蜀黍黑粉菌),通过在表3中识别的这些纤维素酶的一处或几处位置进行取代、插入和/或缺失而衍生得到的。
表3
距离底物小于3_的氨基酸残基
由纤维素酶编号方式识别的位置
(a)Humicola insolens;(b)枝顶孢;(c)Voluteliacollectotrichoides;(d)粪生粪壳;(e)Thielavia terrestris;(f)尖镰孢;(g)嗜热毁丝霉;(h)Crinipellis scabella;(i)菜豆壳球孢;(j)荧光假单胞菌;(k)玉蜀黍黑粉菌。
a b c d e f g h i j k
6 T T T T T T T T T T T
7 R R R R R R R R R R R
8 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
10 D D D D D D D D D D
12 C C C C C C C C C C C
13 K K K K K K L
14 P P P P P P A
15 S S S S S S S S S H S
18 W W W W W W W W W W W
20 E E
21 K K
45 S S S S S N S S S S S
48 D N E D D
74 A A A A A A A F
110 N N S N N N N N N
111 T T T T T T T T T
112 G G G G G G G G G G G
113 G G G G G G Y G
114 D D D D D D D D D D D
115 L L L L L L L L L V V
119 H H H Q H H Q
121 D D D D D D D D D D D
127 G G G G G G
128 G G G G G G G G
129 V L L V V V V V V V L
130 G G G G G G G G G G G
131 I I I L I I I L I A A
132 F F F F F F F F F F F
132a T P
146 Q Q Q Q
147 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
148 G G G G G G G G G G G
150b A
178 D D D D D D P
179 N N N N N N N N N N
部分保守的氨基酸残基
如本文所定义,“部分保守的氨基酸残基”是按照表1识别的某个位置上的氨基酸残基,在所述位置上,表1所示指示该位置的11个残基中有7至10个氨基酸残基(也就是超过63%)是相同的。
因此,本发明进一步提供了一种纤维素酶变体,在该变体中,在按照表1的一处或几处位置氨基酸残基已经变为保守的氨基酸残基,在所述位置上,表1中识别的11个残基中的7至10个氨基酸残基是相同的。
在一种优选的实施方案中,本发明提供了一种通过在下列位置中的一个或几个进行取代、插入和/或缺失而得自母体纤维素酶的纤维素酶变体:13、14、15、20、21、22、24、28、32、34、45、48、50、53、54、62、63、64、65、66、68、69、70、71、72、73、74、75、79、85、88、90、92、93、95、96、97、98、99、104、106、110、111、113、115、116、118、119、131、134、138、140、146、152、153、163、166、169、170、171、172、173、174、174、177、178、179、180、193、196和/或197(纤维素酶编号方式)。
在一种更明确的实施方案中,本发明提供了一种已经过取代、插入和/或缺失的纤维素酶变体,以使其在下表4中识别的位置含有诸氨基酸残基中的一个或几个。表4中的位置反映出结合裂隙中距离底物不超过5_范围内存在的“部分保守的氨基酸残基位置”以及非保守的位置,所有位置确实存在于表1中的对比序列中。
表4
选择的取代、插入和/或缺失
由纤维素酶编号方式识别的位置
| 位置 | 氨基酸残基 |
| 451314151619202121a2224283234384244454647484949a49b505354 | R,H,K,Q,V,Y,MS,T,AK,LP,AH,SC,AA,D,S,P,T,EA,E,G,KK,NV,*A,G,P*,L,VA,L,VD,K,N,SD,NF,I,L,QD,G,T,N,S,K,*K,V,R,Q,G,PN,SG,SC,QD,E,N,SP,S,A,G,*C,*N,*G,NA,G,K,SF,Y |
| 626364656668697071727374757982889092939595j96979899104106110111113115116118119129131132133134138145146150b152153163166169170171172173174177178179180193196197 | F,WA,DD,I VD,E,N,SD,N,P,TF,L,P,T,VA,S,TL,YA,GF,W,YA,GA,FA,G,T,VG,TE,*A,G,Q,RF,YA,LE,Q,TE,TP,*S,TA,G,TA,PL,VL,MF,VN,SI,T,VG,YL,VG,Q,SG,N,Q,TH,N,QL,VA,I,LA,P,T,*D,K,N,QA,GE,QA,D,N,QQ,RA,*D,SA,K ,L,RL,V,WG,SF,WF,RA,F,YD,E,SE,WF,M,WA,ND,PN,VL,PI,LI,K,RS,T |
本发明提供了一种Thielavia terrestris纤维素酶变体,该变体是通过在下列按照纤维素酶编号方式确定的位置中的一处或多处进行取代、插入和/或缺失而得自亲本Thielavia terrestris纤维素酶,并且该变体:
在位置4具有R、H、K、Q、V、Y或M;
在位置5具有S、T或A;
在位置13具有K或L;
在位置14具有P或A;
在位置15具有H或S;
在位置16具有C或A;
在位置19具有A、D、S、P、T或E;
在位置20具有A、E、G或K;
在位置21具有K或N;
在位置22具有A、G或P;
在位置24具有L、V或*;
在位置28具有A、L或V;
在位置32具有D、K、N或S;
在位置34具有D或N;
在位置38具有F、I、L或Q;
在位置42具有D、G、T、N、S、K或*;
在位置44具有K、V、R、Q、G或P;
在位置45具有N或S;
在位置46具有G或S;
在位置47具有C或Q;
在位置48具有D、E、N或S;
在位置50具有G或N;
在位置53具有A、G、K或S;
在位置54具有F或Y;
在位置62具有F或W;
在位置63具有A或D;
在位置64具有D、I或V;
在位置65具有D、E、N或S;
在位置68具有D、N、P或T;
在位置69具有A、S或T;
在位置70具有L或Y;
在位置71具有A或G;
在位置72具有F、W或Y;
在位置73具有A或G;
在位置74具有A或F;
在位置75具有A、G、T或V;
在位置79具有G或T;
在位置82具有E或*;
在位置88具有A、G、Q或R;
在位置90具有F或Y;
在位置92具有A或L;
在位置93具有E、Q或T;
在位置95具有E或T;
在位置96具有S或T;
在位置97具有A、G或T;
在位置98具有A或P;
在位置99具有L或V;
在位置104具有L或M;
在位置106具有F或V;
在位置110具有N或S;
在位置111具有I、T或V;
在位置113具有G或Y;
在位置115具有L或V;
在位置116具有G、Q或S;
在位置118具有G、N、Q或T;
在位置119具有H、N或Q;
在位置129具有L或V;
在位置131具有A、I或L;
在位置132具有A、P或T;
在位置133具有D、K、N或Q;
在位置134具有A或G;
在位置138具有E或Q;
在位置145具有A、D、N或Q;
在位置146具有Q或R;
在位置152具有D或S;
在位置153具有A、K、L或R;
在位置163具有L、V或W;
在位置166具有G或S;
在位置169具有F或W;
在位置170具有F或R;
在位置171具有A、F或Y;
在位置172具有D、E或S;
在位置173具有E或W;
在位置174具有F、M或W;
在位置177具有A或N;
在位置178具有D或P;
在位置179具有N或V;
在位置180具有L或P;
在位置193具有I或L;
在位置196具有I、K或R;和/或
在位置197具有S或T。
在一个更优选的实施方案中,本发明提供了通过如下表5-6所示在一个或几个氨基酸残基处进行取代、插入和/或缺失而得自母体纤维素酶的一种纤维素酶变体。该纤维素酶变体可以得自在所示位置具有所述氨基酸残基的任意母体纤维素酶。特别是该母体纤维素酶可以是Humicola insolens纤维素酶;枝顶孢.纤维素酶;Volutella collectotrichoides纤维素酶;粪生粪壳纤维素酶;Thielavia terrestris纤维素酶;尖镰孢纤维素酶;嗜热毁丝霉纤维素酶;Crinipellis scabella纤维素酶; 菜豆壳球孢纤维素酶;荧光假单胞菌纤维素酶;或玉蜀黍黑粉菌纤维素酶。
而且,该纤维素酶变体的特征可能在于性能得到改进,特别是关于
1·定义为催化活性增加的改进性能;
2·改变了的对阴离子表面活性剂的敏感性;和/或
3·改变了的pH最优值;
也如表5-6所示。表5中列出的位置反映出在表1中对比的不同纤维素酶之间的性质转移。表6中列出的位置反映出从Humicolainsolens EGV向表1中对比的其他纤维素酶的性质转移。
表5
优选的纤维素酶变体
由纤维素酶编号方式识别的位置
K13L,L13K(1,2,3);
P14A,A14P(1);
S15H,H15S(1,3);
K20E, K20G,K20A, E20K, G20K, A20K, E20G, E20A, G20E,A20E,
G20A,A20G(1,2,3);
K21N,N21K(1,2,3);
A22G, A22P, G22A, P22A, G22P,P22G(1);
V24*, V24L, *24V, L24V, *24L,L24*(1);
V28A, V28L, A28V, L28V, A28L,L28A(1);
N32D, N32S, N32K, D32N, S32N,K32N,D32S, D32K, S32D, K32D,
S32K, K32S (2,3);
N34D, D34N (2);
I38L, I38F, I38Q, L38I, F38I,Q38I,L38F, L38Q, F38L, Q38L,
F38Q, Q38F (1)
S45N, N45S (1);
G46S, S46G (1);
E48D, E48N, D48E, N48E, D48N,N48D(1,2,3);
G50N,N50G(1);
A53S, A53G, A53K, S53A, G53A, K53A, S53G, S53K, G53S, K53S,
G53K, K53G(1);
Y54F, F54Y(1,3);
W62F, F62W(1,2);
A63D, D63A(2,3);
V64I, V64D, I64V, D64V, I64D, D64I (2);
N65S, N65D, N65E, S65N, D65N, E65N,S65D, S65E, D65S, E65S,
D65E, E65D (2);
D66N, D66P, D66T, N66D, P66D, T66D, N66P, N66T, P66N, T66N,
P66T, T66P (2,3);
F68V, F68L, F68T, F68P, V68F, L68F, T68F, P68F, V68L, V68T,
V68P, L68V, T68V, P68V, L68T, L68P, T68L, P68L, T68P, P68T
(1,2);
A69S, A69T, S69A, T69A, S69T, T69S (1);
L70Y, Y70L (1);
G71A, A71G (1);
F72W, F72Y, W72F, Y72F, W72Y, Y72W(1);
A73G, G73A (1);
A74F, F74A (1);
T75V, T75A, T75G, V75T, A75T, G75T, V75A, V75G, A75V, G75V,
A75G, G75A (1);
G79T, T79G (1);
W85T, T85W (1);
A88Q, A88G, A88R, Q88A, G88A, R88A, Q88G, Q88R, G88Q, R88Q,
G88R, R88G (1,2,3);
Y90F, F90Y (1);
L92A, A92L(1);
T93Q, T93E, Q93T, E93T, Q93E, E93Q(2);
T95E, E95T(2);
S96T, T96S(1);
G97T, G97A, T97G, A97G, T97A, A97T(1);
P98A, A98P(1);
V99L, L99V(1);
M104L, L104M(1);
V106F, F106V(1,3);
S110N, N110S(1);
T111I, T111V, I111T, V111T, I111V, V111I(1);
G113Y, Y113G(1,3);
L115V, V115L(1);
G116S, G116Q, S116G, Q116G, S116Q, Q116S(1);
N118T, N118G, N118Q, T118N, G118N, Q118N, T118G, T118Q, G118T,
Q118T, G118Q, Q118G(1);
H119Q, H119N, Q119H, N119H(1,2);
V129L, L129V(1);
I131L, I131A, L131I, A131I, L131A, A131L(1);
G134A, A134G(1);
Q138E, E138Q(1,2,3);
G140N, N140G(1);
R146Q, Q146R(1,2,3);
S152D, D152S(2);
R153K, R153L, R153A, K153R, L153R, A153R, K153L, K153A, L153K,
A153K, L153A, A153L(2);
L163V, L163W, V163L, W163L, V163W, W163V(1);
G166S, S166G (1);
W169F, F169W (1);
R170F, F170R(1,2,3);
F171Y, F171A, Y171F, A171F, Y171A, A171Y(1);
D172E, D172S, E172D, S172D, E172S, S172E(2);
W173E, E173W(1,2,3);
F174M, F174W,M174F,W174F,M174W,W174M(1);
A177N, N177A(1);
D178P, P178D(1,2,3);
N179V, V179N(1);
P180L, L180P(1);
L193I, I193L(1);
R196I, R196K, I196R, K196R, I196K, K196I(2,3);
T197S, S197T(1)
表6
优选的纤维素酶变体
由纤维素酶编号方式识别的位置
L13K(1,2,3);
A14P(1);
H15S(1,3);
E20K, G20K, A20K (1,2,3);
N21K(1,2,3);
G22A, P22A(1);
*24V, L24V(1);
A28V, L28V(1);
D32N, S32N, K32N(2,3);
D34N(2);
L38I, F38I, Q38I(1);
N45S(1);
S46G(1);
D48E, N48E(1,2,3);
N50G(1);
S53A, G53A, K53A(1);
F54Y(1,3);
F62W(1,2);
D63A(2,3);
I64V, D64V(2);
S65N, D65N, E65N(2)
N66D, P66D, T66D(2,3);
V68F, L68F, T68F, P68F(1,2);
S69A,T69A(1)
Y70L(1)
A71G(1)
W72F, Y72F(1)
G73A(1)
F74A(1)
V75T, A75T, G75T(1)
T79G(1);
T85W(1);
Q88A,G88A,R88A(1,2,3)
F90Y(1)
A92L(1)
Q93T, E93T(2);
E95T(2);
T96S(1);
T97G, A97G(1);
A98P(1);
L99V(1);
L104M(1);
F106V(1,3);
N110S(1);
I111T,V111T(1);
Y113G(1,3);
V115L(1);
S116G, Q116G(1);
T118N, G118N, Q118N(1);
Q119H, N119H(1,2);
L129V(1);
L131I, A131I(1);
A134G(1);
E138Q(1,2,3);
N140G(1);
Q146R(1,2,3);
D152S(2);
K153R, L153R, A153R(2);
V163L, W163L(1);
S166G(1);
F169W(1);
F170R(1,2,3);
Y171F, A171F(1);
E172D, S172D(2);
E173W(1,2,3);
M174F, W174F(1);
N177A(1);
P178D(1,2,3);
V179N(1);
L180P(1);
I193L(1);
I196R, K196R(2,3);
S197T(1)
改变了的对阴离子表面活性剂的敏感性
如上所述,阴离子表面活性剂是经常用来添加到洗涤剂组合物中的产品。有时候需要对阴离子表面活性剂稳定性高的纤维素分解酶,而有时候偏爱敏感性高的纤维素分解酶。在进一步的方面,本发明提供了对阴离子表面活性剂的敏感性有所改变的纤维素酶变体。
因此,对阴离子表面活性剂的敏感性有所改变的本发明纤维素酶变体是通过在下列位置中的一处或几处进行取代、插入和/或缺失而得自母体纤维素酶的纤维素酶变体:2、4、7、8、10、13、15、19、20、21、25、26、29、32、33、34、35、37、40、42、42a、43、44、48、53、54、55、58、59、63、64、65、66、67、70、72、76、79、80、82、84、86、88、90、91、93、95、95d、95h、95j、97、100、101、102、103、113、114、117、119、121、133、136、137、138、139、140a、141、143a、145、146、147、150e、150j、151、152、153、154、155、156、157、158、159、160c、160e、160k、161、162、164、165、168、170、171、172、173、175、176、178、181、183、184、185、186、188、191、192、195、196、200和/或201(纤维素酶编号方式)。在表1中对比的至少一个纤维素酶序列中,这些位置含有带电或可能带电的氨基酸残基。
在一种具体的实施方案中,纤维素酶变体是由下表7中识别的纤维素酶之一((a)Humicola insolens;(b)枝顶孢.;(c)Volutellacollectotrichoides;(d)粪生粪壳;(e)Thielavia terrestris;(f)尖镰孢;(g)嗜热毁丝霉;(h)Crinipellis scabella;(i)菜豆壳球孢;(j)荧光假单胞菌;(k)玉蜀黍黑粉菌),通过在表7中对这些纤维素酶识别出的一个或几个位置进行取代、插入和/或缺失而衍生得到的。
表7
改变了的对阴离子表面活性剂的敏感性
由纤维素酶编号方式识别的位置
(a)Humicola insolens;(b)枝顶孢.;(c)Volutellacollectotrichoides;(d)粪生粪壳;(e)Thielavia terrestris;(f)尖镰孢;(g)嗜热毁丝霉;(h)Crinipellis scabella;(i)菜豆壳球孢;(j)荧光假单胞菌;(k)玉蜀黍黑粉菌。
a b c d e f g h i j k
2 D
4 R H R K H Y
7 R R R R R R R R R R R
8 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
10 D D D D D D D D D D D
13 K K K K K K K K K K
15 H
19 D D E
20 K E E
21 K K K K K K K K K K
25 Y
26 R R K
29 K Y R D
32 D D D D D D D D K
33 R R K K R
34 D
35 D D D
37 R R R
40 D D D D D D
42 D D K
42a D K
43 D
44 K R K R K K
48 E D D D E D D D D
53 K
54 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
55 Y
58 D D D D D
59 Y K
63 D
64 D
65 D E
66 D D D D D D D
67 D E E D
70 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
72 Y
76 K K K H K
79 D
80 K
82 E E E E E E E E E E
84 D D
86 D
88 R
90 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
91 E E E K Y
93 E
95 E
95d Y
95h H
95i D D
97 K
100 K K
101 R
102 K K K K K K K K K K
103 K K K K K
113 Y
114 D D D D D D D D D D D
117 D D
119 H H H H H H H H
121 D D D D D D D D D D D
133 D D D D D K
136 K
137 R D K
138 E E
139 Y
140a K
141 E
143a E L
145 D D
146 R R R R
147 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
150e K
150j Y
151 H K
152 D
153 R R R R R R K R R
154 D E D
155 E E E E E
156 Y
157 D D D D E K
158 R E K
159 Y
160c R
160e D
160k R
161 D E E K
162 K
164 K R K K K K
165 D D E
168 Y H H K
170 R R R R R R R R R R
171 Y Y
172 D D D D D D D D D E
173 E
175 K K E E E
176 D D D
178 D D D D D D D D D D
181 D E D K
183 D K
184 Y
185 R R R K E R E K K
186 R R E E R
188 R K
191 K K
192 E E E E E E
195 D D D
196 R R R R R K R R R
200 R R K K K
201 R R R R R R R R R R R
酶组合物
在进一步的方面,本发明涉及含有如上所述表现有纤维素分解活性的酶的酶组合物。
除了本发明的纤维素酶以外,本发明的酶组合物还可以含有一种或几种其他酶类型,例如半纤维素酶,如木聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶;其他纤维素酶组分,壳多糖酶、脂肪酶、酯酶、果胶酶、角质酶、肌醇六磷酸酶、氧化还原酶、过氧化物酶、漆酶、氧化酶、pactinmethylesterase、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase)、蛋白酶或淀粉酶。
酶组合物可以按照本领域的已知方法进行制备,并且可以是液体或干组合物的形式。例如,酶组合物可以是颗粒或微粒的形式。组合物中欲包含的酶可以按照本领域的已知方法进行稳定化。
下文给出本发明的酶组合物的优选用途例子。本发明酶组合物的剂量和使用组合物的其他条件可以根据本领域的已知方法决定。
按照本发明的酶组合物可用于下列目的中的至少一种。
用途
在洗涤和穿着过程中,染色的织物或服装中的染料通常含从织物中渗出,而使织物看上去褪色和陈旧。从织物上除去表面纤维将部分地恢复织物原来的颜色和外观。本文所用术语“颜色澄清”指的是通过多次洗涤周期,织物或服装的最初颜色部分恢复。
术语“脱球”指从织物表面除去小纤维球。
术语“浸泡液”指可以在进行常规洗涤过程之前浸泡衣物的水溶液。浸泡液可以含有一种或几种常用于洗涤或洗衣过程中的成分。
术语“洗涤液”指在其中对衣物进行洗涤过程的水溶液,洗涤过程也就是通常用手或洗衣机进行的化学与机械混合动作。习惯上,洗涤液是一种粉末或液体洗涤剂组合物的水溶液。
术语“漂洗液”指习惯上在进行洗涤过程后立即浸入和处理衣物以漂洗衣物(也就是从根本上除去衣物中的洗涤剂溶液)的水溶液,漂洗液可以含有一种织物调理或软化组合物。
用本发明方法进行处理的衣物可以是常规的可洗涤的衣物。优选地,大部分衣物是缝合或未缝合的织物,包括由棉、棉混合物或天然或人造纤维素(例如来源于含木聚糖的纤维素纤维,如来自木浆)或其混合物制成的编织物、纺织物、斜纹粗布工装裤、纱和毛巾料。混合物的例子是棉或人造纤维/粘胶与一种或几种伴随材料的混合物,所述伴随材料例如是羊毛、合成纤维(例如聚酰胺纤维、丙烯酸纤维、聚酯纤维、聚乙烯醇纤维、聚氯乙烯纤维、聚偏二氯乙烯纤维、聚亚胺酯纤维、聚脲纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维)和含纤维素的纤维(例如人造纤维/粘胶、苎麻、亚麻/亚麻布、黄麻、醋酸纤维素纤维、水溶性纤维素(lyocell))。
洗涤剂的公开和例子
表面活性剂系统
按照本发明的洗涤剂组合物含有一个表面活性剂系统,其中该表面活性剂可以选自非离子和/或阴离子和/或阳离子和/或两性和/或两性离子和/或半极性表面活性剂。
通常表面活性剂含量为0.1-60%(重量)。
优选将表面活性剂配制成可与组合物中存在的酶组分相容的形式。在液体或凝胶组合物中,该表面活性剂最优选以这样一种方式进行配制,使得它能促进、或至少不降低这些组合物中任意一种酶的稳定性。
欲按照本发明使用的优选系统含有一种或几种本文所述的非离子和/或阴离子表面活性剂作为表面活性剂。
烷基酚的聚氧乙烯、聚氧丙烯和聚氧丁烯缩合物适合用作本发明表面活性剂系统的非离子表面活性剂,其中优选聚氧乙烯缩合物。这些化合物包括烷基酚与烯化氧的缩合产物,该烷基酚具有一个含约6至约14个碳原子(优选为约8至约14个碳原子)的烷基,该烷基为直链或支链构型。在一种优选的实施方案中,环氧乙烷存在的量为每摩尔烷基酚对应环氧乙烷的含量等于约2至约25摩尔,更优选为约3至约15摩尔。商业上可得到的这种类型的非离子表面活性剂包括Igepal TM CO-630,GAF公司有售;Triton TM X-45、X-114、X-100和X-102,均在Rohm&Haas公司有售。这些表面活性剂常被称为烷基酚烷氧基化物(例如烷基酚乙氧基化物)。
脂族伯醇和仲醇与约1至约25摩尔环氧乙烷的缩合产物适合用作本发明非离子表面活性剂系统的非离子表面活性剂。脂族醇的烷基链可以是直链或支链的,可以是伯醇或仲醇,一般含有约8至约22个碳原子。优选的缩合产物是,来自醇的部分具有一个含有约8至约20个碳原子,更优选为约10至约18个碳原子的烷基,并且每摩尔醇与约2至约10摩尔环氧乙烷缩合。所述缩合产物中,相对于每摩尔醇,存在约2至约7摩尔环氧乙烷,最优选为2至5摩尔环氧乙烷。这种类型的非离子表面活性剂商业上可得到的例子包括Tergitol TM15-S-9(C11-C15线性醇与9摩尔环氧乙烷的缩合产物)、Tergitol TM 24-L-6 NMW(C12-C14伯醇与6摩尔环氧乙烷的缩合产物,具有狭窄的分子量分布),二者均在联合碳化物公司有售;由壳牌化学公司销售的Neodol TM 45-9(C14-C15线性醇与9摩尔环氧乙烷的缩合产物)、Neodol TM 23-3(C12-C13线性醇与3.0摩尔环氧乙烷的缩合产物)、Neodol TM 45-7(C14-C15线性醇与7摩尔环氧乙烷的缩合产物)、Neodol TM 45-5(C14-C15线性醇与5摩尔环氧乙烷的缩合产物),由宝洁公司销售的Kyro TM EOB(C13-C15醇与9摩尔环氧乙烷的缩合产物),和由Hoechst销售的Genapol LA 050(C12-C14醇与5摩尔环氧乙烷的缩合产物)。这些产物中优选的HLB范围为8-11,最优选为8-10。
也可用作本发明表面活性剂系统的非离子表面活性剂的是US4565647中公开的烷基多糖,它具有一个疏水性基团和一个多糖,该疏水性基团含有约6至约30个碳原子,优选为约10至约16个碳原子,该多糖例如是多糖苷,其亲水性基团含有约1.3至约10个、优选为约1.3至约3个、最优选为约1.3至约2.7个糖单元。可以使用含有5或6个碳原子的任意还原糖,例如葡萄糖、半乳糖,半乳糖基部分可以被取代为葡糖基部分(可选地,疏水性基团连接在2-、3-、4-等位置,于是与葡糖苷或半乳糖苷相反,得到葡萄糖或半乳糖)。糖间键例如可以位于附加的糖单元的一个位置与前面的糖单元上2-、3-、4-和/或6-位之间。
优选的烷基多糖苷具有式R20(CnH2nO)t(糖基)x的结构。
其中R2选自由烷基、烷基苯基、羟基烷基、羟基烷基苯基和它们的混合物组成的组,其中的烷基含有约10至约18个、优选为约12至约14个碳原子;n为2或3,优选为2;t为0至约10,优选为0;x为约1.3至约10,优选为约1.3至约3,最优选为约1.3至约2.7。糖基优选得自葡萄糖。为了制备这些化合物,先生成醇或烷基多乙氧基醇,然后与葡萄糖或葡萄糖源反应,生成葡糖苷(连接在1位上)。然后附加的糖基单元可以通过它们的1位与前面的糖基单元2-、3-、4-和/或6-位(优选主要在2位)之间的连接而连接上去。
环氧乙烷与一种疏水性碱的缩合产物也适合用作本发明的附加的非离子表面活性剂系统,该疏水性碱是由环氧丙烷与丙二醇缩合形成的。优选这些化合物的疏水部分分子量为约1500至约1800,并表现出水不溶性。向该疏水部分加入聚氧乙烯部分趋向从整体上增加分子的水溶性,聚氧乙烯含量约为缩合产物总重量的50%(这一点相当于与达约40摩尔的环氧乙烷缩合)时,产物的液体特征仍旧保留。这种类型的化合物例子包括某些商业上可得到的Pluronic TM表面活性剂,BASF有售。
也适合用作本发明非离子表面活性剂系统的非离子表面活性剂的是环氧乙烷与得自环氧丙烷和乙二胺反应的产物的缩合产物。这些缩合产物的疏水部分由乙二胺和过量环氧丙烷的反应产物组成,一般具有约2500至约3000的分子量。该疏水部分与环氧乙烷缩合的程度是,缩合产物含有约40%至约80%(重量)的聚氧乙烯,并具有约5000至约11000的分子量。这种类型的非离子表面活性剂例子包括某些商业上可得到的Tetronic TM化合物,BASF有售。
优选用作本发明表面活性剂系统的非离子表面活性剂的是烷基酚的聚氧乙烯缩合物、脂族伯醇和仲醇与约1至约25摩尔环氧乙烷的缩合物、烷基多糖以及它们的混合物。最优选的是具有3至15个乙氧基的C8-C14烷基酚乙氧基化物、具有2至10个乙氧基的C8-C18脂肪醇的乙氧基化物(优选平均为C10)以及它们的混合物。
非常优选的非离子表面活性剂是下式的多羟基脂肪酰胺表面活性剂,
其中R1为H,或R1为C1-4烃基、2-羟乙基、2-羟丙基或它们的混合物;R2为C5-31烃基;Z为具有一个线性烃基链的多羟基烃基(其中具有至少3个直接连接在链上的羟基),或其烷氧基化衍生物。优选地,R1为甲基,R2为直链C11-15烷基或C16-18烷基或链烯基链(例如椰油烷基),或它们的混合物,Z为在还原性胺化反应中得自一种还原糖,例如葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖或乳糖。
非常优选的阴离子表面活性剂包括烷氧基化硫酸烷基酯表面活性剂。它们的例子是式RO(A)mSO3M的水溶性盐或酸,式中R为未取代的C10-C24烷基或具有一个C10-C24烷基组分的羟基烷基,优选为C12-C20烷基或羟基烷基,更优选为C12-C18烷基或羟基烷基;A为乙氧基或丙氧基单元;m大于零,一般在约0.5至约6之间,更优选在约0.5与约3之间;M为H或一个阳离子,例如可以是金属阳离子(例如钠、钾、锂、钙、镁等)、铵或取代的铵阳离子。乙氧基化硫酸烷基酯以及丙氧基化硫酸烷基酯是本文预期使用的。取代的铵阳离子的特例包括甲基、二甲基、三甲基铵阳离子和季铵阳离子,例如四甲基铵和二甲基哌啶_阳离子,和那些得自烷基胺例如乙胺、二乙胺、三乙胺、它们的混合物等等的阳离子。表面活性剂的例子有聚乙氧基化(1.0)硫酸C12-C18烷基酯(C12-C18E(1.0)M)、聚乙氧基化(2.25)硫酸C12-C18烷基酯(C12-C18E(2.25)M)、聚乙氧基化(3.0)硫酸C12-C18烷基酯(C12-C18E(3.0)M)和聚乙氧基化(4.0)硫酸C12-C18烷基酯(C12-C18E(4.0)M),其中M可方便地选自钠和钾。
所用的适当阴离子表面活性剂是烷基磺酸酯表面活性剂,包括C8-C20羧酸(也就是脂肪酸)的线性酯,该羧酸用气态SO3磺酸化,方法按照《The Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society》52(1975),pp.323-329。适当的原料包括得自牛脂、棕榈油等的天然脂肪物质。
优选的烷基磺酸酯表面活性剂-尤其是用于洗衣-含有下列结构式的烷基磺酸酯表面活性剂:
其中R3为C8-C20烃基,优选为烷基,或它们的组合;R4为C1-C6烃基,优选为烷基,或它们的组合;M为阳离子,它与烷基磺酸酯生成一种水溶性盐。适当的成盐阳离子包括金属离子,例如钠、钾和锂离子,以及取代的或未取代的铵阳离子,例如一乙醇胺、二乙醇胺和三乙醇胺。优选地,R3为C10-C16烷基,R4为甲基、乙基或异丙基。尤其优选的是磺酸甲酯,其中R3为C10-C16烷基。
其他适当的阴离子表面活性剂包括硫酸烷基酯表面活性剂,它们是式ROSO3M的水溶性盐或酸,其中R优选为C10-C24烃基,优选为具有C10-C20烷基组分的烷基或羟基烷基,更优选为C12-C18烷基或羟基烷基;M为H或阳离子,例如碱金属阳离子(例如钠、钾、锂)或者铵或取代的铵(例如甲基、二甲基、三甲基铵阳离子和季铵阳离子,例如四甲基铵和二甲基哌啶_阳离子,和得自烷基胺例如乙胺、二乙胺、三乙胺的季铵阳离子,以及它们的混合物,等等)。一般地,较低洗涤温度(例如约50℃以下)优选C12-C16烷基链,较高洗涤温度(例如约50℃以上)优选C16-C18烷基链。
可用于清洁目的的其他阴离子表面活性剂也可以包括在本发明的衣物洗涤剂组合物中。这些可以包括皂盐(例如包括钠、钾、铵和取代的铵盐,如一、二和三乙醇胺盐),C8-C22伯或仲链烷基磺酸盐,C8-C24烯属磺酸酯,磺化的多羧酸(由碱土金属柠檬酸盐的热解产物,按照例如英国专利说明书第1082179所述进行磺化反应制得),C8-C24烷基聚乙二醇醚硫酸酯(含有达10摩尔的环氧乙烷);烷基甘油磺酸盐,脂肪酰甘油磺酸盐,脂肪油烯基甘油磺酸盐,烷基酚环氧乙烷醚硫酸盐,石蜡磺酸盐,烷基磷酸盐,羟乙基磺酸盐如酰基羟乙基磺酸盐,N-酰基牛磺酸盐(N-acyl taurates),烷基琥珀酰胺酸盐和硫代琥珀酸盐,硫代琥珀酸单酯(尤其是饱和和不饱和的C12-C18单酯)和硫代琥珀酸二酯(尤其是饱和和不饱和的C6-C12二酯),酰基肌氨酸盐,烷基多糖的硫酸盐如烷基多葡糖苷的硫酸盐(下文将描述的非离子型非硫酸化化合物),支链伯烷基硫酸盐,和烷基多乙氧基羧酸盐例如式RO(CH2CH2O)k-CH2COO-M+,其中R为C8-C22烷基,k为一个1至10的整数,M为一个可形成可溶性盐的阳离子。树脂酸和氢化树脂酸也是适宜的,例如松香、氢化松香、存在于松油中的或得自松油的树脂酸和氢化树脂酸。
烷基苯磺酸盐是非常优选的。尤其优选的是线性(直链)烷基苯磺酸盐(LAS),其中的烷基优选含有10至18个碳原子。
进一步的例子描述在《表面活性剂与洗涤剂》(I卷和II卷,Schwartz,Perry和Berch)中。各种这样的表面活性剂一般也公开在US 3929678(第23栏第58行至第29栏第23行,在此引入作为参考)中。
当包括在其中时,本发明的衣物洗涤剂组合物一般含有重量百分比为约1-40%、优选约3-20%的这样的阴离子表面活性剂。
本发明的衣物洗涤剂组合物也可以含有阳离子、两性、两性离子和半极性表面活性剂,以及非离子和/或除了上述以外的阴离子表面活性剂。
适用于本发明的衣物洗涤剂组合物中的阳离子清洁表面活性剂是那些具有一个长链烃基者。这样的阳离子表面活性剂的例子包括铵表面活性剂,例如烷基三甲基铵卤化物,和那些具有下式结构的表面活性剂:
[R2(OR3)y][R4(OR3)y]2R5N+X-
其中R2为在烷基链中具有约8至约18个碳原子的烷基或烷基苄基,每个R3选自由-CH2CH2-、-CH2CH(CH3)-、-CH2CH(CH2OH)-、-CH2CH2CH2-和它们的混合物组成的组;每个R4选自由下列基团组成的组:C1-C4烷基,C1-C4羟基烷基,连接两个R4基团所生成的苄基环结构-CH2CHOHCHOHCOR6CHOHCH2OH、其中R6为分子量小于约1000的任意己糖或己糖聚合物,若y不是0则为氢;R5与R4相同,或者是一个烷基链,其中的碳原子总数或R2加R5的碳原子总数不超过18;每个y为0至约10,y值总计为0至约15;X为任意相容的阴离子。
非常优选的阳离子表面活性剂是可用于本发明组合物中的水溶性季铵化合物,具有下式结构式:
R1R2R3R4N+X- (i)
其中R1为C8-C16烷基;每个R2、R3和R4独立为C1-C4烷基、C1-C4羟基烷基、苄基和-(C2H4O)xH,其中x为2至5之间的一个值;X为一个阴离子。R2、R3或R4中至多其一为苄基。
R1优选的烷基链长为C12-C15,特别是当该烷基是得自椰油或棕榈仁脂的链长度混合物,或由烯烃加长或OXO醇合成得到时。
R2、R3和R4优选的基团是甲基和羟乙基,阴离子X可选自卤离子、甲基硫酸根、乙酸根和磷酸根离子。
适用此处的式(i)季铵化合物的例子有:
氯化或溴化椰油三甲基铵;
氯化或溴化椰油甲基二羟乙基铵;
氯化癸基三乙基铵;
氯化或溴化癸基二甲基羟乙基铵;
氯化或溴化C12-C15二甲基羟乙基铵;
氯化或溴化椰油二甲基羟乙基铵;
甲基硫酸肉豆蔻基三甲基铵;
氯化或溴化月桂基二甲基苄基铵;
氯化或溴化月桂基二甲基(氧乙烯基)4铵;
胆碱酯类(式(i)化合物,其中R1为
烷基,R2、R3、R4为甲基);
二烷基咪唑啉(式(I)化合物)。
可用在这里的其他阳离子表面活性剂也描述在US4228044和EP000224中。
当包括在其中时,本发明的衣物洗涤剂组合物一般含有重量百分比为0.2-25%、优选约1-8%的这种阳离子表面活性剂。
两性表面活性剂也适合用在本发明的衣物洗涤剂组合物中。这些表面活性剂可以被广泛描述为仲胺或叔胺的脂族衍生物、或杂环仲胺和叔胺的脂族衍生物,其中的脂族原子团可以是直链或支链的。脂族取代基之一含有至少约8个碳原子,一般为约8-18个碳原子,并且至少一个脂族取代基含有一个阴离子的水增溶的基团,例如羧基、磺酸根、硫酸根。两性表面活性剂例如参见US 3929678(第19栏第18-35行)。
当包括在其中时,本发明的衣物洗涤剂组合物一般含有重量百分比为0.2-15%、优选约1-10%的这样的两性表面活性剂。
两性离子表面活性剂也适合用在衣物洗涤剂组合物中。这些表面活性剂可以被广泛描述为仲胺和叔胺的衍生物、杂环仲胺和叔胺的衍生物,或季铵、季 或叔锍化合物的衍生物。两性离子表面活性剂例如参见US 3929678(第19栏第38行到第22栏第48行)。
当包括在其中时,本发明的衣物洗涤剂组合物一般含有重量百分比为0.2-15%、优选为约1-10%的这种两性离子表面活性剂。
半极性非离子表面活性剂是一类特殊的非离子表面活性剂,包括水溶性氧化胺,它含有一个约10-18个碳原子的烷基部分和选自由含有约1至约3个碳原子的烷基和羟基烷基组成之组的两个部分;还包括水溶性氧化膦,它含有一个约10至约18个碳原子的烷基部分和选自由含有约1至约3个碳原子的烷基和羟基烷基组成之组的两个部分;还包括水溶性亚砜,它含有一个约10至约18个碳原子的烷基部分和选自由含有约1至约3个碳原子的烷基和羟基烷基部分组成之组的一个部分。
半极性非离子洗涤剂表面活性剂包括具有下式结构的氧化胺表面活性剂:
其中R3为含有约8至约22个碳原子的烷基、羟基烷基或烷基苯基,或它们的混合物;R4为含有约2至约3个碳原子的亚烷基或羟基亚烷基,或它们的混合物;x为0至约3;每个R5为含有约1至约3个碳原子的烷基或羟基烷基,或含有约1至约3个环氧乙烷基的一个多氧乙烯基。R5基团可以彼此连接,例如通过一个氧原子或氮原子连接,而形成环结构。
这些氧化胺表面活性剂特别包括C10-C18烷基二甲基胺氧化物和C8-C12烷氧基乙基二羟基乙基胺氧化物。
当包括在其中时,本发明的衣物洗涤剂组合物一般含有重量百分比为0.2-15%、优选为约1-10%的这种半极性非离子表面活性剂。
助洗剂系统
按照本发明的组合物可以进一步含有一种助洗剂系统。任何常规的助洗剂系统都适用于本文,包括硅铝酸盐物质、硅酸盐、多羧酸盐和脂肪酸、诸如乙二胺四乙酸盐等物质、诸如氨基多膦酸盐等金属离子螯合剂,特别是乙二胺四亚甲基膦酸和二亚乙基三胺五亚甲基膦酸。尽管出于明显的环境原因,磷酸盐助洗剂不太优选,但在此处也可使用。
适用的助洗剂可以是一种无机离子交换物质,一般是一种无机水合的硅铝酸盐物质,更具体地说是一种水合的合成沸石,如水合的沸石A、X、B、HS或MAP。
另一种适用的无机助洗剂物质是分层硅酸盐,例如SKS-6(Hoechst)。SKS-6是一种由硅酸钠(Na2Si2O5)组成的结晶性分层硅酸盐。
适用的含有一个羧基的多羧酸盐包括乳酸、乙醇酸及其醚衍生物,如比利时专利831368、821369和821370中所公开的那些。含有两个羧基的多羧酸盐包括琥珀酸、丙二酸、(亚乙二氧基)二乙酰乙酸(diaceticacid)、马来酸、二乙醇酸、酒石酸、丙醇二酸和富马酸的水溶性盐,以及公开在德国Offenle-enschrift 2446686和2446487、US3935257中的羧酸醚,公开在比利时专利No.840623中的亚磺酰羧酸盐。含有三个羧基的多羧酸盐特别包括水溶性柠檬酸盐、aconitrate和柠康酸盐,以及琥珀酸盐衍生物,如公开在英国专利No.1379241中的羧甲氧基琥珀酸盐、公开在荷兰专利申请7205873中的乳酰氧基琥珀酸盐(Lactoxysuccinates),和氧化多羧酸盐物质,如公开在英国专利No.1387447中的2-氧杂-1,1,3-丙烷三羧酸盐。
含有四个羧基的多羧酸盐包括公开在英国专利No.1261829中的氧联二琥珀酸盐,含有磺基取代基的1,1,2,2-乙烷四羧酸盐、1,1,3,3-丙烷四羧酸盐包括公开在英国专利No.1398421、1398422和US 3936448中的磺基琥珀酸盐衍生物,和描述在英国专利No.1082179中的磺化的热解柠檬酸盐,而含有膦基(phosphone)取代基的多羧酸盐公开于英国专利No.1439000中。
脂环和杂环多羧酸盐包括环戊烷-顺式,顺式-顺式四羧酸盐、环戊二烯化(cyclopentadienide)五羧酸盐、2,3,4,5-四氢呋喃-顺式,顺式,顺式-四羧酸盐、2,5-四氢呋喃-顺式-二羧酸盐、2,2,5,5-四氢呋喃四羧酸盐、1,2,3,4,5,6-己烷六羧酸盐以及多元醇如山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇和木糖醇的羧甲基衍生物。芳族多羧酸盐包括公开在英国专利No.1425343中的苯六甲酸、1,2,4,5-苯四酸和苯二甲酸衍生物。
上述中优选的多羧酸盐是每分子含有不超过三个羧基的羟基羧酸盐,更优选为柠檬酸盐。
优选用在本发明组合物中的助洗剂系统包括诸如沸石A等水不溶性硅铝酸盐助洗剂或多层硅酸盐(SKS-6)和诸如柠檬酸等水溶性羧酸盐螯合剂的混合物。
一种适宜包含在按照本发明的洗涤剂组合物中的螯合剂是乙二胺-N,N’-二琥珀酸(EDDS)或其碱金属、碱土金属、铵或取代的铵盐,或它们的混合物。优选的EDDS化合物是游离酸形式和其钠盐或镁盐。优选的EDDS钠盐例子包括Na 2EDDS和Na 4EDDS。优选的EDDS镁盐例子包括MgEDDS和Mg 2EDDS。最优选用于包含在按照本发明的组合物中的是镁盐。
优选的助洗剂系统包括诸如沸石A等水不溶性硅铝酸盐助洗剂和诸如柠檬酸等水溶性羧酸盐螯合剂的混合物。
其他能构成用于颗粒状组合物中助洗剂系统的一部分的助洗剂物质包括无机物质,如碱金属碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐、硅酸盐,和有机物质,如有机膦酸盐、氨基多亚烷基膦酸盐和氨基多羧酸盐。
其他适用的水溶性有机盐是均聚合或共聚合的酸或它们的盐,其中多羧酸含有至少两个羧基,这两个羧基被不超过两个碳原子彼此分开。
这种类型的聚合物公开在GB-A-1596756中。这样的盐的例子是分子量为2000-5000的聚丙烯酸盐和它们与马来酸酐的共聚物,该共聚物的分子量为20000至70000,尤其约为40000。
洗涤助洗剂盐的含量通常为5%至80%(以组合物重量计)。液体洗涤剂的助洗剂浓度优选为5%至30%。
酶
除了本发明的酶制剂以外,优选的洗涤剂组合物含有其他的酶,该酶提供清洁作用和/或织物护理效果。
这样的酶包括蛋白酶、脂肪酶、角质酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、过氧化物酶、氧化酶(例如漆酶)。
蛋白酶:任何适用于碱性溶液中的蛋白酶均可使用。适用的蛋白酶包括动物、植物或微生物来源的蛋白酶。微生物来源的蛋白酶是优选的。包括化学或基因加工过的突变体。蛋白酶可以是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶,优选为碱性微生物蛋白酶或胰蛋白酶样蛋白酶。碱性蛋白酶的例子是枯草杆菌蛋白酶,尤其是得自芽孢杆菌属的枯草杆菌蛋白酶,例如枯草杆菌蛋白酶Novo、枯草杆菌蛋白酶Carlsberg、枯草杆菌蛋白酶309、枯草杆菌蛋白酶147和枯草杆菌蛋白酶168(描述在WO 89/06279中)。胰蛋白酶样蛋白酶的例子是胰蛋白酶(例如猪或牛来源)和描述在WO 89/06270中的镰孢属蛋白酶。
优选的商业上可得到的蛋白酶包括Novo Nordisk A/S(丹麦)公司产品,商品名为Alcalase、Savinase、Primase、Durazym和Esperase;Genencor国际公司产品,商品名为Maxatase、Maxacal、Maxapem、Properase、Purafect和Purafect OXP;以及Solvay酶公司产品,商品名为Opticlean和Optimase。蛋白酶掺入本发明组合物中的水平,按组合物的重量计,酶蛋白质浓度可以是0.00001%至2%,优选为0.0001%至1%,更优选为0.001%至0.5%,进而更优选为0.01%至0.2%。
脂肪酶:任何适用于碱性溶液中的脂肪酶均可使用。适用的脂肪酶包括那些细菌或真菌来源的脂肪酶。包括经化学或基因改造的突变体。
有用的脂肪酶的例子包括一种Humicola lahuginosa脂肪酶,如EP 258068和EP 305216所述;一种Rhizomucor miehei脂肪酶,例如EP238023所述;一种假丝酵母属脂肪酶,如C.antarctica脂肪酶,例如EP 214761所述的C.an tarctica脂肪酶A或B,一种假单胞菌属脂肪酶,如产碱假单胞菌和类产碱假单胞菌脂肪酶,例如EP 218272所述,一种洋葱假单胞菌脂肪酶,例如EP 331376所述,一种施氏假单胞菌脂肪酶,例如GB 1372034所述,一种荧光假单胞菌脂肪酶,一种芽胞杆菌属脂肪酶,例如枯草杆菌脂肪酶(Dartois等,(1993),生物化学与生物物理学学报,1131,253-260)、嗜热脂肪芽胞杆菌脂肪酶(JP 64/744992)和短小芽胞杆菌脂肪酶(WO91/16422)。
而且,可以使用大量克隆的脂肪酶,包括沙门柏干酪青霉脂肪酶(Yamaguchi等,(1991),基因103,61-67),白地霉脂肪酶(Schimada,Y.等,(1989),生物化学杂志,106,383-388)和各种根霉菌属脂肪酶,如R.delemar脂肪酶(Hass,M.J.等,(1991),基因,109,117-113)、雪白根霉脂肪酶(Kugimiya等,(1992),生物科学、生物技术与生物化学,56,716-719)和米根霉脂肪酶。
也可使用其他类型的脂解酶,如角质酶,例如WO 88/09367所述的得自门多萨假单胞菌的角质酶,或得自Fusarium solani pisi的角质酶(例如WO 90/09446所述)。
尤其适用的脂肪酶是M1 LipaseTM、Luma fastTM和LipomaxTM(Genencor)、LipolaseTM与Lipolase UltraTM(Novo Nordisk A/S)和Lipase P“Amano”(Amano药学有限公司)。
脂肪酶掺入洗涤剂组合物中的水平,按组合物重量计,酶蛋白质量一般为0.00001%至2%,优选为0.0001%至1%,更优选为0.001%至0.5%,进而更优选为0.01%至0.2%。
淀粉酶:任何适用于碱性溶液中的淀粉酶(a和/或b)均可使用。适用的淀粉酶包括那些细菌或真菌来源的淀粉酶。包括经化学或基因改造的突变体。淀粉酶包括例如从一种特殊的地衣芽孢杆菌菌株得到的淀粉酶,GB 1296839对此有更为详细的描述。商业上可得到的淀粉酶为DuramylTM、TermamylTM、FungamylTM和BANTM(可从Novo Nordisk A/S得到),RapidaseTM和Ma xamyl PTM(可从Genencor得到)。
淀粉酶掺入洗涤剂组合物中的水平,按组合物重量计,酶蛋白质量一般为0.00001%至2%,优选为0.0001%至1%,更优选为0.001%至0.5%,进而更优选为0.01%至0.2%。
纤维素酶:任何适用于碱性溶液中的纤维素酶均可使用。适用的纤维素酶包括那些细菌或真菌来源的纤维素酶。包括经化学或基因改造的突变体。适用的纤维素酶公开在US 4435307中,它公开了由Humicola insolens产生的真菌纤维素酶。尤其适用的纤维素酶是具有颜色护理效果的纤维素酶。这种纤维素酶的例子描述在欧洲专利申请No.0495257中的纤维素酶和本发明的内切葡聚糖酶。
商业上可得到的纤维素酶包括由Humicola insolens菌株产生的CelluzymeTM(Novo Nordisk A/S)和KAC-500(B)TM(花王公司)。
纤维素酶掺入洗涤剂组合物中的水平,以组合物重量计,酶蛋白质量一般为0.00001%至2%,优选为0.0001%至1%,更优选为0.001%至0.5%,进而更优选为0.01%至0.2%。
过氧化物酶/氧化酶:过氧化物酶与过氧化氢或其来源(例如过碳酸盐、过硼酸盐或过硫酸盐)结合使用。氧化酶与氧结合使用。两种类型的酶均用于“溶液漂白”,也就是当在一种洗涤液中一起洗涤织物时,特别是与例如WO 94/12621和WO 95/01426所述的一种增强剂一起使用时,防止纺织品染料从染色的织物转移到另一个织物上。适用的过氧化物酶/氧化酶包括植物、细菌或真菌来源的那些酶。包括经化学或基因改造的突变体。
过氧化物酶/氧化酶掺入洗涤剂组合物中的水平,以组合物重量计,酶蛋白质量一般为0.00001%至2%,优选为0.0001%至1%,更优选为0.001%至0.5%,进而更优选为0.01%至0.2%。
此处也包括上述酶的混合物,特别是蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和/或纤维素酶的混合物。
加入洗涤剂组合物中的本发明的酶或任一种其他的酶掺入洗涤剂组合物中的水平,以组合物重量计,酶蛋白质量一般为0.00001%至2%,优选为0.0001%至1%,更优选为0.001%至0.5%,进而更优选为0.01%至0.2%。
漂白剂
能够包括在本发明洗涤剂组合物中的其它可选洗涤剂成分包括漂白剂,例如PB1、PB4和粒径为400-800微米的过碳酸盐。这些漂白剂组分可以包括一种或几种氧漂白剂,并且根据所选择的漂白剂,还可以包括一种或几种漂白活化剂。当含有氧漂白剂时,其浓度一般为约1%至约25%。一般来说,漂白化合物是非液体制剂如颗粒状洗涤剂中可选择加入的组分。
此处可用的漂白剂组分可以是任何可用于洗涤剂组合物中的漂白剂,包括氧漂白剂以及本领域已知的其他漂白剂。
适用于本发明的漂白剂可以是一种活化的或未活化的漂白剂。
能够使用的一类氧漂白剂包括过羧酸漂白剂及其盐。这类漂白剂的适用例子包括一过氧邻苯二甲酸镁六水合物、间氯过苯甲酸的镁盐、4-壬氨基-4-氧代过氧丁酸和二过氧十二烷二酸。这样的漂白剂公开在US 4483781、US 740446、EP 0133354和US 4412934中。
高度优选的漂白剂也包括如US 4634551所述的6-壬氨基-6-氧代过氧己酸。
另一类能够使用的漂白剂包括卤素漂白剂。次石盐漂白剂的例子例如包括三氯异氰脲酸、二氯异氰脲酸钠和钾、N-氯和N-溴链烷磺胺。以最终产物重量计,这样的物质一般加入0.5-10%,优选为1-5%。
过氧化氢释放剂能够与漂白活化剂结合使用,漂白活化剂例如是四乙酰乙二胺(TAED)、壬酰氧基苯磺酸盐(NOBS,描述在US4412934中)、3,5-三甲基-己酰氧基苯磺酸盐(ISONOBS,描述在EP 120591中)或五乙酰葡萄糖(PAG),它们被过水解而生成过酸作为活性漂白物质,从而改进漂白作用。另外,非常适用的是漂白活化剂C8(6-辛酰氨基己酰基)氧基苯磺酸盐、C9(6-壬酰氨基己酰基)氧基苯磺酸盐和C10(6-癸酰氨基己酰基)氧基苯磺酸盐或它们的混合物。同样适用的活化剂还有如欧洲专利申请No.91870207.7所公开的酰化了的柠檬酸酯。
专利申请USSN 08/136626中描述了包括过氧酸在内的漂白剂和含有漂白活化剂与过氧漂白化合物的漂白系统,它们可用于按照本发明的清洁组合物中。
也可以通过加入一种酶系统(也就是一种酶及其底物)使过氧化氢存在,该酶系统能够在洗涤和/或漂洗过程的开始或过程中产生过氧化氢。这样的酶系统公开在欧洲专利申请EP 0537381中。
不同于氧漂白剂的漂白剂也是本领域已知的,可在此处应用。特别值得关注的一种非氧漂白剂类型包括光活化的漂白剂,例如磺化的锌和/或铝酞菁染料。这些物质在洗涤过程中沉淀在底物上。一旦受光照射,并在氧的存在下(例如将衣物悬挂在日光下晒干),磺化的锌酞菁染料被活化,随后底物被漂白。优选的锌酞菁染料和光活化的漂白过程描述在US 4033718中。一般地,洗涤剂组合物将含有重量百分比为约0.025-1.25%的磺化锌酞菁染料。
漂白剂还可以含有一种锰催化剂。该锰催化剂例如可以是“低温漂白的高效锰催化剂”,自然,369,1994,pp.637-639中描述的化合物之一。
泡沫抑制剂
另一种可选成分是泡沫抑制剂,例如聚硅氧烷和硅石-聚硅氧烷混合物。聚硅氧烷一般能以烷基化的聚硅氧烷物质为代表,而硅石通常以细分形式使用,例如各种硅补强剂与干凝胶和疏水性硅石。这些物质可作为微粒而加入,其中泡沫抑制剂被有利地、可释放地加入到水溶性或水可分散的、实质上为非表面活性洗涤剂的不渗透性载体中。另一种选择是,可将泡沫抑制剂溶于或分散于液体载体中,并通过喷淋在一种或几种其他组分上而利用。
一种优选的聚硅氧烷泡沫控制剂公开在US 3933672中。其他特别有用的泡沫抑制剂是自乳化的聚硅氧烷泡沫抑制剂,描述在德国专利申请DTOS 2646126中。这种化合物的一个例子是DC-544,商业上可从Dow Corning得到,该化合物是一种硅氧烷-乙二醇共聚物。尤其优选的泡沫控制剂是含有硅油和2-烷基链烷醇的混合物的泡沫抑制剂系统。适用的2-烷基链烷醇为2-丁基辛醇,该化合物是商业上可得到的,其商品名为Isofol 12R。
这样的泡沫抑制剂描述在欧洲专利申请EP 0593841中。
尤其优选的聚硅氧烷泡沫控制剂描述在欧洲专利申请No.92201649.8中。所述组合物可含有与发烟无孔隙硅石例如Aerosil R结合使用的聚硅氧烷/硅石混合物。
上述泡沫抑制剂的使用浓度通常为组合物重量的0.001-2%,优选为0.01-1%。
其他组分
用在洗涤剂组合物中的其他组分可以是污垢悬浮剂、污垢释放剂、光增白剂、研磨剂、杀菌剂、晦暗抑制剂、着色剂和/或包封或非包封的香料。
尤其适用的包封物料是水溶性胶囊,它由多糖和多羟基化合物的基质组成,例如描述在GB 1464616中。
其他适用的水溶性包封物料包括得自取代的二羧酸的未凝胶化淀粉酸酯的糊精,例如描述在US 3455838中。这些酸酯糊精优选是从蜡状玉米、蜡状高梁、西米、木薯淀粉和马铃薯等制得的。所述包封物料的适当例子包括由National Starch生产的N-Lok。N-Lok包封物料由加工过的玉米淀粉和葡萄糖组成。该淀粉是通过加入单功能取代基如辛烯基琥珀酸酐而改造的。
此处适用的抗再沉积与污垢悬浮剂包括纤维素衍生物,例如甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素和羟乙基纤维素,以及均聚合或共聚合的多羧酸或其盐。这种类型的聚合物包括前述作为助洗剂的聚丙烯酸酯和马来酸酐-丙烯酸共聚物,以及马来酸酐与乙烯、甲基乙烯基醚或甲基丙烯酸的共聚物,马来酸酐至少占共聚物的20摩尔百分比。这些物料通常的使用浓度为组合物重量的0.5%至10%,更优选0.75%至8%,最优选为1%至6%。
优选的荧光增白剂为适合的阴离子,其例子有4,4’-双-(2-二乙醇氨基-4-苯胺基-s-三嗪-6-基氨基)芪-2:2’-二磺酸二钠、4,4’-双-(2-吗啉代-4-苯胺基-s-三嗪-6-基氨基)芪-2:2’-二磺酸二钠、4,4’-双-(2,4-二苯胺基-s-三嗪-6-基氨基)芪-2:2’-二磺酸二钠、4’,4”-双-(2,4-二苯胺基-s-三嗪-6-基氨基)芪-2-磺酸一钠、4,4’-双-(2-苯胺基-4-(N-甲基-N-2-羟乙氨基)-s-三嗪-6-基氨基)芪-2,2’-二磺酸二钠、4,4’-双-(4-苯基-2,1,3-三唑-2-基)芪-2,2’-二磺酸二钠、4,4’-双-(2-苯胺基-4-(1-甲基-2-羟乙氨基)-s-三嗪-6-基氨基)芪-2,2’-二磺酸二钠、2-(芪基-4”-(萘并-1’,2’:4,5)-1,2,3-三唑-2”-磺酸钠和4,4’-双-(2-磺基苯乙烯基)联苯。
其他有用的聚合物料是聚乙二醇,特别是分子量为1000-10000,更特别是2000至8000,最优选为约4000的聚乙二醇。按重量计,这些物料的使用浓度为0.20-5%,更优选为0.25-2.5%。
在过渡金属元素杂质的存在下,这些聚合物和前述均聚合或共聚合的多羧酸盐对于改进洁白度的保持、织物灰分沉积和对粘土、蛋白质性和可氧化污垢的清洁性能具有重要作用。
通常,可用于本发明组合物中的污垢释放剂是对苯二酸与1,2-亚乙基二醇和/或丙二醇单元以各种方式的共聚物或三元共聚物。这样的聚合物例子公开在US 4116885与4711730和EP 0272033中。按照EP 0272033,一种特别优选的聚合物具有下式结构:
(CH3(PEG)43)0.75(POH)0.25[(T-PO)2.8(T-PEG)0.4]T(POH)0.
25((PEG)43CH3)0.75
其中PEG为-(OC2H4)O-,PO为(OC3H6O),T为(p0OC6H4CO)。
也非常有用的是作为对苯二酸二甲酯、磺基间苯二酸二甲酯、乙二醇和1,2-丙二醇的无规共聚物的改性聚酯,末端基团主要由磺基苯甲酸酯组成,其次为乙二醇和/或1,2-丙二醇的单酯。目的是“主要”得到两个末端均以磺基苯甲酸基结束的聚合物,在本文中,大多数所述共聚物将是以磺基苯甲酸基结束末端的。不过,一些共聚物将是不完全被覆盖的,因此它们的端基可以由乙二醇和/或1,2-丙二醇的单酯组成,由此构成这类聚合物的“次要”部分。
按重量计,这里所选择的聚酯含有约46%的对苯二甲酸二甲酯、约16%的1,2-丙二醇、约10%的乙二醇、约13%的磺基苯甲酸二甲酯和约15%磺基间苯二甲酸,分子量约为3000。该聚酯及其制备方法详细描述在EP 311342中。
软化剂
织物软化剂也可以加入按照本发明的衣物洗涤剂组合物中。这些软化剂可以是无机或有机的类型。无机软化剂例如有公开在GB-A-1400898和US 5019292中的绿土。有机的织物软化剂包括公开在GB-A-1514276和EP 0011340中的水不溶性叔胺,它们与单C12-C14季铵盐的结合公开在EP-B-0026528中,以及公开在EP0242919中的二长链酰胺。其他有用的织物软化系统的有机成分包括公开在EP 0299575和0313146中的高分子聚氧乙烯物料。
按重量计,绿土的浓度范围通常为5%至15%,更优选为8-12%,该物料是作为干燥的混合组分加入到制剂的其他组分中的。按重量计,诸如水不溶性叔胺或二长链酰胺物料等有机的织物软化剂的加入浓度为0.5至5%,通常为1至3%,而高分子聚氧乙烯物料和水溶性阳离子物料的加入浓度为0.1至2%,通常为0.15至1.5%。这些物料通常被加入到组合物的喷雾干燥的部分中,不过在某些情况下,可以更为方便地将其作为干燥的混合颗粒加入、或作为熔化的液体喷淋到组合物的其他固体组分上。
聚合染料转移抑制剂
按照本发明的洗涤剂组合物还可以含有0.001至10%、优选为0.01至2%、更优选为0.05至1%(按重量计)的聚合染料转移抑制剂。通常向洗涤剂组合物中加入所述的聚合染料转移抑制剂,是为了抑制染料从染色的织物转移到与之一起洗涤的织物上。在从染色的织物中洗下来的褪色染料附着于洗涤中的其他物品上之前,这些聚合物能够络合或吸收这些染料。
尤其适用的聚合染料转移抑制剂是聚胺N-氧化物聚合物、N-乙烯吡咯烷酮与N-乙烯咪唑的共聚物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮聚合物、聚乙烯_唑烷酮和聚乙烯咪唑或它们的混合物。
加入这样的聚合物也提高了按照本发明的酶的性能。
按照本发明的洗涤剂组合物可以是液体、糊状、凝胶、条状或颗粒形式。
可以按照例如公开在US 4106991和4661452(均为NovoIndustri A/S)中的方法产生无尘颗粒,并且可以任选地按照本领域已知的方法进行包衣。蜡状包衣材料的例子有聚(氧乙烯)产品(聚乙二醇,PEG),其平均分子量为1000至20000;具有16至50个环氧乙烷单元的乙氧基化壬基酚;乙氧基化的脂肪醇,其中醇含有12至20个碳原子,并且其中具有15至80个环氧乙烷单元;脂肪醇;脂肪酸;脂肪酸的单、二和三甘油酯。适用于流体床技术的成膜包衣材料例子由GB 1483591给出。
按照本发明的颗粒组合物也可以是“致密的形式”,也就是它们可以具有比常规颗粒洗涤剂相对更高的密度,也就是550至950g/l;在这种情况下,按照本发明的颗粒洗涤剂组合物与常规的颗粒洗涤剂相比,将含有更少量的“无机填料盐”;典型的填料盐是碱土金属的硫酸盐和氯化物,一般为硫酸钠;“致密的”洗涤剂一般含有不超过10%的填料盐。按照本发明的液体组合物也可以是“浓缩的形式”,在这种情况下,按照本发明的液体洗涤剂组合物与常规的液体洗涤剂相比,将含有更少量的水。一般地,以洗涤剂组合物的重量计,浓缩的液体洗涤剂的水分含量小于30%,更优选为小于20%,最优选为小于10%。
本发明组合物例如可以配制成适合手洗和机洗的衣物洗涤剂组合物,包括洗衣添加剂组合物和适用于着色织物预处理的组合物,漂洗中加入的织物软化剂组合物,和用于一般家庭硬物表面清洁与餐具清洁的组合物。
下列实例意图例证本发明的组合物,而不是限制或规定本发明的范围。
在洗涤剂组合物中,缩略的组分符号具有下列含义:
LAS: 直链C12烷基苯磺酸钠
TAS: 牛脂烷基硫酸钠
XYAS: C1X-C1Y烷基硫酸钠
SS: 式2-丁基辛酸的次级皂类表面活性剂
25EY: 与平均为Y摩尔的环氧乙烷缩合的主要为C12-
C15的直链伯醇
45EY: 与平均为Y摩尔的环氧乙烷缩合的主要为C14-
C15的直链伯醇
XYEZS: 每摩尔与平均为Z摩尔的环氧乙烷缩合的C1X-
C1Y烷基硫酸钠
非离子物质:平均乙氧基化度为3.8、平均丙氧基化度为4.5
的C13-C15混合的乙氧基化/丙氧基化脂肪
醇,商品名为Plurafax LF404,BASF Gmbh生产
CFAA: C12-C14烷基N-甲基葡糖酰胺
TFAA: C16-C18烷基N-甲基葡糖酰胺
硅酸盐: 非晶形的硅酸钠(SiO2∶Na20O比例=2.0)
NaSKS-6: 式d-Na2Si2O5的结晶性多层硅酸盐
碳酸盐: 无水碳酸钠
磷酸盐: 三磷酸钠
MA/AA: 1∶4马来酸/丙烯酸共聚物,平均分子量约80000
聚丙烯酸酯:平均分子量为8000的聚丙烯酸酯均聚物,商品
名为PA30,BASF Gmbh生产
沸石A: 式Na12(AlO2SiO2)12,27H2O的水合硅铝酸钠,
主要粒径在1至10微米范围内
柠檬酸盐: 柠檬酸三钠二水合物
柠檬酸: 柠檬酸
过硼酸盐: 无水过硼酸钠一水合物漂白剂,经验式为
NaBO2.H2O2
PB4: 无水过硼酸钠四水合物
过碳酸盐: 无水过碳酸钠漂白剂,经验式为2Na2CO3.3H2O2
TAED: 四乙酰基乙二胺
CMC: 羧甲基纤维素钠
DETPMP: 二乙三胺五(亚甲基膦酸),商品名为Dequest
2060,孟山都公司有售
PVP: 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮聚合物
EDDS: 乙二胺-N,N’-二琥珀酸,钠盐形式的[S,S]异构体
泡沫抑制剂:25%石蜡(熔点50℃),17%疏水性硅石,58%石
蜡油
颗粒状泡沫 12%聚硅氧烷/硅石,18%十八烷醇,70%颗
抑制剂: 粒形式的淀粉
硫酸盐: 无水硫酸钠
HMWPEO: 高分子量的聚氧乙烯
TAE25: 牛脂醇乙氧基化物(25)
洗涤剂实例I
如下可以制得按照本发明的颗粒状织物清洗组合物:
直链C12烷基苯磺酸钠 6.5
硫酸钠 15.0
沸石A 26.0
次氮基三乙酸钠 5.0
本发明的酶 0.1
PVP 0.5
TAED 3.0
硼酸 4.0
过硼酸盐 18.0
苯酚磺酸盐 0.1
次要成分 加至100
洗涤剂实例II
如下可以制得按照本发明的致密颗粒状织物清洁组合物(密度为800g/l):
45AS 8.0
25E3S 2.0
25E5 3.0
25E3 3.0
TFAA 2.5
沸石A 17.0
NaSKS-6 12.0
柠檬酸 3.0
碳酸盐 7.0
MA/AA 5.0
CMC 0.4
本发明的酶 0.1
TAED 6.0
过碳酸盐 22.0
EDDS 0.3
颗粒状泡沫抑制剂 3.5
水/次要成分 加至100%
洗涤剂实例III
如下制得尤其可用于彩色织物洗涤的按照本发明的颗粒状织物清洁组合物:
LAS 10.7
TAS 2.4
TFAA - 4.0
45AS 3.1 10.0
45E74.0
25B3S - 3.0
68B11 1.8 -
25E5 - 8.0
柠檬酸盐 15.0 7.0
碳酸盐 - 10
柠檬酸 2.5 3.0
沸石A 32.1 25.0
Na-SKS-6 - 9.0
MA/AA 5.0 5.0
DETPMP 0.2 0.8
本发明的酶 0.10 0.05
硅酸盐 2.5 -
硫酸盐 5.2 3.0
PVP 0.5 -
聚(4-乙烯基吡啶)-N-氧化 - 0.2物/乙烯基咪唑和乙烯基吡咯烷酮的共聚物
过硼酸盐 1.0 -
苯酚磺酸盐 0.2 -
水/次要成分 加至100%
洗涤剂实例IV
如下可以制得提供“洗涤中软化”能力的按照本发明的颗粒状织物清洁组合物:
45AS - 10.0
LAS 7.6 -
68AS 1.3 -
45E7 4.0 -
25E3 - 5.0
氯化椰油-烷基-二甲基羟 1.4 1.0
乙基铵
柠檬酸盐 5.0 3.0
Na-SKS-6 - 11.0
沸石A 15.0 15.0
MA/AA 4.0 4.0
DETPMP 0.4 0.4
过硼酸盐 15.0 -
过碳酸盐 - 15.0
TAED 5.0 5.0
绿土 10.0 10.0
HMWPEO - 0.1
本发明的酶 0.10 0.05
硅酸盐 3.0 5.0
碳酸盐 10.0 10.0
颗粒状泡沫抑制剂 1.0 4.0
CMC 0.2 0.1
水/次要成分 加至100%
洗涤剂实例V
如下可以制得按照本发明的高效型液体织物清洁组合物:
I II
LAS酸形式 - 25.0
柠檬酸 5.0 2.0
25AS酸形式 8.0 -
25AE2S酸形式 3.0 -
25AE7 8.0 -
CFAA 5 -
DETPMP 1.0 1.0
脂肪酸8 - -
油酸 - 1.0
乙醇 4.0 6.0
丙二醇 2.0 6.0
本发明的酶 0.10 0.05
氯化椰油-烷基二甲基羟 - 3.0
基铵
绿土 - 5.0
PVP 2.0 -
水/次要成分 加至100%
纺织品应用
在另一种实施方案中,本发明涉及本发明的内切葡聚糖酶在生物抛光过程中的用途。生物抛光是对纱表面进行的一种特殊处理,它可提高织物的手感和外观质量,且不损失织物的可湿性。生物抛光最重要的效果特征在于较少起毛和起球、增加光泽/光亮、提高织物手感、增加柔软持久性和改变水吸收本领。通常在生产编织和纺织织物的湿润过程中进行生物抛光。湿润过程例如包括下列步骤,脱浆、擦洗、漂白、洗涤、染色/印花和涂饰。每一步过程中,织物或多或少地受到机械作用。一般来说,纺织品在编织或纺织后,对织物要进行脱浆步骤,随后为擦洗等步骤。脱浆是除去纺织品上浆料的作用。在机械织布机上进行纺织之前,为了提高拉伸强度,经常在经纱上涂上淀粉浆或淀粉衍生物。纺织后,为了保证均匀和耐洗效果,必须在对织物进行进一步处理之前除去所涂上的浆料。已知为了达到生物抛光效果,需要结合使用纤维分解作用和机械作用。还已知在纤维素酶处理与常规的软化剂处理结合时,可达到“超柔软性”效果。预期本发明内切葡聚糖酶用于纤维素织物的生物抛光是有利的,例如能够实现更彻底的抛光。应用例如WO 93/20278所述的方法可以获得生物抛光。
石洗
已知为染色织物、尤其是斜纹粗棉布织物或牛仔裤提供“石洗”外观(颜色的局部磨损)的方法是在浮石存在下洗涤由这样的织物制成的斜纹粗棉布或牛仔裤,以提供所需的织物颜色局部变浅,或者是用酶特别是用纤维素分解酶处理织物。既可以单独用本发明的内切葡聚糖酶进行处理,例如公开在US 4832864中的方法,也可以与传统少于过程所需量的浮石结合使用,还可以与珍珠岩结合使用,例如公开在WO 95/09225中的方法。
纸浆和纸的应用
在造纸纸浆工业中,本发明的内切葡聚糖酶可以被有利地应用,例如下述:
-用于去皮:在机械转桶去皮之前用内切葡聚糖酶预处理可以降解形成层,有利于节约能量。
-用于脱纤维:在精制或打浆之前用内切葡聚糖酶处理含纤维素纤维的物料,由于纤维间表面上的纤维素酶的水解作用,可以减少能量消耗。与已知酶的使用相比,内切葡聚糖酶的使用可以更好地节约能量,因为据信,本发明的酶组合物具有更高的穿透纤维壁的能力。
-用于纤维改性作用,也就是改进纤维性质,其中需要穿越纤维壁的部分水解作用,这要求穿透更深的酶(例如,为了使粗纤维更柔韧)。对高产量纸浆来说,例如机械纸浆或回收纸浆混合物,纤维的深处理目前尚不可能。这归因于纤维壁结构的性质,由于纤维壁孔基质的物理限制,该结构防止酶分子的通过。预期本发明的内切葡聚糖酶能够透入纤维壁。
-用于改进排水。用水解酶例如纤维素酶处理纸浆,可以提高造纸纸浆的排水能力。使用本发明的内切葡聚糖酶可能更为有效,导致诸如在碎屑部分(由纤维碎片组成)强烈水合的微纤维束高度疏松(该碎屑部分通过阻断纤维间和造纸机线网中的空隙可限制排水率)。当用纤维素酶处理纸浆时,其加拿大标准自由度(CSF)升高,Schopper-Riegler排水指数降低,例如参见US专利4923565;TAPPIT227,SCAN C19:65.ence.
-用于纤维间成键。在造纸纸浆的生产中应用水解酶以提高纤维间的成键。酶可清洗掉纤维表面的杂质,例如纤维素碎片,于是扩大了附着于纤维壁的纤维素的暴露面积,进而提高了纤维至纤维的氢键能力。该过程也被称为去角质化。由含有纤维素酶的酶制剂所产生的纸和纸板的强度增加,克数减少,表面更光滑,可印刷性提高。
-用于酶的脱墨。利用水解酶如纤维素酶在打浆过程中或紧接打浆后进行回收纸的部分水解,已知能促进油墨颗粒的除去和附聚。本发明内切葡聚糖酶的使用可以更为有效地疏松表面结构中的油墨,因为该酶分子能更好地透入纤维壁的纤丝基质内,于是软化表面,由此有效地疏松油墨颗粒。疏松的油墨颗粒的附聚作用也得以增强,这是因为对附着在发源于纤维的油墨颗粒上的纤维素片段进行了更为有效的水解作用。
木质纤维素纸浆的处理例如可按照WO 91/14819、WO 91/14822、WO 92/17573和WO 92/18688所述的方法进行。
植物材料的降解
在另一种实施方案中,本发明涉及本发明的内切葡聚糖酶和/或酶制剂用于降解植物材料例如细胞壁方面的用途。
预期本发明新颖的内切葡聚糖酶和/或酶制剂可用于制备酒、果汁或蔬菜汁,以提高产量。按照本发明的内切葡聚糖酶也可以用于各种植物细胞壁来源的物料或废料的酶水解作用,例如农业残余物,如麦秸、玉米穗轴、玉米全植株、坚果壳、草、蔬菜皮、豆皮、废谷粒、制糖用甜菜浆,等等。可以对植物材料进行降解,以改进不同种类的处理过程,促进其他组分的纯化或提取,象谷类植物中β葡聚糖或β葡聚糖低聚物的纯化,提高饲料价值,降低水结合能力,提高废水厂的降解能力,提高例如草和玉米向青贮饲料的转化,等等。
实施例
下列实施例进一步阐明本发明,诸实施例不以任何方式限制所要求保护的本发明的范围。
材料和方法
纤维素分解活性
本发明的纤维素酶变体表现出改进的性能。一些变体可表现出关于催化活性提高的改进性能。
在本发明内容中,纤维素酶活性以S-CEVU表示。纤维素分解酶水解CMC,由此提高保温混合物的粘度。可用一种振动粘度计(例如MIVI 3000,来自法国Sofraser)测定粘度的降低。
可以按照下列分析方法(试验)测定纤维素分解活性,以S-CEVU表示:通过测量样本降低羧甲基纤维素(CMC)溶液粘度的能力,S-CEVU试验可定量测定该样本中存在的催化活性的量。该试验的进行条件为40℃;pH7.5;0.1M磷酸盐缓冲液;时间30分钟;使用降低CMC(羧甲基纤维素Hercules 7 LFD)底物粘度的相对酶标准;酶浓度约为0.15S-CEVU/ml。主要标准(arch standard)定义为8200S-CEVU/g。
实施例1
纤维素酶变体的制备
根据所公开的序列比较(表1)和计算机模拟方法,119位被识别为值得关注的特定的点,可用于制备纤维素酶变体。119位(纤维素酶编号方式)位于距离底物3_内。在119位,野生型Humicolainsolens纤维素酶具有组氨酸残基(H),而野生型Thielaviaterrestris纤维素酶具有谷氨酰胺残基(Q)。
本实验中,用组氨酸取代Thielavia terrestris纤维素酶中的谷氨酰胺(由此得到纤维素酶变体Thielavia terrestris/Q119H)。对所得变体测试其比活性。
除非另有所述,所有的Humicola insolens变体均用来自Stratagene的ChameleonTM双链位点特异性诱变试剂盒进行构建。使用下列合成的寡核苷酸作为选择引物:
S/M GAATGACTTGGTTGACGCGTCACCAGTCAC,或
M/S GAATGACTTGGTTGAGTACTCACCAGTCAC.
S/M用MluI位点取代了质粒的β-内酰胺酶基因中的ScaI位点,M/S则相反。后者用来在由第一个选择引物所生成的变体中引入次级突变。
为了构建Thielavia terrestris纤维素酶变体,使用Thielaviaterrestris EG V纤维素酶cDNA,该cDNA可从DSM 10811保藏的质粒中得到。按照《布达佩斯条约》,DSM 10811于1995年6月30日保藏于德意志微生物保藏中心。质粒用限制性内切核酸酶BamHI和NotI消化。分离4153bp载体部分和1211bp BamHI-NotI片段。分别用HgiAI和EcoRV消化等量的1211bp片段,分离出487bpBamHI-HgiAI和690 bp EcoRV-NotI片段。
在5倍摩尔过量的合成DNA片段的存在下,连接这些片段和载体部分,该合成DNA片段得自下述两个单链DNA寡聚物的退火物:
18802:CACTGGCGGCGACCTGGGATCTAACCACTTCGAT
18803:ATCGAAGTGGTTAGATCCCAGGTCGCCGCCTGTGCTC
将连接混合物转化至大肠杆菌菌株XL1中,从所得转化体中分离出Thielavia terrestris/Q119H,用DNA测序验证。
所有纤维素酶变体都是由下述方法产生的,即克隆基因,并利用在真菌淀粉酶启动子与来自黑曲霉的AMG终止子之间插入了该基因的质粒,将该基因转化到米曲霉中(Christensen,T.Woldike,H.Boel,E.,Mortensen,S.B.,Hjortsh_j,K.,Thim,L.和Hansen,M.T.(1988),生物技术,6:1419-1422)。
利用它们与微晶纤维素的结合,对具有纤维素结合结构域CBD的纤维素酶进行纯化。发酵后通过从生产生物体中分离细胞外液而回收克隆产物。然后用亲和色谱法高度纯化纤维素酶,该方法使用150克微晶纤维素与pH7.5、20mM磷酸钠的悬液。将微晶纤维素悬液与总共含有约1克蛋白质的粗发酵液混合。在4℃下混合20分钟后,将微晶纤维素一结合酶装入柱子中,柱子大小为50倍200mm,共约400ml。
柱子用200ml缓冲液洗涤,然后用相同缓冲液中的0.5M NaCl洗涤,直至不再有蛋白质洗脱出来,再用500ml缓冲液洗涤(20mMTris,pH8.5)。最后,纯的全长酶用pH11.8的1%三乙胺洗脱。洗脱出的酶溶液调至pH8,用具有DOW GR61PP膜(截留20KD分子的聚丙烯)的Amicon管单元浓缩至5mg蛋白质/ml。酶已完全被纯化,在SDS-PAGE中得到一条带。
天然缺乏CBD、或接头已被蛋白水解切割、或通过在催化结构域后引入终止密码子而除去了CBD的纤维素酶不能用微晶纤维素纯化。回收的细胞外蛋白质中无生产生物体。用阳离子交换色谱法纯化核心纤维素酶而去除曲霉属蛋白质。将发酵液调至pH3.5,过滤除去沉淀的蛋白质。然后在截留6KD分子的DOW GR81PP膜上超滤蛋白质(浓缩并用水洗涤),直至洗出液的电导率小于1000mS/cm。最后将样本上柱,柱子是已用pH3.5的20mM柠檬酸盐缓冲液平衡的S-Sepharose柱。
该酶将在此低pH下与S-Sepharose结合,用梯度为0至500mM的NaCl洗脱时,它作为单峰而洗脱下来。洗脱出的纯酶在具有DOWGR81PP膜的Amicon管中浓缩。所有纯化的纤维素酶在SDS-PAGE中均为一条带。
比活性数据总结在下表中:
| 酶/变体 | 比活性(%) |
| Humicola insolens | 100 |
| Thiela via terres tris | 35 |
| Thiela viaterrestris/Q119H | 92 |
从本实验可以看到,通过向Thielavia terrestris纤维素酶引入突变Q119H,所得纤维素酶变体的比活性升高到同源的Humicolainsolens纤维素酶的水平。
实施例2
具有改进的碱性性能曲线的Thielavia terrestris变体
在本实验中,如实施例1所述构建Thielaviaterrestris/Q119D,不过使用下列构建方法:如下所述,为了便于盒交换和标准引物利用,对编码CT1的DNA添加上一个C末端Xbal位点,并亚克隆到pCaHj418载体中。在一个反应程序为94℃2′-3×(94℃30″-72℃1′)-25×(94℃30″-55℃30″-72℃1′)-72℃5′的Pwo聚合酶PCR中,利用PCT1作为模板,并应用下述两种引物:
8939: CGACTTCAATGTCCAGTCGG
25335: GCGCTCTAGAGGATTAAAGGCACTGC
所得718bp PCR产物用Sall和Xba1消化,分离出165bp片段。该片段与来自pCT1-2的833bp BamH1-Sall片段一起连接至pCaHj418的4.1kb Xba1-BamH1载体片段中。
从该连接中,从大肠杆菌转化体中分离出pCT1418。
如上所述,通过ChameleonTM双链位点特异性诱变试剂盒(来自Stratagene)构建PCT2,其中用pCT1418作为模板,用S/M引物作为选择引物,并用下列诱变引物:
109330: CGACCTGGGATCGAACGACTTCGATATCGCCATGC
分离出成功突变的质粒pCT2,经DNA测序验证,转化至米曲霉菌株JaL228中。
如实施例9所述,在pH7.0和pH10.0下,测试Thielaviaterrestris纤维素酶和Thielavia terrestris/Q119D变体对PASC的活性。
结果列在下表中,其中比较了pH10与pH7下的活性。证明了Thielavia terrestris/Q119D变体与母体Thielavia terrestris纤维素酶相比,其碱性活性相对更高。
| 相对活性pH10/pH 7(%) | |
| Thielavia terrestris | 27 |
| Thielaviaterrestris/Q119D | 62 |
实施例3
纤维素酶杂合变体的构建
质粒pCT3具有编码Thielavia terrestris内切葡聚糖酶核心酶的DNA以及随后的灰腐质霉的接头CBD。
应用PWO聚合酶,借助于序列重叠延伸PCR构建pCT3。
从灰腐质霉的一个cDNA克隆,由下列引物生成一个415bp片段:
109452: CGACTCCAGCTTCCCCGTCTTCACGCCCCC
107819: CGAGCTTCTAGATCTCGACTAGAGGCACTGGGAG
从pCT1418(公开在实施例2中),由下列引物生成一个876bpPCR片段:
101621: GGATGCCATGCTTGGAGGATAGCAACC
107823: GGGGGCGTGAAGACGGGAAGCTGGAGTCG
对两个反应来说,使用下列设置:96℃1′-3×(94℃30″-50℃1′-72℃1′)-25×(94℃30″-61℃ 30″-72℃1′)-72℃7′。
将分离出的各PCR片段用作一个组合PCR反应的模板,使用引物101621和107819,PCR设置如下:94℃1′3×(94℃30″70℃1′-72℃2′)-20×(94℃30″-61℃30″-72℃1′5″)-72℃7′。
分离出所得的1261 bp PCR产物,用限制酶BamH1和Xba1切割,分离出所得的1172bp DNA中片段,将它们连接至经BamH1-Xba1消化的pCaHj418的4.1kb载体片段中。
分离出正确的克隆,对分离自源于上述连接反应的大肠杆菌XL1转化体的质粒进行DNA测序以证实正确的克隆。
灰腐质霉的cDNA序列:
CAAGAACCTCACACTCATTTTATTCACGCTCATTTATTCTAAAACTTCAATATGCGCTCTG
CTCCTATTTTCCGCACGGCCCTGGCGGCTGCGCTCCCCCTTGCCGCACTCGCCGCCGATGG
CAAGTCGACCAGATACTGGGACTGCTGCAAGCCATCGTGCTCTTGGCCCGGAAAGGCACTC
GTGAACCAGCCTGTCTTCACTTGCGACGCCAAATTCCAGCGCATCACCGACCCCAATACCA
AGTCGGGCTGCGATGGCGGCTCGGCCTTTTCGTGTGCTGACCAGACCCCCTGGGCTCTGAA
CGACGATGTCGCCTATGGCTTCGCTGCCACGGCTATTTCGGGTGGATCGGAAGCCTCGTGG
TGCTGCGCATGCTACGCTCTTACTTTCACCTCGGGCCCTGTGGCCGGCAAGACCATGGTCG
TCCAGTCGACCAACACCGGCGGCGATCTCGGCAGCAACCATTTCGACCTCCAGATTCCAGG
CGGCGGTGTCGGCATCTTTGATGGGTGCACCCCCCAGTTCGGAGGTCTCGCTGGCGAACGC
TACGGTGGCATCTCAGACCGCAGCTCCTGCGACTCGTTCCCTGCGGCGCTCAAGCCCGGCT
GCCTCTGGCGCTTCGATTGGTTCAAGAACGCCGACAACCCGACCTTTACCTTCAAGCAGGT
GCAGTGCCCCGCCGAGCTTGTTGCCAGGACCGGCTGCAAGCGCGAGGATGACGGCAACTTC
CCCGTCTTCACGCCCCCCGCGGGTAGCAACACCGGCGGTAGCCAGTCGAGCTCCACTATCG
CTTCCAGCTCGACCTCCAAGGCTCAGACTTCGGCCGCCAGCTCCACCTCCAAGGCTGTCGT
GACTCCCGTCTCCAGCTCCACCTCGAAGGCCGCTGAGGTCCCCAAATCCAGCTCGACCTCC
AAGGCTGCCGAGGTCGCCAAGCCCAGCTCAACTTCGACCTCGACCTCGACCTCGACCAAGG
TCAGCTGCTCTGCGACCGGTGGCTCCTGCGTCGCTCAGAAGTGGGCGCAGTGCGGCGGCAA
TGGCTTCACCGGCTGCACGTCGTGCGTCAGCGGCACCACCTGCCAGAAGCAAAATGACTGG
TACTCCCAGTGCCTCTAAGTCGTTTGTAGTAGCAGTTTGAAGGATGTCAGGGATGAGGGAG
GGAGGAGTGGGGGAAAAGTACGCCGCAGTTTTTTGGTAGACTTACTGTATTGTTGAGTAAT
TACCCATTCGCTTCTTGTACGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
实施例4
杂合纤维素酶变体的构建
质粒pPsF45具有编码
Pseudomonas cellolytica内切葡聚糖酶核心酶的DNA,该酶以
H.insolens EGY内切葡聚糖酶信号肽为首,后面为同一酶的接头CBD。
利用上述Stratagene Chameleon_试剂盒构建该杂合酶的两种变体:PsF45/H15S和PsF45/Q119H(纤维素酶编号方式),其中应用下述诱变引物:
PsF45/H15S: GCTGCAAGCCGTCCTGTGGCTGGAGCGCTAACGTGCCCGCG
PsF45/Q119H: CGATGTTTCCGGAGGCCACTTTGACATTCTGGTTCC
与模板序列的偏差以粗体表示。
选择引物可将质粒内酰胺酶基因中单一Sca1位点转换为Mlu1位点:
GAATGACTTGGTTGACGCGTCACCAGTCAC
两种变体经DNA测序验证,鉴定出了每一种变体的一个正确克隆。
将携有变体序列的两种质粒pPsF45H15S和pPsF45Q119H与AMDS选择质粒pToC202一起转化米曲霉菌株JaL142。在经由孢子的3次再分离步骤后,从所得转化体中分离出LaC2829和LaC2830。
实施例5
二硫桥的除去
二硫桥已知具有稳定蛋白质结构的作用。除去纤维素酶中的二硫桥,在保留显著活性的同时,将使酶去稳定(热稳定性)。当需要对该酶进行快速灭活,例如在斜纹粗棉布或纺织品应用中或在低温过程中,这可能比较有用。
在本实施例中,通过突变二硫桥所涉及的两个残基之一或二者,构建了Humicola insolens EGV纤维素酶和Humicola insolens纤维素酶的五种变体。按照下文公开的材料和方法,测量比活性。酶的解链温度用差示扫描量热法(Differential ScanningCalometry,DSC)测量。用MicroCalc公司的MC量热计在中性pH(7.0)下进行DSC,扫描率恒定,温度从20℃升至90℃,升温速率为每小时升90℃。
结果列在下表中,这一结果说明二硫桥的除去引起变体的解链温度显著降低,但仍保留了显著活性。
| 比活性[%] | 解链温度[oC) | |
| Humicola insolens | 100 | 81 |
| Humicola insolens/C12G,C47M | 15 | 63.7 |
| Humicola insolens/C12M,C47G | 53 | 64.3 |
| Humicola insolens/C47G | 48 | 57.3 |
| Humicola insolens/C87M,C199G | 75 | 63.4 |
| Humicola insolens/C16M,C86G | 103 | 59.2 |
实施例6
结合裂隙内距离底物<5_的保守残基的突变
在将距离底物5_内的位置与表1中的序列对比相比较时,在下列位置上,诸位置的氨基酸残基类型在对比的纤维素酶中保守:6、7、8、9、10、11、12、18、45、112、114、121、127、128、130、132、147、148、149。保守的残基通常被认为对活性是极其重要的,但是本发明人已发现,在保持显著活性的同时,某种变异性也是允许的。只有两个残基D10和D121(纤维素酶编号方式)是保持适当活性所必需的。
如材料和方法中公开的内容制备Humicola insolensEGV纤维素酶的变体并测定比活性。
突变类型和变体的比活性总结在下表中:
| 变体 | 比活性[%] |
| Humicola insolens | 100 |
| Humicola insolens/T6S | 34 |
| Humicola insolens/R7I | 33 |
| Humicola insolens/R7W | 29 |
| Humicola insolens/Y8F | 67 |
| Humicola insolens/W9F | 83 |
| Humicola insolens/C12M,C47G | 53 |
| Humicola insolens/W18Y | 49 |
| Humicola insolens/W18F | 53 |
| Humicola insolens/S45T | 85 |
| Humicola insolens/s45N | 85 |
| Humicola insolens/D114N | 6 |
| Humicola insolens/F132D | 11 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147D | 34 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147C | 30 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147W | 74 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147V | 33 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147R | 45 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147G | 34 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147Q | 41 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147N | 53 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147K | 45 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147H | 75 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147F | 57 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147s | 55 |
从本实验可以看到,在保留纤维素酶变体显著活性的同时,是能够对结合裂隙内的保守残基进行突变的。
实施例7
结合裂隙中距离底物<5_的非保守残基的突变
根据表1中的序列对比和所公开的计算机模拟方法,位于距离底物5_以内且在对比序列中不保守的下列残基鉴定为制备纤维素酶变体的关注点。
在本实验中,如以下材料和方法所述,对Humicola insolens EGV纤维素酶中位于距离底物不超过5_的非保守残基进行改造,测量其比活性。
突变类型和变体比活性总结在下表中:
| 比活性[%] | |
| Humicola insolens | 100 |
| Humicola insolens/R4H | 73 |
| Humicola insolens/R4Q | 70 |
| Humicola insolens/K13L | 37 |
| Humicola insolens/K13R | 100 |
| Humicola insolens/K13Q | 38 |
| Humicola insolens/P14A | 99 |
| Humicola insolens/P14T | 71 |
| Humicola insolens/S15T | 18 |
| Humicola insolens/S15H | 10 |
| Humicola insolens/C16M,C86G | 103 |
| Humicola insolens/A19P | 51 |
| Humicola insolens/A19T | 84 |
| Humicola insolens/A19G | 78 |
| Humicola insolens/A19S | 89 |
| Humicola insolens/K20G | 91 |
| Humicola insolens/D42Y | 102 |
| Humicola insolens/D42W | 103 |
| Humicola insolens/C47G | 48 |
| Humicola insolens/E48D | 93 |
| Humicola insolens/E48Q | 71 |
| Humicola insolens/E48D,P49* | 88 |
| Humicola insolens/E48N,P49* | 79 |
| Humicola insolens/S110N | 94 |
| Humicola insolens/L115I | 18 |
| Humicola insolens/G116D | 71 |
| Humicola insolens/H119R | 15 |
| Humicola insolens/H119Q | 39 |
| Humicola insolens/H119F | 11 |
| Humicola insolens/N123A | 61 |
| Humicola insolens/N123M | 80 |
| Humicola insolens/N123Q | 76 |
| Humicola insolens/N123Y | 8 |
| Humicola insolens/N123D | 86 |
| Humicola insolens/V129L | 72 |
| Humicola insolens/D133N | 102 |
| Humicola insolens/D178N | 81 |
从本实验可以看到,在保留全部或大部分纤维素酶活性的同时是能够对结合裂隙中大多数非保守残基进行突变的。
实施例8
对洗涤剂中阴离子表面活性剂的耐受性
A·本发明的变体可表现出改进性能,它们对阴离子表面活性剂的敏感性有所改变。阴离子表面活性剂是经常加入洗涤剂组合物中的产品。就已测试的纤维素酶来说,纤维素酶的解折叠伴随着蛋白质内部荧光的衰减。内部荧光来自Trp侧链(较小程度上来自Tyr侧链),它对侧链环境的疏水性敏感。解折叠导致亲水性更强的环境,这是由于侧链更多地暴露在溶剂中,由此使得荧光熄灭。
荧光用Perkin/ElmerTMLS50荧光分光计分析。实际中,通过在280nm下激发、在345nm下发射,得到荧光在解折叠时发生的巨大改变。在5μg/ml的蛋白质浓度下,发射和激发的狭缝宽度(调节信号强度)通常均为5nm。荧光在2ml石英比色杯中测量,该比色杯用循环水浴恒温,并用小块磁铁搅拌。磁铁搅拌器安装在分光计内。
可以用可得到的软件实时追踪解折叠。在TimeDrive选项中监测快速解折叠(在不到5-10分钟内结束),其中每几(2-5)秒钟测量一次荧光。对稍慢些的解折叠来说,用Wavelength Program选项能一次测量比色杯支座中的四个比色杯,其中每30秒钟测量一次每个比色杯中的荧光。所有情况下,向恒温的比色杯溶液中加入少量(一般50μl)的浓缩酶溶液以引发解折叠,其中利用磁铁的快速旋转使混合在几秒钟内完成。
在GraphPad Prism软件程序中测量数据。所有情况中解折叠均为单指数函数,由该函数可以得到解折叠的单半衰期(或解折叠速率常数)。
典型的解折叠条件是:
a.10mM CAPS pH 10,1000ppm LAS,40℃
b.10mM HEPES pH 10,200ppm LAS,25℃
两种情况中,蛋白质浓度均为5-10μg/ml(蛋白质浓度不是决定性的,因为LAS是过量的)。在这些条件下,Humicola insolens纤维素酶的解折叠可与其他酶进行比较(表1)。这使我们能够得出对阴离子表面活性剂的稳定性的下列级别顺序:
Thielavia terrestris/Q119H
Thielavia terrestris》
| 纤维素酶 | t1/2 pH 10(s)(1000 ppm LAS,40℃) | t1/2 pH 7(s)(200 pmm LAS,25℃) |
| Humicola insolens | 48 | 28 |
| Humicolainsolens/H119Q | 63 | 9a |
| Thieaviarerrestris | 970 | 690 |
| Thielaviaterrestris/Q119H | 1100 | 550 |
a.解折叠是双指数的。慢周期的t1/2约为120秒。
B.酶的表面静电学改变将影响对诸如LAS(直链烷基苯磺酸酯)等阴离子表面活性剂的敏感性。尤其是除去了带正电的残基和/或引入了带负电的残基的变体,其对LAS的耐受性会提高,相反,也就是引入带正电的残基和/或除去带负电的残基将使变体对LAS的耐受性降低。残基Arg(R)、Lys(K)和His(H)被看作带正电或可能带正电的残基,残基Asp(D)、Glu(E)和Cys(C)(如果没有包括在二硫桥中)则被看作是带负电或可能带负电的残基。已经含有这些残基之一的位置是诱变的第一目标,第二目标是在另一种纤维素酶中的等同位置上具有这些残基之一的那些位置,第三目标是暴露于表面的任何残基。在本实验中,将野生型Humicola insoLens纤维素酶与属于上述三组的所有Humicola insolens纤维素酶变体进行比较,其中比较它们对洗涤剂中LAS的稳定性。
纤维素酶对阴离子表面活性剂的耐受性测量为阴离子表面活性剂存在时对PASC(磷酸溶胀纤维素)的活性与无阴离子表面活性剂存在时对PASC的活性之比。
反应介质含有5.0g/l商业常用的来自洗涤剂生产商丹麦NOPA的粉末洗涤剂。将洗涤剂制成无表面活性剂的形式以用于本实验,pH调至7.0。反应介质进一步含有0.5 g/l PASC,加入或不加入1g/lLAS(直链烷基苯磺酸酯,这是一种阴离子表面活性剂),反应在30℃温度下进行30分钟。纤维素酶的剂量为0.20S-CEVU/l。保温30分钟后,反应用2N NaOH终止,通过对羟基苯甲酰肼(P-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide)的还原反应测定还原性糖末端的量。还原的对羟基苯甲酰肼的吸收度的降低与纤维素酶的活性有关。
LAS耐受性提高的变体的突变类型和对LAS的耐受性总结在下表中:
| 变体 | 相对LAS耐受性[%] |
| Humicola insolens | 100 |
| Humicola insolens/R158E | 341 |
| Humicola insolens/Y8F,W62E,A162P, | 179 |
| Humicola insolens/R158E,A162P | 347 |
| Humicola insolens/R158G | 322 |
| Humicola insolens/S152D | 161 |
| Humicola insolens/R158E/R196E | 319 |
| Humicolainsolens/R158E,D161P,A162P | 351 |
| Humicola insolens/R4H,R158E,D161p,A162P | 344 |
| Humicola insolens/H119Q | 148 |
| Humicola insolens/Y8F,W62E,R252L,Y280F | 131 |
| Humicola insolens/R252L,Y280F | 133 |
| Humicola insolens/W62E,A162P | 130 |
| Humicola insolens/W62E,A162P | 129 |
| Humicola insolens/S117D | 143 |
| Humicola insolens/A57C,A162c | 134 |
| Humicolainsolens/N154D | 149 |
| Humicola insolens/R4H,D161P,A162P,R196E | 134 |
从该表可以看到,导致带正电残基的除去和/或带负电残基的引入的残基突变提高了变体对LAS的耐受性。
如上所述,LAS耐受性降低的变体的突变类型和对LAS的耐受性总结在下表中:
| 变体 | 相对LAS耐受性[%] |
| Humicola insolens | 100 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147H | 71 |
| Humicola insolens/E192P | 52 |
| Humicola insolens/D161P,A162P | 64 |
| Humicola insolens/D67T | 44 |
| Humicola insolens/Q36T,D67T | 67 |
| Humicola insolens/D66N | 47 |
| Humicola insolens/D67N | 71 |
| Humicola insolens/V64R | 58 |
| Humicola insolens/N65R | 48 |
| Humicola insolens/T93R | 60 |
| Humicola insolens/Q36T,D67T,A83T | 64 |
| Humicola insolens/E91Q | 71 |
| Humicola insolens/A191K | 63 |
| Humicola insolens/D42W | 67 |
| Humicola insolens/S117K | 62 |
| Humicola insolens/R4H,A63R,N65R,D67R | 54 |
| Humicola insolens/D133N | 0 |
| Humicola insolens/D58A | 15 |
| Humicola insolens/D67R | 39 |
| Humicola insolens/A63R | 38 |
| Humicola insolens/R37N,D58A | 6 |
| Humicola insolens/K175R | 32 |
| Humicola insolens/D2N | 43 |
| Humicola insolens/N65R,D67R | 40 |
| Humicola insolens/T136D,G141R | 5 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147K | 17 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147R | 1 |
| Humicola insolens/D161P | 35 |
| Humicola insolens/D66P | 40 |
| Humicola insolens/D66A,D67T | 39 |
| Humicola insolens/D67T,*143NGT | 7 |
| Humicola insolens/Q36T,D67T,*143NGT | 0 |
| Humicola insolens/N65R, D67R, S76K | 22 |
| Humicola insolens/W62R | 25 |
| Humicola insolens/S117R, F120S | 31 |
| Humicola insolens /K13R | 16 |
| Humicola insolens/D10E | 0 |
从该表可以看到,导致带正电残基的引入和/或带负电残基的除去的残基突变降低了变体对LAS的耐受性。
实施例9
pH活性曲线的改变
纤维素酶的pH活性曲线受特异的可滴定基团的pH依赖性行为支配,这种基团一般是活性部位内的酸性残基。通过改变这些残基的静电环境,能够改变其pH曲线,这可通过取代带电或可能带电的残基,如Arg(R)、Lys(K)、Tyr(Y)、His(H)、Glu(E)、Asp(D)或Cys(C)(如果不参与二硫桥的话),或者是在结合裂隙中距离底物5_内的位置进行突变,改变这些特异的可滴定基团的表面可及性而达到。
在本实施例中,分别在pH7和pH10下,测试了Humicolainsolens纤维素酶和涉及带电或可能带电的残基的取代的Humicolainsolens纤维素酶变体对PASC的活性。
为了测定纤维素酶的pH最优值,我们选择了有机缓冲液,因为众所周知,比如硼酸盐与单糖及低聚糖形成共价络合物,磷酸盐能够与钙离子沉淀。在《生物化学研究数据》,牛津科学出版社,第三版,第223至241页中,可找到合适的有机缓冲液。鉴于它们的pKa值,我们决定使用4-5.5范围内的乙酸钠、6.0的MES、6.5-7.5范围内的MOPS、8.0-8.5范围内的巴比妥酸钠和9.0-10.5范围内的甘氨酸。
方法:
方法是在不同pH下酶促降解羧甲基纤维素。制备4.0至10.5范围内的缓冲液,间隔为0.5pH单位。根据羧甲基纤维素中新还原末端的生成来进行分析,目测检验它们在强碱环境中与PHBAH的反应,生成黄色化合物,该化合物在410nm下具有最大吸收。
实验方案:
缓冲液制备:称取0.2mol每种缓冲物质,各溶于1升Milli Q水中。将250ml 0.2M缓冲溶液与200ml Milli Q水混合。用Radiometer PHM92实验室计测量pH,该实验室计已用来Radiometer的标准缓冲溶液校准。用4M NaOH或4M HCl将缓冲液的pH调至实际的pH,用水调至总体积为500ml。当调节巴比妥酸钠至pH8.0时,也许有一些沉淀,可以加热至50℃而将其再溶解。
乙酸100%0.2mol=12.01g
MES0.2mol=39.04g
MOPS0.2mol=41.86g
巴比妥酸钠0.2mol=41.24g
甘氨酸0.2mol=15.01g
缓冲液:
pH:4.0,4.5,5.0,5.5 乙酸钠0.1M
pH:6.0 Na-MES 0.1M
pH:6.5,7.0,7.5 Na-MOPS 0.1M
pH:8.0,8.5 巴比妥酸钠0.1M
pH:9.0,9.5,10.0,10.5 甘氨酸钠0.1M
测量视作主值而无终止试剂的一系列管的真实pH,pH测量是在40℃保温20分钟后进行的。
底物制备:
在带有磁棒的250ml圆锥形玻璃烧瓶中,将2.0g CMC用2.5ml96%乙醇湿润,加入100ml Milli Q水,然后在热磁力搅拌器上煮沸至透明。沸腾约2分钟后,在磁力搅拌器上冷却至室温。
终止试剂:
溶于2%NaOH的1.5g PHBAH和5g酒石酸钾钠。
过程:
用5ml玻璃试管得到3个主值和2个空白值(1个主值用于pH测定)。
| 主值 | 空白值 | |
| 缓冲液 | 1.0ml | 1.0ml |
| 底物CMC | 0.75ml | 0.75ml |
| 混合 | 5sec | 5sec |
| 预热 | 10min/40℃ | - |
| 酶 | 0.25ml | - |
| 混合 | 5sec | - |
| 保温 | 20min/40℃ | 室温 |
| PHBAH试剂 | 1ml | 1ml |
| 混合 | 5sec | - |
| 酶 | - | 0.25ml |
| 混合 | - | 5sec |
在Heidolph REAX 2000混合器上,以最大速度(9)持久混合。在温控水浴上的保温过程中不搅拌。加入PHBAH试剂并混合后,立即煮沸样本10分钟。在冷自来水中冷却5分钟。在410nm读取吸收值。
活性测定
将2个主值在410nm的吸收值相加再除以2,2个空白值相加再除以2,2个平均值相减。将最大值作为100%,计算百分率。
将测得的pH对相对活性绘图。
缓冲试剂:
乙酸100%,来自MERCK,目录号1.00063,批号K20928263422,pKa 4.76,MW60.05;
MES(2-(N-吗啉代)乙磺酸),来自SIGMA,目录号M-8250,批号68F-5625,pKa 6.09,MW195.2;
MOPS(3-(N-吗啉代)丙磺酸),来自SIGMA,目录号M-1254,批号115F-5629,pKa 7.15,MW 209.3;
巴比妥酸钠(5,5-二乙基巴比妥酸钠盐),来自MERCK,目录号6318,批号K20238018404,pKa 7.98,MW 206.2;
甘氨酸,来自MERCK,目录号4201,批号K205535601405,pKa9.78,MW 75.07;
PHBAH(对羟基苯甲酰肼),来自SIGMA,目录号H-9882,批号53H-7704;
酒石酸钾钠(酒石酸钾钠四水合物),来自MERCK,目录号8087,批号A653387304;
Na OH(氢氧化钠),来自MERCK,目录号1.06498,批号C294798404;
CMC(羧甲基纤维素),由Hercules(FMC)7LF提供(1989年11月)。
纤维素酶对阴离子表面活性剂的耐受性测定为中性pH(pH 7.0)下对PASC(磷酸溶胀纤维素)的活性与碱性pH(pH10.0)下对PASC的活性之比。反应介质含有5.0g/l商业上常用的来自洗涤剂生产商丹麦NOPA的粉末洗涤剂。分别将pH调至pH7.0和pH10.0。反应介质进一步含有0.5g/l PASC,反应在30℃温度下进行30分钟。纤维素酶的剂量为0.20 S-CEVU/l。保温30分钟后,用2N NaOH终止反应,通过对羟基苯甲酰肼的还原反应测定还原性糖末端的量。还原了的对羟基苯甲酰肼的吸收值的降低与纤维素酶的活性有关。
结果:
结果列在下表中,将pH10相对于pH7下的活性与野生类型的Humicola insolens纤维素酶的活性进行比较。
| 变体 | 相对于野生型的PASC活性(pH10/pH7)[%] |
| Humicola insolens | 100 |
| Humicola insolens/S76K,S117D | 120 |
| Humicola insolens/V129L | 133 |
| Humicola insolens/R4H,A63R,N65R,D67R | 120 |
| Humicola insolens/R252L,Y280F | 115 |
| Humicola insolens/D161P,A162P | 117 |
| Humicola insolens/A57C,A162C | 110 |
| Humicola insolens/S76K | 117 |
| Humicola insolens/D161P,A162P,R196E | 113 |
| Humicola insolens/Q36T,D67T,A83T | 111 |
| Humicola insolens/W62R | 112 |
| Humicola insolens/D42Y | 110 |
| Humicola insolens/S76K,A78K | 114 |
| Humicola insolens/S76K,A78R | 118 |
从上表可以看到,通过产生涉及可能带电的残基的变体和/或改变结合裂隙中距离底物小于5_的残基,能够提高相对碱性活性。
类似地,下表说明,通过涉及可能带电的残基的其他突变和/或改变结合裂隙中距离底物小于5_的残基,能够提高相对酸性活性。
| 变体 | 相对于野生型的PASC活性(pH10/pH7)[%] |
| Humicola insolens | 100 |
| Humicola insolens/D58A | 83 |
| Humicola insolens/Y280W | 90 |
| Humicola insolens/D67R | 89 |
| Humicola insolens/A63R | 85 |
| Humicola insolens/Y8F | 82 |
| Humicola insolens/W62E | 82 |
| Humicola insolens/R3 7N,D58A | 84 |
| Humicola insolens/K175G | 81 |
| Humicola insolens/K175R | 82 |
| Humicola insolens/Y8F,M104Q | 83 |
| Humicola insolens/Y8F,W62E,R252L,Y280F | 83 |
| Humicola insolens/W62E,A162P | 87 |
| Humicola insolens/Y8F,W62E,A162P, | 88 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147H | 90 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147N | 90 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147Q | 85 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147W | 85 |
| Humicola insolens/E192P | 89 |
| Humicola insolens/R158G | 83 |
| Humicola insolens/S152D | 90 |
| Humicola insolens/K13Q | 82 |
| Humicola insolens /R37P | 82 |
| Humicola insolens/S45T | 87 |
| Humicola insolens/E48D | 86 |
| Humicola insolens/R7I | 83 |
| Humicola insolens/P14A | 84 |
| Humicola insolens/A19G | 90 |
| Humicola insolens/A19T | 90 |
| Humicola insolens/R4H,D161P,A162P,R196E | 88 |
| Humicola insolens/D133N | 80 |
| Humicola insolens/D4 0N | 40 |
| Humicola insolens/Y90F | 72 |
| Humicola insolens/A63D | 78 |
| Humicola inso-lens/G127S,I131A,A162P,Y280F,R252L | 25 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147S | 39 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147F | 71 |
| Humicola insolens/T6S | 44 |
| Humicola insolens/S55E | 14 |
| Humicola insolens/N123D | 35 |
| Humicola insolens/N123Y | 71 |
| Humicola insolens/R158E | 78 |
| Humicola insolens/T136D,G141R | 57 |
| Humicola insolens/G127S,I131A,A162P | 52 |
| Humicola insolens/W62E,G127S,I131A,A162P,Y280F,R252L | 35 |
| Humicola insolens/W62E,G127S,I131A,A162P | 58 |
| Humicola insolens/W62E,G127S,I131A | 64 |
| Humicola insolens/W62E,G127S,I131A,Y280F,R252L | 80 |
| Humicola insolens/H119Q | 57 |
| Humicola insolens/Y8F,W62E | 61 |
| Humicola insolens/W62E,A162P | 76 |
| Humicola insolens/W62E,A162P | 80 |
| Humicola insolens/R158E,A162P | 80 |
| Humicola insolens/Y8F,Y147S | 63 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147R | 54 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147V | 22 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147C | 67 |
| Humicola insolens/Y147D | 60 |
| Humicola insolens/N154D | 74 |
| Humicola insolens/R158E,R196E | 79 |
| Humicola insolens/R158E,D161P,A162P | 70 |
| Humicola insolens/D67T,*143NGT | 65 |
| Humicola insolens/Q36T,D67T,*143NGT | 53 |
| Humicola insolens/143*NGW,Q145D | 53 |
| Humicola insolens/L142P,143*NGW,Q145E | 42 |
| Humicola insolens/N65R,D67R,S76K | 60 |
| Humicola insolens/A63R,N65R,D67R | 77 |
| Humicola insolens/T93R | 80 |
| Humicola insolens/S76R | 70 |
| Humicola insolens/S117R,F120S | 58 |
| Humicola insolens/N123Q | 63 |
| Humicola insolens/N123M | 49 |
| Humicola insolens/N123A | 80 |
| Humicola insolens/E48D,P49* | 66 |
| Humicola insolens/S55Y | 61 |
| Humicola insolens/S55M | 48 |
| Humicola insolens/W18F | 54 |
| Humicola insolens/S45N | 71 |
| Humicola insolens/R7W | 58 |
| Humicola insolens/K13R | 72 |
| Humicola insolens/R7L | 74 |
| Humicola insolens/S15T | 38 |
| Humicola insolens/W18Y | 37 |
| Humicola insolens/C16M,C86G | 67 |
| Humicola insolens/K13L | 59 |
| Humicola insolens/C12M,C47G | 12 |
| Humicola insolens/W9F | 62 |
| Humicola insolens/C47G | 58 |
| Humicola insolens/C12G,C47M | 0 |
| Humicola insolens/D10E | 0 |
| Humicola insolens/R7K | 49 |
因此,本实施例证实,通过产生涉及可能带电的残基的变体和/或改变结合裂隙中距离底物小于5_的残基,可以使相对活性的pH曲线向酸性或碱性pH改变。
实施例10
所制备的抗阴离子表面活性剂的纤维素酶的洗涤性能
在0.1升mini-Terg-o-Meter中,以与纤维素酶一起洗涤的磨损的黑棉样本的“颜色澄清度”测量所制备的抗阴离子表面活性剂的纤维素酶的应用效果以及天然纤维素酶的应用效果。在不同阴离子表面活性剂浓度中进行洗衣。
反应介质含有pH7.0的磷酸盐缓冲液和范围在0.2-1.0g/L的不同浓度的LAS。两个样本在40℃下洗涤30分钟,漂洗,然后干燥。该洗衣周期重复四次。所有的酶均在每个LAS浓度下进行测试。
最后,相对于用不同剂量天然纤维素酶即来自HumicolainsolensDSM 1800的真菌43kD内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(可以商品名Carezyme_购得)洗涤的类似样本标准,对黑棉条进行评分,效果以PSU(布块得分单位)表示。
| 变体 | LAS浓度 | ||||
| 0.2g/l | 0.4g/l | 0.6g/l | 0.8g/l | 1.0g/l | |
| Humicola insolens | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Humicolainsolens/R158E | 30 | 14 | 30 | 22 | 11 |
| Humicolainsolens/R158G | 20 | 18 | 20 | 33 | 28 |
Claims (8)
1.具有提高的LAS耐受性的Humicola insolens纤维素酶变体,其中所述变体通过在一个或多个下列位置处的取代、插入和/或缺失而得自亲本Humicola insolens纤维素酶:158、8、62、162、152、196、161、4、119、252、280、117、57和154(纤维素酶编号方式)。
2.根据权利要求1的Humicola insolens纤维素酶变体,该变体:
在位置158具有R、E或G;
在位置8具有Y或F;
在位置62具有W或E;
在位置162具有A、P或C;
在位置152具有S或D;
在位置196具有R或E;
在位置161具有D或P;
在位置4具有R或H;
在位置119具有H或Q;
在位置252具有R或L;
在位置280具有Y或F;
在位置117具有S或D;
在位置57具有A或C;
在位置154具有N或D。
3.根据权利要求2的Humicola insolens纤维素酶变体,其中当与表1中的亲本Humicola insolens纤维素酶比较时,所述位置中的至少一个具有取代。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的Humicola insolens纤维素酶变体,其选自下列变体之一:
Humicola insolens/R158E;
Humicola insolens/Y8F+W62E+A162P;
Humicola insolens/R158E+A162P;
Humicola insolens/R158G;
Humicola insolens/S152D;
Humicola insolens/R158E;
Humicola insolens/R196E;
Humicola insolens/R158E+D161P+A162P;
Humicola insolens/R4H+R158E+D161P+A162P;
Humicola insolens/H119Q;
Humicola insolens/Y8F+W62E+R252L+Y280F;
Humicola insolens/R252L+Y280F;
Humicola insolens/W62E+A162P;
Humicola insolens/W62E+A162P;
Humicola insolens/S117D;
Humicola insolens/A57C+A162C;
Humicola insolens/N154D;和
Humicola insolens/R4H+D161P+A162P+R196E。
5.具有降低的LAS耐受性的Humicola insolens纤维素酶变体,其中所述变体通过在一个或多个下列位置处的取代、插入和/或缺失而得自亲本Humicola insolens纤维素酶:147、192、161、162、67、36、66、64、65、93、83、91、191、42、117、4、63、133、58、37、175、2、136、141、143、76、62、120、13和10。
6.根据权利要求5的Humicola insolens纤维素酶变体,该变体:
在位置147具有Y、H、K或R;
在位置192具有E或P;
在位置161具有D或P;
在位置162具有A或P;
在位置67具有D、T、N或R;
在位置36具有Q或T;
在位置66具有D、N、P或A;
在位置64具有V或R;
在位置65具有N或R;
在位置93具有T或R;
在位置83具有A或T;
在位置91具有E或Q;
在位置191具有A或K;
在位置42具有D或W;
在位置117具有S、K或R;
在位置4具有R或H;
在位置63具有A或R;
在位置133具有D或N;
在位置58具有D或A;
在位置37具有R或N;
在位置175具有K或R;
在位置2具有D或N;
在位置136具有T或D;
在位置141具有G或R;
在位置143具有*、N、G和/或T;
在位置76具有S或K;
在位置62具有W或R;
在位置120具有F或S;
在位置13具有K或R;
在位置10具有D或E。
7.根据权利要求6的Humicola insolens纤维素酶变体,其中当与表1中的亲本Humicola insolens纤维素酶比较时,所述位置中的至少一个具有取代、插入或缺失。
8.根据权利要求5-7中任一项的Humicola insolens纤维素酶变体,其选自下列变体之一:
Humicola insolens/Y147H;
Humicola insolens/E192P;
Humicola insolens/D161P+A162P;
Humicola insolens/D67T;
Humicola insolens/Q36T+D67T;
Humicola insolens/D66N;
Humicola insolens/D67N;
Humicola insolens/V64R;
Humicola insolens/N65R;
Humicola insolens/T93R;
Humicola insolens/Q36T+D67T+A83T;
Humicola insolens/E91Q;
Humicola insolens/A191K;
Humicola insolens/D42W;
Humicola insolens/S117K;
Humicola insolens/R4H+A63R+N65R+D67R;
Humicola insolens/D133N;
Humicola insolens/D5%A;
Humicola insolens/D67R;
Humicola insolens/A63R;
Humicola insolens/R37N+D58A;
Humicola insolens/K175R;
Humicola insolens/D2N;
Humicola insolens/N65R+D67R;
Humicola insolens/T136D+G141R;
Humicola insolens/Y147K;
Humicola insolens/Y147R;
Humicola insolens/D161P;
Humicola insolens/D66P;
Humicola insolens/D66A+D67T;
Humicola insolens/D67T+*143NGT;
Humicola insolens/Q36T+D67T+*143NGT;
Humicola insolens/N65R+D67R+S76K;
Humicola insolens/W62R;
Humicola insolens/S117R+F120S;
Humicola insolens/K13R;和
Humicola insolens/D10E。
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK101396 | 1996-09-17 | ||
| DK1013/96 | 1996-09-19 |
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| CNB971979839A Division CN100362100C (zh) | 1996-09-17 | 1997-09-17 | 纤维素酶变体 |
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| CN2007101019344A Expired - Lifetime CN101085985B (zh) | 1996-09-17 | 1997-09-17 | 纤维素酶变体 |
| CNB971979839A Expired - Lifetime CN100362100C (zh) | 1996-09-17 | 1997-09-17 | 纤维素酶变体 |
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| EP (2) | EP0937138B1 (zh) |
| JP (2) | JP3532576B2 (zh) |
| CN (2) | CN101085985B (zh) |
| AT (1) | ATE324437T1 (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU4200797A (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR9711479B1 (zh) |
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| EP4692292A1 (en) | 2024-08-06 | 2026-02-11 | Evonik Operations GmbH | Improved method for germinating bacterial spores |
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| WO2026046881A1 (en) | 2024-08-26 | 2026-03-05 | Novozymes A/S | Compositions comprising a hexosaminidase and a protease |
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| CN121472198B (zh) * | 2026-01-12 | 2026-03-20 | 上海康地恩生物科技有限公司 | 一种高比活纤维素酶突变体及其应用 |
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| DK16490D0 (da) | 1990-01-19 | 1990-01-19 | Novo Nordisk As | Enzym |
| DK115890D0 (da) | 1990-05-09 | 1990-05-09 | Novo Nordisk As | Enzym |
| CA2082279C (en) * | 1990-05-09 | 2007-09-04 | Grethe Rasmussen | Cellulase preparation comprising an endoglucanase enzyme |
| US5520838A (en) * | 1991-01-16 | 1996-05-28 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Compact detergent compositions with high activity cellulase |
| US5443750A (en) * | 1991-01-16 | 1995-08-22 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Detergent compositions with high activity cellulase and softening clays |
| EP1431389A3 (en) * | 1992-10-06 | 2004-06-30 | Novozymes A/S | Cellulase variants |
| EP0707640A4 (en) * | 1993-07-07 | 2000-10-11 | Biomolecular Res Inst Ltd | (1 $m(7) 3, 1 $m(7) 4)-$g(b)-GLUCANASE OF ENHANCED STABILITY |
| WO1995024471A1 (en) * | 1994-03-08 | 1995-09-14 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Novel alkaline cellulases |
| JPH10509776A (ja) * | 1994-12-05 | 1998-09-22 | ノボ ノルディスク アクティーゼルスカブ | 毛玉形成しにくい性質を有する編織布を得る方法 |
| DK2199378T3 (da) * | 1995-02-03 | 2012-10-29 | Novozymes As | alfa-amylase mutanter |
| EP0815209B2 (en) * | 1995-03-17 | 2015-02-25 | Novozymes A/S | Novel endoglucanases |
| US5520638A (en) | 1995-03-28 | 1996-05-28 | Arthrex, Inc. | Main pump tubing for arthroscopy infusion pump |
| BR9711479B1 (pt) * | 1996-09-17 | 2009-08-11 | variante de celulase tendo uma resistência aumentada a tensìdeo de ánion. |
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1997
- 1997-09-17 BR BRPI9711479-0A patent/BR9711479B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-09-17 CA CA2265914A patent/CA2265914C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-17 DE DE69735767T patent/DE69735767T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-17 JP JP51420098A patent/JP3532576B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-09-17 CN CN2007101019344A patent/CN101085985B/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-17 EP EP97939989A patent/EP0937138B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-17 AU AU42007/97A patent/AU4200797A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-09-17 AT AT97939989T patent/ATE324437T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-09-17 WO PCT/DK1997/000393 patent/WO1998012307A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-09-17 CN CNB971979839A patent/CN100362100C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-17 EP EP06113064A patent/EP1726644A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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1999
- 1999-03-03 US US09/261,329 patent/US20030092097A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2003
- 2003-07-08 JP JP2003193696A patent/JP2004065255A/ja active Pending
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2004
- 2004-08-16 US US10/919,195 patent/US20050009166A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2007
- 2007-07-30 US US11/830,063 patent/US8017372B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2009
- 2009-02-27 US US12/394,202 patent/US7993898B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-06-17 US US13/162,636 patent/US20110250674A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2012
- 2012-05-15 US US13/471,757 patent/US20120289450A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104789543A (zh) * | 2015-04-25 | 2015-07-22 | 上海康地恩生物科技有限公司 | 一种护色纤维素酶及其突变体 |
| CN104789543B (zh) * | 2015-04-25 | 2017-11-07 | 上海康地恩生物科技有限公司 | 一种护色纤维素酶及其突变体 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR9711479A (pt) | 1999-08-24 |
| US7993898B2 (en) | 2011-08-09 |
| EP0937138A1 (en) | 1999-08-25 |
| US20080206836A1 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
| AU4200797A (en) | 1998-04-14 |
| CN101085985B (zh) | 2012-05-16 |
| US20050009166A1 (en) | 2005-01-13 |
| DE69735767D1 (en) | 2006-06-01 |
| BR9711479B1 (pt) | 2009-08-11 |
| JP2000514311A (ja) | 2000-10-31 |
| CA2265914A1 (en) | 1998-03-26 |
| US20030092097A1 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
| JP3532576B2 (ja) | 2004-05-31 |
| EP1726644A1 (en) | 2006-11-29 |
| CN100362100C (zh) | 2008-01-16 |
| US20090170747A1 (en) | 2009-07-02 |
| CA2265914C (en) | 2011-05-03 |
| ATE324437T1 (de) | 2006-05-15 |
| CN1230987A (zh) | 1999-10-06 |
| JP2004065255A (ja) | 2004-03-04 |
| US20110250674A1 (en) | 2011-10-13 |
| WO1998012307A1 (en) | 1998-03-26 |
| US8017372B2 (en) | 2011-09-13 |
| US20120289450A1 (en) | 2012-11-15 |
| DE69735767T2 (de) | 2007-04-05 |
| EP0937138B1 (en) | 2006-04-26 |
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