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Exploration of lignocellulolytic microbes in oil palm rhizosphere on peat soils and their respiration activities Happy Widiastuti; Siswanto; Saeful Anwar; Supiandi Sabiham; Husni Mubarok; Darmono Taniwiryono; Basuki Sumawinata; Heru B. Pulunggono
Microbiology Indonesia Vol. 15 No. 1 (2021): March 2021
Publisher : Indonesian Society for microbiology

Microbial respiration in peatlands plays a role in contributing CO2 emissions. Studies of microbial exploration and respiration on peat soils in oil palm plantations have not been widely reported. This study aims to explore lignocellulolytic microbes found in peat soils in compared with mineral soils planted with 12-year-old oil palm. Exploration is done by growing the samples on the specific medium of each group of microbial functions. In the next stage, the culture obtained was analysed the respiration activity based on the oxidation of peroxidase catalysis using a chromogen substrate (tetramethylbenzidine) and measured using spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 450 nm. The results showed that both in mineral and peat planted with oil palm in a depths of 0-20 cm were found lignolytic fungi with a population of 17 x 102. Similar results were also found in peat with fern vegetation but at a depth of 20-40 cm. Lignolytic bacteria (methylene blue degradation) can be found on peat soils planted with oil palm at a depth of 0-60 cm and the population increases with increasing depth. This bacterium is also found on peat soils with fern vegetation and mineral soils planted with palm. At a depth of 0-20 cm the population of lignolytic bacteria in non-oil palm peat is highest. Cellulolytic bacteria were isolated at a depth of 0-60 cm. Cellulolytic bacterial populations were highest in oil palm peat at all depths compared to other samples. Respiration analysis of several dominant isolates showed fairly high variation between microbial function groups and within the same function group. The lignolytic microbial group degrading methylene blue showed high respiration activity and varies greatly (0.19-1.85 MER). While the respiration activity of cellulolytic bacteria ranged from 0.45 to 0.62 MER.

Pengendalian Serangan Ganoderma spp. (60-80%) pada Tanaman Sengon sebagai Pelindung Tanaman Kopi dan Kakao Elis Nina Herliyana; Darmono Taniwiryono; Hayati Minarsih; Muhammad Alam Firmansyah; Benyamin Dendang
Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia Vol. 16 No. 1 (2011): Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia
Publisher : Institut Pertanian Bogor

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1679.692 KB)

Information about genetic variation of Ganoderma spp. As a couse of rot disease on plantation crops is necessary for consideration in efforts to protect crops. Exploration of the use of biological agents, especially Trichoderma spp., for the control of Ganoderma on forestry crops is still limited to laboratory testing. Its effectiveness to control Trichoderma spp. To protect plants in the nursery sengon being carried out, as well as to deternime its role in improving plant growth.

Optimasi sterilisasi permukaan eksplan stek mikro tanaman karet Optimization of surface sterilization on rubber microcutting explan Irfan MARTIANSYAH; Deden Dewantara ERIS; . NURHAIMI-HARIS; Darmono TANIWIRYONO
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 81, No 1: Juni 2013
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

AbstractAn increasing number of explants is necessary toobtain plantlets in large quantities, for mass propagationof rubber plants. However, high level of contamination atthe primary culture stage is still a major constraint in invitro microcutting of rubber. The aim of this study was tooptimize surface sterilization procedures to reduce micro-bial contamination at the primary culture. Sterilizationexperiment was conducted in two step., The first step wasto determine the effect of washing the explants withrunning water prior to sterilization and then using Deso-germe, ethanol or H 2 O 2 , while the second step was toidentify the suitable sterilization process on reducing thelevel of contamination. The results showed that the surfacesterilization with only one type of sterilization agent couldnot reduce contamination level caused either by bacteriaor fungi, while sterilization with three types of sterilizingagents increased the number of dead explants. The besttreatment for surface sterilization was the directsterilization of explants using 70% ethanol for one minuteand 17.6% H 2 O 2 for 20 minutes without washing with tapwater (A-CD treatment). The percentage of viable andaseptic explantsof this treatment was 76.7%, which wassignificantly higher than those of other treatments. Thistreatment reduced contamination level to 21.7%.AbstrakPeningkatan jumlah eksplan sangat diperlukan untukmemperoleh planlet dalam jumlah besar pada perbanyakanmassal tanaman karet secara in vitro. Namun, tingginyatingkat kontaminasi pada tahap kultur primer masih me-rupakan kendala utama dalam kultur stek mikro tanamankaret. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengoptimasi prosedursterilisasi permukaan eksplan untuk mengurangi jumlaheksplan yang terkontaminasi mikroba pada tahap kulturprimer. Percobaan sterilisasi dilaksanakan dalam duatahap, tahap pertama untuk mengetahui pengaruh pen-cucian eksplan dengan air mengalir pada awal sterilisasiserta penggunaan Desogerme, etanol dan H 2 O 2 , sedang-kan tahap kedua untuk mendapatkan proses sterilisasi yangpaling sesuai dalam menurunkan tingkat kontaminasi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan sterilisasipermukaan yang menggunakan satu jenis bahan sterilantidak dapat mengurangi kontaminasi, baik oleh bakterimaupun cendawan. Perlakuan sterilisasi eksplan dengantiga jenis bahan sterilan meningkatkan kematian eksplan.Perlakuan sterilisasi permukaan terbaik adalah sterilisasilangsung eksplan menggunakan etanol 70% selama satu menit dan H 2 O 2 17,6% selama 20 menit, tanpa pencuciandengan air mengalir (perlakuan A-CD). Persentase eksplansteril yang hidup sebesar 76,7%, berbeda nyata dibanding-kan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Perlakuan tersebut dapatmengurangi kontaminasi menjadi sebesar 21,7%.

Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) terhadap Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, dan Staphylococcus aureus Agustin Sri MULYATNI; Asmini BUDIANI; Darmono TANIWIRYONO
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 80, No 2: Desember 2012
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

AbstractCocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), one of the most important export commodities from Indonesia, is widely planted with current total area of 1.6 million Ha, producing 500.000 metric tons of dry bean in 2011 . At the time of harvest, instead of seed approximately the same volume cacao husk is produced. The aim of the study was to assess the potential of cocoa husk extract as an antibacterial against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cocoa husk extract to the three test bacteria. Extraction of cocoa husk conducted by maceration method using ethanol 96%. Analysis of antibacterial activity was done by paper disc diffusion method. Completely Randomized Design of single factor presentage that is extract concentration of 0; 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32; and 64% (g/mL) with three replicans were applied.The results showed that the extract of cocoa pod husk has antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. coli with the MIC are 8% (g/ mL), 16% (g/ mL), and 32% (g/ mL) respectively.AbstrakKakao (Theobroma cacao L.), salah satu komoditi ekspor terpenting Indonesia, ditanam secara luas dengan total luasan 1,6 juta Ha, menghasilkan 500.000 ton biji kering pada tahun 2011. Di samping biji sebagai hasil utama, pada saat panen juga dihasilkan kulit buah dengan volume yang hampir sama dengan biji. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji potensi ekstrak kulit buah kakao sebagai antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, dan Staphylococcus aureusserta menentukan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak kulit buah kakao terhadap ketiga bakteri uji. Ekstraksi kulit buah kakao dilakukan dengan metode Maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Analisis aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram kertas. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan faktor tunggal konsen-trasi ekstrak, yaitu 0; 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32; dan 64% (g/mL), masing-masing dengan tiga kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah kakao berpotensi sebagai antibakteri terhadap S. aureus, B. subtilis dan E. coli, dengan KHM berturut-turut adalah 8% (g/mL), 16% (g/mL), dan 32% (g/mL).

Trenching Construction in Peat Soil and the DGGE Analyses of nif Gene and Activity of Dehydrogenase HAPPY WIDIASTUTI; DARMONO TANIWIRYONO; IMAN RUSMANA; GALUH WENING PERMATASARI
Microbiology Indonesia Vol. 14 No. 4 (2020): December 2020
Publisher : Indonesian Society for microbiology

Basal stem rot (BSR) is a major disease in oil palm crops which also possible happen on peat soils. Ganoderma boninense is the pathogen that causes this disease infects the plants through the root. Maintaining root health expects to reduce the intensity of the occurrence of BSR disease and its spread. In this research, trenching construction and maintenance is carried out which aims to break the spread and activity of Ganoderma. Trenching maintenance is carried out by giving empty bunches oil palm inoculated with decomposer, Azotobacter inoculants and humic acid. Four treatments tested were trenched (T1) and untrenched (T0) in combination with two level of Ganoderma attack, which are moderate (Mo) and severe (Se). The soil sample were retrieved from different point, which are in the trenching area (TR), harvest path zone (H), and frond stack zone (M). The soil characteristic including microbe abundance, dehydrogenase activity, and PCR-DGGE of microbe community in each treatment were analyzed to reveal the effect of trenching construction. The results showed that trenching implementation reveals major results related to the abundance of microbes and fungi population, supported by the enhancement of dehydrogenase activity at the block with moderate Ganoderma attack. In addition, the DGGE study effectively separates the microbial population of four separate treatment into two clusters, splitting the grouping depending on the Ganoderma level attack. This study shows enhancement of soil characteristics biologically and nutrients status of oil palm leaves especially P, as the results of trenching construction in peatland. Keywords: peatland; oil palm; trenching, DGGE; microbes

Processing, Characteristics, and Potential Application of Red Palm Oil - A review Kartika Okta Purnama; Dwi Setyaningsih; Erliza Hambali; Darmono Taniwiryono
International Journal of Oil Palm Vol. 3 No. 2 (2020): May 2020
Publisher : Indonesian Oil Palm Society /IOPS (Masyarakat Perkelapa-sawitan Indonesia /MAKSI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35876/ijop.v3i2.47

Crude palm oil (CPO) is produced from the extraction process of palm fruit pulp. Palm oil contains essential components in the form of triglycerides, mostly as fatty acids, namely palmitic acid, oleic, and linoleic. However, palm oil also contains minor phytonutrients, such as carotene, tocopherol, and tocotrienol. Palm oil has been widely used in the food and non-food industries. As a raw material in various products, palm oil undergoes a refinery process to remove unlike free fatty acids (FFA), odors, and colors (reddish to bright yellow). In this process, phytonutrients are degraded and damaged so that the content becomes very low. Phytonutrients in the CPO has not been fully utilized their benefits for human health. One of the palm oil products that contain high phytonutrient compounds is red palm oil. There are two types of red palm oil, namely virgin red palm oil (VRPO) and red palm oil derived from CPO (RPO). VRPO is produced from direct extraction of oil palm fruit, while RPO is produced from the neutralization of CPO and deodorization at low temperatures to reduce FFA levels. Both of these products contain high phytonutrients, such as carotene, tocopherol, and tocotrienol. This paper reviews several studies on the processing, characteristics, and potential use of red palm oil in food and non-food products. The application of red palm oil in margarine as a specific food product has the potential to be further studied.

Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) terhadap Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, dan Staphylococcus aureus Agustin Sri MULYATNI; Asmini BUDIANI; Darmono TANIWIRYONO
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 80 No. 2: 80 (2), 2012
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v80i2.39

AbstractCocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), one of the most important export commodities from Indonesia, is widely planted with current total area of 1.6 million Ha, producing 500.000 metric tons of dry bean in 2011 . At the time of harvest, instead of seed approximately the same volume cacao husk is produced. The aim of the study was to assess the potential of cocoa husk extract as an antibacterial against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cocoa husk extract to the three test bacteria. Extraction of cocoa husk conducted by maceration method using ethanol 96%. Analysis of antibacterial activity was done by paper disc diffusion method. Completely Randomized Design of single factor presentage that is extract concentration of 0; 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32; and 64% (g/mL) with three replicans were applied.The results showed that the extract of cocoa pod husk has antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. coli with the MIC are 8% (g/ mL), 16% (g/ mL), and 32% (g/ mL) respectively.AbstrakKakao (Theobroma cacao L.), salah satu komoditi ekspor terpenting Indonesia, ditanam secara luas dengan total luasan 1,6 juta Ha, menghasilkan 500.000 ton biji kering pada tahun 2011. Di samping biji sebagai hasil utama, pada saat panen juga dihasilkan kulit buah dengan volume yang hampir sama dengan biji. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji potensi ekstrak kulit buah kakao sebagai antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, dan Staphylococcus aureusserta menentukan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak kulit buah kakao terhadap ketiga bakteri uji. Ekstraksi kulit buah kakao dilakukan dengan metode Maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Analisis aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram kertas. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan faktor tunggal konsen-trasi ekstrak, yaitu 0; 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32; dan 64% (g/mL), masing-masing dengan tiga kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah kakao berpotensi sebagai antibakteri terhadap S. aureus, B. subtilis dan E. coli, dengan KHM berturut-turut adalah 8% (g/mL), 16% (g/mL), dan 32% (g/mL).

Optimasi sterilisasi permukaan eksplan stek mikro tanaman karet Optimization of surface sterilization on rubber microcutting explan Irfan MARTIANSYAH; Deden Dewantara ERIS; . NURHAIMI-HARIS; Darmono TANIWIRYONO
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 81 No. 1: 81 (1), 2013
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v81i1.55

AbstractAn increasing number of explants is necessary toobtain plantlets in large quantities, for mass propagationof rubber plants. However, high level of contamination atthe primary culture stage is still a major constraint in invitro microcutting of rubber. The aim of this study was tooptimize surface sterilization procedures to reduce micro-bial contamination at the primary culture. Sterilizationexperiment was conducted in two step., The first step wasto determine the effect of washing the explants withrunning water prior to sterilization and then using Deso-germe, ethanol or H 2 O 2 , while the second step was toidentify the suitable sterilization process on reducing thelevel of contamination. The results showed that the surfacesterilization with only one type of sterilization agent couldnot reduce contamination level caused either by bacteriaor fungi, while sterilization with three types of sterilizingagents increased the number of dead explants. The besttreatment for surface sterilization was the directsterilization of explants using 70% ethanol for one minuteand 17.6% H 2 O 2 for 20 minutes without washing with tapwater (A-CD treatment). The percentage of viable andaseptic explantsof this treatment was 76.7%, which wassignificantly higher than those of other treatments. Thistreatment reduced contamination level to 21.7%.AbstrakPeningkatan jumlah eksplan sangat diperlukan untukmemperoleh planlet dalam jumlah besar pada perbanyakanmassal tanaman karet secara in vitro. Namun, tingginyatingkat kontaminasi pada tahap kultur primer masih me-rupakan kendala utama dalam kultur stek mikro tanamankaret. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengoptimasi prosedursterilisasi permukaan eksplan untuk mengurangi jumlaheksplan yang terkontaminasi mikroba pada tahap kulturprimer. Percobaan sterilisasi dilaksanakan dalam duatahap, tahap pertama untuk mengetahui pengaruh pen-cucian eksplan dengan air mengalir pada awal sterilisasiserta penggunaan Desogerme, etanol dan H 2 O 2 , sedang-kan tahap kedua untuk mendapatkan proses sterilisasi yangpaling sesuai dalam menurunkan tingkat kontaminasi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan sterilisasipermukaan yang menggunakan satu jenis bahan sterilantidak dapat mengurangi kontaminasi, baik oleh bakterimaupun cendawan. Perlakuan sterilisasi eksplan dengantiga jenis bahan sterilan meningkatkan kematian eksplan.Perlakuan sterilisasi permukaan terbaik adalah sterilisasilangsung eksplan menggunakan etanol 70% selama satu menit dan H 2 O 2 17,6% selama 20 menit, tanpa pencuciandengan air mengalir (perlakuan A-CD). Persentase eksplansteril yang hidup sebesar 76,7%, berbeda nyata dibanding-kan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Perlakuan tersebut dapatmengurangi kontaminasi menjadi sebesar 21,7%.

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