Textile Finishing

A major new guide to mastering textile design that interweaves technical knowledge, artistic expression and storytelling.

Interwoven: Exploring Materials and Structures is a joyous exploration of woven textile design. It dissects woven structures along with the fibres and yarns used to make them, giving exceptional insight into the world of fabrics.

Interwoven outlines how the diverse history of textiles has been intertwined with human innovation from prehistoric twining to the invention of the binary code, through to today’s new material discoveries and urgent quest for sustainability. By investigating the past and present of textiles, and narrating their cross-cultural roles, meanings and influences, Interwoven illustrates how textiles have been used to tell human stories throughout the ages.

The book introduces a new pedagogical method for woven textile design studies, inviting the reader to take a seat at the looms to weave their own stories. Detailed instructions for creating textiles, ranging from fibres and yarns to basic weaves, multi-layered constructions and digital jacquard design, are interspersed by emotionally rich, tactile textile stories by Aalto ARTS design students. The way this book interweaves technical knowledge, artistic expression and storytelling makes it a unique guide on the path to mastering textile design.

The aim of the research was to study the effect of different types of softeners on whiteness value and yellowing propensity by curing conditions and on storage of 100% cotton woven fabric. Different ionic nature and compositions of softeners were applied from solution to the pretreated cotton samples singly and also in combination with optical brightening agent in pad-thermofixation process to investigate the reflectance variation due to different curing temperature and time. Yellowing of fabrics on storage were also predicted by phenolic yellowing test. Different ionic nature and composition of softeners influenced the reflectance and yellowing behavior differently due to various treatment conditions.

The textile manufacturing processes are largely required by the fashion segment in the global textile market. The large amount of textile products, demanded by fashion, accounted for more than 65% of textile product market. Fashion market is followed by technical textiles and household products. Grand View Research indicated fashion, technical textiles, and household as the top three sectors by application for the global textile market. Compound annual growth rate of 4.25% is expected over the years 2018–2025 in the global textile market. This market was estimated at USD 925.3 billion in 2018. The growth is significantly expected in the apparel sector. China and India will remain the leading countries to experience this growth. Increasing urban population with rising disposable income is the main source of higher growth in apparel consumption. The textile manufacturing processes in the global textile industry are producing the textile yarn, fiber, fabric, and finished products including apparels. The global textile industry associated with the apparel and non-apparel products is expected

Günümüzde tekstil tasarımı ve üretimi, teknolojik gelişmelere paralel olarak boyut değiştirerek geniş bir alana yayılmıştır. İçinde bulunduğumuz bu yüzyılda en önemli gelişmelerden biri ise tafting (tufting) dokumadır. Tafting (tufting) tekniği, geleneksel dokuma yöntemlerinden farklı olarak daha fazla yaratıcılık, özgürlük ve hızlı üretim imkânı sunarak tasarımcıların ilgisini çekmiştir. Hand tuft dokuma ürünü olarak çok çeşitli ürün örnekleri fazlaca görülmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında "hand tuft" üretim yöntemi ile akrilik iplik kullanılarak tekstil yüzeyleri üretilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Üretim aşamasında tafting (tufting) tabancası kullanılarak farklı renklerdeki akrilik iplikler ile hem kesik havlı (cut pile) hem de bukle havlı (loop pile) tekstil yüzeyleri elde edilerek karşılaştırmalar yapılmış ve kullanım olanakları incelenmiştir. Kesik hav (cut pile) hand tuft tabancası ile tufting halı dokunduğunda oluşturulan doku; şönil veya kadifemsi bir yüzey sergilediği için yumuşak tuşe, lüks bir görünüm sergilediği ancak kesik havlı halının yoğun ayak trafiğine dayanıklı olmadığı tespit edilirken, bukle havlı (loop pile) hand tuft tabancası ile tufting halı dokunduğunda oluşturulan doku; tüysüz bir yüzey sergilerken daha belirgin desenler elde etmenin daha mümkün olduğu ve bu hav tipinin aşınmaya karşı oldukça dayanıklı olduğu kanısına varılmıştır.

is a textile designer/researcher focusing on new processes and materials, existing and emerging technologies, smart fabrics,experimental textile printing, patterning, and surface design. She will complete her Ph.D. on digital laser-dyeing for polyester textiles in 2015. Faith Kane, John Tyrer, and George Weaver are academics based at Loughborough University in the fields of Textile Design, Optical Engineering, and Chemistry, respectively. Andrew Filarowski is Technical Director at the Society of Dyers and Colourists.

Quality properties of yarns (Unevenness, Thick and thin places, hairiness, neps) produced in the open end spinning machines are changing with changes of many factors that keep track of the technological process elements (spinning box) used for production of these yarns, and concomitant with this, change in the mechanical properties of yarns (tensile tenacity, elongation at break). In this research, The study of technological elements for the spinning box of the open end spinning was completed with select rotor speeds and nozzle types, and the three speeds of the rotor most applicable in the open end spinning factories and two types of yarn nozzle exit were experimented, the first one is ceramic spiral and the second one is ceramic smooth grooved, with all other variables are stable, the impact of these factors on the quality of the yarn and on the mechanical properties of fibers spun by 100% of exhaust cotton count 24 Ne were studied. and so on six different samples, important results was reached regarding quality of the yarn where the high speeds of the rotor 80000 r.p.m affect negatively the quality content of the yarn produced on open end spinning machines and the spiral nozzle gave better results in terms of product quality yarn.

• Nylon a Polyamide, it is a condensation polymers. The formation of a polyamide is same as the synthesis of a simple amide. One prominent difference is that both the amine and the acid monomer units each have two functional groups -one on each side of the molecule. In this polymer, the repeating units are identical. • Nylon is made from 1,6-diaminohexane and adipic acid by elimination of water molecules (-H from the amine and -OH from acid as shown in red on the graphic).

The disposal of a high volume of waste-containing proteins is becoming increasingly challenging in a society that is aware of what is happening in the environment. The dairy industry generates several by-products that contain vast amounts of compounds, including proteins that are of industrial importance and for which new uses are being sought. This article provides a comprehensive review of the potential of the valorisation of proteins that can be recovered by chemical and/or physical processes from protein-containing milk by-products or milk surplus, particularly whey proteins or caseins. Whey proteins and casein characteristics, and applications in non-food industries, with special emphasis on the textile industry, packaging and biomedical, are reported in this review, in order to provide knowledge and raise awareness of the sustainability of these proteins to potentiate new opportunities in a circular economy context.

TEZ10333Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2016.Kaynakça (s. 133-135) var.xv, 137 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm.Günümüzde, denim kumaştan üretilen giysiler yaş, cinsiyet ve sosyal statü sınırlaması olmadan, çok geniş bir alıcı kitlesi tarafından yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. İlk zamanlarda, %100 pamuk iplikleri kullanılarak üretilen denim kumaşlar, modanın da etkisiyle günümüzde farklı lifler içeren ipliklerden dokunmuş, farklı renk, görünüm ve performans özelliklerine sahip kumaşlar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadırlar. Tekstilde yenilik ve farklılık arayışları sonucu ortaya çıkmış olan krep yapılı iplikler ilk önceleri selüloz asetat liflerinden üretilmekteydi. Son yıllarda polyester, filament yapılı krep iplik üretiminde yaygın olarak tercih edilmektedir. Filament esaslı krep iplikler çoğunlukla kompozit yapıda (çok bileşenli) olmalarından dolayı, sonradan görecekleri sıcak işlemde davranışları farklı olmaktadır. Bu işlem kumaş formunda iken yapıldığında kum...

Pressure applied on the top roller of drafting zone is a vital factor on which the quality of ultimate yarn depends. Drafting zone is needed to reduce the mass per unit length of input material. Appropriate contact of top rollers with bottom rollers is necessary to ensure proper drafting. In this paper, the effects of different front top roller pressure of drafting zone on the quality of 20Ne cotton-flax blended yarns (C:L = 45:55) were studied. It was observed that a higher pressure value gives a lower co-efficient of mass variation, imperfections, hairiness and higher evenness, tenacity, elongation properties.

Speculations have it that phthalonitrile imparts flame retardancy on substrates. This study aimed to investigate the activities of phthalonitrile as flame retardant on 100% cotton fabric. The fabric samples tested were cut into 25.4 × 7 cm pieces, scoured, dried, and weighed. They were then impregnated with different concentrations of phthalonitrile in different solvents (benzene and acetone) and emulsion alongside alum dissolved in water. At the same time, the untreated fabric was used as a control. All the impregnated pieces of fabric were dried at room temperature and reweighed. The fabrics were subjected to add-on%, after flame time, after-glow time, and % char formation tests. The results showed that cotton-tested flame retardant properties increase with the increase in the concentration of phthalonitrile. Phthalonitrile has flame retardant properties on 100% cotton fabric.

The woven fabrics structural mobility has some influence on the garment design and pattern construction. Deformation peculiarities during six textile fabrics extension were analysed in this work. Four of the tested fabrics had the elastane filaments in their structure. The method of parallelepiped shaped specimen uniaxial extension till fixed strain was used. The experiment was carrying out using a "Tinius Olsen HT10" tension machine. The specimens' deformation exceeds 14 %. The parallelepiped shape of specimen's was received by cut of its top and bottom edges with pitch of 16 degrees. The woven fabrics structure mobility was analyzed using strain-stress curves, numerical and graphical results. The results of this research work have shown that deformation peculiarities of the woven fabrics depend on their structural characteristics: density, thickness, wave and presence of elastane filaments. Taking into account the more considerable extensibility of elastane fibre the shearing phenomenon was not occurred finally during specimens' deformations. The results indicated that for the tested fabrics deformation till stated degree the force from 0.6 N till 9.4 N is necessary.

This present study deals about an organic silicone based poly-acrylate binder by using Emulsion Polymerization technique because it produces high molecular weight polymers, and there is no or negligible content of volatile organic compounds (VOC) for textile pigment printing. The binder was prepared by polymerizing hard monomers, soft monomers, functional monomers, and compound emulsifying agent, organic silicone, an initiator, pH adjustor and deionized water. Then the properties like sublimation test, durability test, fastness test, yellowness and softness testing were performed. The role of acrylic acid and Methyl methacrylate on the characterization of the polymers was detected and recorded. A material has been selected based on pervious study of different research and effect of silicone amount on film was observed.

The system LibTex has been used for the prediction of structure, parameters and properties in the line fibre -yarnfabric. The system contains databases of fibre properties & fabric weaves, and the prediction is based on the complex of theoretical and regression models. The material and technological parameters for different materials, yarns and fabrics are included. The main use of this system is for optimal fabric design based on virtually created fabric. System can be used for the prediction of grey cotton dobby fabric properties for technical and clothing applications.

Bu çalışmada kenevir lifinin denim kumaşlarda kullanımı ve ozon ağartma yöntemiyle yıkanması incelenmiştir. Ön yıkama ve ard yıkama işlemi görmüş kumaşlar AF oranı %60 olacak şekilde sert ve yumuşak su ile ıslatılıp, %25, %50, %75 ozon kapasitesinde 5, 10, 15 dakika süreyle ozonlanmıştır. Ardından yapısal özelliklerin tespiti için gramaj ve kalınlık, geçirgenlik özellikleri için hava geçirgenliği, mekanik özellikleri için yırtılma mukavemeti, estetik ve duyusal özellikleri için dairesel eğilme dayanımı ölçeri ile sertlik tayini, renk özellikleri ve sarılık indeksi tespiti için renk ölçümü gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ham denim kumaşa kıyasla yıkama işlemlerinden sonra gramaj, hava geçirgenliği ve dairesel eğilme dayanımı değerleri azalma göstermiştir. Kumaş yapısı ve pamuk oranının yüksek olması nedeniyle rinse yıkamanın 5 dakikalık işlem süresinde bile liflerin şişerek kumaş yapısını sıklaştırması nedeniyle gramaj testinde rinse yıkama uygulanmış kumaşlarda ağırlık kaybı en azdır. Ham denim kumaşa kıyasla yıkama işlemlerinden sonra denim kumaşların kalınlık, yırtılma mukavemeti, renk farkı ve sarılık değerleri artış göstermiştir.

Carpets are widely used in living spaces for beautiful appearance, heat, and sound insulation. Cleaning carpets is essential for both their lifespan and health and hygiene. Washing operations are carried out at regular intervals in carpet-washing factories. Industrial carpet washing operations must be done consciously because a significant amount of water and time is consumed during these processes. In addition, problems such as discoloration and strength losses may be encountered in delicate carpets. In this study, stained carpets were washed at mediums with and without ultrasound at room temperature at different times. Mud stain was used as an example of particle dirt. The original unwashed carpet without stain was taken as a reference and compared with the washed carpet by evaluating the color differences and changes in the yellowness index to check the amount of stain removal. The color differences (Da*, Db*, DL*, DC*, Dh*, DE*) were close to zero, and the differences in the yellowness index were low, so it was concluded that the stained carpet was cleaned and turned to the original form after washing. The washing process was evaluated as successful because the color and yellowness index of the washed carpet were close to the unwashed carpet. Effects of washing type (with and without ultrasound), washing agent (with and without detergent), and washing time (30, 60, and 90 minutes) are significant for α=0,05 in washed carpets according to the original carpet. Interactions between parameters are also significant. If the washing conditions are consciously adjusted, ultrasonic washing can be an alternative to the soaking process in carpet washing. With ultrasonic washing, it can be possible to shorten the duration of the wetting step and effectively clean sensitive carpets in softer conditions without damaging them. It would be useful to carry out studies that reduce water usage by optimizing the amount of washing baths in the future.

When it comes to manufacturing, every second counts and every detail matters. Imagine a production floor where machines work tirelessly, winding coils and components without fatigue and variation, achieving perfect repetition. This isn't a glimpse into the distant future; it's the reality made possible by automatic winding machines. These advanced systems have quietly changed how industries approach coil and component production, shifting the focus from manual skill to programmable precision. As businesses strive to meet rising demand for quality and speed, automatic winding machines have emerged as the unsung heroes. They ensure that every product rolling off the line meets the highest standards of consistency and reliability. These machines are designed to wind materials such as wires, threads, or films onto spools, bobbins, or cores with remarkable accuracy. In industries like electronics, automotive, and power equipment, automatic winding machines are crucial for producing coils for motors, transformers, and inductors. By automating the winding process, manufacturers can achieve higher production rates, reduce labour costs, and maintain consistent quality across large batches.

This paper will be a strenuous analysis of reviewed literature regarding aesthetics in films and how the colour grade influences the films narrative and story. With reference to similar methodological theories, as well as contradictive ones, and the complexity of the accusation that colour is used for aesthetic purposes rather than for narrative ones. Colour grading is the process of adding colour to film and changing the overall look, genre, and mood of the film. For example, it is noticeable when you compare a commercialised horror to a standard westernised comedy – horrors are generally very dark, cold, and slightly desaturated to give
the film a grim look, whereas comedies are vibrant and saturated to make it feel warm and appealing; think of Adam Sandler’s Happy Madison films from the 90s to 2010s. This passage aims to explore colour combinations within films and questions to what extent the colour choices are utilized from pre-production to the colour grading in post-production. Like
Bukatman (2006), this study is concerned with finding points of interaction with both aesthetics of attraction and narrative of attraction. It aims to identify “the tropes and properties that allow attraction and narrative to converse dynamically in cinematic space,” (Hillenbrand 2012: 221)
and how colour grading can affect the overall narrative of a film when done tastefully. This paper will also explore how the colour grade was manipulated in the feature film, “Bound” to serve the narrative of the film and how the colour grade is used beyond aesthetic appeal.

In this work, technical micronized finishing in garments, which provide some properties, such as it, could be fire retardant, certain products’ repellency, or antibacterial character, and more, is going to be developed. Then, the garments characterization is carried out, both qualitatively and quantitatively, to be able to check the performance obtained. With this project, an ecological and less harmful process to the environment than the traditional methods are tried to obtain. For this, a spray machine was provided (eFlow) to micronize products above garments and reduce considerably polluting chemicals, although, reduce water and energy wasting. Once checked that the process is ecologically profitable and satisfactory results are achieved, an industrial scale process was proceeded to design. Finally, an economic study to establish the process viability was realized.

is a textile designer/researcher focusing on new processes and materials, existing and emerging technologies, smart fabrics,experimental textile printing, patterning, and surface design. She will complete her Ph.D. on digital laser-dyeing for polyester textiles in 2015. Faith Kane, John Tyrer, and George Weaver are academics based at Loughborough University in the fields of Textile Design, Optical Engineering, and Chemistry, respectively. Andrew Filarowski is Technical Director at the Society of Dyers and Colourists.

Aromatherapy, rooted in ancient medicinal practices, has gained prominence in textiles through the incorporation of essential oils into fabrics. This review paper examines the historical development and effects of essential oils, leading to their integration into textiles. Essential oils, derived from botanical sources, are applied to textiles using advanced finishing techniques such as padding, exhaustion, and microencapsulation to enhance sensory appeal and well-being. The study discusses advancements in fragrance-finished textiles, referencing previous research on lavender oil treatments and their effectiveness in scent retention. Additionally, studies on consumer awareness and market potential highlight strong interest in scented-infused fabrics. However, challenges remain, particularly concerning fragrance durability and wash resistance. Advances in encapsulation technologies present potential solutions for improving scent retention. This paper underscores the intersection of aromatherapy and textiles, presenting new possibilities for wellness-oriented fabric applications in fashion, home textiles, and healthcare.

CCF SN2 minutos -Peso molecular -Cromatografia em Camada Fina -Substituição Nucleofílica de Segunda Ordem ~[COR]O-Concentração do corante activado no tempo O k 8 -Constante de Velocidade de Reacção -Desvio Padrão V. reaeção-Velocidade de reacção t e [Cor] f ~d -tempo -Exponencial -Concentração de corante activado no tempo t Símbolo de integral -Símbolo de derivada K C-L -Relação entre a constante de reacção com a fibra e a KH O 2 constante de reacção com a água ISO 3 -Teste de solidez dos tintos à lavagem [41] log -logarítmo de base 10 Cone (A %) -Concentração em percentagem de área ..,..

This paper reports a comparative case study on the use of different softening products for bed linen fabrics, specifically regarding the sewability of the fabrics. The market offers a wide variety of commercial formulations of softeners for this purpose, but the composition and price varies considerably. This work was aimed to assess the relationship between the cost and effectiveness of different softener formulations in home textiles finishing. Objectively, the effect of different softeners and their concentrations on sewability of the fabrics was studied. Non-ionic polyethylene dispersions and a cationic silicone softener micro-emulsion in different concentrations and combinations were considered in this investigation. It was found that a combination of silicone and polyethylene based softeners presents the most interesting cost/performance behavior.

CCF SN2 minutos -Peso molecular -Cromatografia em Camada Fina -Substituição Nucleofílica de Segunda Ordem ~[COR]O-Concentração do corante activado no tempo O k 8 -Constante de Velocidade de Reacção -Desvio Padrão V. reaeção-Velocidade de reacção t e [Cor] f ~d -tempo -Exponencial -Concentração de corante activado no tempo t Símbolo de integral -Símbolo de derivada K C-L -Relação entre a constante de reacção com a fibra e a KH O 2 constante de reacção com a água ISO 3 -Teste de solidez dos tintos à lavagem [41] log -logarítmo de base 10 Cone (A %) -Concentração em percentagem de área ..,..

Comunicação apresentada no 20th IFATCC Congress, Weimer, Germany, 5 - 6 Maio 2005.In the present work, some specific amino compounds were linked to the cotton fabrics on a process that can impart at the same time dyeability and durable antimicrobial properties. The process was monitored on-line in a prototype dyeing system since the addition of cationic agents will influence dye uptake. Different dyeing conditions were tested with direct dyes, with and without salt, until the exhaustion curve was at least equivalent to the standard dyeing curve in the presence of salt

The paper presents the possibility of applying zinc solutions on cotton fabrics. In a two-stage procedure a fabric is first impregnated with ZnCl 2 and then with alginate. The presence of zinc on impregnated samples is proved quantitatively and qualitatively. Absorption of water, overall flexural rigidity and UV transmittance of impregnated fabrics are measured and the UV protection factor (UPF) calculated. It has been stated that the absorption of water of the fabrics impregnated with ZnCl 2 depends on the concentration of ZnCl 2 ; the same applies to the combination of ZnCl 2 with alginate. An overall flexural rigidity of fabrics increases after impregnation with 0,5M, 1M and 3M solution of ZnCl 2 ; it increases even more after application of ZnCl 2 and alginate. Although the UPF of the fabrics improves after impregnation with ZnCl 2 , it does not achieve good UV protection as per the AS/ NZS 4399: 1996 standard; good UV protection can be achieved on fabrics dyed with a phthalocya...

The apparel sector is labor intensive and thus, incorporation of the stresses can be recorded as higher. Occupational stress can occur with many things and understanding each of these factors is a key concern. The present research has been undertaken to understand the impact of organizational culture, interpersonal relationships, role conflict, and job security on occupational stress. This is a quantitative study and primary data have been used in the analysis. The sample size was recorded as 310. Self-administrated questionnaire has been selected in the data collection by the survey method. Collected data have been analyzed with SPSS software. Reliability analysis was checked with Cronbach's Alpha method and it has been recorded that all the items are reliable enough to be used in the data collection. Pearson Correlation Coefficient has been used in the correlation analysis. Positive correlation analysis can be identified and recorded among the variables. Multiple linear regression has been used in the understanding of the independent and dependent variables. It is showing that organizational culture is having a significant relationship with occupational stress (beta = 0.350, t = 6.919, p = 0.000 < 0.05), interpersonal relationship is having a significant relationship with occupational stress (beta = 0.131, t =3.298, p = 0.001 < 0.05), role conflict is having the significant impact with the occupational stress (beta = 0.234, t = 3.682, p = 0.000 < 0.05) and job security is having a significant impact on the occupational stress (beta = 0.268, t = 4.836, p = 0.000 < 0.05).

The selection of dyes and dyeing auxiliaries is a crucial factor in optimising dyeing processes. Dyeings often show unsatisfactory wet fastness properties.This is usually encountered with direct dyes and to a lesser extent with reactive dyes also.Different cationic fixing agents have been used as pretreatment or aftertreatment to improve the wet fastness properties of these dyes but none has proved to be totally satisfactory.Therefore, there is still a need for novel dyeing processes that improve properties in respect of application and fastness properties of the dyeings. The present work is therefore concerned with the synthesis of new cationic fixing agents and their evaluation as fixing agents in improving the wet fastness properties of anionic dyes on cellulose fibres.Eight mono-reactive (28a-d and 29a-d) and four bis-reactive (30a-b and 31a-b) 2,3-epoxy / 3- chloro-2-hydroxy propyl derivatives of quaternary ammonium chloride have been synthesised and their structures have been ...

Esterquats are cationic surfactants, which are increasingly used because of their softening effect and excellent biodegradability compared to the conventional quats. This paper highlights the uses of palm-based esterquats as an active ingredient in the ...

An efficient method has been proposed for the synthesis of esterquat cationic surfactant, considered as a new type of biodegradable material utilized as a textile softening agent. This method involves microwave assisted esterification of stearic acid with triethanolamine followed by the quaternization with dimethyl sulphate. This method requires much less time for esterification and ensures good yield and high purity. The obtained quaternary ammonium compound was characterized by its cationic content and FT-IR analysis. A comparison with conventional thermal method was also done.

Antimicrobial fabric is suitable for providing protective covering to the medicinal industry, army uniform, casual wear, and household furnishing as well as for general public usage. The environmentally friendly antibacterial finish was extracted from leaves of Azadirachata indica, Butea monosperma and Litchi chinensis trees leaves and then applied on 100% polyester. Before and after applying the antimicrobial finish, fabric property was checked. The antimicrobial finish was applied by the pad dry cure method and the finish was fixed by using of polyurethane binder. Under aesthetic properties, stiffness and surface appearance were checked. The stiffness of the fabric was checked by Shirley Stiffness tester and surface appearance was checked by using AATCC Technical Manual /2004 TM 124-2001 203 test method. The aesthetic properties (smoothness, surface appearance) of the antimicrobial finish had a positive effect on 100% polyester. Results showed thatusing an antimicrobial finish mad...

The textile sector is facing new challenges in the modern days and every technician is giving the best to face these challenges, the world that world lead us would be astonishingly hi tech and materialistic. To ensure our security and safety from the future hazards, we need equally developed technology for our protection. Protective textiles are among one such smart application of smart technology in textiles. Protective textiles refer to those textile products which have a functionality of giving protection from something in some or the other sense. Mosquito repellent finished textiles are also a part of protective textiles. Which help in protection from the species that are prone to cause damage in some or the other manner. Mosquito are among the most common and widely distributes insects. It has earned a worldwide reputation as torturers of man and also diseases carries. Mosquito are classified as one of the deadliest pests known to man. The activity of mosquito is affected by climate, light and temperature. Mosquito repellent textile is one of the revolutionary ways to advance the textile field by providing the much needed features of driving away mosquitoes, especially in the tropical areas. It protects the human being from the bite of mosquitoes and there by promising safety from the mosquito borne disease, such as malaria, dengue fever, chicken gunia and filarial. Most plant contains compounds that they use in preventing attack from phytophagous (plant eating) insects. These chemicals fall in to several categories including repellents, feeding deterrents, toxins and growth regulators. Repellents of plant origin do not pose hazards of toxicity to human and domestic animals and are easily biodegradable. Natural products are safe for human when compared to that of synthetic compounds. Plant-based repellents have been used for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection measure against host-seeking mosquitoes. The abundance of plants on the earth surface has led to an increasing interest in the investigation of different extracts obtained from the traditional plants as potential sources of new mosquito repellent agent. The current study is mainly carried out for the development of mosquito repellent cotton fabric using "orange peel" extracts.

This work was conceived to investigate for the first time the effectiveness of the combined use of xylanase and laccase for the removal of hexenuronic acids (HexA) and lignin from sisal pulp fibres. To this end, xylanase (X) and laccase (L) treatments were used in an XLQPo sequence (where Q denotes a chelating stage and Po an oxygen-reinforced peroxide multi-step treatment) that was applied to pulp in order to obtain sisal fibres with a high cellulose content. The results of the XLQPo sequence were compared with those of an LQPo sequence. The L stage of both sequences was performed in the presence of either the natural compound sinapyl aldehyde (SLD) or the synthetic compound violuric acid (VA), employed as mediators, in order to compare their efficiency in aiding pulp bleaching and HexA removal. Changes in HexA content and the contributions of lignin and HexA to kappa number during each sequence were examined. The xylanase treatment was found to remove 47% of lignin, 15% of xylan and 27% of HexA from the initial pulp, whereas the laccase-VA system removed 28% of HexA and exhibited higher efficiency than the laccase-SLD system in reducing kappa number and increasing brightness. In any case, when the X treatment was applied, the sequence including laccase-SLD treatment resulted in the strongest delignification effect. The effluents from each stage of the bleaching sequences were analysed for COD, colour and toxicity, which peaked after the L stage and were significantly higher with SLD than with VA.

This work was conceived to investigate for the first time the effectiveness of the combined use of xylanase and laccase for the removal of hexenuronic acids (HexA) and lignin from sisal pulp fibres. To this end, xylanase (X) and laccase (L) treatments were used in an XLQPo sequence (where Q denotes a chelating stage and Po an oxygen-reinforced peroxide multi-step treatment) that was applied to pulp in order to obtain sisal fibres with a high cellulose content. The results of the XLQPo sequence were compared with those of an LQPo sequence. The L stage of both sequences was performed in the presence of either the natural compound sinapyl aldehyde (SLD) or the synthetic compound violuric acid (VA), employed as mediators, in order to compare their efficiency in aiding pulp bleaching and HexA removal. Changes in HexA content and the contributions of lignin and HexA to kappa number during each sequence were examined. The xylanase treatment was found to remove 47% of lignin, 15% of xylan and 27% of HexA from the initial pulp, whereas the laccase-VA system removed 28% of HexA and exhibited higher efficiency than the laccase-SLD system in reducing kappa number and increasing brightness. In any case, when the X treatment was applied, the sequence including laccase-SLD treatment resulted in the strongest delignification effect. The effluents from each stage of the bleaching sequences were analysed for COD, colour and toxicity, which peaked after the L stage and were significantly higher with SLD than with VA.

Like cellulose, starch is abundant in the world of natural polymers. It is a homopolysaccharide with the same formula as cellulose, (C6H10O5)n, and appears in two varieties: § amylose a linear polymer with a molecular weight of 0.5×106 Daltons, soluble in aqueous sodium hydroxide, revealing an ability to form films; § amylopectin a branched polymer, having a molecular weight of 8.0×106 Daltons. It is responsible for the gelatination of starch in water solutions.

Spinning factory consumes highest amount of electrical power than Weaving, Knitting, Dyeing and Garment unit of Textile Industry. A typical spinning unit of 20000 spindles requires about 2 Megawatt (MW) connected power to run the process machinery. Power is also a major cost component of yarn production after raw materials and hence reduction of power cost is an utmost concern for the management of spinning unit. This investigation aims to reduce power consumption of Ring frame using Plastic Tin cylinder. 2850 meters length of a 30 Ne yarn fineness was spun in a Ring frame with Tin cylinder, and the same length of that yarn was also produced by a Ring frame with Metallic Tin cylinder from the same feed material (Roving). Power consumption was measured by a Digital power meter during the production of yarn at different set lengths. The power consumption was 39.5 KWH and 37.3 KWH corresponding to Metallic and Plastic Tin cylinder. The reduced power consumption suggests that the setting up of new spinning unit can be considered to be designed with Ring frame with Plastic Tin cylinder.

Body odour consists of different compounds that interact in various ways with textile materials due to differences in their chemical properties. Clothing made from hydrophilic fibres (e.g., cotton) can be more easily laundered, and odorants more effectively removed than those made from hydrophobic fibres (e.g., polyester). Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine the interactions between textile materials and odorous compounds when washed several times with different detergents. Test fabrics were of both interlock knit structure and either 100% cotton (234 g/m 2 ) or 100% polyester (224 g/m 2 ) fibre content. Test compounds were 4-ethyl octanoic acid (octanoic acid) and 2-nonenal (nonenal). Fabric samples were spiked with 10 µL of a solution of octanoic acid (0.1g), nonenal (0.1g) and dichloromethane (solvent) and left to sit for 24 hours. Inoculated samples were washed with either Tide® Free and Gentle detergent or Tide® Febreze Sports detergent. Residual odorants were measured using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. Headspace analysis of volatiles was conducted using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME); direct extraction of compounds remaining in fabrics was done using dichloromethane as the solvent. Considering the peak area of odorants, findings show that cotton generally retained and desorbed lesser odorous compounds than polyester did. Interestingly, the non-polar nonenal was difficult to remove from the non-polar hydrophobic polyester by washing, which resulted in higher quantities of nonenal compared with octanoic acid in the headspace. Also, while multiple washes eventually became more efficient in removing odorants from cotton, polyester did not clean as well. iii Preface This thesis is an original work by Mohammed Mukhtar Abdul-Bari. No part of this thesis has been previously published.

Bu çalışmada, karde ve penye pamuktan üretilen ring ipliklerinin sürtünme özellikleri ile bu ipliklerin fiziksel özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, üç farklı numara ve büküm katsayısında üretilen ring ipliklerinin iplikiplik, iplik-metal sürtünme katsayı değerleri, çap, düzgünsüzlük, ince yer, kalın yer, neps ve tüylülük özellikleri test edilmiştir. İpliklerin sürtünme özellikleri ile diğer fiziksel özellikleri arasındaki ilişki korelasyon analizleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. İpliklerin numaraları (Ne cinsinden) arttıkça iplik-metal sürtünme katsayıları artmakta ve sadece karde ipliklerde artan numara ile iplik-iplik sürtünme katsayı değerleri düşmektedir. İplik çap değerlerindeki artış, iplikmetal sürtünme katsayısını düşürürken, iplik-iplik sürtünme katsayısı üzerinde önemli bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır. İplikteki büküm miktarının iplik-iplik ve iplik-metal sürtünme katsayı değerleri üzerinde her hangi bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır. İplikteki düzgünsüzlük, ince yer, kalın yer ve neps artışı iplik-iplik sürtünme katsayısını düşürürken, iplik-metal sürtünme katsayısını arttırmaktadır. Tüylülük miktarındaki artış iplik-metal sürtünme katsayısını düşürmektedir. Diğer taraftan tüylülük miktarı ile iplik-iplik sürtünme katsayısı arasındaki ilişki önemli değildir. kesikli lif iplikçiliği, ring iplik eğirme sistemi, iplik-iplik sürtünme katsayısı, iplik-metal sürtünme katsayısı. In this study, the relation between friction and physical properties of carded and combed ring spun yarns is observed. For this aim, ring spun yarns having three different yarn number and twist coefficients is produced and yarn-to-yarn friction coefficient, yarn-to-metal friction coefficient, evenness, thin place, thick place, neps and hairiness properties were tested. The relationship between yarn friction coefficients and other yarn physical properties is analyzed with correlation analysis.As the yarn number (in terms of Ne) increase, yarn-to-metal friction coefficient increase and only with carded yarns the increase of yarn number decrease yarn-to-yarn friction coefficients. While the increase in yarn diameter values decrease yarn-to-metal friction coefficient, it does not have any effect on yarn-to-yarn friction coefficient. The yarn twist does not have any effect on yarn-to-yarn friction and yarn-to-metal friction coefficients. While the increase of yarn evenness, thin place, thick place and neps decrease yarn-to-yarn friction coefficient, it increase yarn-to-metal friction coefficient. The increase of yarn hairiness decrease yarn-to-metal friction coefficient. On the other hand, there is not any significant relation between yarn hairiness and yarn-to-yarn friction coefficient. staple fiber spinning, ring yarn spinning system, yarn-to-yarn friction coefficient, yarn-to-metal friction coefficient.

On this investigation so as to optimize time, water and energy of exhaust bleaching procedure one test turned into accomplished by using modern bleaching regulator Imerol® Blue liquid (mixture of carboxylic acid salts and ethoxylated fatty alcohols) with caustic soda, H 2 O 2 (50%), Bactosol AP (peroxide killer), Acetic acid whilst others become conducted the use of classical wetting agent Imerol (PCLF), sequestering agent (EDTA), stabilizer (NaSi0 3 ), caustic soda, H 2 O 2 (35%). In this take a look at demonstrated that (a) Applied the bleaching regulator at 110°C decreased the bleaching time 15 min that accelerated productiveness in comparison to classical bleaching agent. (b) While Bleaching achieved with Imerol® Blue liquid absorbency of cotton knit material changed into stepped forward rather than classical bleaching process. (c) Modern bleaching method decreased weight loss percentage of cotton knit material as compared with classical method. (d) Whilst bleaching regulator Im...

Spinning factory consumes highest amount of electrical power than Weaving, Knitting, Dyeing and Garment unit of Textile Industry. A typical spinning unit of 20000 spindles requires about 2 Megawatt (MW) connected power to run the process machinery. Power is also a major cost component of yarn production after raw materials and hence reduction of power cost is an utmost concern for the management of spinning unit. This investigation aims to reduce power consumption of Ring frame using Plastic Tin cylinder. 2850 meters length of a 30 Ne yarn fineness was spun in a Ring frame with Tin cylinder, and the same length of that yarn was also produced by a Ring frame with Metallic Tin cylinder from the same feed material (Roving). Power consumption was measured by a Digital power meter during the production of yarn at different set lengths. The power consumption was 39.5 KWH and 37.3 KWH corresponding to Metallic and Plastic Tin cylinder. The reduced power consumption suggests that the setting up of new spinning unit can be considered to be designed with Ring frame with Plastic Tin cylinder.

An 80:20 polyester ⁄ viscose blended woven fabric was subjected to different softening and sanforising treatments. The effect of different softeners and sanforising treatments on the pilling propensity of the fabric was investigated. It was found that, while some types of softeners had no effect on pilling, the others may result in extreme deterioration of the pilling performance of polyester ⁄ viscose blended fabrics. It was further found that, in all cases, sanforising after softening adversely affects the fabric pilling performance.

Fruit peels are a rich source of many substances, such as pectin. Extraction of natural thickening agent (pectin) from fruit waste such as (orange and pomegranate peels) is an environmentally friendly alternative to commercial thickeners and is cheap for use in the printing of natural and synthetic fabrics, especially polyester and polyacrylic fabrics. Hexamine was used to treat the extracted pectin to make it appropriate for use in an alkali medium for printing cotton fabric. The results showed that the extracted and modified pectin have good rheological properties as well as bacterial resistance. Pectin is suitable for use in an acidic medium. All the printed samples with pectin and its modified synthetic dyes (reactive, acid, and disperse) exhibited good fastness towards washing and wet and dry rubbing. The light fastness of printed textiles was excellent (7), which is more than using alginate as a thickener (5). In both acidic and alkaline perspiration, the perspiration fastness...

Functionalized polyethylenimine–dye (FPEI) is prepared by mixing branched polyethyleneimine (PEI), in which its primary amine groups are modified at different ratios with a quaternary ammonium coupler (QI), and reactive dyestuff (RD) (QI/RD = 0/100, 20/80, 40/60, 60/40 and 80/20 mole/mole %). The deposition of FPEI from an aqueous solution onto the surface of cotton and wool fibres is studied. The adsorption of a charged polymer from an aqueous medium by cotton and wool fibres is investigated at different pH values, and the uptake of colour on fibres is measured by Datacolor and UVVIS spectrophotometers. The study of the kinetics of adsorption shows that pseudo-first-order kinetics provide the best correlation of the experimental data. The equilibrium data indicate that the deposition process onto both cotton and wool follows the Langmuir isotherm. In terms of colour strength (K/S value) the coated fibres compare well with those dyed with a commercial dyestuff, C.I. Basic Red 51, wh...

This paper examines the use of textile design, (an aspect of Art) in fostering the development of unemployed Nigerian women. The paper interprets the meaning of textile design to the unemployed women of different categories who could adopt it for self-reliance. A course proposal for the establishment of this is suggested. Keywords: Textile, design, Unemployed, Nigerian women

Since their discovery, medications have played a crucial role in society. However, recent studies show that many of these compounds exhibit high persistence in the environment and are not fully degraded by conventional treatment methods. As a result, pharmaceutical residues have been detected in domestic sewage and industrial effluents, posing potential risks to aquatic and terrestrial organisms, as well as public health. Effluents containing toxic and resistant compounds, such as diclofenac, are often not effectively treated by traditional biological processes, highlighting the need for alternative and more advanced methods.
In this context, this undergraduate thesis in Chemical Engineering aims to model the degradation of diclofenac in aqueous media through the Photo-Fenton process, one of the most promising techniques among Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOPs) due to its generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. The modeling was carried out using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), exploring different configurations to identify the simplest and most effective model without compromising predictive capability.
The results demonstrated that properly configured ANNs were able to predict the behavior of the Photo-Fenton process with high accuracy, particularly during the initial and intermediate stages. Despite some limitations under extreme conditions, the tested configurations, including variations in training algorithms, activation functions, and the number of neurons, allowed the identification of robust and applicable models. These findings underscore the potential of ANNs as predictive and optimization tools for the treatment of effluents containing emerging pollutants.