Sandra Corr

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Joint aspirates

Joint fluid aspiration is a simple but extremely useful technique to investigate suspected joint ... more

Companion animal welfare and ethics - what is the role of the veterinary profession?

Nanoscale Coatings for Ultralow Dose BMP-2-Driven Regeneration of Critical-Sized Bone Defects

Advanced Science, 2018

With an ageing population, >1 million fractures are expected to occur annually by 2050. [5] Thus,... more With an ageing population, >1 million fractures are expected to occur annually by 2050. [5] Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new bone repair therapies that are safe, cost-effective, and efficacious. Currently, therapeutic approaches for the treatment of nonunion fractures include growth factor (GF)-based treatments, [6,7] stem cell therapies, [7] and magnetic field treatments. [7,8] GFs, in particular bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), are commonly used in fracture treatments. However, they are not without limitations, including partial efficacy [9] ; uncontrolled and nonlocalized delivery, which can produce potentially harmful, nonspecific, systemic side effects [10-12] ; and high cost due to the large doses of GFs used. [9,13] BMP-2 has been used for over a decade in bone regenerative therapies, loaded into collagen sponges at high concentrations (1.5 mg mL −1). [14] Despite the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) releasing a notification of the lifethreatening complications associated with the therapeutic use of high-dose BMP-2 for bone repair, including ectopic bone formation, neurological problems, and high risk of cancer, the use of GF therapies continues. [15] Nevertheless, new advanced technologies are being developed to replace existing GF-based treatments by exploiting the bioactive properties of materials. [16-22] Still, the translation of materials-based platforms from in vitro and in vivo lab testing through to clinical applications remains limited due to While new biomaterials for regenerative therapies are being reported in the literature, clinical translation is slow. Some existing regenerative approaches rely on high doses of growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in bone regeneration, which can cause serious side effects. An ultralow-dose growth factor technology is described yielding high bioactivity based on a simple polymer, poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA), and mechanisms to drive stem cell differentiation and bone regeneration in a critical-sized murine defect model with translation to a clinical veterinary setting are reported. This material-based technology triggers spontaneous fibronectin organization and stimulates growth factor signalling, enabling synergistic integrin and BMP-2 receptor activation in mesenchymal stem cells. To translate this technology, plasma-polymerized PEA is used on 2D and 3D substrates to enhance cell signalling in vitro, showing the complete healing of a critical-sized bone injury in mice in vivo. Efficacy is demonstrated in a Münsterländer dog with a nonhealing humerus fracture, establishing the clinical translation of advanced ultralow-dose growth factor treatment.

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Encouraging Self-Reflection by Veterinary Clinicians: Ethics on the Clinic Floor

The American journal of bioethics : AJOB, 2018

Rosoff et al. (2017) describe some difficult ethical decisions facing veterinarians in clinics tr... more Rosoff et al. (2017) describe some difficult ethical decisions facing veterinarians in clinics treating dogs, cats and other companion animals. They propose adapting the human clinical consultation committee model, and establishing clinical ethics committees (CECs) to assist in resolving such ethical challenges in the more advanced of these clinics, the so-called tertiary care veterinary specialty hospitals. In this commentary, we agree that veterinarians often face troubling ethical decisions involving potential over-or under-treatment of their animal patients, the financial constraints of their clients, and, sometimes, the goals of the institutions that employ them. While we accept that a CEC may, in some contexts, be an appropriate structure in which to deal with such difficult decisions, we argue that this is not the only, or necessarily the best, approach. We suggest that the ethical problems facing veterinarians differ significantly in different countries; that many acute ethical issues typically arise before animals even arrive at the veterinary specialty hospital; and that even within such hospitals, approaches other than CECs might be more effective, especially at gaining acceptance by the veterinarians themselves. The context of Rosoff et al (2017)'s account is rather US-centered. Cultural norms and legal requirements around animal treatments, and especially euthanasia, vary significantly by country. In many European countries, for example, veterinary decisions about the life and death of companion animal patients are much more constrained by legal frameworks. While in the US and Canada euthanasia of healthy animals for owner convenience is legally permitted, in countries such as Austria and Germany, it is not allowed. Conversely, in these and many other European countries, including Scandinavia and the UK, veterinarians are obliged by law to euthanase a severely ill animal if continuing treatment will not cure

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Practical guide to linear external skeletal fixation in small animals

In Practice, 2005

EXTERNAL skeletal fixation is a very adaptable technique that can be used to stabilise a wide var... more EXTERNAL skeletal fixation is a very adaptable technique that can be used to stabilise a wide variety of fractures. A basic frame can be applied using relatively inexpensive equipment, and confidence in the procedure can be quickly gained by starting with ‘simple’ fractures and applying straightforward principles. As familiarity with the technique increases, frames can be used to manage more complex fractures and angular limb deformities, or for temporary transarticular fixation to protect ligament repairs or manage severe soft tissue shearing injuries. This article discusses a step-by-step approach to external skeletal fixation and unravels some of the associated terminology.

Canine Ovariohysterectomy: A Survey of Surgeon Concerns and Surgical Complications Encountered by Newly Graduated Veterinarians

Journal of veterinary medical education, Jan 29, 2016

The objective of this study was to document newly qualified veterinarians' concerns and surgi... more The objective of this study was to document newly qualified veterinarians' concerns and surgical complications encountered during canine ovariohysterectomy (cOVH) during the first year of general practice. A questionnaire investigating concerns about cOVH procedures was sent to all final-year veterinary students (group 1) enrolled at five UK universities. Participants were later asked to complete a similar questionnaire 6 months (group 2) and 12 months (group 3) after graduation, which involved grading their concern about different aspects of the cOVH procedure and reporting surgical complications encountered after completing three cOVHs. Responses were compared between different time points. There were 196 respondents in group 1, 55 in group 2, and 36 in group 3. Between groups 1 and 2 there was a statistically significant reduction in the respondents' levels of concern in every aspect of cOVH (p<.05). Between groups 2 and 3 there was no statistically significant change ...

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Emergency care of the cat with multi-trauma

In Practice, 2007

FELINE ‘multi-trauma’ is an increasingly common presentation in small animal practice, as cats ar... more FELINE ‘multi-trauma’ is an increasingly common presentation in small animal practice, as cats are now more popular pets than dogs and most are allowed some access to the outdoors. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are the fourth most common cause of death in cats, after old age, cancer and renal failure, and there is evidence to show that young, male, non-pedigree

Companion Animals

Proceedings of the First International Conference on Veterinary and Animal Ethics, September 2011, 2012

A comparison of outcomes following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) and cranial tibial wedge osteotomy (CTWO) procedures

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 2007

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine whether clinical outcomes were superior and c... more SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine whether clinical outcomes were superior and complication rates were lower in dogs that had had a cranial cruciate ligament rupture treated by tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO), compared to those dogs that had been treated using the original cranial tibial wedge osteotomy (CTWO) procedure. Thirty-seven client-owned dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture were included in the study: 19 dogs underwent a TPLO procedure, and 18 dogs underwent a CTWO procedure. The study was retrospective, with the data being obtained from medical records and a review of radiographs. The long-term outcome was assessed by means of an owner questionnaire using a visual analogue scale. For the majority of factors that were reviewed, there was not a significant difference in outcome between the dogs that had a TPLO or those that had undergone a CTWO. All of the dogs showed a rapid return to weight bearing after surgery, and at the six week re-exa...

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Canine and feline obesity: a One Health perspective

The Veterinary record, Jan 20, 2014

Recent years have seen a drastic increase in the rates of overweight and obesity among people liv... more Recent years have seen a drastic increase in the rates of overweight and obesity among people living in some developed nations. There has also been increased concern over obesity in companion animals. In the latest article in Veterinary Record's series on One Health, Peter Sandøe and colleagues argue that the relationship between obesity in people and in companion animals is closer and more complex than previously thought, and that obesity should be treated as a One Health problem.

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Decision making in the management cruciate disease in dogs

In Practice, 2009

CRANIAL cruciate ligament rupture is one of the most common orthopaedic conditions seen in dogs. ... more CRANIAL cruciate ligament rupture is one of the most common orthopaedic conditions seen in dogs. In addition to the obvious welfare considerations to the animal, the financial burden on pet owners can be considerable — an estimated US$1.32 billion was spent treating this condition in the USA in 2003. There are a number of surgical options available to manage cruciate

Hip dysplasia in dogs: treatment options and decision making

In Practice, 2007

HIP dysplasia remains a common orthopaedic disease of dogs despite many years of selective breedi... more HIP dysplasia remains a common orthopaedic disease of dogs despite many years of selective breeding based on early detection of affected animals through the British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club (BVA/KC) Hip Dysplasia Scheme. While selective breeding can alter an animal&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s genes, factors such as diet, bodyweight and exercise have a major influence on the phenotypic expression of an individual&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s genotype. For

Retrospective study of Achilles mechanism disruption in 45 dogs

Veterinary Record, 2010

Forty-five cases of canine Achilles mechanism disruption were reviewed, mostly involving medium-s... more Forty-five cases of canine Achilles mechanism disruption were reviewed, mostly involving medium-sized dogs, among which dobermanns, labradors and border collies were most commonly represented. Most cases were acute in onset (66.7 per cent), and were usually closed injuries (75.6 per cent). In the majority of cases, the damage involved all tendons (26.7 per cent), all tendons except the superficial digital flexor tendon (22.2 per cent), or the gastrocnemius alone (20 per cent). Damage most commonly occurred at the tendo-osseous junction (60 per cent), with injury occurring less commonly at the musculotendinous junction (20 per cent) or in the body of the tendon (13.3 per cent). A plantigrade posture was not predictive of involvement of specific tendons, but was more likely if the injury involved the musculotendinous junction. The most common method of treatment was a primary tendon repair using polydioxanone suture in a locking-loop pattern, with placement of a temporary calcaneotibial screw and cast. The outcome was not significantly influenced by whether the injury was open or closed, the duration of the injury, the tendons involved, or the method of repair. Complications were recorded in 16 cases (35 per cent), of which 10 were minor and six major. Complications were significantly more likely if the damage involved the body of the tendon. Long-term follow-up was available for 19 dogs; the outcome of surgery was considered to be good to excellent in 18 dogs.

Canine Stifle Positive Contrast Computed Tomography Arthrography for Assessment of Caudal Horn Meniscal Injury: A Cadaver Study

Veterinary Surgery, 2008

Objective-To investigate the use of computed tomography (CT) arthrography in cadaveric canine sti... more Objective-To investigate the use of computed tomography (CT) arthrography in cadaveric canine stifles with particular emphasis on the diagnosis of meniscal injury. Study Design-Prospective cadaver study. Sample Population-Pelvic limbs from adult Beagles (n ¼ 10). Methods-After survey CT scan of each stifle oriented in the dorsal plane, positive contrast stifle CT arthrogram (CTA) was performed using the same slice orientation. Each stifle was then randomly allocated into 1 of 2 treatment groups: group A-arthrotomy, cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) transection and simulated injury to the caudal horn of the medial meniscus; group Barthrotomy and CCL transection only. CT scan was repeated as before and post-arthrotomy images were interpreted by a radiologist unaware of treatment grouping. Results-The cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral menisci, menisco-femoral ligament, and long digital extensor tendon were all identifiable on CTA images.CTA was 90% sensitive and 100% specific for diagnosing simulated caudal horn meniscal injury. Conclusions-Stifle CTA enables identification of intra-articular structures within the stifle and is a reliable method for identifying simulated meniscal injuries in a cadaver model. Clinical Relevance-CTA imaging of the canine stifle has potential clinical value for detection of meniscal injury.

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Ultrasonographic Assessment of the Canine Sciatic Nerve

Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 2007

To describe the ultrasonographic technique for investigation of the canine sciatic nerve, four ca... more To describe the ultrasonographic technique for investigation of the canine sciatic nerve, four canine cadaver pelvic limbs, two live healthy dogs, and five canine patients with suspected peripheral sciatic nerve lesions were examined with a high-resolution linear ultrasound transducer. The caudal part of the lumbosacral trunk and the origin of the sciatic nerve were visualized through the greater ischiatic foramen. The two components of the sciatic nerve, common peroneal and tibial nerves, were distinguished along the entire length of the nerve, until they branched at the level of the distal femur. In healthy live dogs they appeared as two adjacent hypoechoic tubular structures with internal echotexture of discontinuous hyperechoic bands, surrounded by a thin rim of highly echogenic tissue. The common peroneal component had a smaller diameter and was on the cranial aspect of the tibial component. An ultrasonographic lesion compatible with a peripheral nerve sheath tumor was found in one dog. Improved understanding of the ultrasonographic anatomy of the sciatic nerve supports clinical use of this modality.

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Necrotising Fasciitis with sub-periosteal Streptococcus canis infection in two puppies

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 2008

SummaryNecrotising fasciitis is an uncommon and potentially devastating disease which has been in... more SummaryNecrotising fasciitis is an uncommon and potentially devastating disease which has been infrequently reported in animals. This brief communication describes an unusual presentation of necrotising fasciitis in two immature Bull Terriers. Both animals were admitted with a history of minimal trauma yet rapidly progressive, localising, disproportionate pain. Streptococcus canis was cultured from sub-periosteal fluid-filled pockets surrounding the femur in both cases.

High speed galloping in the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and the racing greyhound (Canis familiaris): spatio-temporal and kinetic characteristics

Journal of Experimental Biology, 2012

SUMMARY The cheetah and racing greyhound are of a similar size and gross morphology and yet the c... more SUMMARY The cheetah and racing greyhound are of a similar size and gross morphology and yet the cheetah is able to achieve a far higher top speed. We compared the kinematics and kinetics of galloping in the cheetah and greyhound to investigate how the cheetah can attain such remarkable maximum speeds. This also presented an opportunity to investigate some of the potential limits to maximum running speed in quadrupeds, which remain poorly understood. By combining force plate and high speed video data of galloping cheetahs and greyhounds, we show how the cheetah uses a lower stride frequency/longer stride length than the greyhound at any given speed. In some trials, the cheetahs used swing times as low as those of the greyhounds (0.2 s) so the cheetah has scope to use higher stride frequencies (up to 4.0 Hz), which may contribute to it having a higher top speed that the greyhound. Weight distribution between the animal's limbs varied with increasing speed. At high speed, the hindl...

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The gait dynamics of the modern broiler chicken: a cautionary tale of selective breeding

Journal of Experimental Biology, 2013

Summary One of the most extraordinary results of selective breeding is the modern broiler chicken... more Summary One of the most extraordinary results of selective breeding is the modern broiler chicken, whose phenotypic attributes reflect its genetic success. Unfortunately, leg health issues and poor walking ability are prevalent in the broiler population, with the exact aetiopathogenesis unknown. Here we present a biomechanical analysis of the gait dynamics of the modern broiler and its two pureline commercial broiler breeder lines (A and B) in order to clarify how changes in basic morphology are associated with the way these chickens walk. We collected force plate and kinematic data from 25 chickens (market age), over a range of walking speeds, to quantify the 3D dynamics of the centre of mass (CoM) and determine how these birds modulate the force and mechanical work of locomotion. Common features of their gait include extremely slow walking speeds, a wide base of support and large lateral motions of the CoM, which primarily reflect changes to cope with their apparent instability an...

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Preliminary evaluation of selected minerals in liver samples from springbok (<i>Antidorcas marsupialis</i>) from the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 2012

Limited information is available on the mineral nutrition of captive antelope in South Africa. Zo... more Limited information is available on the mineral nutrition of captive antelope in South Africa. Zoo animals are usually offered a very limited array of feeds, which may result in nutritional imbalances. As a pilot study to investigate the presence of myopathy in antelope at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa (NZG), stored liver samples from six springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) and seven other antelopes from the NZG, as well as selected food items, were submitted for analysis of selenium, copper, manganese and zinc content by spectrophotometry. Springbok liver levels of copper were 23.07 mg/kg ± 0.72 mg/kg, whilst manganese, selenium and zinc levels were 6.73 mg/kg ± 0.22 mg/kg, 0.14 mg/kg ± 0.05 mg/kg and 135.02 mg/kg ± 1.26 mg/kg, respectively. Liver mineral levels in the other species were very variable. Food item copper levels ranged from 4.00 mg/kg (Eragrostis tef) to 17.38 mg/kg (antelope cubes), lucerne (Medicago sativa) and E. tef contained no detectable seleniu...

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Gait analysis of poultry

Research in Veterinary Science, 1998

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