True and Fair View

This study examines the effect of forensic data analysis on fraud detection in listed firms in Nigeria. Fraudulent activities pose a significant threat to corporate governance, financial transparency, and investor confidence. With the rising complexity of corporate fraud, forensic data analysis has emerged as a critical tool in fraud detection. This study employs a quantitative research design, analyzing financial data from listed firms using statistical and forensic techniques. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between forensic data analysis and fraud detection, indicating that the adoption of forensic tools enhances the ability to identify and prevent fraudulent activities. The study also highlights that firm-specific characteristics such as size, audit committee effectiveness, and regulatory compliance moderate the impact of forensic data analysis on fraud detection. The results underscore the necessity for organizations to integrate forensic data analytics into their risk management frameworks. Furthermore, the study recommends increased investment in forensic technologies, capacity building for auditors, and stricter regulatory oversight to enhance fraud detection effectiveness. Despite its contributions, the study is limited by data availability and potential biases in reported fraud cases. Future research could explore industry-specific applications of forensic data analysis and comparative studies across different regulatory environments.

he current recession in Nigeria, no doubt, was brought about by the poor saving culture of the nation's past leaders and corruption by public office holders, as evidenced by the ongoing war against corruption in the country. In the wake of this, everybody-the leaders and the ledhad put on their thinking caps on how the menace could be totally eradicated or be reduced to the barest minimum. At the just concluded 46 th Annual Accountants Conference held in Abuja, the topic of corruption was totally x-rayed and discussed in-depth with the aim of finding lasting solution to it. From the theme of the conference, "Accountability.Now.Nigeria" and other workshop and plenary presentations, one would deduce that all hands were on deck to provide solution to fight corruption in Nigeria. In his remark, the Vice President of Nigeria, Professor Yemi Osinbajo, SAN, advised Nigerians to challenge public office holders on their stewardship while in office. According to him, if this is done consistently, public officials would be wary of the consequences of their actions and inactions while serving the country. Similarly, the President of International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), Ms. Olivia Kirtley corroborated Professor Osinbajo's stance in her lead paper entitled "Accountability and Good Governance". She declared that good governance entails acting consistently in the public interest. This, according to her, involves an efficient and effective use of public resources to promote a common good in a transparent, accountable and inclusive manner. Other presentations such as "Accountability: A Collective Responsibility"; "Beyond Oil: Harnessing Nigeria's Resources for National Development"; "Business Survival in Challenging Times"; "IPSAS: Framework for Accountability in the Public Sector" and "Rebuilding Nigeria Value System: Time for Citizens' Engagement" added to the solution matrix towards harnessing opportunities to diversify the nation's economy and tackle corruption headlong. Aside paper presentations, workshops and plenary sessions, sporting activities, excursion, District Societies' parade, essay competition among students of higher Institutions and gala night were part of activities of the conference you will read in this edition. It is not all about the conference in this edition, you will also read articles such as "Inclusive Application of SAS No. 99 in the Effective Deterrence of Fraudulent Financial Reporting in Nigeria: Perception of Professional Accountants in Practice, Industries and Academics" and "Accountability Framework for Not-for-Profit Organisations." On our health page, we report the amazing health benefits of bitter kola, a Nigerian seed we all take for granted. We implore our readers to take note of those benefits. Your comments on the various articles, news and other items published in this edition are welcome.

The normative reference for accounting is, in Europe, the 4th Directive on the annual accounts of certain type of companies (78/660/EEC), issued in 1978 and revised in 2003 and 2006 (2006/46/EC). For Romania, integration to the European Union implies the

Universities have been experiencing maladministration, declining standards and academic fraud, hence their search for proactive partners to help reverse this situation, and to achieve more favourable ranking in the world of learning. External auditors, though have a well-defined legal duty to report on the accuracy and reliability of records, however, do not provide management with information that is required to keep abreast with changes within a 21st century university environment. This article discussed the modern role of the internal auditor as a university partner that can add real value to the effectiveness and efficiency of university administration by identifying and analysing risks factors. It details a practical approach that should be adopted in respect of new skills, tool-kits, and a change of attitude. The systems approach is hereby proposed as the most appropriate approach that should be adopted by internal auditors to remain relevant in the current global business environment.

Dans un contexte marqué par la succession de scandales et de crises financières, la question de la rémunération incitative des dirigeants continue de faire couler beaucoup d'encre dans la presse et les écrits académiques. Cette polémique a soulevé avec une acuité particulière la question de la relation entre la rémunération incitative des dirigeants et la fiabilité des résultats comptables publiés par les entreprises. Ainsi, sur la base d'un échantillon composé de 38 entreprises marocaines cotées de 2010 à 2018, nous examinons l'impact de l'attribution des stock-options en faveur des dirigeants sur la gestion des résultats comptables. Plus précisément, la question de recherche à laquelle nous essayons d'apporter des éléments de réponse est la suivante : dans quelle mesure l'attribution des stock-options en faveur des dirigeants limite la latitude discrétionnaire de ces derniers en matière de production des résultats comptables ? Le contexte marocain s'avè...

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of the auditors 'role in validating the appropriate application of the International Financial Reporting Standards as a result of numerous changes and the complex situations from day to day, from the perspective of choosing the right method, respectively from the perspective of verifying compliance with these standards. The harmonization of the provided information facilitates the comparison in time and between companies, ensuring consistency a more granular discipline in reflecting the economic transactions.

In 1990 a new Spanish 'Plan General de Contabilidad' (PGC) implemented the requirements of the EU 4 th and 7 th Directives in Spain. Included in the PGC is the requirement, derived from the 4 th Directive, that accounts should present a 'true and fair view', in Spanish 'imagen fiel'. Where the term has been used in English speaking jurisdictions it has proved to have a variety of shades of meaning, and to have had strikingly different impact in different countries. Within the European Union the term has been seen as a 'Trojan horse', inserted into the 4 th Directive to inject an Anglo-Saxon approach of flexibility and judgement dependent accounting into a Continental European accounting tradition of detailed prescription and uniformity. In this paper we report on a survey of the views and experience of Spanish auditors relating to 'imagen fiel'. Specifically, we: 1) Review the English language literature on 'true and fair view' to identify the key areas of controversy. 2) Consider the significance of the 'true and fair view' within the EU 4 th Directive. 3) Report on the experience of Spanish auditors in working with this concept, their views on the value of the term, and their experience in use of the true and fair view 'override'.

Creative accounting is a growing issue of interest in Spain. In this article we argue that the concept true and fair view can limit or promote the use of creative accounting depending upon its interpretation. We review the range of meanings that true and fair view can take at an international level and compare the experience of the United Kingdom with the Australian one by analysing the use of true and fair view to limit creative accounting. Finally, we suggest lines of action to be considered by the Spanish accounting standards-setting institutions. Key words: creative accounting, imagen fiel, true and fair view, accounting regulation 9 otherwise; and arranging them so as to show, within the limits of current accounting practice, as objective a picture as possible, free from wilful bias, distortion, manipulation, or concealment of material facts. In other words, the spirit as well as the letter, of the law must be observed" (p. 270). Four distinct, and to some extent conflicting, aspects of this definition can be seen: 1. References to "reasonable estimates" and "within the limits of current accounting practice" imply a tolerance of some unavoidable imprecision. In this respect, the "true and

The misappropriation and low quality of financial statement in the public sector motivated this study. The study investigated the effect of forensic accounting on the enhancement of the quality of financial statements of public sector's MDA's. The study adopted primary data through the administration of questionnaire to accountants in the SouthWest MDA's. The sample size was 237, purposively determined. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results of the logit regression revealed that adequate knowledge and skills of disruptive technology elements like cloud computing, Big-Data and business analytics by forensic accountants as shown in the results of the proxies of forensic accounting (cloud computing, β =0.393; p-value<0.000); (Big-Data skills, β =0.216; p-value<0.000 < 5% level of significance), and (Business intelligence tools, β =0.333; p-value<0.000), will assist to enhance the credibility of financial reporting in the public sector. The study recommended among others for the establishment of a team of professional and academic bodies to review the current practice of forensic accounting in Nigeria in inculcating the findings of this study for timely and effective implementation of effective forensic accounting to enhance financial statements quality.

Analyzing accounting issues relative to small and medium sized entities (SMEs) we found the influence of taxation as the main leitmotif in the Romanian literature. However, weak empirical evidence is provided to sustain this argument. In this paper we investigate the accounting policy choices of SMEs, particularly those related to the evaluation methods. Our purpose is to find some "pattern" in these decisions and to identify the main factors that trigger them. Data for the study was collected through a survey in which respondents were requested to indicate the degree to which each of the factors listed in the questionnaire influenced their choice of accounting methods. After controlling for size, we applied the principal component analysis technique in ascertaining the impact of factors. Our results though consistent with the reviewed literature, are still surprising. This is in the sense that while taxation seems to remain the strongest influence factor, the weakest happens to be the true and fair view (TFV) consideration. In finding some possible explanations to this, we leave this question open: is it possible that the overwhelming academic concept of TFV is an empty vessel for practitioners?

One of the greatest evils ravaging the economies of developing and developed countries in the information age is financial crime with implications for the adequacy of the auditor's report. Therefore, this study is designed to qualitatively explore and interrogate available literatures, towards ascertaining whether the scope and content of audit and auditor's report meet the information needs and/or expectations of financial statement users in the anti-graft age, and to examine whether the conventional audit report can furnish anti-graft agencies with the required information that will enable them fight financial crimes. To achieve the above objectives, the quasi-judicial, credibility, inspired confidence and policeman theory of auditing were explored. Existing literatures revealed an expectation gap (in assurance and content) between auditors and financial statement users. Related literatures also suggest that conventional financial auditing tools and methods, especially audit sampling are not adequate to detect and prevent fraud and errors in the information age, and that the conventional audit report cannot meet the information needs of anti-graft agencies. The conclusion of the study is that conventional auditors, unlike forensic auditors, are mere watchdogs and not blood-hounds, and as a result cannot proactively detect, prevent and investigate fraud. Consequently, it is recommended that forensic auditing should be deployed in corporate settings to peruse and investigate the facts behind the figures in reported corporate earnings as this would boost not only investors' confidence but the credibility of financial reports and that conventional auditors should acquire investigative skills and technology.

Nous tenons à adresser nos remerciements à Mme Elisabeth ALMA-MANCEL pour avoir accepté de suivre cette thèse. La qualité de son suivi, sa disponibilité et ses précieux conseils m'ont permis de réaliser ce travail, mon premier pas vers la recherche. Nous souhaitons adresser nos remerciements aux membres du jury. Nous tenons aussi à remercier certains doctorants pour les échanges mutuels qui ont contribué à l'avancement de ce travail, Nous tenons également à adresser nos remerciements à M. Jean-Jacques Montel pour son aide dans la partie empirique Enfin, nous exprimons notre gratitude à toutes les personnes qui nous ont accordé des entretiens, leur aide, et leur collaboration pour l'aboutissement de ce travail. Que chacun soit assuré de notre plus vive et notre plus sincère reconnaissance Glossaire JALPS : Jamahiriya Arabe Libyenne Populaire Socialiste CCR : Conseil de Commande Révolutionnaire USA : Union Socialiste Arabe CPG : Congrès Général du Peuple APDSL : Agence Publique de Développement et de Stabilisation de la Libye CALR : Commission Américano-Libyenne de Reconstruction OPEP : Organisation des Pays Exportateurs de Pétrole CCL : Code Commercial Libyen AAL : Association les comptables des Auditeurs Libyens EPL Entreprises Publiques Libyennes CPG : Comité Populaire Général CSGP Comité Spécifique et Général du Peuple CMGP : Comités Municipaux et Généraux Peuple CPS : Comité Populaire Spécifique CPB Congrès Populaires de Base GCP Gestion des Compagnies du secteur Public CP : Comité du Peuple Pour apporter des réponses, cette étude est composée de trois parties, et de neuf chapitres: La première partie, mettra en évidence le développement de la comptabilité en Libye. L'objet du chapitre 1 est d'exposer la nature de l'environnement socio-économique et politique en Libye : son histoire, sa population, sa religion, sa langue, et ses coutumes seront abordées en détail. L'environnement économique sera également abordé, l'accent étant mis sur les conditions économiques, avant et après les découvertes pétrolières de 1959. Dans le chapitre 2 ; nous passerons en revue les lois et les règlements liés à la comptabilité en Libye, afin de mesurer leur influence sur le statut de la comptabilité dans ce pays; il s'agit des lois fiscales, du Code Commercial Libyen (CCL) et de la loi portant sur le pétrole. Nous étudierons ensuite l'influence des compagnies étrangères sur la comptabilité en Libye. Ensuite, dans le chapitre 3, nous nous intéresserons à la nature du personnel exerçant en comptabilité et à l''analyse des programmes de comptabilité (manuels, corps enseignant et administration). Ce chapitre vise à évaluer les étapes du développement de la profession comptable en Libye ainsi que sa relation avec l'environnement local. Enfin, l'objet du chapitre 4 sera de mettre en valeur les types d'informations comptables fournies par les plans comptables des EPL. Pour apporter des réponses à ces interrogations, nous proposerons, dans la deuxième partie, un état de la comptabilité dans les pays en voie de développement et le cadre théorique de la recherche : facteur culturel et système comptable. Nous consacrerons enfin le chapitre 9 au traitement des données et à l'analyse des résultats obtenus ; nous analyserons l'environnement culturel comptable libyen et nous présenterons les conclusions d'une analyse des pratiques comptables. Nous pouvons schématiser la présentation générale résumée de la thèse dans la figure suivante :

Dans un contexte de remise en question de la qualité de l'information comptable et financière diffusées par les sociétés, les investisseurs ne doivent pas prêter attention uniquement aux discours des dirigeants. Ils doivent également examiner l'information contenue dans les états financiers de l'entreprise. En effet, l'objectif de cette étude est la mise en évidence des principaux déterminants de la gestion de résultat dans un pays en voie de développement comme le Bénin. A partir d'un échantillon de 105 entreprises béninoises non cotées observées sur la période de 2017 à 2021 soit un panel de donnés de 525 observations, nous avons établi un modèle théorique suivant une méthodologie hypothético-déductive. Les résultats de notre étude montrent que les variables telle que l'endettement, le free cash-flow, la performance passée des entreprises et la taille de l'entreprise sont des facteurs qui incitent à la gestion des résultats. Cette étude confirme les prédictions de la théorie positive de la comptabilité en termes de minimisation des coûts de financement face au clause restrictive de l'endettement et en termes de maximisation de la rémunération du dirigeant qui conduit le plus souvent à des investissements idiosyncratiques. Mots-clés : accrual discrétionnaire, comptabilité financière, opportunisme managérial.

Creative accounting is a growing issue of interest in Spain. In this article we argue that the concept true and fair view can limit or promote the use of creative accounting depending upon its interpretation. We review the range of meanings that true and fair view can take at an international level and compare the experience of the United Kingdom with the Australian one by analysing the use of true and fair view to limit creative accounting. Finally, we suggest lines of action to be considered by the Spanish accounting standards-setting institutions. Key words: creative accounting, imagen fiel, true and fair view, accounting regulation 9 otherwise; and arranging them so as to show, within the limits of current accounting practice, as objective a picture as possible, free from wilful bias, distortion, manipulation, or concealment of material facts. In other words, the spirit as well as the letter, of the law must be observed" (p. 270). Four distinct, and to some extent conflicting, aspects of this definition can be seen: 1. References to "reasonable estimates" and "within the limits of current accounting practice" imply a tolerance of some unavoidable imprecision. In this respect, the "true and

El artículo examina la asimilación de dos conceptos contables complejos: la imagen fiel (TFV) y el valor razonable (FV) en una muestra de estudiantes de Contabilidad Financiera. El objetivo es evaluar la opinión de los estudiantes sobre TFV y FV durante su educación y detectar si las percepciones cambian con su nivel académico y madurez. La metodología utilizada es una encuesta de opinión. Las respuestas obtenidas muestran que los estudiantes consideran que la TFV es un concepto superior a otros principios contables. Además, en el estudio se observa que las respuestas de los estudiantes dependen del nivel académico y la madurez. Por último, se considera que los postulados que establece la teoría cognitiva podrían servir a los instructores en materia de contabilidad y organismos reguladores para mejorar el proceso de aprendizaje así como la calidad de la información financiera.This paper examines the understanding of two complex accounting concepts: true and fair view (TFV) and fair ...

El artículo examina la asimilación de dos conceptos contables complejos: la imagen fiel (TFV) y el valor razonable (FV) en una muestra de estudiantes de Contabilidad Financiera. El objetivo es evaluar la opinión de los estudiantes sobre TFV y FV durante su educación y detectar si las percepciones cambian con su nivel académico y madurez. La metodología utilizada es una encuesta de opinión. Las respuestas obtenidas muestran que los estudiantes consideran que la TFV es un concepto superior a otros principios contables. Además, en el estudio se observa que las respuestas de los estudiantes dependen del nivel académico y la madurez. Por último, se considera que los postulados que establece la teoría cognitiva podrían servir a los instructores en materia de contabilidad y organismos reguladores para mejorar el proceso de aprendizaje así como la calidad de la información financiera.This paper examines the understanding of two complex accounting concepts: true and fair view (TFV) and fair ...

Research background: Accounting records provide a wide range of data necessary for decisions of the management as well as for users of a company’s financial statements. IFRS represents one of the widely accepted accounting principles, often mentioned in relation to the preparation of high-quality financial statements. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to identify the factors contributing to the occurrence of misstatements when preparing financial statements under IFRS. The subsequent goal is to identify the possible influences of such misstatements on the users of the financial statements. Methods: The research itself focuses on perceived problems in IFRS application in the Czech Republic. The total tested population is 193 Czech companies preparing their financial statements under IFRS. Descriptive statistics, the chi-square test of independence along with proportional tests, are used for the statistical data analysis. Findings & Value added: The results indicate tha...

L&#39;information volontaire diffusée dans les rapports annuels devient un enjeu de communication de plus en plus important. Dans le cadre de ce travail de recherche exploratoire, nous étudions à travers une enquête par questionnaire, la perception de l&#39;utilité de l&#39;information volontaire dans les rapports annuels par les analystes financiers tunisiens. Les résultats de cette enquête démontrent que les analystes financiers perçoivent que la politique de divulgation des informations à caractère volontaire dans les rapports annuels est minimaliste. Les résultats révèlent aussi l&#39;intérêt que portent ces analystes aux indicateurs non financiers et budgétaires et l&#39;utilité du rapport de gestion pour leur prise de décision.

Dans un contexte de remise en question de la qualité de l'information comptable et financière diffusées par les sociétés, les investisseurs ne doivent pas prêter attention uniquement aux discours des dirigeants. Ils doivent également examiner l'information contenue dans les états financiers de l'entreprise. En effet, l'objectif de cette étude est la mise en évidence des principaux déterminants de la gestion de résultat dans un pays en voie de développement comme le Bénin. A partir d'un échantillon de 105 entreprises béninoises non cotées observées sur la période de 2017 à 2021 soit un panel de donnés de 525 observations, nous avons établi un modèle théorique suivant une méthodologie hypothético-déductive. Les résultats de notre étude montrent que les variables telle que l'endettement, le free cash-flow, la performance passée des entreprises et la taille de l'entreprise sont des facteurs qui incitent à la gestion des résultats. Cette étude confirme les prédictions de la théorie positive de la comptabilité en termes de minimisation des coûts de financement face au clause restrictive de l'endettement et en termes de maximisation de la rémunération du dirigeant qui conduit le plus souvent à des investissements idiosyncratiques. Mots-clés : accrual discrétionnaire, comptabilité financière, opportunisme managérial.

The main objective of this paper is to establish whether or not the problem of audit expectation gap exist in Nigeria, and whether those areas of concern, (areas that brought about the misunderstanding between the public and the audit profession) could be identified and measures could be taken to either eliminate them or reduce them to the barest minimum. To achieve this, the paper developed questionnaire based on the method used in the literature. The process ensures that data is collected for the public's expectation on the issues of the expectation gap on the one hand, and then subsequently and side by side, we compared the issues with the audit authorities' required or expected perception. The data collected was analyzed using a five-point likert type scale anchored by a five scale from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree". Furthermore, to test for the significant expectation gap between the two groups of respondents, both the parametric and non parametric statistical tests were used. The paper found that there is expectation gap in the country as evidenced in the views of the respondents. The first issue investigated reveals that there is wide expectation gap between the views of the auditors and non auditors in terms of the quality of audit report. The inferential statistics which tests whether there is significant difference in the opinion of auditors and non-auditors on the improvement of company audit in Nigeria shows that there is significant difference in the mean opinion of auditors and non-auditors on the issues of the expectation gap. The paper therefore concluded that there is wide gap on the understanding of the role of the auditors by the public. Based on the findings of the paper, we recommended that there is the need for continued sensitization of the public, by both the auditing profession and other stake holders on the role and duties of the auditor to avoid unreasonable expectation by the public.

This paper examines the audit expectation gap with respect to financial statement users. Fifty five copies of questionnaires were distributed to each of the respondents' group of auditors, stockbrokers and company's shareholders. A total of 154 usable questionnaires were received and analyzed using Pearson Correlation statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 18. The result shows, among other things, that lack of knowledge of auditors' responsibility, on the part of financial statement users, causes audit expectation and that a compromise in auditors' role and responsibility creates audit expectation gap. It is suggested that in order to minimize the unreasonable expectation on the part of the public and also for the increased role conflict of auditors to abate, there must be massive education of financial statement users on the professional role of auditors in addition to increased supervisory roles of practicing auditors by their professional bodies.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the extent of accounting conservatism practices on the quality of financial statements in light of the application of the SCF financial accounting system, which incorporated the notion of prudence and conservatism. The study was carried out using the descriptive analytical method, applying it to a sample of 104 accountants and managers of economic enterprises in the southeastern wilayas (El-Oued, Ouargla and Biskra) in 2020, and the SPSS statistical programme was used to measure and test the study's hypotheses. It was achieved through the study that, there is a statistically significant effect of the accounting conservatism on the quality of financial statements through its strong influence on (disclosure and transparency of accounting information, quality of accounting earnings, quality of accounting information, effectiveness of corporate governance, cost of funds held).

Purpose-The paper's purpose is to use religious thought to inform accounting, and in particular to make a contribution to the ongoing debates concerning the merits of rules-and principles-based accounting systems and the value of a rule-overriding requirement of fair presentation in financial reporting. Design/methodology/approach-The paper applies to accounting a conception of religion that is heavily influenced by Jacques Derrida's writings on religion and deconstruction. In order to clarify the nature of this religion and to facilitate appreciation of its significance for accounting it is progressively recast, in the paper, first in terms of deconstruction and then in terms of a demand for an infinite justice. Findings-At the core of the paper, religious responsibility, as a demand for justice, in accounting is explored through Derrida's analysis of the relation between justice and law, which is found to have clear application to accounting in terms of an aporetic tension between an infinite demand for fairness in accounting and accounting regulation. Practical implications-The analysis implies that the pursuit of justice as fairness in accounting, "doing the truth" in accounting, will always demand the negotiation of an unstable and difficult mediation between the poles of regulation and fairness, the calculable and the incalculable, the possible and the impossible. Originality/value-The paper draws on the postsecular current in religion to make a novel contribution to the critical and interdisciplinary awareness in accounting that has begun to unsettle the hold that certain modernist dichotomies, such as that of myth and reason, have had on accounting thought.

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This study analyses the impact of the transition to international accounting standards on a fundamental characteristic of accounting information, namely accounting conservatism. It is noteworthy that the impact of the change in accounting standards on accounting conservatism will be assessed through an organisational characteristic, that is, the level of indebtedness. We have chosen to focus on the French context, because it follows standards that differ from the Anglo-Saxon accounting standards. The selected sample therefore includes French companies belonging to the SBF 120 index monitored over the period 2002 to 2012. Thus, the objective of this research is to test the impact of the adoption of international accounting standards, i.e. IFRS, standards considered by a large majority as being of high quality, on the accounting conservatism of companies, based on a financial characteristic, i.e. their level of indebtedness. After a rigorous empirical analysis, we noted that the change in accounting standards did not lead to an increase in the level of accounting prudence for the organisational characteristic of indebtedness, regardless of the company's level of debt.

The main objective of this paper is to establish whether or not the problem of audit expectation gap exist in Nigeria, and whether those areas of concern, (areas that brought about the misunderstanding between the public and the audit profession) could be identified and measures could be taken to either eliminate them or reduce them to the barest minimum. To achieve this, the paper developed questionnaire based on the method used in the literature. The process ensures that data is collected for the public's expectation on the issues of the expectation gap on the one hand, and then subsequently and side by side, we compared the issues with the audit authorities' required or expected perception. The data collected was analyzed using a five-point likert type scale anchored by a five scale from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree". Furthermore, to test for the significant expectation gap between the two groups of respondents, both the parametric and non parametric statistical tests were used. The paper found that there is expectation gap in the country as evidenced in the views of the respondents. The first issue investigated reveals that there is wide expectation gap between the views of the auditors and non auditors in terms of the quality of audit report. The inferential statistics which tests whether there is significant difference in the opinion of auditors and non-auditors on the improvement of company audit in Nigeria shows that there is significant difference in the mean opinion of auditors and non-auditors on the issues of the expectation gap. The paper therefore concluded that there is wide gap on the understanding of the role of the auditors by the public. Based on the findings of the paper, we recommended that there is the need for continued sensitization of the public, by both the auditing profession and other stake holders on the role and duties of the auditor to avoid unreasonable expectation by the public.

U meduratnom razdoblju drame hrvatskih autora bile su prilicno cesto inscenizirane u p oljskim kazalistima (Vojnovic, Kosor, Ogrizovic, Begovic, Kulundzic). Ipak ni jedan kazalisni komad tih pisaca nije izazvao zivlji interes, nije postao umjetnickom revelacijom, nije poljskog gledaoca frapirao ni dubinom problematike ni formalnim savrsenstvom. U spomenutom razdoblju uspjelo je to samo jednom jugoslavenskom kazalisnom djelu, KrleZinoj drarni U agoniji.l Na Krlezu prilicno je davno skrenuo pozornost Poljaka osobni prijatelj hrvatskog pisca Julije Benesic. Vee je 1928. nagovarao Stanislawa Papierkowskog, jugoslavistu, kasnije profesora Katolickog sveucilista u Lublinu, da prevede Krlezinu dramu Gospoda Glembajevi. 2 Papierkowski je preveo tu dramu, ali ni njegova ni Benesiceva nastojanja u upravama prijestolnickih i pokrajinskih kazalista nisu urodila plodom. Za taj neuspjeh nesumnjivo je bio kriv slab prijevod, k oji su veoma strogo procijenili poznati dramski autor W. Perzynski i teatrolog J. Lorentowicz.3 DrukCije je bilo s Krlezinom dramom U agoniji. Poslije dogovora s d.kektorom Poljskog kazalista u Varsavi Arnoldom Szyfmanom, obrat'io se Benesic Wiktoru Bazielichu 4 s prijedlogom da prevede taj tekst. Bazielich je Krlezinu dramu uskoro preveo, ali se Szyfman nije slozio s tim da se ona izvede u takvom prijevodu, nego je inzistirao da se tekst

RESUME: L'objectif de cet article est de relier certaines caractéristiques des sociétés cotées à leur pratique d'information volontaire. Les variables indépendantes étudiées font référence à la théorie politico-contractuelle. Les coûts de la publication sont également intégrés dans le modèle et apparaissent comme une contrainte majeur du processus de communication.

Cette recherche etudie les pratiques de publication volontaire des informations sociales des entreprises tunisiennes cotees, ainsi que les facteurs susceptibles d&#39;influencer le niveau de publication dans les rapports annuels. Nous proposons, tout d&#39;abord, une revue des recherches anterieures. Ensuite, nous essayons d&#39;identifier les determinants de la publication volontaire des informations sociales, dans la cadre de la theorie des parties prenantes, de celle de la legitimite et de la theorie politico- contractuelle. La repartition de la quantite totale des informations publiees entre les quatre categories d&#39;informations (Repartition et evolution des effectifs, Informations sur les politiques de recrutement et de remuneration, formation, informations sur les conditions generales de travail) nous a permis de trouver que les entreprises tunisiennes tendent a publier davantage et a mieux expliquer la seconde categorie .La verification empirique des hypotheses formulees r...

Audit expectation gap is a phenomenon that presently attracts the attention of researchers all over the world. The basic problem is in the area of how the public perceives the role of the auditor, which in most cases centers on the prevention of fraud and irregularities. On the other hand the auditor and the auditing profession always exonerate themselves from the fact and perception of the public towards their work. However, the continued litigation against the auditor and the auditing profession has called on a rethink on the relationship of the auditor and the audit work he performs This paper is structured to briefly establish what auditing and its expectations gap is and the relationship audited financial statement has on capital market and to investigate if the identified gaps have any significant effect in the volume of transactions in the Nigerian capital market. It sought to establish the perception of the capital market operators on its existence. Respondents view was also...

Cette étude a pour objectif d&#39;analyser l&#39;effet du système d&#39;information comptable sur la satisfaction du dirigeant dans la prise de décision des entreprises au Cameroun. Les études précédentes sur ce sujet n&#39;ont pas établi le lien direct qu&#39;il pouvait exister entre le système d&#39;information comptable et la satisfaction du dirigeant dans la prise de décision. Motivé par ce manquement dans la littérature, ce travail de recherche a exploré les différentes caractéristiques qu&#39;un système d&#39;information comptable doit posséder pour avoir un effet direct sur la satisfaction du dirigeant dans la prise de décision. À partir des tests de régression linéaire sur des données collectées via un questionnaire auprès de 82 petites et moyennes entreprises camerounaises opérant dans trois secteurs d&#39;activité (commerce, industrie et service), les résultats de l&#39;étude indiquent de manière globale que la qualité des systèmes d&#39;information comptable joue un rôle ...

Nous constatons que les etudes anterieures ont attribue la variation du niveau de divulgation entre les entreprises a des facteurs relatifs aux caracteristiques de l&#39;entreprise (taille, niveau d&#39;endettement, statut de cotation, performance...etc.) et aux mecanismes de gouvernance (caracteristiques du conseil d&#39;administration, structure de propriete). Toutefois, ils ont omis la dimension cachee de l&#39;entreprise en l&#39;occurrence la culture, on peut alors s&#39;interroger sur le role de la culture d&#39;entreprise ? L&#39;objectif principal de cette recherche est d&#39;etudier l&#39;impact de la culture d&#39;entreprise sur l&#39;etendue de la divulgation dans les rapports annuels des entreprises tunisiennes. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilise l&#39;indice de Fey et Denison (2003) pour operationnaliser le concept culture d&#39;entreprise et nous avons developpe en outre un nouvel instrument de mesure de l&#39;etendue de la divulgation base sur l&#39;estimation d&#39;un...

Available Online January 2014 The use of the terms 'true' and 'fair' seems to raise old well-known problems regarding rhetoric and law culture. The couple finds its foundations in literary contexts in the 16th century, it becomes a hendiadys in the following centuries, and then it is a codified 'formula' in legal context. A discussion over the need for an interpretation of the terms used by auditors in expressing their opinion appears in the accounting literature. Nevertheless, this does not change the inherent and longstanding vagueness and ambiguity of the undefined expression, 'true and fair' view, which has been used since it was introduced in the 1948 UK Companies Act. The term has a legal origin in the 18th century, and it appears to have been translated into a legal definition concerning corporate accountability in the 20th century. The aim of our contribution is that of analysing the possible crosscultural contexts where the hendiadys true and fair was born, and exploring the meaning implications of the same 'formula' during the centuries. We start from the hypothesis that true and fair is a hendiadys, to show that the two terms take strength and completeness one from the other, so as to generate an only complex meaning, whose original usage was, last but not least, a literary and poetical one. The analysis of the hendiadys moves from the non-legal to the legal context, following steps of the etymological and lexical research methodology.

tatement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 99, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, requires that auditors conduct a brainstorming session during every audit. Essentially, the purpose of the session is to bring audit team members together to generate ideas on how and where fraudulent activities might be occurring in the client's operations and suggest ways to detect possible frauds. Similarly, SAS No. 109, Understanding the Entity and Its Environment and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatements, has recently expanded inquiry into client risks through brainstorming sessions of audit team members. The focus of these sessions should target the susceptibility of client financial statements to material misstatements, and the standard requires participation by the auditor with final responsibility for the audit. Interestingly, SAS No. 109 suggests that a concurrent brainstorming session for both SAS No. 99 and SAS No. 109 issues can be undertaken, and many practitioners agree that this is the way to go (Carney, 2008; Wortmann & Henry, 2007). This article examines some brainstorming basics, suggests ways to customize the process through synectics, and presents questions to address when considering combined brainstorming sessions for both auditing standards.

There is an enormous literature relating to the true and fair view (hereafter TFV). We are concerned with how the concept is actually perceived by various actors in an emerging economy which has only recently joined the European Union, i.e. Romania. Romania has a code law system with an obvious preference for the legal form. Two main steps have been taken for the purpose of our study. First, textual analysis of all accounting regulations has been performed with respect to the provisions regarding the TFV concept. Second, nine in-depth semi-structured interviews have been conducted with top representatives of the Romanian regulator, preparers, auditors and professional bodies. The perception on TFV depends firstly on the category: for auditors, this is a guide or a vital concept, closely related to substance over form, relevance and usefulness for users, while for regulators and preparers, TFV is primarily compliance with the rules.

The purpose of this study is to find out the perception of professional accountants in Nigeria on how some cultural factors affect audit quality. A survey research design was adopted for the study. A questionnaire survey of 108 professional accountants was undertaken. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the 50 usable responses received. The one sample t-test was used to confirm the significance of the responses. Findings include the fact that some Nigerian accountants receive bribes in the course of duty thus compromising audit quality. Also low litigation culture, slow and tardy judicial process and corruption in the wider Nigerian Society affected adversely audit quality. Our findings have implication for the regulatory authorities as they strive to rein in the monster of audit failures and thus improve audit quality in Nigeria.

This paper examines how forensic Accountant's skepticism can narrow audit expectation gap among Nigeria Money Deposit Banks. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the relationship between forensic Accountants' investigation tenure and lack of time budget pressure by forensic Accountant among Nigeria Money Deposit Bank. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested. A survey design was used to gather the information needed to achieve the objectives. A census was carried out in twenty one Nigeria Money Deposit Banks which had operating licenses from the Central bank of Nigeria. Open ended and closed ended questionnaires were used to collect the data. The findings of the study revealed that there was a strong negative linear relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable. Based on the findings, it was recommended that there is need to establish and structure necessary legal framework for forensic accounting and investigation and legislate forensic audit as in the case of financial audit legislated.

Importance relative des mesures de performance non financières dans les contrats de rémunération des dirigeants, un moyen de réduction de l'ampleur de la gestion de résultat Amine KOUBAA a , Khamoussi HALIOUI b a A.KOUBAA, Doctorant en comptabilité FSEG, Sfax (3012) Tunisie b K.HALIOUI, Maître de conférences en comptabilité, IHEC, Sfax Tunisie

Cette recherche étudie les pratiques de publication volontaire des informations sociales des entreprises tunisiennes cotées, ainsi que les facteurs susceptibles d'influencer le niveau de publication dans les rapports annuels. Nous proposons, tout d'abord, une revue des recherches antérieures. Ensuite, nous essayons d'identifier les déterminants de la publication volontaire des informations sociales, dans la cadre de la théorie des parties prenantes, de celle de la légitimité et de la théorie politico-contractuelle. La répartition de la quantité totale des informations publiées entre les quatre catégories d'informations (Répartition et évolution des effectifs, Informations sur les politiques de recrutement et de rémunération, formation, informations sur les conditions générales de travail) nous a permis de trouver que les entreprises tunisiennes tendent à publier davantage et à mieux expliquer la seconde catégorie .La vérification empirique des hypothèses formulées relatives aux déterminants du niveau de publication d'informations sociales a distingué l'actionnariat de l'Etat, la performance économique et l'âge comme des facteurs explicatifs et significatifs de ce niveau.

This paper examines how forensic Accountant's skepticism can narrow audit expectation gap among Nigeria Money Deposit Banks. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the relationship between forensic Accountants' investigation tenure and lack of time budget pressure by forensic Accountant among Nigeria Money Deposit Bank. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested. A survey design was used to gather the information needed to achieve the objectives. A census was carried out in twenty one Nigeria Money Deposit Banks which had operating licenses from the Central bank of Nigeria. Open ended and closed ended questionnaires were used to collect the data. The findings of the study revealed that there was a strong negative linear relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable. Based on the findings, it was recommended that there is need to establish and structure necessary legal framework for forensic accounting and investigation and legislate forensic audit as in the case of financial audit legislated.

This paper examines how forensic Accountant's skepticism can narrow audit expectation gap among Nigeria Money Deposit Banks. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the relationship between forensic Accountants' investigation tenure and lack of time budget pressure by forensic Accountant among Nigeria Money Deposit Bank. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested. A survey design was used to gather the information needed to achieve the objectives. A census was carried out in twenty one Nigeria Money Deposit Banks which had operating licenses from the Central bank of Nigeria. Open ended and closed ended questionnaires were used to collect the data. The findings of the study revealed that there was a strong negative linear relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable. Based on the findings, it was recommended that there is need to establish and structure necessary legal framework for forensic accounting and investigation and legislate forensic audit as in the case of financial audit legislated.

The objective of this conceptual study is to draw attention to the scourge of audit failures in Nigeria, its consequences for the capital market and suggest what is to be done to ameliorate the situation and enhance audit quality. Our literature search reveals that audit failure is a serious problem in Nigeria with dire consequences for the capital market and the auditing profession in Nigeria. We chronicle some of the suggestions made at various fora to tackle this problem. We recommend, among others, immediate mandatory introduction of Forensic audits for say every 5 years for public interest entities in Nigeria, strengthening of corporate governance institutions for more effectiveness, introduction of joint audits and tackling headlong cultural factors militating against audit quality in Nigeria.

The 2011 Global Economic Crime Survey instituted by PricewaterhouseCoopers confirms the economic crime in Malaysia to be on the increase and, therefore, requires immediate attention to stem the tides. In anticipation of the challenges occasioned due to a shift from the modified cash basis to the accrual basis of accounting, the Malaysian State's determination to move from a developing nation to a developed nation and to be ranked among the first 10 in 2020, this paper presents the need for forensic accountant and auditor capability (i.e., mindset and skills) on forensic accountant and auditor competence (i.e., task performance fraud risk assessment (TPFRA)

Inscrire la R&D en charges de l'exercice ou à l'actif du bilan est un choix qui s'offre aux dirigeants des entreprises françaises. A travers ce choix, se dessinent deux stratégies managériales différentes, mais non mutuellement exclusives, à savoir diffuser plus d'informations sur les investissements en R&D et/ou gérer les résultats de l'entreprise. Sur la base d'un échantillon de 87 entreprises industrielles françaises appartenant à l'indice SBF 250 pendant la période 2000-2004, les résultats de l'étude montrent que l'inscription à l'actif de la R&D permet, contrairement à sa comptabilisation en charges, d'améliorer l'indice de divulgation volontaire d'informations sur la politique de R&D.