Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynecology

The study aimed to investigate the association between testosterone hormone and critical metabolic indices (serum glucose, insulin, and glucose: insulin ratio) in Ongole breeding bulls. Serum testosterone, glucose and insulin levels were assessed in blood samples of six animals and the glucose: insulin ratio was calculated accordingly. To understand the strength and nature of this association, polynomial regression analysis was applied to the measured parameters. Results demonstrated that a nonlinear association between testosterone with all metabolic indices were evident with R² values ranged from 0.868 to 0.889. Conversely, the metabolites as predictors exhibited R² values ranged from 0.694 to 0.981. The above findings of the present study indicate that testosterone is strongly associated with glucose homeostasis and insulin regulation which further suggests that the reproductive hormones may play a pivotal role in metabolic balance in Ongole breeding bulls. Nevertheless the limited sample size restricts broad generalization, the current findings highlight a promising direction. Future studies involving larger sample size and longitudinal designs will be valuable to confirm this association and to explore their implications for the reproductive and metabolic management of indigenous cattle breeds.

The study aimed to record the incidence, relieve and outcome of dystocia in cattle by either conservative treatment or caesarean section. A Total of 10 clinical cases of dystocia in cattle were screened in Veterinary College Hospital, Hassan for a period of six months from January 2019 to June 2019. Present study revealed the incidence of foetal cause of dystocia (60%) to be more common than maternal cause of dystocia (40%). Incomplete cervical dilatation (33%) was the most common maternal cause of dystocia followed by pre cervical torsion (10%). Lateral deviation of neck (30%) was the commonest foetal cause of dystocia followed by bilateral hock flexion (20%) and Anasarca (10%).The cases were resolved either by manual traction or by caesarean section and those attended in time resulted in an increased foetal survival rate (60%).

Background and Aim: Reproductive problems such as infertility, endometritis, and ovarian cysts are major causes of economic loss in cattle. Traditional treatments, including antibiotics and hormonal therapies, often show limited effectiveness and raise concerns about resistance and animal health. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer a promising alternative because of their ability to regenerate tissues, modulate immune responses, and improve reproductive function. This review summarizes recent studies and consolidates emerging preclinical and clinical insights into MSC-based reproductive therapy in cattle. MSCs help repair ovarian and uterine tissues by migrating to damaged areas, reducing inflammation, releasing growth factors, and protecting against oxidative stress. Different methods of therapy, such as intrauterine infusion, intravenous delivery, and intraovarian injection, have been tested with encouraging results. For example, MSC therapy has improved pregnancy rates in cattle with endometritis and restored ovarian activity in animals with cystic ovaries. In addition to cell-based therapies, MSC-derived secretomes and exosomes demonstrate strong potential as cell-free approaches, offering regenerative effects with reduced risks. Despite these advances, challenges remain in translating MSC therapy to clinical practice. Variability in outcomes, technical expertise required for administration, and regulatory approval are major barriers. More studies are needed to standardize treatment protocols, evaluate long-term safety, and develop cost-effective strategies. Overall, MSC therapy represents a novel and sustainable approach for improving cattle fertility and herd productivity, offering an import­ant step forward in veterinary reproductive biotechnology.


Keywords: cattle reproduction, infertility, mesenchymal stem cells, ovarian function, regenerative therapy.

Background and Aim: Sperm morphometry is a vital indicator of fertility, yet male germ cells are highly vulnerable to envi­ronmental toxins such as heavy metals. Dromedary camels (DCs) are frequently exposed to penile and preputial patholo­gies, conditions that can impair semen quality. This study aimed to assess epididymal sperm morphometric characteristics in camels with genital lesions and to explore their associations with concentrations of aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb).

Materials and Methods: Sixty adult male DCs (8–10 years, n = 10/group) were classified into six groups: injury-free, bala­noposthitis, penile trauma, prolapsed prepuce, phimosis, and penile tumors. Blood samples were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Epididymal spermatozoa (caput, corpus, cauda) were evaluated for sperm length (SL), sperm head length (SHL), sperm head width (SHW), sperm head length-to-width ratio (SHL/W), and sperm tail length. Sperm abnormalities were categorized into proximal/distal cytoplasmic droplets and tail defects. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and correlation statistics.

Results: Sperm morphometrics varied significantly with pathological status. Camels with penile and preputial disorders exhibited increased SHW in caudal spermatozoa, while SHL and SHW were reduced in caput spermatozoa (p < 0.01). The phimosis group showed fewer abnormalities and lower total abnormal sperm, whereas the penile tumor group had ele­vated proximal and distal defects and the highest abnormality rate. Heavy metal analysis revealed significantly increased Zn and Ni concentrations in the penile tumor group, while Mo and Pb levels showed no significant differences. Correlation analysis indicated strong associations of Al and Zn with SHW and SHL/W in caudal spermatozoa, and Ni with SHL, SHW, and SHL/W in corpus spermatozoa (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Epididymal sperm morphometrics are influenced by penile and preputial pathologies and are signifi­cantly associated with Al, Zn, and Ni concentrations. These findings highlight the potential role of heavy metal accu­mulation in camel reproductive dysfunction and emphasize the need for monitoring environmental exposure in breeding regions.


Keywords: aluminum, dromedary camels, heavy metals, nickel, penile pathology, sperm morphometry, zinc.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of non-genetic factors on reproduction traits viz. age at first semen freezing and age at first semen use of breeding bulls in Sahiwal bulls by fitting least-squares analysis. Materials and Methods: The information on reproduction traits of 43 Sahiwal breeding bulls belonging to 8 sets of Sahiwal breeding program at

Congenital abnormalities in Iraqi cow fetuses can occur due to various genetic, environmental, and infectious factors. These abnormalities can affect the development of different organs and systems in the fetus, resulting in structural or functional abnormalities that may affect the survival and health of the newborn calf. The Frisian cow at full term of pregnancy as per proprietor is given the historical backdrop of stressing and unfit to go through the ordinary physiological course of calving, vaginal assessment uncovers a twisted embryo in the pelvic hole that leaves lacking space for fetal control with some of fetal layer project outside from the vulva. Caesarean section relieves dystocia, and physical examination of the defective fetus confirms a case of genuine Schistosomus reflexus (SR) in a cow. The presence of hydrocephalic fetus in combination with anomalies (SR) has not been previously reported in dairy cattle from Iraq.

Background and Aim: The reproductive performance of dairy cows is of a high economic value to maintain efficient and sustainable productivity. Postpartum anestrus is one of the major infertility problems that cause limitation of dairy cow reproductive performance and productivity. The previous studies have reported using a polyherbal formulation for different purposes, including reproductive performance. This study was conducted to examine the efficacy of polyherbal formulation administration on the reproductive performance of cows and to establish the oral administration of polyherbal formulations as a safe, effective, and economic treatment for dairy cows with postpartum anestrus due to nutritional disorders, negative energy balance, high milk production, and/or heat stress. Materials and Methods: A total of 14 dairy cows with postpartum anestrus were randomly divided into two groups, which were subjected to oral administration of distilled water that served as the control (Ctrl; ...

Background and Aim: Stallion sexual behavior during semen collection can be influenced by multiple factors, yet the role of sexual arousal intensity remains underexplored. Understanding how arousal modulates behavioral and physiological reproductive traits is essential for improving artificial insemination (AI) efficiency and semen quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sexual arousal intensity, age, origin, and semen collection method on stallion sexual behavior and the quality of fresh and frozen semen.

Materials and Methods: Thirteen Arabian stallions (7 Tunisian, 6 foreign parentage) aged 6–20 years (total ejaculates = 49) were assessed during semen collection using either a dummy or an estrous mare. Sexual arousal intensity was scored on a four-point scale (− to +++). Behavioral responses, mounting and erection parameters, and semen traits were recorded. Fresh semen was evaluated for volume, motility, concentration, and morphology; frozen semen was assessed for motility, viability, membrane integrity, and abnormalities. Data were analyzed using multifactorial analysis of variance with signifi­cance at p < 0.05.

Results: High arousal (+++) increased vocalizations, anogenital sniffing, and Flehmen responses (p < 0.05) but prolonged preparation time (p = 0.05). Low arousal (−/+) prolonged full erection duration (p < 0.01) and improved sperm motility in fresh and frozen semen (p < 0.01). Stallions of foreign origin exhibited higher fresh semen motility (p < 0.01) but required longer preparation and collection times (p < 0.05). The estrous mare method improved fresh semen motility and concen­tration (p < 0.05) but did not affect frozen semen traits. Younger stallions produced larger semen volumes, but had higher abnormal sperm counts in fresh samples, whereas older stallions showed more abnormalities post-freezing (p < 0.01).

Conclusion: Sexual arousal intensity significantly modulates both behavioral and semen quality parameters in stallions. Lower arousal is associated with prolonged erection and superior sperm motility, suggesting dissociation between behav­ioral excitement and physiological semen traits. Collection from an estrous mare can enhance fresh semen motility, though the dummy remains safer for handlers. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring semen collection protocols to individual stallion profiles to optimize AI outcomes.


Keywords: Arabian stallions, artificial insemination, copulatory behavior, semen quality, sexual arousal.

A seven-year-old multiparous zebu cow was presented in a private dairy farm at Chelelaka village, Bishoftu town, Ethiopia, with a history of large genital prolapse. A detailed physical examination showed prolapse of the vagina and cervix without additional organs. Based on case history and physical examination, the cow was diagnosed with cervico-vaginal prolapse. Pre-operatively, the animal was maintained under caudal epidural anesthesia in lateral recumbency, and proper cleaning of the prolapsed mass was made using sterile saline. The mass was then manually repositioned into the pelvic cavity by pushing using pressure and the horizontal mattress retention suture was applied, passing the needle deep at the junction of the labia. The pieces of sterile plastic cut were used as stents on both sides parallel to the vulva. After one-month post-operation, the cow recovered successfully.

Background and Aim: The reproductive efficiency of livestock, especially indigenous breeds such as Donggala bulls, is pivotal to successful breeding programs. While conventional semen parameters are widely used, molecular markers, such as sperm protein profiles and DNA integrity, are emerging as reliable indicators of fertility. This study aimed to characterize the sperm protein profiles of Donggala bulls and examine their correlation with sperm DNA integrity and protamine deficiency.

Materials and Methods: Frozen semen samples were collected from six Donggala bulls (aged 5–7 years). Pre-freezing evaluations included progressive motility (via computer-assisted sperm analysis), sperm morphology (using Diff-Quik staining), DNA integrity (assessed by the acridine orange assay), and protamine deficiency (assessed by the chromomycin A3 assay). Protein concentrations were determined using the bicinchoninic acid assay, and protein profiling was performed using 1D sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Band intensities and distributions were analyzed using ImageJ. Statistical correlations were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and Pearson’s correlation coefficients.

Results: Significant individual variation was observed in semen quality among bulls. Progressive motility ranged from 38.3% to 46.1%, DNA integrity from 79.5% to 96.8%, and protamine deficiency from 96.0% to 98.7%. The number of protein bands per sample varied between 8 and 11, with molecular weights ranging from 5 to 175 kilodaltons (kDa). Protein concentration ranged from 8.32 to 20.70 μg/mL. A 35 kDa protein band was notably absent in one bull, which may be linked to lower motility. Strong correlations were observed between sperm motility and DNA fragmentation (r = 0.628), protamine deficiency (r = 0.539), protein concentration (r = 0.658), and protein band expression (r = 0.788).

Conclusion: Sperm protein profiles in Donggala bulls are significantly correlated with DNA integrity and protamine deficiency, indicating their potential as molecular biomarkers for fertility prediction. These findings provide a foundation for integrating protein profiling into breeding soundness evaluations, suggesting that targeted proteomic analysis may enhance reproductive management strategies.


Keywords: DNA integrity, Donggala bulls, fertility biomarkers, protamine deficiency, sperm proteins.

Fetal mummification in cattle is a rare event. Both therapeutics and surgical procedures can be utilized in its management. The present case report discusses the successful therapeutic management of hematic foetal mummification in a 5.5-year-old, pluriparous Jersey Crossbred cow.

Endometriosis is a common benign gynecologic disease characterised by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus. We present a brief review on the genetic factors underlying endometriosis, followed by a case report on concordant anatomical distribution of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) in a pair of monozygotic (MZ) twins. To our knowledge, this is one of the first reported cases of DIE in MZ twins. The remarkable concordance and resemblance of deep disease involving the same anatomical sites, ovaries, pelvic floor and rectosigmoid colon in our MZ twins reiterates the role and impact of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Objetivo: describir la función de los genes GDF9, BMP15 y BMPR-IB en tasa ovulatoria y prolificidad en ovejas.Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se realizó una búsqueda y un análisis de la información científica relacionada con genes de la fecundidad en ovejas, a partir de las bases de datos de la Web of Science y Scopus. Resultados: en los genes de la fecundidad, se tiene el Factor de Crecimiento y Diferenciación 9 (GDF9), la Proteína Morfogénica Ósea 15 (BMP15) y el receptor de la Proteína Morfogénica Ósea tipo 1B (BMPR1B), que pertenecen a la familia del Factor de Crecimiento Transformante tipo ß (TGFß). En la mayoría de las mutaciones encontradas en las regiones codificantes de estos genes, las ovejas heterocigotas aumentan tasa ovulatoria y prolificidad; mientras que, las homocigotas son infértiles. No obstante, algunas razas de ovinos homocigotas tienen tasas ovulatorias y prolificidad altas.Implicaciones: las mutaciones en los genes de fecundidad relacionadas con tasa ovulatori...

In species propagation, males play a crucial role, making testicular hemodynamic-referring to blood flow within the testicles-an essential parameter for evaluating fertility. It's important for testicular function, including sperm production and steroid production for behavioural response of the males. This article reviews testicular hemodynamic, along with the various tools to study it and to improve testicular blood flow with their clinical significance. The highly convoluted testicular artery, particularly prominent in farm animals like bulls and rams, facilitates heat dissipation, crucial for maintaining the lower body-temperature crucial for spermatogenesis. Testicular blood perfusion (TBP) is vital for nutrient and hormone exchange and thermoregulation, achieved through vascular mechanisms (pampiniform plexus, superficial vessels) and non-vascular mechanisms (sweating, cremaster muscle, tunica dartos muscle). Colour Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) is a valuable non-invasive tool for assessing TBP, measuring parameters like peak systolic velocity (PSV), resistive index (RI), and plasticity index (PI). Several factors viz., environmental (temperature, season), physiological (species, breed, age, sexual activity, disease), and technical (Doppler technique, transducer type, operator experience) factors influence TBF. The article explores methods to improve TBP in farm animals, such as GnRH/hCG administration, passive inhibin immunization, and melatonin or selenium-enriched probiotic supplementation.

Background and Aim: Granulosa cells (GCs) are crucial mediators of follicular development and oocyte competence in goats, with their gene expression profiles serving as potential biomarkers of fertility. However, the lack of a standardized, quantifiable method to assess GC quality using transcriptomic data has limited the translation of such findings into reproductive applications. This study aimed to develop a hybrid deep learning model integrating one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1DCNNs) and gated recurrent units (GRUs) to classify GCs as fertility-supporting (FS) or non-fertility-supporting (NFS) using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data.

Materials and Methods: We analyzed publicly available scRNA-seq datasets from monotocous and polytocous goats. A set of 44 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (False discovery rate ≤0.01, log2 fold change ≥1.5) was identified and used to distinguish FS-GCs and NFS-GCs through Leiden clustering. The expression profiles of these DEGs served as input to train a hybrid 1DCNN-GRU classifier. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score.

Results: The optimized hybrid model achieved high classification performance (accuracy = 98.89%, precision = 100%, recall = 97.83%, and F1 score = 98.84%). When applied to scRNA-seq datasets, it identified a significantly higher proportion of FS-GCs in the polytocous sample (87%) compared to the monotocous sample (10.17%). DEG overlap across samples further confirmed the model’s biological consistency and generalizability.

Conclusion: This study presents the first application of deep learning-based classification of goat GCs using scRNA-seq data. The hybrid 1DCNN-GRU model offers a robust and quantifiable method for evaluating GC fertility, holding promise for improving reproductive selection in livestock breeding programs. Future validation in larger datasets and across species could establish this model as a scalable molecular tool for precision livestock management.


Keywords: 1DCNN-GRU model, deep learning, differential gene expression, goat fertility, granulosa cells, single-cell RNA sequencing.

Background and Aim: Listeria monocytogenes is a significant zoonotic pathogen linked to reproductive losses in livestock and serious health risks in humans. In Iraq, listeriosis remains underreported in sheep, with limited data on its molecular and epidemiological characteristics. This study aimed to (1) estimate the seroprevalence of L. monocytogenes in recently aborted ewes, (2) evaluate the association between seropositivity and clinical indicators, and (3) perform molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed isolates.

Materials and Methods: From November 2023 to August 2024, 168 aborted ewes in Wasit Province, Iraq, were sampled for vaginal swabs and blood. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for serological screening, while DNA extracted from swabs underwent PCR amplification targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. PCR-positive samples were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed using MEGA-11 software. Clinical data were statistically correlated with seropositivity using odds ratios (OR) and relative risk (RR).

Results: ELISA revealed a seroprevalence of 23.21%, with the majority of infections classified as mild. PCR confirmed L. monocytogenes in 3.57% of swabs. Seropositivity significantly correlated with vaginal discharge (30.08%, p = 0.0121), retained placenta, and recent abortion history. Higher infection risk was observed in ewes with no or single previous abortions (OR = 2.464; RR = 2.207) and in flocks with ≤10% abortion rates (OR = 3.729; RR = 2.731). Phylogenetic analysis of six local isolates (GenBank IDs PQ865989.1–PQ865994.1) revealed 96.43%–97.62% sequence identity with an Iranian reference strain (MT071644.1), suggesting regional transmission links.

Conclusion: This study is the first to molecularly characterize ovine L. monocytogenes in Iraq, revealing both the prevalence of subclinical infection and cross-border phylogenetic relationships. The integration of serological and molecular diagnostics highlighted underrecognized infections and provided novel insights into the epidemiology of strains. Findings emphasize the need for broader regional surveillance, improved diagnostic protocols, and biosecurity measures in ovine reproductive health management.


Keywords: ovine abortion, Listeria monocytogenes, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polymerase chain reaction, phylogenetic analysis, Iraq, Iran, 16S ribosomal RNA.

The health of people, animals, and microbes depends on selenium, a trace micronutrient. Recently, several researchers have become interested in selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) because of their biocompatibility, bioavailability, and low toxicity. Selenium nanoparticles are therefore widely used in a variety of biomedical applications due to their greater bioactivity. The antioxidant defence capacity of semen is reduced during processing and cryopreservation; nevertheless, the antioxidant inclusion in the freezing extender has a shield in opposition to the peroxidation of lipids, maintaining metabolic function and cellular function. Selenium acts as a crucial part of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), an enzyme that defends cellular membrane lipids from free radical damage and protects interior cell structures. Semen from numerous animals, including sheep, dogs, man, goats, birds and cattle, has been found to have glutathione peroxidase activity. This review discusses the impact of selenium nanoparticles on the status of spermatozoa.

The aim of the present study was to see the impact of L-Carnitine (LC) on lipid biosynthesis and metabolism of buffalo embryos, and post thaw blastocyst survivability. In vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos were derived from slaughterhouse derived COCs and cultured in different doses of LC i.e. 0, 1 mM, 1.5 mM, 2 mM starting at 48 h post IVF. Blastocyst rate was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher in 1.5 mM group than control and 1.0 mM group. Lipid content was measured indirectly by fluorescent intensity of lipid droplets after Nile red staining, and it was lower (p &lt; 0.05) in treated than control groups. CPT1B, DGAT2 and DGAT1 mRNA expression was up regulated (p &lt; 0.05) while AMPKg1 expression was down regulated in 1.5 mM and 2 mM groups compared to other groups (p &lt; 0.05). mRNA expression of GLUT1, OCT4 and IFN-tau was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in 1.5 mM group than the control group. Expression of BAX was down regulated at 1.5 mM LC. Blastocyts were vitrified by a modified OPS meth...

The aim was to determine the motion and kinematics characteristic of frozen-thawed spermatozoa in Sirohi goat using computer-assisted semen analysis. A study was carried out in Sirohi buck. Semen collection was made biweekly from each buck with the help of artificial vagina. A total of 12 ejaculates were collected from two bucks (six ejaculates from each buck). Freshly collected semen was pooled and later evaluated. The pooled semen sample was extended with standard glycerolated egg yolk tris extender and later subjected to a process of cryopreservation. The motion and kinematic characteristics of spermatozoa were studied during freez-thawing process. Results: Significantly (p<0.01) higher value of live percent, hypo-osmotic swelling test, and acrosomal integrity were recorded in neat semen followed by diluted and frozen thaw semen. The proportion of spermatozoa showing slow progression were the highest in the neat and diluted semen followed by rapid and non-progressively motile, while a reverse pattern was observed in the frozen thaw semen where the proportion of non-progressively motile spermatozoa were significantly (p<0.01) higher followed by slow and rapid progression. This study showed that the best results for motion, vitality, plasma membrane integrity, and acrosome status were obtained in the neat semen followed by diluted and frozen thaw semen. Further, the process of cryopreservation results in a shift of motility from slow to non-progressive in the post-thaw semen with a significant decrease in the path velocities when compared to neat and diluted semen. Hence, it can be concluded that freezing-thawing process reduces the motility and kinematic characters spermatozoa and may be an important factor affecting the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa resulting in poor conception rate after insemination in goats.

The aim was to determine the antioxidative capacity of vitamin E, vitamin C and their combination (vitamin E+C) on standard semen parameters i.e., mortality, percent live sperms, percent abnormal sperms and acrosomal integrity in cryopreserved Bhadawari bull semen. Ejaculates collected from four Bhadawari bulls were evaluated and later pooled at 37°C. Pooled semen sample was divided into four equal parts viz. T-1,T-2,T-3 and C. The divided samples were diluted with a Trisbased extender containing the antioxidants vitamin E (5 mM) (T-1) vitamin C (5 mM) (T-2), vitamin E+C combination (5 mM+5 mM) (T-3) and extender containing no antioxidants (control, C). The diluted samples with different antioxidant concentration were cooled to 5°C, frozen in 0.25-ml French straws and stored in liquid nitrogen (-196°C). Frozen straws were thawed individually at 37°C for 20 s in a water bath for evaluation. Results: Semen extender supplementation with vitamin E (5 mM), vitamin C (5 mM) and vitamin E+C combination caused significant (p<0.01) increases in the seminal attributes while significant (p<0.01) decreases was observed in percent abnormal sperms in comparison to control group indicating that supplementation of antioxidant in form of vitamin and their combination improves the quality of post thaw semen. Significantly higher values of semen parameters were observed in the T-3 followed by T-1 and T-2 indicating the anti-oxidative capacity of different supplements utilized during the study. The results of present investigation concluded that combination of vitamin E+C has most profound effect in protecting sperms against reactive oxygen species production and cold shock when compared to vitamin E and vitamin C supplemented alone in the extender for semen dilution utilized for cryopreservation.

Background and Aim: Salmonella Abortusequi is a significant etiological agent of equine abortions, yet limited genomic data exist, particularly in Central Asia. This study aimed to perform the first genome-wide characterization and phylogenetic analysis of three S. Abortusequi strains isolated from equine abortions in different regions of Kazakhstan.

Materials and Methods: Whole-genome sequencing was conducted on three isolates using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Genomic assemblies were annotated using SPAdes and Prokka, while phenotypic traits were predicted through BioNumerics. Antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence factors, and prophage elements were identified using established databases. Phylogenetic relationships were examined through whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (wgSNP) analysis against a global panel of S. Abortusequi and related serovars.

Results: All isolates displayed high genomic similarity and were classified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Abortusequi with an antigenic profile of 4:a:e,n,x. Twelve Salmonella pathogenicity islands and three prophages were identified, with ST64B present in all isolates. The ac(6’)-Iaa gene, which confers resistance to aminoglycosides, was detected in all strains. Each genome encoded 101–109 virulence factors, with 94 conserved across isolates. wgSNP analysis confirmed close phylogenetic clustering of the Kazakh strains, with regional variation between northern and southern isolates. Prophage-associated virulence elements, particularly virulence factor protein (SseK), were also documented.

Conclusion: This study reveals the genetic uniformity and virulence potential of S. Abortusequi strains circulating in Kazakhstan. The presence of conserved resistance and virulence genes, including prophage-encoded elements, underscores the pathogenic risk posed by these isolates. These findings contribute valuable genomic data for surveillance, diagnosis, and control of salmonellosis in equine populations. Despite the limited sample size, the study establishes a foundation for future genomic epidemiological studies and targeted disease mitigation strategies.


Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, equine abortion, Kazakhstan, pathogenicity islands, phylogenomics, Salmonella Abortusequi, whole-genome sequencing.

Background and Aim: In swine production, over 99% of artificial insemination (AI) procedures utilize boar semen preserved in liquid form at 17°C for up to 5 days. However, spermatozoa are highly susceptible to oxidative stress during storage, which impairs motility, membrane integrity, and overall fertility. Reactive oxygen species-induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) compromises sperm structure and function. Although antioxidants are used to mitigate oxidative damage, idebenone (IDB) – a short-chain benzoquinone with potent mitochondrial antioxidant properties – has not been studied in boar semen preservation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of IDB supplementation in a semen extender on boar spermatozoa quality during 120 h of liquid storage at 17°C.

Materials and Methods: Ejaculates from 25 Duroc boars were diluted with Beltsville Thawing Solution to a final concentration of 30 × 106 sperm/mL. In Experiment 1, semen samples (n = 13) were treated with 0, 78, 156, 312, 625, or 1250 nM of IDB and assessed at 24-h intervals for motility (computer-assisted sperm analysis), viability (eosin-nigrosin), and membrane integrity (hypo-osmotic swelling test). In Experiment 2, 78 nM IDB was selected for its optimal effects and further tested (n = 12) for acrosome integrity (fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated peanut agglutinin), capacitation status (chlortetracycline staining), LPO (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), and kinematic parameters.

Results: After 120 h, the 78 nM IDB group showed significantly improved total motility (81.4%) and membrane integrity (60.3%) compared to control (72.9% and 46.7%, respectively; p < 0.05). Viability was higher in IDB-treated groups, and high concentrations (625–1250 nM) reduced motility. In Experiment 2, 78 nM IDB improved total and progressive motility (84.0% and 46.8%), preserved acrosome integrity (64.06% vs. 58.75%), reduced capacitated sperm (64.72% vs. 59.11%), and decreased malondialdehyde levels (51.84 nmol vs. 59.61 nmol) relative to controls (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: IDB at 78 nM effectively preserves boar semen quality during 5-day liquid storage by enhancing motility, viability, membrane and acrosome integrity, and reducing oxidative stress. These findings highlight its potential as a novel antioxidant additive in AI protocols.


Keywords: antioxidant, artificial insemination, boar semen, idebenone, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, sperm preservation.

Background and Aim: Postpartum reproductive disorders, particularly metritis and placental retention, significantly compromise dairy herd productivity and calf viability. In Vietnam, where dairy production is expanding, limited data exist on the prevalence and consequences of such disorders under modern farm conditions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of metritis and placental retention in dairy cows on an industrial farm in southern Vietnam from 2022 to mid-2024 and to evaluate their reproductive and neonatal health consequences.

Materials and Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted on a dairy herd monitored through skin conductance responses activity sensors and DataFlow™ II software (Allflex Livestock Intelligence, MSD Animal Health Intelligence, USA). Health alerts triggered clinical examinations to identify genital infections. Metritic cows were treated using antibiotics and hormonal therapies and were monitored for recovery and subsequent breeding success. Neonatal calves were examined for respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders for 21 days post-birth. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square tests at a 95% confidence level.

Results: Genital infections affected 23.5%–38.8% of cows annually, with metritis prevalence ranging from 7.2% to 9.8%. Placental retention remained consistent at approximately 13% across years. Quarter 2 consistently exhibited the highest incidence of reproductive disorders. Treatment success for metritis was high (85.8%–88.6%); however, post-treatment pregnancy rates declined over time (68.5% in 2022 and 54.8% in 2024). Neonatal respiratory infections (2.9%–4.4%) were more frequent than gastrointestinal infections (0.1%–0.8%), with calf mortality declining from 3.4% in 2022 to 0.7% in 2024.

Conclusion: Metritis and placental retention remain prevalent challenges in Vietnamese dairy herds, adversely impacting reproductive efficiency and calf health despite high treatment efficacy. The seasonal spike in disease incidence underscores the need for tailored herd health management during hotter months. Although early detection through precision monitoring improved recovery outcomes, residual effects on fertility persisted. Strengthened periparturient care, postpartum surveillance, and colostrum management are recommended to enhance both maternal and neonatal health outcomes.


Keywords: breeding success, calf mortality, dairy cows, metritis, placental retention, reproductive disorders, skin conductance responses monitoring, Vietnam.

Background and Aim: Pasundan cattle, a native Indonesian breed with valuable reproductive traits, face population decline due to limited conservation efforts. Estrus synchronization using prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is a viable strategy to support genetic improvement and sustainable breeding. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological, cytological, and hormonal responses associated with estrus synchronization in Pasundan heifers following a double-injection protocol of PGF2α.

Materials and Methods: Eighteen healthy Pasundan heifers (2.0–2.5 years old; body condition score 3) received two intramuscular PGF2α injections 11 days apart. Estrus signs were assessed through vulva morphology, cervical mucus viscosity, and vaginal electrical resistance (VER) on days 0, 4, 5, 11–15. Vaginal cytology was conducted to classify epithelial cells, and blood samples were analyzed for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone, and estradiol through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05).

Results: The peak estrus response occurred on day 14 post-initial injection, marked by maximal vulvar swelling (7.27 ± 1.15 cm), highest mucus viscosity (14.9 ± 3.00 mm), and lowest VER (198.67 ± 29.61 Ohms). Cytologically, superficial and keratinized epithelial cells dominated (64.22%), indicating estrus. Hormonal assays revealed elevated FSH (5.08 mIU/mL) and estradiol (0.214 pg/mL), alongside a nadir in progesterone (0.162 ng/mL). Estrus was observed in 88.89% of heifers on day 14.

Conclusion: Double-injection PGF2α effectively synchronized estrus in Pasundan heifers, with day 14 being optimal for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI). The synchronization protocol demonstrated clear correlations between physical, cytological, and hormonal parameters. This protocol provides a reliable basis for reproductive management in Pasundan cattle, facilitating conservation and productivity. Future studies should assess conception outcomes post-FTAI to validate long-term reproductive efficiency.


Keywords: estrus synchronization, fixed-time artificial insemination, Pasundan cattle, prostaglandin F2α, reproductive hormones, vaginal cytology.

Background and Aim: Pyometra is a common uterine disease in intact bitches, frequently progressing to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). While retinal vascular alterations have been observed in human SIRS cases, similar evaluations are lacking in veterinary medicine. This study aimed to evaluate retinal vascular calibers in bitches with pyometra-induced SIRS (P-SIRS) and explore correlations between retinal measurements and hematological, biochemical, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels.

Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 40 bitches diagnosed with P-SIRS and 30 clinically healthy controls. Retinal images were captured at admission using a smartphone coupled with a Volk iNView® (Volk®, Mentor, OH, USA) device. Retinal arteriolar and venular calibers within 0.5–1 disk diameter from the optic disk were measured using ImageJ software (https://imagej.net/ij/index.html). Concurrent hematology, serum biochemistry, VEGF, and IL-4 levels were analyzed. Statistical comparisons and correlations were assessed using non-parametric tests and Spearman’s correlation.

Results: Retinal arteriolar calibers were significantly narrower (p = 0.0001) and venular calibers significantly wider (p = 0.0068) in P-SIRS patients compared to controls. Serum VEGF and IL-4 concentrations were markedly elevated in the P-SIRS group (p < 0.05). Retinal venular calibers positively correlated with band neutrophils (p = 0.02), monocytes (p = 0.04), and negatively with albumin (p = 0.008). Retinal arteriolar calibers negatively correlated with segmented neutrophils (p = 0.04) and VEGF (p = 0.0003). No ophthalmoscopically visible retinal lesions were detected.

Conclusion: Bitches with pyometra-induced SIRS exhibited significant retinal microvascular alterations characterized by arteriolar narrowing and venular dilation. These vascular changes correlated with systemic inflammatory markers and VEGF levels, suggesting that retinal vascular assessment may serve as a non-invasive biomarker for systemic inflammation in veterinary patients. Despite microvascular changes, no clinically visible retinal lesions were observed, warranting further longitudinal studies to elucidate their prognostic significance.


Keywords: canine ophthalmology, interleukin-4, pyometra, retinal microcirculation, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, vascular endothelial growth factor.

Background and Aim: Postpartum endometritis is a major cause of infertility in dairy cattle, impacting herd productivity and economic sustainability. Although traditional diagnostic methods are available, there remains a need for simple, rapid, and accurate cow-side diagnostic tools to facilitate early detection and management of clinical endometritis (CE) and subclinical endometritis (SCE). This study aimed to (i) evaluate the diagnostic performance of vaginal discharge parameters - pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, and electrical conductivity (EC) - using a portable flat-surface electrode probe, and pH and leukocyte esterase (LE) activity using reagent strips and (ii) establish optimal cut-off values for these parameters to support practical on-farm screening of endometritis.

Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight postpartum Holstein Friesian cows were enrolled. Vaginal discharge was collected using a Metricheck device and analyzed for pH, TDS, salinity, and EC. Concurrently, pH and LE activity were assessed using reagent strips. Endometrial cytology was performed to diagnose CE and SCE. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results: pH values measured by both the meter and strip were significantly higher in cows with normal uterine health compared to those with CE (p = 0.010 and p = 0.008, respectively). LE activity was significantly elevated in cows with CE (p = 0.001). ROC analysis identified optimal cut-off values: pH meter ≤8.35 (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.768) and LE strip ≥2 (AUC = 0.835) for diagnosing CE. Combining pH and LE strip results improved diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.801), achieving 65.22% sensitivity, 87.5% specificity, and 76.6% accuracy. TDS, salinity, and EC were not significantly associated with uterine health status (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: The combined evaluation of vaginal discharge pH and LE activity offers a practical, cost-effective cow-side screening method for diagnosing endometritis in dairy cattle. In contrast, TDS, salinity, and EC measurements were not diagnostically informative. The proposed approach may enhance herd health management by enabling timely identification and treatment of endometritis.


Keywords: bovine endometritis, cow-side diagnosis, leukocyte esterase strip, pH meter, postpartum reproductive health, vaginal discharge analysis.

Endometriosis is an enigma; we don’t have a sound
proof for its etiological origin but only have speculated
theories. Endometriosis is a benign, estrogen-dependent
disease characterized by endometrial tissue located
outside the uterus. It affects 5–10% of women of
reproductive age. Symptoms include: chronic pelvic pain,
dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and or infertility. First
description of the disease was by Rokitansky more than
130 years ago. Karl von Rokitansky (1804 -1878) worked
as a pathologist in Vienna. He said that the origin of
endometriosis is from the shed endometrial fragments
from retrograde menstruation implant

Duplex kidney is one of common major congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract with an incidence about 1% of all live births and higher frequency in females than in males. Majority of duplex kidneys are unilateral. Although the antenatal diagnosis of fetal hydronephrosis is simple, the diagnosis of fetal renal duplication is infrequent, especially in case the collecting system is not dilated. Here we reported bilateral duplex collecting system that is prenatally diagnosed with obstruction findings on one kidney and no obstructive findings on other side. bladder, or ectopically, usually into the urethra, or rarely Case Report Volume 1 Issue 2

Background: To evaluate the impact of overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) and urinary incontinence (UI) on women sexual life in patients from Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinic (LUHS KC) Woman consultation. Methods: Participants were questioned anonymously, using "The Female Sexual Function Index" (FSFI) survey. Data analysis was made using SPSS 20.0 program. Results: The first research showed that all FSFI domains means were statistically higher in women without UI during sexual intercourse, than those with UI. In addition, the second research showed that according to age all the domains scores were found higher in the groups of women (with or without overactive bladder syndrome) younger than 60 years old (p<0,05), except pain had no statistically significant difference in the patient group. Also in the second research we determined that lubrication, orgasm and pain scores were statistically significantly lower in the patient group (p<0,05). Conclusions: Women who are suffering from UI during sexual intercourse, as well as women with OAB, have significantly worse sexual function, than those who do not have this problem. Furthermore, women with OAB most likely experience a decrease of lubrication, pain during sexual intercourse and lack of orgasm. Overactive bladder syndrome is debilitating and bothersome condition, which has a negative impact on overall health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in all 6 Research Article Volume 1 Issue 2

Background and Aim: In vitro fertilization (IVF) efficiency in pigs remains suboptimal, partly due to oxidative stress during oocyte maturation and embryo development. Melatonin (MLT), an endogenous antioxidant, has been proposed as a beneficial supplement in reproductive culture systems. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of MLT on in vitro porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development. Materials and Methods: Ovaries were obtained from prepubertal gilts at a local slaughterhouse. A total of 1142 cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COC) were allocated into four groups and matured in vitro with 0, 1, 3, or 5 µM MLT for 44 h. Oocyte maturation was assessed using aceto-orcein staining and viability with trypan blue staining. Subsequently, 1312 COC underwent IVF using a standardized sperm concentration, followed by embryo culture in North Carolina State University-23 medium supplemented with corresponding MLT concentrations for 8 days. Embryo development was classified according to cleavage, morula, and early blastocyst stages. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: Although supplementation with 1.0 µM MLT resulted in the highest metaphase II oocyte maturation rate (45.9% ± 5.70%) and blastocyst formation (26.9% ± 9.57%), no significant differences were observed among treatments in either oocyte maturation, COC viability, or embryo development stages (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Supplementation with 0-5 µM MLT during oocyte maturation and embryo culture did not significantly enhance in vitro maturation rates or embryonic developmental outcomes in pigs. Further investigations are warranted to optimize MLT concentrations and elucidate its mechanistic role during porcine oocyte and embryo in vitro culture.

Background and Aim: Testosterone is a key androgenic hormone in male poultry, regulating growth performance, reproductive function, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. However, endogenous testosterone levels are often diminished through conversion to estrogen through the aromatase enzyme, presenting a physiological constraint in poultry production systems. While synthetic testosterone administration has been employed to overcome this limitation, it is frequently accompanied by adverse effects, including gonadal atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis. Consequently, aromatase blockers have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance testosterone levels by inhibiting estrogen biosynthesis. This review synthesizes current evidence on both synthetic aromatase blockers (SABs), such as letrozole and tamoxifen, and natural aromatase blockers (NAB), including compounds derived from Anadara granosa and Anadara nodifera clamshells, plant extracts, and trace minerals like zinc. The mechanisms, efficacy, physiological effects, and safety profiles of NAB are comparatively examined against SAB. The findings indicate that NAB can significantly elevate testosterone levels and improve reproductive and performance traits without the adverse histopathological effects observed with prolonged SAB or synthetic androgen use. This review highlights the potential of NAB as sustainable alternatives to synthetic hormones in poultry production and recommends further investigations to optimize dosing regimens, elucidate long-term effects, and explore combinatorial strategies.


Keywords: endocrine modulation, natural aromatase blockers, performance enhancement, poultry reproduction, synthetic aromatase blockers, testosterone.

Background: To evaluate the recurrence rate of ovarian endometrioma during a period of five years and risk factors associated with this disorder. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of 97 women diagnosed with ovarian endometrioma during a period of 5 years was conducted. These women were recruited from the Endometriosis Outpatient Facility at the University of Campinas. The following variables were analyzed in the groups of women with and without recurrence of ovarian endometrioma: age, pregnancies, parity, cesarean section, abortion, body mass index (BMI), symptomatology of endometrioma (dysmenorrheal, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain and infertility), type of surgery for excision of endometrioma (laparotomy or laparoscopy), presence of other foci, postoperative treatment with drugs and associated disorders. The frequencies, means and standard deviation were analyzed for each variable. Fisher's exact test and logistic regression model were used for a comparative analysis between variables. Results: The mean age of the patients was 33.8±6.6 years. The recurrence rate of endometrioma was 40.2% and the mean time for disease recurrence was 34 months after surgery. There was a significant association between a higher recurrence rate of endometrioma and the presence of other foci (p=0.03). There was no statistical significance of the recurrence of endometrioma with the other variables. Conclusion: The recurrence rate of ovarian endometrioma is high. Women with advanced stages of endometriosis have a higher recurrence rate of endometrioma and recurrence is higher at 2 years after surgery. The postoperative treatments with drugs do not change the recurrence rate of ovarian endometrioma.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy complicate up to
10% of pregnancies worldwide, constituting one of the
greatest causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and
mortality. Preeclampsia affects about 2-3% of all
pregnancies in developed countries [1]. As well as, the
incidence of preeclampsia has increased by 25% in the
United State the past two decades. It’s estimated that
between 50,000 to 60,000 maternal deaths are related
with preeclampsia per year worldwide

Hypothalamic Amenorrhea is one of the most common causes of amenorrhea in women of reproductive age, accounting for almost 50%cases of secondary amenorrhea, while the genetic causes account for a lower percentage of cases of HA presenting as primary amenorrhea. HA is a heterogeneous condition with main characteristics being reduced pulsatile GnRH secretion which is evidenced as reduced circulating LH levels along with decreased frequency and amplitude of LH plasticity. It has been observed in 10% of female athletes. Besides that, affected patients may have more than one etiological factor like low body weight, excessive exercise as well as stress. Other important causes such as heterozygous mutations in genes associated with GnRH migration or GnRH secretion maybe responsible for congenital GnRH deficiency whose presentation is also as HA. Thus pulsatile s/c administration remains the treatment of choice in women desiring pregnancy. Priming with LH followed by FSH initiation may be effective in ovulation induction as well. But since infusion pumps requiring GnRH administration intermittently are not available in all countries Kp54/kp10 offers a better alternative once its efficacy and full therapeutic window has been accurately worked out,besides being very effective in Kp/GPR54 mutations as well as neurokin deficiency as it acts downstream of Kp. Emphasis on weight increase and correcting anetiological factors remains the mainstay in patients presenting with functional HA as secondary amenorrhea and factors which will increase intake as well as reduce energy expenditure will go a long way in correcting the GnRH and thus LH pulsatility. Only if these patients require immediate fertility is hormonal therapy indicated along with ovulation induction.

Aim: The aim of present review is to provide a comprehensive view of the literature regarding the clinical efficacy and safety effects of supplementation of Progestogens during luteal phase in the first trimester. Methods: A literature search was performed using electronic databases like Pub med/Medline to identify from 1980 to 2015. The search yielded around 27 original studies and review articles. The search yielded around 31 clinical studies and reviews. Results: Progestogen use for luteal support in assisted reproductive technologies is associated with significantly higher rates of live birth or ongoing pregnancy than placebo or no treatment. Based on findings from randomized control studies and meta-analysis, similar ongoing pregnancy and miscarriage rates have been observed for dydrogesterone (oral) when compared to intra-vaginal micronized progesterone (MCP) and between MCP intra-vaginal and MCP intra-muscular for luteal phase support. However, dydrogesterone (oral) exhibited an overall higher ongoing pregnancy rate compared to MCP oral (30% vs. 11%). There was no evidence to indicate that maternal exposure to Progestogens during pregnancy increased the risk for birth defects. Conclusion: The relative effectiveness, safety, optimal route and duration of oral, vaginal, and intra-muscular progestogen formulations is a topic of ongoing debate. Future investigations with longer follow-ups and larger sample sizes comparing different routes of administration, dosages, and timing of administration are warranted.

Objective: To study medical student's attitudes towards intimate physical examination during clinical rotations. Design: The study was performed at a University hospital setting during the years 2008-2009. Sample: The study included 100 medical students. At the time of the survey the students were at their clinical rotations of medical school. Methods: The students filled a questionnaire about their attitudes towards patients' pelvic examination by students. Setting: 4 Campuses of an academic hospital Main outcome: The rate of full patients' informed consent obtained for intimate examinations by medical students. Measures: Rate of students' reports about consent, importance, emotional and ethical aspects of intimate physical examination. Results: We have found that the practice of performing an intimate physical examination during anesthesia is without obtaining a specific consent is still common in our University Hospital setting. About a third of the examinations have been obtained without a patient's consent. Ninety percent of the medical students object this practice. The students are aware and encourage a change. They appreciate the importance of the intimate physical examination for their medical education but only thirty percent have discussed the emotional aspects related to issue. About ninety percent of the female medical students appreciate the importance of patient communication on the subject more than male students 49% (p<0.005). About half of the students would decline being examined by medical students themselves if theoretically they were patients more if the examiner would be from the opposite gender. Conclusions: The clinical task of performing an intimate examination is not receiving the appropriate teaching. Patient's informed consent is not obtained in many cases and not obtained appropriately in other.

Background: Reproductive management of goats on large scale becomes difficult due to contributing reasons like poor estrus expression, lack of heat detection techniques, etc. Synchronization of ovulation has significantly improved the conception in cows. However, such investigations are lacking in goats. Hence, an experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of different ovulation synchronization protocols on kidding and fecundity rates in Tellicherry goats during winter and summer seasons. Methods: The study was conducted in 240 does of 60 days postpartum period in two different seasons and investigated the efficacy of different protocols, The efficacy of intravaginal sponge (group I), Ovsynch (group II), Ovsynch with sponge (group III), Co synch (group IV), Co synch with sponge (group V) and control (group VI) on kidding and fecundity rate following fixed time breeding (NS/AI) was investigated in Tellicherry goats. Result: The overall kidding rate recorded during winter season in natural service (NS) was 80.00 and Artificial Insemination (AI) it was 70.00 per cent and in summer season it was 60.00 and 55.00 per cent, respectively. During winter season the fecundity rates observed were 1.

Background and Aim: Camel reproduction faces significant challenges, including poor semen preservation and a limited understanding of gamete interactions, particularly within the oviduct. Glycan-mediated sperm binding in the oviduct is pivotal for sperm storage and longevity in various species. This study aimed to evaluate the binding affinity of camel epididymal sperm to sulfated Lewis A (SuLeA) – a trisaccharide from the oviductal isthmus – and investigate its effect on sperm lifespan and viability in vitro.

Materials and Methods: Fluorescent-labeled SuLeA was used to localize glycan-binding sites on camel sperm. An in vitro model involving biotinylated SuLeA conjugated to streptavidin-sepharose beads was developed to mimic oviductal interactions. Sperm-oviduct binding specificity was assessed by pre-incubating sperm with SuLeA before their exposure to epithelial cell aggregates. Sperm viability was evaluated over 48 h using SYBR-14 and propidium iodide staining.

Results: Fluorescent SuLeA showed preferential binding to the post-acrosomal region of camel sperm (53%, p < 0.05). Pre-incubation with SuLeA significantly inhibited sperm adhesion to oviductal aggregates (82% vs. 25%, p < 0.05), confirming binding specificity. Sperm demonstrated a high affinity to immobilized SuLeA (5 sperm/bead), which was reduced to 1 sperm/bead following glycan pre-incubation. Notably, sperm bound to immobilized SuLeA exhibited significantly higher viability (59%) after 48 h compared to unbound sperm (5%, p < 0.05).

Conclusion: This study establishes that SuLeA selectively binds to camel sperm at the post-acrosomal region, mimicking physiological sperm-oviduct adhesion. The interaction not only confirms glycan specificity but also significantly prolongs sperm viability. These findings provide a promising foundation for developing freeze-free preservation techniques and improving artificial insemination protocols in camelids.


Keywords: camel, glycan binding, oviduct, reproductive biotechnology, sperm viability, sperm, sulfated Lewis A.

Background and Aim: Early postpartum behavioral patterns are pivotal indicators of dairy cow health, reproductive success, and lactation performance, particularly under the environmental stressors of tropical climates. This study aimed to investigate how these behavioral patterns, as captured by smart biosensor data, influence reproductive outcomes, and milk yield in Holstein Friesian cows, with specific emphasis on parity differences and behavioral clustering.

Materials and Methods: A total of 227 Holstein Friesian cows, categorized by parity (primiparous vs. multiparous), were monitored using AfiTag-II accelerometers from 3 days prepartum to 30 days postpartum. Behavioral variables – activity, rest time, rest per bout, and restlessness ratio – were subjected to K-means clustering to identify distinct behavioral profiles. Reproductive performance was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models, while lactation dynamics were modeled using the Wood function to estimate peak yield, peak time, and persistency.

Results: Three distinct behavioral clusters were identified. Primiparous cows in Cluster 1 showed the highest early postpartum activity (~300 min/day at 5 days in milk [DIM]) and restlessness ratios, while multiparous cows exhibited more stable behavioral profiles. Cox regression suggested that cows in Cluster 0 had a higher, although non-significant, likelihood of estrus onset at 40 DIM (Hazard ratio = 1.44, p = 0.09). Lactation modeling revealed that multiparous cows in Cluster 0 attained the highest cumulative milk yield (4896.6 ± 252.1 kg at 305 DIM), while the single cow in Cluster 2 exhibited an atypical lactation curve with a delayed peak and reduced persistency.

Conclusion: Postpartum behavioral clustering reveals parity-specific lactation and reproductive trajectories in tropical dairy cows. Higher activity and restlessness ratios may delay estrus and compromise milk yield, underscoring the potential of behavioral monitoring for targeted reproductive and nutritional management. Integration of sensor-based clustering with routine herd monitoring may support early identification of cows at risk of suboptimal performance, improving reproductive efficiency and milk production in tropical dairy systems.


Keywords: K-means clustering, milk yield, parity, postpartum behavior, reproductive performance, smart sensors, tropical dairy cattle.

CervicalcancerisaleadingcauseofmortalityinSub-SaharanAfrica-inlargepartbecause of inadequate coverage of screening and preventive treatment services. A number of programshavebegunintegratingcervicalcancerpreventionservicesintoexistingfamily planning or HIV/AIDS service delivery platforms, to rapidly expand "screen and treat" programsandmitigatecervicalcancerburden.Drawinguponareviewofliteratureand ourexperiences,weconsiderbenefitsandchallengesassociatedwithsuchprogramsin Sub-SaharanAfrica.Wethenoutlinestepsthatcanoptimizeuptakeandsustainabilityof integratedsexualandreproductivehealthservices.Theseincludeincreasingcoordination amongimplementingorganizationsforefficientuseofresources;taskshiftingforservices that can be provided by nonphysicians; mobilizing communities via trusted frontline healthworkers;strengtheningmanagementinformationsystemstoallowformonitoring ofmultipleservices;andprioritizinganoperationalresearchagendatoprovidefurther evidenceonthecost-effectivenessandbenefitsofintegratedservicedelivery.

Boar spermatozoa contain polyunsaturated fatty acids, rendering them susceptible to damage from free radicals. Oxidative stress in liquid semen can be prevented by modifying the diluent by adding antioxidants. Melatonin is an indoleamine compound that can be used as an antioxidant with high potential in the reproductive system. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding various concentrations of melatonin to Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) diluent on the quality of Berkshire boar semen. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method was employed, with the experiment divided into four treatment groups, each replicated six times. A total of 24 samples were used in this study. P0 was used as the control group, while groups P1, P2, and P3 were given the addition of melatonin to BTS diluent with different doses, namely 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, and 1.5 mM. The samples were stored for 48 hours and then examined for boar semen quality. The variables examined included the percentage of motility, abnormality, viability, plasma membrane integrity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The results showed that the addition of a melatonin dose of 1.0 mM to the BTS diluent was the optimal concentration that could maintain motility, abnormalities, viability, plasma membrane integrity, and MDA levels in Berkshire boar semen compared to other treatment groups and the control group. This study indicated that melatonin functions as an effective antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and thereby inhibiting oxidative stress in Berkshire boar semen.

Sulpiride is an antipsychotic drug commonly used in humans to mitigate the effects of stress by selectively targeting central dopaminergic receptors. During male rat puberty, neurotransmitter systems, including the dopaminergic system, undergo significant development, playing a crucial role in the release of gonadal hormones and the regulation of reproductive function. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of sulpiride on reproduction parameters in adult male rats. This study used 30 adult male rats with an average body weight of 250-300g and an average age of 90-95 days. The rats were randomly divided into three groups of 10 each. Group 1 (G1) received 10 mg/kg sulpiride, Group 2 (G2) received 25 mg/kg sulpiride, and the control group (G3) received normal saline, all administered via gavage. This study evaluated hematological (testosterone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and Follicle-stimulating hormone) and histopathological parameters (spermatogenesis, seminiferous tubules, and total sperm count). The histopathology result of the testes from treated rats revealed significant histological changes. In G1, the seminiferous tubules exhibited destruction, with disrupted spermatogenesis and reduced numbers of sperm in the lumen. These changes were more pronounced in G2, which received the higher dose of sulpiride (25 mg/kg). In contrast, the control group (G3) displayed normal histological structures and spermatogenesis. Hormonal analysis showed a significant decrease in testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in G2 compared to G1 and G3. The hematological results for blood serum showed that the concentration of the hormone prolactin was also significantly increased in G2 treated with 25 mg/kg sulpiride as compared with G1 and G3; the concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels did not differ significantly across groups. Sperm motility and concentration were significantly reduced in G2 compared to G1 and G3, accompanied by a significant increase in the percentage of abnormal and dead sperm. Histological findings further confirmed severe destruction of the seminiferous tubules in G2 compared to G1 and the control group. In conclusion, administering sulpiride at concentrations of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg in adult male rats caused significant structural and functional defects in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

Background: Repeat breeding syndrome (RBS) associated with sub-clinical uterine infection (UI) remains to be a major reproductive problem faced by Indian farmers. Present study documents its diagnosis, prevalent etiological agents, antibiogram pattern and efficacy of the treatment at field level. Methods: Seventy-eight RBS affected bovines were selected. The cervical mucous (CM) was collected for study of its characteristics, white-side test, endometrial cytology, microbial examination and antibiogram. The treatment protocol was developed and the animals' response to the treatment was assessed. Result: The overall incidence of RBS was found to be 12.9% and the cases associated with uterine infection (RBS/UI+ve) and without uterine infection (RBS/UI-ve) were 44.87% and 55.13%, respectively. The mean scores of CM character, odour, pH and number of polymorphonuclear cells in RBS/UI +ve were 2.09±1.39, 1.14±0.12, 8.49±0.08 and 12.46±0.96, respectively and differed significantly (P<0.05) from RBS/UI-ve cases. The microbial examination revealed the presence of gram negative bacilli, Trueperella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and yeast infection. Antibiogram studies recorded the response of Tetracyclin as best (48.57%) followed by Cephalexin (22.86%), Chloramphenicol (20.0%) and Streptomycin (8.57%). The RBS/ UI+ve cases were treated individually, on one-to-one basis, obeying antibiogram. The infection appeared to be considerably controlled and overall success rate was observed in the form of confirmed pregnancy in 71.43% cases. Thus, it was concluded that prompt diagnosis using endometrial cytology and antibiogram guided therapeutic approach may aid for effective management of RBS/UI +ve cases, under field conditions.

M aternal cardiac arrest (MCA) is a rare but catastrophic event as it poses a significant risk to both mother and foetus requiring an immediate, well-coordinated approach. The incidence is around 1 in 12000-36000 in the developed world [1]. Bleeding, cardiac issues, drugs, embolism, infections, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, or complications of anaesthesia are the common etiologies [1]. In this case report, we are reviewing a case of in-hospital MCA probably due to amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) and its successful resuscitation along with perimortem caesarean section (PMCS). Since the follow-up assessments after 1 year indicate preserved neurological function in both individuals, we thought of publishing this case report.

Quality of delivery care service is an important aspect of maternal healthcare which enhance delivery services utilization by mothers. Assessing quality of delivery services is a global priority particularly in developing countries; however reports on this aspect are scarce, which calls for further study. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess quality of delivery care at public health facilities in Arba Minch district, Gamo Gofa zone, Southern Ethiopia. A cross sectional facility based study was conducted among women who gave birth at public health facilities in this area. A total of nine health facilities, 27 key informants and 256 women were included in the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. The overall quality of delivery care was 54.06% and mother's satisfied on delivery care was 90.2%. Shortage of some medical equipment, drugs and supplies, trained man power, few proper partograph records, good client provider interaction, good client satisfaction and low infection prevention practice was observed in our study. As a conclusion poor quality delivery service was observed at public health facilities. Thus, efforts should be made by government for improving facilities capacity and performance of care providers in order to improve the quality of delivery care.

Received: Revised: Accepted: April 04, 2013 October 17, 2013 January 25, 2014 The present study was conducted to determine the macro mineral profile and biomarkers of oxidative stress in Cholistani cattle kept at a public farm and various villages in district Bahawalpur. For this purpose 90 blood samples were collected each from estrual, anestrous and repeat breeding cattle having different age and lactation number. Reproductive tract examination of all the cattle was carried out to determine the reproductive status. Blood samples without EDTA were collected for serum separation at day of estrus (normal cyclic), repeat breeder and anestrous cows. The serum calcium levels were significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05) in anestrous (7.31±0.02 mg/dl) cattle as compared to estrus. However, these values were nonsignificantly different between repeat breeder and cattle having estrus phase. The concentrations of serum phosphorus were significantly higher (P&lt;0.01) in normal estrual (4.99±0.08 ...

The objective of this study was to clarify the most common causes of sheep dystocia in Djelfa area (Algeria). 87 ewes suffering from dystocia were investigated in this study. Dystocia was diagnosed after careful vaginal examination. Fetal causes of dystocia were more prevalent (75 %) than maternal causes (16 %). Materno-fetal causes represented 9 %. Several origins of dystocia were recorded. Malpresentation was the most important cause of dystocia, followed by emphysema, ringwomb and uterine-inertia. Others causes were less important. In regards to effect of dystocia type on the viability of lambs, we have recorded that the large number of dead lambs was observed in case of fetal emphysema.