Psychosexual Stages of Development

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory represents a foundational, albeit controversial, paradigm for understanding human personality and behavior. This paper argues that despite significant and valid criticisms regarding its scientific rigor, psychoanalytic theory provides an indispensable framework by positing the unconscious mind, early psychosexual development, and internal conflict as primary determinants of human conduct. The analysis proceeds by examining the core architectural models of the mind-the topographical and structural theories-before exploring the stage-based development of personality and the ego's defense mechanisms. Finally, the paper engages with the major criticisms of the theory while acknowledging its profound and enduring legacy in psychology and Western thought. Ultimately, this exploration affirms that Freud's greatest contribution was his pioneering map of the unconscious, a domain that continues to inform contemporary understandings of the human psyche.

This paper is about the ways in which the human body has been objectified under and through the use of power. The article explains the different aspects and ways of objectification of the body and the hidden nature of human behaviour that results from activation of the inner human instincts - the death drive, called Thanatos (Note 1) and the life drive called Eros as a response to Thanatos. By using the theories of Freud, Nussbaum, Erikson, Fanon and Foucault, the relationship between the human body and external power is examined. Using some recent events (such as the Covid-19 pandemic, the world lockdown and the Black Lives Matter movement) human behaviour is seen to result from activation of the inner drives (Eros (Note 2) and Thanatos), but also to be linked to the psychosexual and psychosocial aspects of human development.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial produtivo de grãos da soja nos estádios fenológicos R2 (florescimento), R5 (início de enchimento de grãos) e R8 (maturação). O experimento foi conduzido durante o ano agrícola 1994/95 na EEA/UFRGS, Eldorado do Sul, RS, em solo Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro (Paleudult). O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos originaram-se da combinação de dois níveis de P no solo (3 e 15 ppm), e dois espaçamentos entre linhas (20 e 40 cm). Foi utilizada a cultivar precoce, determinada, OCEPAR 14. Na média dos tratamentos, o potencial de rendimento alcançado em R2 foi de 18 t/ha e de 10 t/ha em R5, sendo o rendimento obtido em R8 de 4,6 t/ha. O tratamento com 15 ppm de P apresentou maior potencial de rendimento, nos três estádios fenológicos, em decorrência do menor aborto de flores e de legumes. O espaçamento de 20 cm entre linhas apresentou maior...

This paper presents a model of the conditions that may lead a small open economy towards a middle income trap. This situation has shown to be pervasive in Latin America. As Argentina is a salient instance of this phenomenon, we develop a stylized model of its economy at the first decades of the XXth century. It consists of a general equilibrium model of an open emerging economy, which is a price-taking primary goods exporter. A growth process is triggered by an increase of commodity prices, due to an upward jump of the world demand of these goods. The economy goes through several phases of growth, starting from a subsistence stage. Once decreasing returns set in, the economy reaches a steady state. Only a sustained high demand of its export products allows the economy to thrive. Otherwise, the economy gets entrapped in a middle income level.

"Boanerges" (p ISSN 3025-3934, e ISSN 3025-3020) is an official school journal that emphasizes research, development, and innovation in the field of education. Its goal is to shape an outstanding generation through effective and up-to-date learning. Each edition of this journal features a variety of articles written by educators, students, researchers, and education practitioners. The article content covers topics in Social Sciences and Humanities such as Literary Criticism, Linguistics, and Anthropology, as well as efficient Sciences, Mathematics, and other subjects. "Boanerges" presents the latest research results, character-building, and provides valuable insights to readers to enhance the quality of learning in schools. The journal presents case studies and best practices from various fields of study, creating a positive and effective learning environment. Additionally, this journal provides a space for educators and students to share their experiences in facing challenges and achieving success in the education process. There are also book reviews on the latest literature relevant to the field of education. With an innovative spirit, "Boanerges" serves as a source of inspiration to seek new ways to advance the education system, promote collaboration, and enhance the abilities and creativity of students. Each issue of "Boanerges" becomes a valuable source of knowledge for educators, school leaders, researchers, and education practitioners in creating an inclusive, innovative, and high-quality results-oriented learning environment, with the hope of making a positive impact in shaping the next generation ready to face future challenges.

This paper aims to highlight the main stages of development within the financial accounting system for the protection of the personnel engaged in Romania and at the same time, to compare it with the one of other European countries. The importance of the work consists in identifying forms of social protection through the legislative framework in order to achieve a diagnosis of Romanian social welfare. As a research model used in a particular study, the methodology includes information accompanying theoretical basis and methods for it. This paper contains a positivist tinge and it's constructive, going with the research's mainstream. Of course, one aspect is not left out: the critical approaches to the accounting referential standard concerning the protection of the staff in Romania as well as in Europe. The foundation of the research is represented by the last decades' economic reality. The work tries to find answers to the question: "How did the Romanian social protection develop and which was its legal framework?" The research type is a deductive one which means that the there's a way crossed from the general to the particular, starting from a theory which has as purpose applying the prediction itself and, at the same time, assuring a wider range of knowledge and being more operative. Information gathering was done through various methods such as quantitative and qualitative research and the pieces of information presented in this paper were collected from various sources such as published articles, books, legal documents, all from the economical field. Afterwards, the collection of the pieces of information was followed by data analysis. Having this as purpose, the following research methods and techniques have been applied: cross-section (analysis protection staff at a time) and longitudinal (protection of staff development in Romania), survey (protection of staff is described, compared and explained in Romania and the European context), nonparticipating observation (as statistical data) and analysis (collection, sorting and interpreting the information in the protection of staff in Romania). Research results and general conclusions concerning the information system for the protection of staff are listed at the end of the paper.

Unemployment is persistently high in many European countries. It is frequently attributed to 'functional deficiencies of labor markets', even though to a large extent caused by demand and supply shifts in goods markets and financial markets. The PhD program Globalization and Employment therefore focuses on the employment effects of structural change and macroeconomic developments and encourages research by granting scholarships. The dissertation projects address topics such as new technologies, processes of internationalization and system transformation, endogenous finance constraints and various strategies of fiscal and monetary policy.

Unemployment is persistently high in many European countries. It is frequently attributed to 'functional deficiencies of labor markets', even though to a large extent caused by demand and supply shifts in goods markets and financial markets. The PhD program Globalization and Employment therefore focuses on the employment effects of structural change and macroeconomic developments and encourages research by granting scholarships. The dissertation projects address topics such as new technologies, processes of internationalization and system transformation, endogenous finance constraints and various strategies of fiscal and monetary policy.

Daniel Benveniste’s Libido, Culture and Consciousness is an attempt to flesh out Freud’s underdeveloped notion that psychosexual stages originated with our ancestors’ traumatic prehistoric experiences. Though Freud wrote about his “phylogenetic fantasy” (this term deriving from the title editors gave to an English translation of one of Freud’s unpublished papers) throughout his later life, it is in 1914’s Totem and Taboo that we find the fullest expression of his idea that humans inherit memory traces of their forebears’ traumatic experiences. The 1914 work spoke of a “primal horde” that was lorded over by an alpha male, a “primal father” who kept all the women to himself and subjugated or drove away the weaker males in the group. These disinherited sons banded together, killed and ate their father, and agreed to cooperate to forge a society that was gentler and more equitable. However, the repressed guilt over the patricide influenced the creation of totemism and exogamy, practices that defined the fraternal society that succeeded the primal horde. As Benveniste summarizes Freud in Totem, “The two principal taboos of totemism are the taboo against harming the totem and the taboo against sexual relations within the clan” (p. 18). Freud has, in effect, linked a stage in human history with a psychosexual stage (phallic), a cultural practice (exogamy) and a myth/religious ritual (totemism/totemic feast). Libido, Culture, and Consciousness wishes to extend this kind of analogue-catena into each of Freud’s psychosexual stages, and also into suitably adapted versions of each of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages.

This paper summarizes theoretical arguments, empirical evidence, and econometric findings to support the statement that rational economic policies depend qualitatively on stages of development that are defined by productivity and institutional indicators of a country. We consider the impact of industrial policies, speed of foreign exchange reserves accumulation, technology transfers and immigration policies, as well as FDI and liberalization of capital flows, on rate of economic growth. It is argued that the impact may be positive or negative; in many cases a threshold combination of GDP per capita and institutional quality indicators may be found to separate two different outcomes. A precondition of economic success is the timely switching of economic policies to avoid both types of mistakes: excessive inertia or premature use of instruments that are effective for more advance countries only. The stage of development theory implies that international financial institutions (including IMF, WB, and EBRD) should work out a list of differentiated prescriptions that may be efficiently followed by countries with different levels of institutional and technological development, and so the system of assistance to developing countries could be improved. This and some other elements of "a New World Economic Order" are discussed in the paper.

Both Leonardo Da Vinci and musician Scott Walker grew up without a strong paternal presence, and both seem to have had neuroses connected to their creative drives later in life. A psychobiographical consideration of both subjects concludes that one contributing cause to both men’s artistic difficulties lay in their compromised preoedipal development, which led Leonardo into procrastination and Walker into dissolution.

Benveniste’s book is an attempt to flesh out Freud’s underdeveloped notion that psychosexual stages originated with our ancestors’ traumatic prehistoric experiences.  Though Freud wrote about his “phylogenetic fantasy” (this term deriving from the title editors gave to an English translation of one of Freud’s unpublished papers) throughout his later life, it is in 1914’s Totem and Taboo that we find the fullest expression of his idea that humans inherit memory traces of their forebears’ traumatic experiences.  The 1914 work spoke of a “primal horde” that was lorded over by an alpha male, a “primal father” who kept all the women to himself and subjugated or drove away all of the weaker males in the group.  These disinherited sons banded together, killed and ate their father, and agreed to cooperate to forge a society that was gentler and more equitable. However, the repressed guilt over the patricide influenced the creation of totemism and exogamy, practices that defined the fraternal society that succeeded the primal horde.  As Benveniste summarizes Freud in Totem, “The two principal taboos of totemism are the taboo against harming the totem and the taboo against sexual relations within the clan” (p. 18).  Freud has, in effect, linked a stage in human history with a psychosexual stage (phallic), a cultural practice (exogamy) and a myth/religious ritual (totemism/totemic feast).  Libido, Culture, and Consciousness wishes to extend this kind of analogue-catena into each of Freud’s psychosexual stages, and also into suitably adapted versions of each of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages.

Стаття присвячена вивченню статево-рольової ідентифікації дітей та підлітків із розумовою відсталістю. Розглядаються основні теорії та підходи до поняття психосексуального розвитку. Висвітлені можливі девіації психосексуального розвитку дітей і підлітків із розумовою відсталістю та їх обізнаність щодо питань статі, ролі чоловіка і жінки в суспільстві та сім’ї. Визначено, що статева ідентичність розумово відсталих дітей та підлітків залежить від рівня інтелектуального розвитку; діти шкільного віку з розумовою відсталістю мають труднощі під час визначення відмінностей жіночої та чоловічої статі, але правильно ідентифікують себе за статтю.Стаття присвячена вивченню статево-рольової ідентифікації дітей та підлітків із розумовою відсталістю. Розглядаються основні теорії та підходи до поняття психосексуального розвитку. Висвітлені можливі девіації психосексуального розвитку дітей і підлітків із розумовою відсталістю та їх обізнаність щодо питань статі, ролі чоловіка і жінки в суспільстві та сім’ї. Визначено, що статева ідентичність розумово відсталих дітей та підлітків залежить від рівня інтелектуального розвитку; діти шкільного віку з розумовою відсталістю мають труднощі під час визначення відмінностей жіночої та чоловічої статі, але правильно ідентифікують себе за статтю.

A multi-age rat model was evaluated as a means to identify a potential age-related difference in liver injury following exposure to valproic acid (VPA), a known pediatric hepatotoxic agent. Different age groups of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (10-, 25-, 40-, 80-day-old) were administered VPA at doses of 160, 320, 500 or 650 mg kg − − − − −1 (i.p.) for 4 days. Animals from all age groups developed toxicity after treatment with VPA; however, the patterns of toxicity were dissimilar within each age group. The high dose of VPA caused significant lethality in 10-and 25-day-old rats. All doses of VPA caused decrease in the platelet counts (10-, 25-day-old rats) and the rate of growth (40-day-old rats) and increases in the urine creatine concentration (high dose, 80-day-old rats). VPA induced hepatic and splenic alterations in all age groups. The most severe lesions were found mostly in 10-and 80-day-old rats. Significant changes in blood urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were observed in 10-day-old pups after treatment with low doses of VPA. The highest VPA dose caused significant decreases in the levels of serum total protein (40-and 80-day-old rats). Principal component analysis of spectra derived from terminal urine samples of all age groups showed that each age group clusters separately. In conclusion, this study showed that the vulnerability profile of each age group was different indicating that a multi-age pediatric animal model is appropriate to assess more completely age-dependent changes in drug toxicity. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

To begin a short enquiry into the theory of the great founder Freud, one would have to take one a clever methodological approach in order to cover all aspects of Freudian theories. These are the aspects of the Freudian theory that this paper looks into includes;
a. Psychoanalysis
b. Psychosexual stages of development.
The basic method of psychoanalysis is interpretation of the patient's unconscious conflicts that are interfering with current-day functioning with conflicts that are causing painful symptoms such as phobias, anxiety, depression, and compulsions. Early researchers stressed that figuring out ways the patient distorted perceptions about the psychotherapist led to understanding what may have been forgotten.

In stark contrast to Freudian theories, Rogers believes in the absence of external forces. It is a personal choice taken by individuals to be healthy, independent and to further their personal total development. To explain Carl Rogers’ view of human nature, this paper goes into his theory of self.