Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics

Background: Predicting whelping is crucial because solely depending on the gestation period calculated from the first day of mating does not provide an accurate estimation of the expected delivery date in female dogs. The study aimed to determine the accuracy of predicting the whelping dates in different sized dogs based on the formulas of foetal (BPD) and extrafoetal (ICC) calculations developed. Methods: Ultrasonographic foetometry is utilized to forecast the parturition date in dogs, opening up new avenues for improved obstetrical care in canines. For this, the whelping predictions with these two formula calculations were compared to the real whelping dates. A total of 62 ICC and 52 BPD measurements were taken from 114 healthy female dogs. Result: The range of prediction accuracy for ICC extended between 43.5% and 100% (± 2 days), whereas for BPD, it varied from 21.2% to 100% (±2 days). Comparing the prediction accuracy of formulas proposed by Luvoni and Grioni (2000) with those by Mattoon and Nyland (2002) revealed a statistically significant difference. Greater accuracy in prediction was reported in dogs with normal or medium litters than compared to dogs with high or low litters.

A female Labrador dog of 3 years old was presented to the Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Veterinary College, Hebbal, with a history of vaginal mass protruding out of the vulva since 6 days, and the animal had proestral bleeding 15 days back. On thorough examination, it was found to be second degree vaginal hyperplasia and it was successfully managed through surgical correction.

Background: Some evidences showed that the secretion of uterine tube, vagina and follicular fluid (FF) affects X and Y-chromosome populations. Sperm selection with X or Y chromosome can added to oocyte for gender desired. The isolation of X, Y sperm have done and all efforts in this field are done to make culture media similar to in vivo condition. The objective of this study was to find if the FF can influence the ratio of X or Y chromosomes, therefore we added human FF to culture media to separate X and Y sperms. Materials and Methods: Normal semen sample from 36 healthy men were selected. Then the samples were divided into control and experimental groups: control group sperms have been incubated with conventional culture media (Ham's F-10) and experimental group with conventional culture media + 10% human FF. For sperm isolation, swim up technique was used. After 24 hours of incubation, slides smear were prepared. Then, we used the Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH) method to evaluate the effect of follicular fluid on the population ratio of X and Y containing sperms. Results: Although the incubation of sperm in FF and Ham's F-10 increased Y sperm (59.44 % in control and 61.42% in experimental groups) in comparison with X sperm (40.56% in control and 38.5 in experimental groups) significantly (p<0.05), but the Y (or X) bearing sperm did not significantly change in experimental group in comparison with Y (or X) bearing sperm in control group Conclusion: This study showed that using the swim up method for collecting sperms and adding FF to culture media can improve some sperm parameters, but did not has significant effects on population of X and Y sperm.

Canine pyometra, a life-threatening uterine infection prevalent in intact female dogs, demands effective non-surgical treatments to preserve reproductive potential. This study assessed the efficacy of combined mifepristone, cabergoline, and prostaglandin F2α therapy in 24 bitches with open cervix pyometra, diagnosed through clinical signs, hematobiochemical profiles, and ultrasonography. Dogs were allocated to two groups (n=12 each). Group 1 received mifepristone (2.5 milligrams per kilogram twice daily, 4.5 days), cabergoline (5 micrograms per kilogram once daily, 9 days), and amoxicillin plus sulbactam (12.5 milligrams per kilogram twice daily, 5 days). Group 2 received the same regimen plus prostaglandin F2α (1 microgram per kilogram subcutaneously, alternate days). Assessments on days 0, 4, 7, and 9 revealed significant reductions (p<0.05) in total leucocyte count and uterine horn diameter by day 7. Group 1 achieved a 95% success rate (one case required ovariohysterectomy); Group 2 achieved 100% success, with faster uterine evacuation. No adverse effects were observed. This synergistic protocol, leveraging progesterone antagonism, prolactin suppression, and luteolysis, offers a robust non-surgical option for open pyometra, particularly for breeders in resource-limited settings, with implications for veterinary theriogenology and biochemistry.

Background and Aim: Camel reproduction faces significant challenges, including poor semen preservation and a limited understanding of gamete interactions, particularly within the oviduct. Glycan-mediated sperm binding in the oviduct is pivotal for sperm storage and longevity in various species. This study aimed to evaluate the binding affinity of camel epididymal sperm to sulfated Lewis A (SuLeA) – a trisaccharide from the oviductal isthmus – and investigate its effect on sperm lifespan and viability in vitro.

Materials and Methods: Fluorescent-labeled SuLeA was used to localize glycan-binding sites on camel sperm. An in vitro model involving biotinylated SuLeA conjugated to streptavidin-sepharose beads was developed to mimic oviductal interactions. Sperm-oviduct binding specificity was assessed by pre-incubating sperm with SuLeA before their exposure to epithelial cell aggregates. Sperm viability was evaluated over 48 h using SYBR-14 and propidium iodide staining.

Results: Fluorescent SuLeA showed preferential binding to the post-acrosomal region of camel sperm (53%, p < 0.05). Pre-incubation with SuLeA significantly inhibited sperm adhesion to oviductal aggregates (82% vs. 25%, p < 0.05), confirming binding specificity. Sperm demonstrated a high affinity to immobilized SuLeA (5 sperm/bead), which was reduced to 1 sperm/bead following glycan pre-incubation. Notably, sperm bound to immobilized SuLeA exhibited significantly higher viability (59%) after 48 h compared to unbound sperm (5%, p < 0.05).

Conclusion: This study establishes that SuLeA selectively binds to camel sperm at the post-acrosomal region, mimicking physiological sperm-oviduct adhesion. The interaction not only confirms glycan specificity but also significantly prolongs sperm viability. These findings provide a promising foundation for developing freeze-free preservation techniques and improving artificial insemination protocols in camelids.


Keywords: camel, glycan binding, oviduct, reproductive biotechnology, sperm viability, sperm, sulfated Lewis A.

Background and Aim: Early postpartum behavioral patterns are pivotal indicators of dairy cow health, reproductive success, and lactation performance, particularly under the environmental stressors of tropical climates. This study aimed to investigate how these behavioral patterns, as captured by smart biosensor data, influence reproductive outcomes, and milk yield in Holstein Friesian cows, with specific emphasis on parity differences and behavioral clustering.

Materials and Methods: A total of 227 Holstein Friesian cows, categorized by parity (primiparous vs. multiparous), were monitored using AfiTag-II accelerometers from 3 days prepartum to 30 days postpartum. Behavioral variables – activity, rest time, rest per bout, and restlessness ratio – were subjected to K-means clustering to identify distinct behavioral profiles. Reproductive performance was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models, while lactation dynamics were modeled using the Wood function to estimate peak yield, peak time, and persistency.

Results: Three distinct behavioral clusters were identified. Primiparous cows in Cluster 1 showed the highest early postpartum activity (~300 min/day at 5 days in milk [DIM]) and restlessness ratios, while multiparous cows exhibited more stable behavioral profiles. Cox regression suggested that cows in Cluster 0 had a higher, although non-significant, likelihood of estrus onset at 40 DIM (Hazard ratio = 1.44, p = 0.09). Lactation modeling revealed that multiparous cows in Cluster 0 attained the highest cumulative milk yield (4896.6 ± 252.1 kg at 305 DIM), while the single cow in Cluster 2 exhibited an atypical lactation curve with a delayed peak and reduced persistency.

Conclusion: Postpartum behavioral clustering reveals parity-specific lactation and reproductive trajectories in tropical dairy cows. Higher activity and restlessness ratios may delay estrus and compromise milk yield, underscoring the potential of behavioral monitoring for targeted reproductive and nutritional management. Integration of sensor-based clustering with routine herd monitoring may support early identification of cows at risk of suboptimal performance, improving reproductive efficiency and milk production in tropical dairy systems.


Keywords: K-means clustering, milk yield, parity, postpartum behavior, reproductive performance, smart sensors, tropical dairy cattle.

A Murrah buffalo in its fourth parity was presented with the history of nine-month pregnancy with cervicovaginal prolapse. The detailed gynaecological examination of the buffalo revealed whole anterior vagina and cervix hanging out from vulva with minor lacerated wound over the vaginal surface. Animal was restrained properly; vaginal mass was thoroughly cleaned after evacuation of the bladder. The prolapsed mass was repositioned into the pelvic cavity followed by retention of the prolapsed mass by horizontal mattress suture. Adequate treatment ensured uneventful recovery of buffalo without any complications.

Biodiversity loss due to habitat destruction, climate change, and human activities
necessitates advanced conservation strategies. Reproductive biotechnologies, including
artificial insemination, gamete cryopreservation, in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo
transfer, and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), offer solutions to genetic diversity
loss and reproductive challenges in endangered species. Emerging techniques like inner
cell mass (ICM) transfer and in vitro gametogenesis present new opportunities. This
article examines the applications, limitations, and ethical considerations of these
methods, emphasizing the need for species-specific optimization and multidisciplinary
collaboration. Establishing genome resource banks and supportive policies is vital for
long-term conservation. Continued research and global cooperation are essential to
ensure the sustainable application of these technologies in wildlife conservation.

Background and Aim: Electroejaculation (EE) is widely used for semen collection in bulls but raises concerns about animal welfare due to potential pain and stress. The physiological impact of EE on bulls remains a topic of debate, with previous studies yielding inconclusive results. This study aims to objectively evaluate pain and stress responses in bulls subjected to EE using electroencephalography (EEG) alongside hormonal, behavioral, and metabolite profiling.

Materials and Methods: Eight bulls were subjected to EE in three replicates, with physiological and behavioral data collected before, during, and after the procedure. EEG parameters, including median frequency (MF) and total power (Ptot), were analyzed to assess cortical activity indicative of pain and stress. Blood samples were evaluated for stress-related hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, β-endorphin, and dopamine), while metabolomic analysis was conducted to identify biochemical alterations associated with stress. Behavioral indicators, including vocalization and muscle spasms, were recorded.

Results: EE induced significant increases (p < 0.05) in stress hormones at ejaculation, which gradually returned to baseline 20 min post-procedure. EEG metrics, such as MF and Ptot, significantly increased during EE (p < 0.05), indicating heightened cortical activity associated with nociception. Metabolomic analysis revealed distinct biochemical shifts, with variations in glucose, taurine, and norepinephrine profiles across baseline, stimulation, and recovery phases. Behavioral observations corroborated physiological findings, with bulls exhibiting signs of discomfort, such as struggling, arched back posture, and excessive salivation.

Conclusion: The combined EEG, hormonal, and metabolomic findings confirm that EE is a stressful and painful procedure for bulls. The study provides robust evidence of neurophysiological and biochemical responses indicative of pain. These findings highlight the need for alternative semen collection methods to minimize animal distress and improve welfare standards.

Keywords: bulls, electroejaculation, electroencephalography, hormonal indicators, metabolomics, pain, stress.

Dystocia or difficult birth in cattle demands urgent action due to life-threatening risks. Schistosomus reflexus (SR), a severe fetal anomaly, results in dystocia and contributes to economic losses. A case study involving a crossbred Jersey cow highlights prompt intervention to extract a non-viable calf with SR, emphasizing the need for careful breeding practices and further research to manage its impact on cattle production.

This review explores advanced strategies for enhancing fertility and optimizing reproductive outcomes in equine breeding programs. Horses, being seasonal breeders, present unique reproductive challenges influenced by environmental and physiological factors such as photoperiods, hormone cycles, and aging. Key approaches discussed include hormonal therapies, artificial light manipulation, and nutritional supplementation to improve ovulation and conception rates during the breeding season. Specific hormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, equine follicle-stimulating hormone, and progesterone are analyzed for their roles in synchronizing estrus and increasing ovarian activity. The document also emphasizes the significance of dietary strategies, particularly the inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids, L-arginine, and essential vitamins, in improving reproductive health. In addition, the review underscores the importance of stallion management, addressing factors such as testicular health, age, and environmental stress. Practical methods to mitigate seasonal infertility and improve foaling rates through better reproductive management of mares and stallions are detailed. These insights aim to assist stud farm owners in maximizing breeding efficiency and achieving higher economic returns. The primary goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive guide to practical interventions that increase the productivity and sustainability of equine breeding operations.

Keywords: economic empowerment, equine breeding management, fertility enhancement, hormonal therapy, reproductive efficiency, seasonal breeding.

How to cite this article: Khan IU, Khairullah AR, Khan AY, Rehman AU, and Mustofa I

Background and Aim: Artificial insemination (AI) is a key biotechnology for improving dairy cattle populations, offering genetic enhancement and increased milk production. The advent of sexed semen allows for the preferential selection of female offspring which is beneficial for dairy operations. This study aimed to evaluate and optimize a spermatozoa sexing method using Percoll density gradient centrifugation (PDGC) and analyze kinetic parameters of the separated spermatozoa using computer-assisted sperm analysis.

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on two Holstein-Friesian bulls at the Singosari Artificial Insemination Center and Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia. Semen samples underwent PDGC sexing at two density gradients, (T1) 20%-65% and (T2) 20%-60%. Kinetic parameters, including motility, velocity, and movement patterns, were assessed pre- and post-sexing. Statistical analyses were performed using a one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s test to determine significant differences.

Results: Fresh semen (control) exhibited significantly higher motility (88.45%) compared to T1 (70.94%) and T2 (72.22%), with p < 0.01. Velocity parameters, including curvilinear velocity, were also significantly reduced post-sexing. However, motility levels in sexed samples still exceeded the 40% AI threshold. The 20%-65% gradient demonstrated better performance in maintaining sperm quality compared to the 20%-60% gradient.

Conclusion: Although sexing reduced motility and kinetic parameters, both gradients yielded semen suitable for AI applications. The 20%-65% gradient showed superior results, indicating its potential for optimizing the sexing process. Further research is recommended to refine the technique and improve the viability of sexed sperm.

Keywords: Artificial insemination, computer-assisted sperm analysis, Holstein-Friesian, Percoll density gradient centrifugation, sperm motility.

Background and Aim: Seminal plasma proteins (SPPs) significantly influence sperm quality, playing a critical role in fertility. This study aims to investigate the molecular weight (MW) profiles of SPPs in horned and polled Bali bulls and their correlation with sperm quality parameters.

Materials and Methods: Semen samples were collected from six Bali bulls (3 horned, 3 polled). Sperm quality was evaluated based on motility, viability, abnormalities, intact membranes, and acrosomes. SPPs were extracted and analyzed using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine protein MWs. Pearson’s correlation was used to analyze relationships between MW profiles and sperm quality metrics.

Results: SPPs were identified across a MW range of 15–165 kDa, with specific proteins showing strong correlations with sperm quality. Proteins at 50 and 46 kDa positively correlated with motility (r = –0.96), viability (r = –0.99), and intact membranes (r = –0.86). Conversely, proteins at 40 kDa negatively correlated with these parameters. A 25 kDa protein displayed a positive correlation with intact acrosomes (r = –0.93) and a negative correlation with abnormalities (r = –0.99). Differences in sperm quality metrics between horned and polled bulls were observed, with polled bulls exhibiting fewer abnormalities.

Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of SPP MW profiles as biomarkers of sperm quality in Bali bulls. Proteins at 50, 46, and 25 kDa are promising markers for sperm motility, viability, and intact acrosomes, respectively. These findings could inform bull selection and reproductive management strategies. Further research is recommended to validate these biomarkers using advanced proteomic approaches.

Keywords: Bali bulls, molecular weight, seminal plasma proteins, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, sperm fertility.

Background and Aim: Bali-polled bulls, known for their favorable traits, require advanced reproductive performance analysis to optimize breeding programs. This study aimed to evaluate sperm kinematics and seminal plasma proteomic profiles as biomarkers for sperm motility and fertility in Bali-polled bulls.

Materials and Methods: Semen from five Bali-polled bulls was collected biweekly over five batches using artificial vaginas. Sperm kinematics were assessed using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Fertility was evaluated through service per conception (S/C) in artificial insemination trials. Seminal plasma proteins were analyzed through liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and annotated using the UniProt database, PANTHER for gene ontology, and STRING database for protein interactions.

Results: Post-thaw sperm kinematics showed satisfactory results, with a mean S/C of 1.52. Proteomic analysis identified 138 proteins, including six (TEX101, BSP1, PRSS55, BSP3, SPADH2, and TPPP2) linked to sperm motility. These proteins were involved in key biological processes such as sperm capacitation, motility regulation, and sperm-oocyte interaction.

Conclusion: Sperm kinematics and seminal plasma proteomics provide insights into Bali-polled bull fertility. Identified proteins can serve as fertility biomarkers, aiding in superior local breed development and reproductive efficiency improvement.

Keywords: artificial insemination, Bali-polled bulls, fertility biomarkers, seminal plasma proteomics, sperm kinematics.

Background and Aim: In the global pig farming industry, artificial insemination (AI) is widely used to propagate high-quality genetics using processed semen that can be stored for extended periods. However, boar sperm are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage during storage and cryopreservation because of their high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. This study aimed to systematically review the impact of resveratrol (RVT), a potent antioxidant, on the preservation of boar semen.

Materials and Methods: A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Relevant articles were retrieved from databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed using specific keywords. After a thorough screening, 10 studies were selected for inclusion. Data extracted from these studies included parameters such as sperm motility, viability, DNA integrity, and lipid peroxidation levels.

Results: Resveratrol supplementation in boar semen extenders significantly improved sperm quality under various storage conditions, including waterbath and cooled and frozen semen. RVT’s antioxidative properties effectively reduced reactive oxygen species and prevented oxidative stress-related damage to sperm cells.

Conclusion: The addition of resveratrol to semen extenders enhances the preservation of boar sperm by mitigating oxidative damage, potentially increasing the success rate of AI in the swine industry. This study highlights the need for further research to optimize RVT dosage and application methods for different semen preservation techniques.

Keywords: antioxidant, artificial insemination, boar semen preservation, livestock and gene bank, resveratrol.

Background and Aim: The success of semen cryopreservation relies on several aspects, including breed, age, season, collection method, extender composition, cooling rate, equilibration period, freezing rate, and thawing rate. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cooling and equilibration duration, as well as the addition of antioxidants to the semen extender, on the cryopreservation of swamp buffalo semen.

Materials and Methods: Semen collected from swamp buffalo bulls was subjected to four different conditions: (T1) 2-h cooling and 2-h equilibration, (T2) 1.5-h cooling and 1.5-h equilibration, (T3) 1-h cooling and 1-h equilibration, and (T4) 0.5-h cooling and 0.5-h equilibration. Spermatozoa motility was evaluated using a computer-assisted semen analyzer. Moreover, this study also investigated the effect of antioxidant supplementation during cryopreservation using tris-citrate egg yolk extenders enriched with various antioxidants: Control (Con), 1 mM melatonin (ML), 0.5 mM gamma-oryzanol (GO), 10 μM canthaxanthin (CX), 1 mM melatonin + 0.5 mM gamma-oryzanol (ML + GO), and 1 mM melatonin + 10 μM canthaxanthin (ML + CX).

Results: Results showed that the (T1) 2-h cooling and 2-h equilibration and (T2) 1.5-h cooling and 1.5-h equilibration groups achieved higher progressive motility than the (T3) 1-h cooling and 1-h equilibration and (T4) 0.5-h cooling and 0.5-h equilibration groups. The ML-treated group exhibited superior progressive motility and total motility.

Conclusion: The optimal approach for cryopreserving swamp buffalo bull semen involves a 1.5-h cooling period followed by a 1.5-h equilibration period, with the incorporation of ML into the semen extender.

Keywords: antioxidant, cryopreservation, equilibration, semen, and swamp buffalo.

Background and Aim: Reproductive disorders in swine herds pose significant challenges to pig breeding due to both infectious and non-infectious factors. In large-scale pig farming, coinfections are increasingly common, affecting sow health and herd productivity. This study aimed to determine occurrence and coinfection patterns of Mycoplasma suis and porcine circovirus type 3 in Vietnamese pig farms and to evaluate their association with reproductive disorders and clinical signs in affected herds.

Materials and Methods: We collected 291 samples from 15 farms, composed of whole blood and various tissues from fetuses and weak-born piglets. Molecular biological testing was conducted to detect key pathogens of interest. Consistently, porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) and porcine Hemoplasma were detected and sequenced for the whole genome and partial 16S rRNA, respectively. The genetic diversity of PCV3 and Mycoplasma suis was analyzed.

Results: Various clinical signs, including abortion, stillborn, mummified, and weak-born piglets, and dermatitis, were recorded. M. suis was detected in 252/291 (86.59%) samples from all 15 surveyed farms, with an occurrence of 100%. PCV3 was detected in 35.05% (102/291) samples and 73.3% (11/15) of farms. PCV3 and M. suis coinfections were observed in 29.21% of the positive samples. It should be noted that most PCV3 Ct-values were above 30, indicating the existence of PCV3 in the herd but with insufficient data to confirm its pathogenic potential. The complete genomes of 10 PCV3 strains identified in this study exhibited high sequence homology, with >97% nucleotide identity. In addition, the eight partial 16S rRNA porcine Hemoplasma sequences shared absolute identity with M. suis isolates from pigs in China and Germany.

Conclusion: This report on the occurrence of M. suis and PCV3 in pigs from farms with reproductive failure provides important insights into the expanding global distribution of these pathogens. Our findings warrant further investigations of the pathogenic potential and economic implications of M. suis and PCV3 in pigs with reproductive failure in Vietnam.

Keywords: coinfection, Mycoplasma suis, porcine circovirus type 3, reproductive failure.

Background and Aim: Buffalo is the principal dairy animal and plays a major role in the economic growth of the dairy industry, contributing nearly 50% of the country’s milk production. The Buffalo core body temperature is typically 38.5°C, but it can rise to 41.5°C in the summer, causing heat stress, which leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species or oxidative stress and affects the reproductive physiology of animals. Curcumin acts as an antioxidant, improves cellular development, and combats the effect of heat stress on in vitro-produced embryos. This study aimed to examine the impact of curcumin on developmental competence and the expression of important genes under normal and heat-stressed conditions during in vitro embryo production in buffalo.

Materials and Methods: Group-1: All embryo production steps (i.e., in vitro maturation [IVM], in vitro fertilization [IVF], and in vitro culture [IVC]) were conducted at 38.5°C. The presumed zygotes were cultured in media supplemented with different concentrations of curcumin, that is, 0 μM, 5 μM, and 10 μM of curcumin. Group-2: All embryo production steps (i.e., IVM, IVF, and IVC) were carried out at 38.5°C. The presumed zygotes were cultured in media supplemented with different concentrations of curcumin, that is, 0 μM, 5 μM, and 10 μM of curcumin, but the early cleaved embryos were exposed to heat stress (39.5°C) for 2 h after 48 h of IVF and then cultured at 38.5°C for embryo production.

Results: Blastocyst production was 16.63 ± 1.49%, 21.46 ± 0.67%, and 6.50 ± 1.17% at control, 5 μM and 10 μM of curcumin at 38.5°C, respectively, whereas at 39.5°C, it was 8.59 ± 1.20%, 15.21 ± 1.31%, and 3.03 ± 1.20% at control, 5 μM and 10 μM curcumin, respectively. The blastocyst rate was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 5 μM curcumin compared with the control or 10 μM at 38.5°C and 39.5°C. The antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and pluripotency-related genes exhibited higher (p < 0.05) expression in the presence of 5 μM curcumin compared to 10 μM or control at both temperatures.

Conclusion: Curcumin supplementation in embryo culture media effectively enhances embryo production in vitro and mitigates the adverse effects of heat stress.

Keywords: antioxidant, buffalo, curcumin, embryo, heat stress.

Background and Aim: In females of various species and experimental animals, iron (Fe) status in follicular fluid (FF) is associated with local physiological reproductive events related to follicle development, steroidogenesis, and oocyte maturation. However, these mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimed to determine and compare the intrafollicular and plasma concentrations of Fe, ferritin (Ferr), and transferrin (TRF) in cycling mares.

Materials and Methods: Sixty ovaries were collected during the breeding season from 30 clinically normal mares raised for slaughterhouse meat production. Blood samples were collected before slaughter. Follicles were classified into three categories according to size: Small (20–30 mm; n = 20), medium (≥31–40 mm; n = 20), and large (≥41 mm; n = 20). The FF samples, after collection, were immediately taken to the laboratory for processing and were centrifuged, and the Fe and Ferr concentrations in the supernatant and plasma were determined by spectrophotometry.

Results: Although intrafollicular Fe and Ferr were similar to plasma, TRF was significantly higher in FF than in systemic circulation (p < 0.05). Follicular development does not modify the status of Fe in the mare.

Conclusion: Based on this evidence, it is possible that the acquisition of this molecule possibly originated from a local de novo source, whereas their diffusion through ultrafiltration does not play a relevant role. These results provide new scientific insights into the status of follicle Fe, suggesting its involvement in normal ovarian functions in mares.

Keywords: ferritin, follicular fluid, iron, mare, transferrin.

Background and Aim: Postpartum uterine disease, such as endometritis, is widespread in highly productive dairy cows, leading to fertility problems and economic losses. Despite existing diagnostic methods, early and effective detection of uterine infections remains problematic due to the subclinical nature of some conditions. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a rapid diagnostic test for endometritis in cows on different days postpartum (PP).

Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on dairy Holstein–Friesian cows (n = 121) kept on farms in northern Kazakhstan. The study included both clinically normal cows and those diagnosed with endometritis, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of the diagnostic methods across different stages of uterine health. The following laboratory tests were performed to diagnose and evaluate the presence and severity of endometritis in the cows: Nagorny-Kalinovsky test, Whiteside test, Katerinov test, Gavrish silver nitrate test, peroxide test, and clinical tests (rectal and vaginal examination). These tests were specifically chosen to identify inflammatory processes in the uterus, particularly focusing on detecting endometritis.

Results: From day 21 to 30 PP, rectal and vaginal examinations were 32% and 28% more effective than the Nagorny-Kalinovsky test and the Whiteside test. From day 61 postpartum, the Whiteside test was 37.5% more effective than the Nagorny-Kalinovsky test. Comparatively, among laboratory diagnostic methods from days 10 to 110 PP, the peroxide test showed the greatest effectiveness in identifying 80.9% of sick animals. In sick animals from day 10 to 20 PP, during the interaction of the cervicovaginal mucus with 10%, 20%, and 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an 8.1 ± 1.9–8.8 ± 1.6 cm foam column was formed within 4–5 min.

Conclusion: The experiment showed that a 10% H2O2 solution yielded better results. Using H2O2 as a diagnostic agent for endometritis in cows has several advantages, including ease of use, it does not require special laboratory conditions and provides a visual reading of the reaction within 4–5 min. A limitation of this study is the focus on H2O2 without exploring other potential reagents that may enhance diagnostic accuracy. Future research could explore the long-term stability of cervicovaginal mucus samples and investigate the integration of additional substances that may expedite the detection of subclinical endometritis and improve the clarity of diagnostic results.

Keywords: cervicovaginal mucus, cows, laboratory diagnostics, peroxide test, endometritis.

Background and Aim: Sexed semen (SS), a reproductive biotechnology tool, can alter the sex ratio of offspring in bovines. This study elucidates a comparative analysis of estrus-related parameters influencing conception rate and pregnancy losses under field conditions between conventional and SS. Materials and Methods: In the present study, artificial insemination with (SS; n = 143) and conventional semen (CS; n = 143) was performed at spontaneous estrus, i.e., 16-18 h after the onset of estrus signs, to analyze their comparative evaluation in terms of conception rates in crossbred cows under field conditions. Different parameters such as age, parity, body condition score (BCS), estrus duration, inter-estrus interval (IEI), diameter of pre-ovulatory follicle (DPOF) at estrus, and cervical mucus properties (pH and spinnbarkeit [SBK]) were recorded for each cow. Results: The first insemination conception rates for sexed and conventional semen were 55.24% and 63.63% whereas the overall conception rates were 49.14% and 57.37% on days 35 and 75 post-insemination, respectively, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). Conception rates between sexed and CS inseminations were statistically significant (p < 0.01), whereas factors such as age, parity, BCS, DPOF, IEI, and SBK value exhibited no substantial variance (p > 0.05) for both types of semen straw. Conclusion: SS straws yielded a conception rate equivalent to CS straws, with estrus duration being the key factor affecting conception under field conditions.

Background and Aim: The effects of second litter syndrome (SLS) on subsequent reproductive performance remain poorly understood. This study examined the impact of SLS on reproductive parameters such as piglets born alive (PBA), accumulative number of PBA (APBA), farrowing interval (FI), and risk of decreased PBA (DPBA) up to parity 5.

Materials and Methods: Data on 5,464 litters were recorded from 1,507 sow cards collected on five swine farms in northern Vietnam. A linear mixed-effect model was used to analyze the effect of SLS on the PBA, APBA, and FI. A generalized linear mixed model was used to analyze the effect of DPBA in parity n on the risk of DPBA in parity n + 1.

Results: About 47.8% of the sows contracted SLS (720/1507). Only APBA1-2 was significantly decreased by SLS. The APBA3-5 in SLS sows was comparable to that in non-SLS sows (41.8 vs. 41.9). Non-DPBA2 upped the risk for DPBA3 by 3.6-fold (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.8–4.6). Moreover, non-DPBA3 increased the risk of DPBA4 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.7, 95% CI = 2.1–3.7), and non-DPBA4 increased the risk of DPBA5 (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 2.3–4.7). The risks of developing DPBA4 and DPBA5 remained unchanged following SLS (p > 0.05). About 98.4% of sows underwent PBA fluctuations during their first five parities.

Conclusion: SLS does not appear to detrimentally affect PBA, APBA, and FI in subsequent parities. Therefore, SLS sows do not necessarily have future low reproductive performance or be culled. Future investigations should explore the mechanism of alternate decrease/increase patterns in PBA.

Keywords: piglets born alive, reproductive performance, second litter syndrome.

Background and Aim: Producing and transferring embryos in vitro are profitable for enhancing premium beef genetics. Reducing costs and enhancing the effectiveness of hormone protocols before ovum pick-up (OPU) yield advantages. This study aimed to confirm that estradiol benzoate (EB) treatment resulted in more medium- and large-sized follicles before OPU and of higher oocyte quality after OPU than non-hormonal treatments, comparable to those undergoing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) plus prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and progesterone-releasing controlled internal drug release (CIDR) or EB with progesterone-releasing CIDR hormonal treatments.

Materials and Methods: 30 crossbred Japanese black cows were divided into five equal groups, which were either untreated or treated with different hormone protocols before OPU. Group 1 (cows in estrus) and group 2 (cows in diestrus) were the untreated controls. Cows in group 3 were treated with GnRH + FSH + CIDR + PGF2α. Cows in group 4 received EB, and those in group 5 received EB + CIDR + PGF2α. After administering the protocols, all cow follicles were examined through ultrasonography and categorized by size. Subsequently, all cows underwent OPU, and the oocytes were collected and graded from A to D according to standard criteria.

Results: Group 3 presented the highest large follicle numbers, and groups 3–5 had more medium follicle numbers, not different among groups but they had this parameter more than those of control groups 1 and 2. Moreover, groups 3–5 did not differ in combined grades A + B oocytes (good-quality oocytes). Groups 3 and 4 had more A + B oocytes than control groups 1 and 2, whereas group 5 was not different in this parameter from group 1.

Conclusion: Among the three hormone protocols, EB treatment proved the most cost-effective and efficient, yielding more high-quality oocytes compared to the non-treatment protocols. To reduce the limitations of EB use in the future, this study suggests researching natural EB phytoestrogens as alternative treatments for improving ovarian function before OPU in other cattle breeds.

Keywords: estradiol benzoate, follicle-stimulating hormone, gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone, Japanese black cow, ovum pick-up.

Thirty healthy Murrah buffaloes of 5-9 years of age in their second to fi fth lactation were randomly chosen from well-organized dairies located at Jabalpur and screened as per the approved technical programme to elucidate alteration in concentration of some macro elements (Na, K, Ca, P and Mg) in serum of normal cyclic, repeat breeder and anoestrus Murrah buffaloes. Gynecological examinations were employed for the diagnosis of reproductive states of animals. The selected 30 Murrah buffaloes were divided into three groups; each group comprised of 10 animals for the generation of experimental date. Blood samples were collected from animals of different groups on the day of estrus from normal cyclic, repeat breeder and anoestrus buffaloes on the same day as gynaecoclinical examination. The serum was prepared following routine procedure. The concentrations of total, free and bound forms of serum sodium, potassium and magnesium were non-signifi cant among the three groups. The total and free forms of serum calcium were signifi cantly (P<0.01) lower in anoestrus than in normal cyclic but repeat breeder group was similar to both the groups. Total and free forms of serum phosphorus concentration were signifi cantly higher (P<0.01) in normal cyclic as compared to repeat breeder and anoestrus in Murrah buffaloes. Differences in levels of bound forms of serum calcium and phosphorus were nonsignifi cant among the various groups.

Reproduction is the important productive parameter which affects the profitability of dairy industry. Micro minerals play an important role in animal's reproductive physiology and its imbalance causes various problems leading to lowered reproductive efficiency. Therefore, adequate trace minerals supplementation and its absorption are required for various metabolic functions including reproduction and growth. Often correcting an imbalance in mineral levels may improve the reproductive performance, fertility and health of the animals. The present study shows total 24 infertile crossbred cows were selected to induce oestrus taken for correction of anoestrosity with incorporated mineral. Total 8 out of 24 animals exhibited oestrus symptom after the treatment. Among the animals received incorporated mineral (treatment group) 50% showed the oestrus symptoms. Among the animals under control 16.66% came into heat.

Background and Aim: Sexed semen (SS), a reproductive biotechnology tool, can alter the sex ratio of offspring in bovines. This study elucidates a comparative analysis of estrus-related parameters influencing conception rate and pregnancy losses under field conditions between conventional and SS.

Materials and Methods: In the present study, artificial insemination with (SS; n = 143) and conventional semen (CS; n = 143) was performed at spontaneous estrus, i.e., 16–18 h after the onset of estrus signs, to analyze their comparative evaluation in terms of conception rates in crossbred cows under field conditions. Different parameters such as age, parity, body condition score (BCS), estrus duration, inter-estrus interval (IEI), diameter of pre-ovulatory follicle (DPOF) at estrus, and cervical mucus properties (pH and spinnbarkeit [SBK]) were recorded for each cow.

Results: The first insemination conception rates for sexed and conventional semen were 55.24% and 63.63% whereas the overall conception rates were 49.14% and 57.37% on days 35 and 75 post-insemination, respectively, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). Conception rates between sexed and CS inseminations were statistically significant (p < 0.01), whereas factors such as age, parity, BCS, DPOF, IEI, and SBK value exhibited no substantial variance (p > 0.05) for both types of semen straw.

Conclusion: SS straws yielded a conception rate equivalent to CS straws, with estrus duration being the key factor affecting conception under field conditions.

Keywords: conception rate, crossbred cows, estrus duration, pregnancy losses, sexed semen.

Twenty pregnant bitches admitted to Central Veterinary Hospital Srinagar for routine pregnancy check-up were included in the present study. All the bitches were scanned twice, before and after 40th day of gestation. Before 40 days of gestation, gestational age (GA) was calculated using gestational sac diameter (GSD) and after 40 days of gestation, gestational age was calculated using head diameter (HD). Days before parturition (DBP) was calculated as: (65 days – GA). Less than 40 days of gestation the average GSD ranged between 1.2 to 3.3 cm with mean 2.39 ± 0.15 cm and GA ranged between 27.2 to 39.8 days with mean 34.34 ± 0.90 days and DBP ranged between 25.2 to 37.8 days with mean 30.66 ± 0.90 days. More than 40 days of gestation the average HD ranged between 1.5 to 2.4 cm with mean 1.92 ± 0.06 cm and GA ranged between 42.5 to 56 days with mean 48.87 ± 1.0 days and DBP ranged between 9 to 22.5 days with mean 16.12 + 1.0 days.

Spermatozoa X and Y have different characteristic. Characteristic of Spermatozoa X more hold up sour condition, slow movement, bigger size measure and heavier specific mass. While spermatozoa Y more hold up condition of basa, smaller, it's quicker movement and its lighter specific mass. Beside that both types of these spermatozoa have different electrics. Until now various techniques have been developed with a purpose to exploit some difference to dissociate spermatozoa which carrier of chromosome X and Y. From various dissociation techniques which have been conducted previously hence technique with cathode-anode by in vitro can be expected more practical, cheap, easy and more efficient compared to with other methods. This research is pure experimental of laboratory with treatment of cathodeanode at different time treatment and voltage. Research device is used factorial device with pattern 2 x 4. Result of research indicate that the quality of dissociation of spermatozoa X and Y with cathode-anode by In Vitro obtained by result of spermatozoa X at anode with normal morphology 37%, motilities 40%, viabilities 67% and amount of spacious look is 31 spermatozoa. Result of spermatozoa Y at cathode with normal morphology 28%, motilities 35%, viabilities 73% and amount of spacious look is 35 spermatozoa. From this research can be concluded that result of dissociation of best quality of spermatozoa Y in cathode obtained by treatment of voltage 1,0 volt during 10 minute and result dissociation of best quality of spermatozoa X in anode obtained by at treatment of voltage 1,0 volt during 10 minute. Time treatment and voltage have an effect on quality of spermatozoa (P < 0,05).

Background and Aim: Semen storage is an important reproductive method used in artificial livestock breeding. However, oxidative stress during storage reduces the quality of sperm. Melatonin supplementation in semen storage medium has not been well studied, but it has been shown to protect cells from oxidative stress. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of melatonin supplementation on sperm quality parameters and antioxidant gene expression levels in semen extenders during cold storage.

Materials and Methods: Semen extenders with melatonin concentrations of 0 (control), 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mM were added as treatment. The treated semen was then stored at 5°C for 72 h using a cold storage method, and quality parameters, including percentage of progressive motility, membrane integrity, intact acrosome, and DNA integrity, were measured every 24 h. In addition, messenger ribonucleic acid abundance levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes were sampled after 0 and 72 h of cold storage.

Results: All observed sperm quality parameters decreased with increasing cold storage time; however, 0.2 mM melatonin demonstrated superior protection of sperm quality during cold storage. Gene expression analysis showed that GPx levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after 72 h in semen without melatonin but not in the melatonin-treated groups. A similar trend was also observed in SOD, indicating that exogenous antioxidants effectively protected the sperms.

Conclusion: Melatonin supplementation at 0.2 mM in semen extenders during cold storage maintains sperm quality parameters for up to 72 h because melatonin protects sperm from oxidative stress. These findings can be used to improve the semen storage protocol by combining semen extender and antioxidant.

Keywords: antioxidant gene expression, melatonin, semen cold storage, sperm quality.

In the case of ingrown toenail when the nail is short and the granulation is large, it is often difficult to raise the nail without pain and eliminate the ingrown toenail. Even in such a case, painless treatment can be easily realized by the Sogawa nail correction method. This is because we are performing remote treatment, so I would like to present the case and introduce the actual situation.

Blood samples from 12 normal cycling and 12 repeat breeding crossbred cows were collected aseptically on different phages of oestrous cycle to elucidate the possible relationship between the trace elements and hormone profile of ovary in normal cycling and repeat breeding cross bred cows. Different trace elements namely Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were estimated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophometer (AAS) and serum oestradiol 17- and progesterone were estimated using coat-A-count ® RIA kit. Fe, Cu and Mn concentration was observed apparently high and Zn concentration was significantly (P<0.05) high in each phase of collection in normal cycling cows from repeat breeder except mid luteal phase. Oestradiol 17- concentration was significantly (P<0.01) high in normal cycling cows in oestrous and early luteal phase, while no significant variation was observed for progesterone concentration between the same phase of the two groups. A positive significant (P<0.01) correlation was observed between Fe-Zn and Cu-Zn (P<0.05) and oestradiol 17- (P<0.05) in normal cycling cows. In repeat breeding cows Fe and oestradiol 17- and Mn and progresterone was positively significant (P<0.01).

A study was conducted to compare the efficacy of GnRH and GnRH fortified with bypass fat, minerals and vitamins for treatment of true anoestrus in crossbred cows based on oestrus induction response, post treatment conception rate and blood biochemical constituents. Per cent response to different treatment regimen in terms of manifestation of external signs of oestrus was recorded as 83.33, 50.00 and 83.33 for supportive, GnRH and GnRH + supportive treatment groups respectively. The corresponding post treatment oestrus intervals for the cows under the three treatment groups were 10.60 ± 2.11, 12.67 ± 7.31 and 5.00 ± 1.05 days and the conception rates were 50.00, 50.00 and 50.00 per cent. As regards to blood biochemical constituents studied in true anoestrus crossbred cows it could be mentioned that serum levels of most of the minerals (phosphorus, iron and zinc); reproductive hormone (Oestrogen) and metabolic hormones (leptin, ghrelin and IGF-1) were not found to vary significantly following treatment with different regimens. It can be concluded that Supportive treatment was found to be effective as GnRH in addressing true anoestrus in crossbred cows.

The absence of farm records limits the application of artificial insemination (AI), and risk in hormone administration to synchronize estrus is very high. Although there are available means to detect pregnancy, availability and cost of equipment prevent utilization. Hence, the possible application of a non-invasive technique in pregnancy detection among goats was evaluated. A total of 567 does were subjected to pregnancy diagnosis using urine as test sample and 5% barium chloride (BaCl 2) as test solution. Urine samples were collected in the morning using collection bags. Samples with precipitation indicate pregnancy; while those that remain clear show that the doe is dry. The result of the diagnosis using Confusion Matrix shows that BaCl 2 is 62% accurate in classifying pregnant and non-pregnant does. Moreover, its specificity is 49% and precision is 48%. This study confirms that BaCl 2 can be used for non-invasive pregnancy diagnosis in goat.

Background: Women often make dietary changes during pregnancy but little is known of these dietary changes. We aimed to describe the dietary habits, knowledge and use of herbal remedies during pregnancy. Methods: This is a cross sectional study in which 300 pregnant Bahraini women were recruited from primary health care centers in Bahrain. Results: Two hundred and ninety nine responded and half reported good appetite with consumption of three meals daily. Most of the women knew about good dietary practice during pregnancy and believed that the type of food they consume can influence their pregnancy outcome (86.0% and 74.7% respectively). The study found that 62.0% consumed fruits and vegetables daily and 35.0% consumed vegetables and fruits twice/weekly or less. Fish was consumed two times a week by 58%, and once weekly or less by 15.0%. One-third (30.6%) disliked candies during pregnancy and 21% disliked eggs. Cinnamon was avoided by 69.0% of the participants and pineapple by 22.0%. Only 17.2% reported using herbal remedies during pregnancy of which 51% used mint, 39% green tea and 29% ginger. The most common reason for using herbal remedies was to treat nausea and vomiting (70.5%). Conclusion: Pregnant Bahraini women are aware of the importance of maternal diet and its effect on the fetal outcomes. However, their dietary knowledge and practices are limited and not entirely compliant with international recommendations. Herbal remedy use was representative of the Bahraini culture and traditions and was often influenced by family and social media. Detailed nutritional assessment during pregnancy is recommended in future research.

Aim: The study was carried out with an idea to ascertain involvement of trace minerals in failure of conception in Knakrej cow. Materials and Methods: The animals under study were comprised of 10 normal (Group-I) and 20 repeat breeder (Group-II) Kankrej cows. Blood and estrual mucus of each repeat breeding and normally cycling cows were collected aseptically before breeding. The cervical mucus was diluted with triple glass distilled water at the rate of 1: 3 using vertex machine. Serum and diluted mucus was used for the trace minerals estimation. Results: The values observed for copper, iron, zinc and manganese in blood serum of normal and repeat breeding animals was 2.

Feeding disorders are a common issue in children, with up to
50% of typically developing children experiencing feeding problems
during infancy and childhood [1]. One type of feeding disorder that
has gained attention in recent years is Avoidant Restrictive Food
Intake Disorder (ARFID), which was introduced as a new diagnosis
in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM-5) [2]. ARFID is characterised by a persistent failure
to meet appropriate nutritional or energy needs due to avoidance or
restriction of food intake. Children with ARFID have a narrow range of
acceptable foods and may avoid certain textures, colours, or smells of
food, resulting in inadequate nutrition intake. This paper will discuss
why managing ARFID is important for children with eating disorders.

Twenty pregnant bitches admitted to Central Veterinary Hospital Srinagar for routine pregnancy check-up were included in the present study. All the bitches were scanned twice, before and after 40th day of gestation. Before 40 days of gestation, gestational age (GA) was calculated using gestational sac diameter (GSD) and after 40 days of gestation, gestational age was calculated using head diameter (HD). Days before parturition (DBP) was calculated as: (65 days – GA). Less than 40 days of gestation the average GSD ranged between 1.2 to 3.3 cm with mean 2.39 ± 0.15 cm and GA ranged between 27.2 to 39.8 days with mean 34.34 ± 0.90 days and DBP ranged between 25.2 to 37.8 days with mean 30.66 ± 0.90 days. More than 40 days of gestation the average HD ranged between 1.5 to 2.4 cm with mean 1.92 ± 0.06 cm and GA ranged between 42.5 to 56 days with mean 48.87 ± 1.0 days and DBP ranged between 9 to 22.5 days with mean 16.12 + 1.0 days.

The present study was conducted in a goat farm for pregnancy diagnosis by using vaginal cytology and B-mode real time ultrasound using 5 MHz probe by transabdominal method. Seventeen pregnant does were used for this study. The objective of the study was to determine the earliest day of pregnancy and describe the chronological characteristics of pregnancy from day 22 to day 40 for vaginal cytology and day 25 to day 60 for ultrasonography of gestation. The differences among the average percentage of cell value in different age of pregnancy were significant (p < 0.05). The average percentage of intermediate cells (81.12%) was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than superficial (9.41%), keratinized (7.10%) and neutrophil (2.61%) on 22-40th days of pregnancy. In case of real time B-mode ultrasonography, the gestational sac was observed only in three does out of seventeen (17.6 %) at 25-30 days whereas the placentomes and heart beat of the foetus were first detected at 31-35 days in six does (35.3%). The foetal leg buds were first visualized at 36-40 days in four does (23.5%) whereas the foetal vertebral column was first observed at 36-40 days of gestation in only three does (17.6%). In conclusion, vaginal cytology and trans-abdominal ultrasonography can be used for detection of early pregnancy in does.

Pregnancy diagnosis is an essential part of fertility management. Early detection of pregnancy allows early recognition and treatment of problems. The aim of this manuscript is to overview the methods of pregnancy diagnosis in cow and to highlight the advantages of pregnancy diagnosis in relation to fertility management. Methods of pregnancy diagnosis in cow can be classified into direct and indirect methods. Direct methods of pregnancy diagnosis include transrectal palpation and ultrasonography. Indirect methods for early pregnancy diagnosis include measurement of endocrine hormones and pregnancy specific proteins. Visual method is far from perfect. Detecting animals that have been inseminated returning to heat is the most cost-effective method of early detection of non-pregnancy. However, it cannot be relied on as a method of pregnancy detection as a high proportion of cattle (often&gt;30%) which are not seen in heat are actually empty. Transrectal palpation and ultrasonography co...

An experiment was conducted on eighteen delayed pubertal Surti buffalo heifers to evaluation of plasma minerals profile in buffalo heifers during augmenting reproductive efficiency through hormonal and non-hormonal regimens. The buffalo heifers in Group-I & Group-II were treated with Buserelin acetate (5 ml, IM). While buffalo heifers in Group-II also received additional injection of Toldimphos Sodium (10 ml, IM) at 3 day interval for 4 times and buffalo heifers in Group-III served as control. The conception rate was highest in Group-II (50%) followed by Group-I (33.33%). The mean plasma calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron and manganese differed non-significantly between and within the treated and control groups at pre treatment and on the day of estrus. While copper and cobalt values are differed significantly between the groups but not within the groups. Non-significant differences in various plasma minerals except copper and cobalt between and within treated and control gr...

A Non-descript doe with completion of gestation period with the history of straining, restlessness and engorged udder was brought to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir. Per-vaginal examination revealed that the Goat has post-cervical left sided uterine torsion of more than 180° which was successfully treated by modified Schaffer’s method. The live female kid was delivered with gentle traction. An uneventful recovery was seen after the kidding and treatment with Antibiotic and Supportive therapy for three days.

A total of 800 breedable cows maintained at Instructional Livestock Farm, C.V.Sc., Khanapara and at different private farms around the college campus were taken to record the incidence of prolonged oestrus, which was recorded to be16.75 per cent. Out of which 20 apparently healthy prolonged oestrus and 6 normal duration of oestrus cow were taken to study the blood biochemical and haematological parameters. The behavioural signs and the physical signs of oestrus were also studied. These signs were subside on day 5 th except swelling of vulva (10.00 %). The occurrence of relaxed and open cervix, good to very good uterine tone, palpable Graafian follicle, tense and soft follicular wall in prolonged oestrus cows were observed even up to the 3 rd day of oestrus. The level of serum inorganic phosphorus was significantly (P<0.01) lower in prolonged oestrus cows at all days of oestrus. Level of serum cholesterol varies significantly (P<0.01) between days of oestrus, highest level being recorded on 10 th day and the serum glucose level varies significantly (P<0.01) between oestrus duration groups as well as between days of oestrus. The haematological parameters viz. Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, lymphocyte, monocyte and total granulocyte count were found to be within the normal physiological range and there was no significant difference of haematological parameters between the groups and different days of oestrus.

Eight year old buffalo was presented to the Obstetrical ward, Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir with the history of anorexia. Gynaeco-clinical examination revealed that the uterus is extremely bulged with poor palpation of fetus. After the next 24 hours, the ascitic fetus was removed by partial fetotomy with evisceration. Animal showed uneventful recovery after the treatment.

A nondescript doe with completion of gestation period, history of straining, restlessness and engorged udder was presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir. Per-vaginal examination revealed that the Goat has post-cervical left sided uterine torsion of more than 180°. The case was successfully handled with detortion of uterus by modified Schaffer's method. After detortion, the live female kid was delivered with gentle traction. An uneventful recovery was seen after detortion and therapeutic management in the doe.

The present study was conducted in a goat farm for pregnancy diagnosis by using vaginal cytology and B-mode real time ultrasound using 5 MHz probe by transabdominal method. Seventeen pregnant does were used for this study. The objective of the study was to determine the earliest day of pregnancy and describe the chronological characteristics of pregnancy from day 22 to day 40 for vaginal cytology and day 25 to day 60 for ultrasonography of gestation. The differences among the average percentage of cell value in different age of pregnancy were significant (p < 0.05). The average percentage of intermediate cells (81.12%) was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than superficial (9.41%), keratinized (7.10%) and neutrophil (2.61%) on 22-40th days of pregnancy. In case of real time B-mode ultrasonography, the gestational sac was observed only in three does out of seventeen (17.6 %) at 25-30 days whereas the placentomes and heart beat of the foetus were first detected at 31-35 days in six does (35.3%). The foetal leg buds were first visualized at 36-40 days in four does (23.5%) whereas the foetal vertebral column was first observed at 36-40 days of gestation in only three does (17.6%). In conclusion, vaginal cytology and trans-abdominal ultrasonography can be used for detection of early pregnancy in does.

A case of cervico-vaginal prolapse in a two and a half year old sow in her third parity was attended. The sow had farrowed 14 piglets and placentas were expelled normally. Thereafter, cervix and vagina had prolapsed. The case was treated with epidural anaesthesia, antihistaminic, analgesic, antibiotic, calciummagnessium borogluconate and oxytocin parentally. The prolapsed mass was repositioned and retentained successfully by quill sutures. The sow recovered uneventfully.