Positive Accounting Theory

The theoretical framework of public procurement through the definition of the concept of «ublic procurement»is analyzed, the role of analysis in the public finance management system, the principles of analysis of public procurement and its functions are studied. The article offers to interpret the public procurement as a component of public financial management system that constitutes a standardized mechanism of financial and economic relations between the government and business entities on the implementation of the state order for the goods, services, works on the principles of fair competition among participants, maximum economy and efficiency, the targeted use of budget funds, openness and transparency at all stages of procurement, equality of participants, objective and impartial evaluation of tender proposals, prevention of corruption actions and abuses to achieve the goals of state social and economic policies to meet public needs. The system of analysis principles of public procurement is reasonably presented:

The increasing incidence of mobile phone addiction has been considered to be related to adolescents' psychological distress and work distress. However, the underlying mechanisms of this relation are still unclear. Many employees are not able to cope with daily chores due to addiction to phone use as they continue with their work. Most employees are caught up and carried away from concentrating on core activities, hence affecting their productivity at work and also creating social-emotional distress among them. Many small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have employed youth, who are addicted to their phone use following up on their WhatsApp, TikTok, SMS, Instagram, Facebook, and emails. SMEs have been unable to have measures of control phone usage at work in order to have their employees concentrate with their work. This research is therefore motivated to bridge the gap in knowledge by analyzing the impact of phone addiction and distress among selected small and medium enterprises in Kiambu and Nairobi City Counties. The objectives of the study were to determine the extent of phone addiction among employees in SMEs in Kiambu and Nairobi City Counties, to establish various alternatives of phone addiction control measures among the employees in Kiambu and Nairobi City Counties. The target population of this study considered small and medium enterprises. The sample population size included SMEs in Kiambu and Nairobi City Counties in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design and used primary data, which involved a questionnaire and interview guild from the Key informants. The findings were presented and published to provide alternatives to solve the future challenges of phone addiction psychological and social-emotional distress among employees, work-related distress, and organizational work distress. The findings reveal that respondents exhibit signs of phone addiction distress. Excessive phone use negatively affects their emotional well-being and leads to feelings of being emotionally drained. The study also uncovered a link between phone addiction and behavioral dysfunctions. Furthermore, phone addiction was found to impact organizational performance by hindering work efficiency, communication with clients, and collaboration among employees.

Житомирський державний технологічний університет Предметна сфера та об'єктний склад бухгалтерського обліку в секторі загального державного управління Опрацьовано теоретичні питання бухгалтерського обліку в секторі загального державного управління. На розвиток найбільш потужної складової вказаної підсистеми вітчизняного бухгалтерського обліку розвинуто предметну сферу бухгалтерського обліку бюджетних установ в контексті їх об'єктного складу з позиції: економічної теорії (виділено як об'єкти бухгалтерського обліку вказаних суб'єктів господарювання господарські засоби, джерела їх утворення та фінансово-бюджетні й господарські процеси); загальної теорії бухгалтерського обліку (виділено як об'єкти бухгалтерського обліку вказаних суб'єктів господарювання їх майно, зобов'язання та операції, що вони здійснюють в процесі своєї фінансово-бюджетної та господарської діяльності); балансової поелементної структури бухгалтерського обліку (виділено як об'єкти бухгалтерського обліку вказаних суб'єктів господарювання активи, зобов'язання, власний капітал, доходи, витрати, факти фінансово-бюджетної та господарської діяльності), з наданням характеристики кожного з компонентів. Ключові слова: бухгалтерський облік; сектор загального державного управління; бюджетні установи; предмет бухгалтерського обліку; об'єкти бухгалтерського обліку; фінансовобюджетна діяльність; господарська діяльність. Постановка проблеми у загальному вигляді та її зв'язок з важливими практичними завданнями. Бухгалтерський облік у секторі загального державного управління України перебуває на стадіє бурхливого розвитку, спричиненого детермінантами як зовнішнього, так і внутрішнього характеру. Відправним моментом цього процесу стало прийняття Постанови Кабінету Міністірів України від 16.01.07 №34 «Про затвердження Стратегії модернізації системи бухгалтерського обліку в державному секторі на 2007-2015 рр.» [27]. У наслідок її реалізації надзвичайно потужних змін зазнали питання методології та методики бухгалтерського обліку суб'єктів даного сектору за незначного опрацювання теоретичних (за виключенням термінологічних) та організаційних (за виключенням бюджетних установ) позицій. Зважаючи на потужність сегменту бюджетних установ в сукупності суб'єктів сектору загального державного управління (близько 54 тис. [16]), важливість та значущість питань теоретичного кластеру відпровідної підсистеми вітчизняного бухгалтерського обліку в умовах подальшого активного розвитку його практики вкрай актуальним вбачається розгляд проблем ідентифікації предметної сфери та об'єктного складу бухгалтерського обліку бюджетних установ. Аналіз останніх досліджень та публікацій. Питаннями реформування бюджетного обліку та висвітлення його аспектів в спеціалізованій науковій літературі у різні часи переймалися такі вітчизняні вчені-

Розглянуто передумови виникнення підсистеми управлінського обліку в ДЗВО. В процесі проведення дослідження були використані методи : опису, аналізу, синтезу, дедукції, індукції, порівняння та узагальнення, ретроспективний та історико-системний. На підставі опрацювання підходів до розвитку управлінського обліку в цілому та бухгалтерського обліку в Україні зокрема, напрямів реформування бюджетного обліку з кінцевим формування системи бухгалтерського обліку в секторі загального державного управління, умов та векторів розбудови оновленої системи управління державними фінансами та державного управління визначено основні чинники виокремлення управлінського обліку в межах вітчизняного бухгалтерського обліку ДЗВО на сучасному етапі його розвитку. Отриманий результат уможливлює постановку науково-обґрунтованої проблеми щодо формування підсистеми управлінського обліку в ДЗВО і є базисом для розбудови її теоретичних, методологічних, методичних та організаційних положень. Формування науково стійкої підсистеми управлінського обліку в ДЗВО України сприятиме підвищенню ефективності управління цими суб'єктами господарювання, використання бюджетних коштів на вищу освіту, а отже зміцненню системи державних фінансів України. Ключові слова: державні заклади вищої освіти; бюджетний облік; управлінський облік; державні фінанси. Постановка проблеми. Умови розвитку сучасного суспільства вимагають значного акцентування на галузі вищої освіти, оскільки розбудова ефективного постіндустріального інформаційного суспільства безпосередньо пов'язана з стимулюванням сфер, в яких продукуються знання, як то освіта та наука. Економічно розвинуті країни вже створили всі умови для трансформування своєї економічної моделі: за розрахунками Світового банку у складі національного багатства США наприклад основні виробничі фонди складають 19 %, природні ресурси -5 %, людський капітал -76 % [14]. За цих умов формування ефективної системи вищої освіти стає невід'ємною умовою успішної інтеграції України не тільки до освітнього, а й економічного світового простору. Однією з детермінант такої модернізації виступає створення дієвого механізму економічного управління вищою освітою, зокрема її облікового забезпечення. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Питання управлінського обліку у різні часи досліджували такі провідні вітчизняні та зарубіжні вчені як: А.

Purpose – An effective management accounting information system (MAIS), as well as the accounting discourse related to it, can support, facilitate, enable, and constrain diverse business discourses. This paper aims to examine the discursive and organisational effects of an organisation accounting upon absent accounting artefacts, i.e. accounting without accounting. Situated within the discursive literature, this paper examines the construction of competing articulations of the organisation by focusing on what accounting does or does not do within an organisation. In particular, the paper acknowledges the fundamental importance of the accounting discourse in supporting, facilitating, enabling, and constraining competing organisational discourses, as it illustrates how the absence of accounting centralises power within the organisation. Design/methodology/approach – From a rhetorical, discursive perspective, the authors develop an in-depth qualitative case study in a manufacturing org...

This article reconnoiters the critical accounting theory, focusing on its ability to unveil power dynamics and enhance accountability within organizations. Through an empirical study of existing literature, we examine the theoretical framework of critical accounting theory and its practical implications for understanding the complex interplay between power dynamics and accounting practices. The study aims to shed light on how accounting systems and practices can reinforce or challenge power structures within organizations and their broader societal implications. Drawing upon a comprehensive review of scholarly articles, case studies, and empirical research, we identify key themes and concepts within critical accounting theory. The empirical analysis provides insights into how critical accounting theory has been applied in various contexts, such as corporate governance, financial reporting, and sustainability accounting. The findings reveal that critical accounting theory offers a va...

In advancing the 'professionalising' claims, the UK accountancy bodies emphasise that their members have command of practical and theoretical education, engage in ethical conduct, serve the public interest and act in a socially responsible way. However, such claims are routinely problematised by scandals which highlight the highly partisan role of accounting and accountants and failures of accounting education. Rather than undertaking a radical review of accounting education, the professional bodies seek to rebuild confidence in accounting and their jurisdictions by (re)affirming that accounting education is or will be devoted to producing reflective accountants through educational processes focused on sound education, principles, ethics, professional scepticism, lifelong learning opportunities, distinguishing between private and public interest and serving the public interest. These promises presuppose that students on professional accounting courses are exposed to such values. To advance the debate, this paper examines a number of financial accounting, auditing and management accounting books and finds that beyond a technical and instrumental view of accounting, there is little discussion of theories, principles, ethics, public interest, globalisation, scandals or social responsibility to produce socially reflective accountants.

The knowledge structures underlying accounting representations are rarely investigated and usually tend to be taken for granted. As a case of the problematic knowledge foundations of accounting, we concentrate on one of the most relevant conceptual underpinnings informing the construction of the accountsÐthe relationship between theories of the ®rm, accounting theories, and income measurement. In particular we analyse and compare the ways in which this relationship has been conceived and developed in two theoretical contexts, the Italian tradition of Economia Aziendale and the US entity vs proprietary debate. Various and contradictory approaches to the concept of the ®rm and income calculation in these two theoretical traditions emerge. Such a conceptual variety is what we refer to as `accounting relativism'. This is de®ned here as the co-existence of dierent accounting representations and measurements, both of which are not objectively rankable in any conceptual hierarchy, because of the incommensurability of their basic assumptions, i.e. of their knowledge bases. This intrinsically `unstable' character of accounting at a conceptual level is likely to have relevant implications, representing a major source of theoretical variety, as well as a premise for making sense of power uses of accounting within organisational settings.

In the early days, the main purpose of public sector accounting was to demonstrate the legal and contractual provision of the government. It acts as the trustee to protect and manage public moneys and discharge accountability. Fund Accounting is used and defined as the rational resource to serve as a reliable control technique for those purposes. However, developments in governmental activities in recent years have raised concerns over whether the cash basis of accounting is sufficient and whether fund accounting is still relevant for present government accounting and financial reporting in the accrual accounting environment. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to provide an extensive review of literature for current developments in governmental fund accounting. The findings of this study, through extensive literature review, shall contribute to the empirical study to be conducted in order to support the revised fund accounting model for the Federal Government in Malaysia. Thi...

Konsep laba merupakan salah satu pilar utama dalam akuntansi dan keuangan. Pemahaman yang mendalam tentang berbagai definisi, konsep, dan metode pengukuran laba sangat penting bagi berbagai pihak, termasuk investor, kreditor, manajemen perusahaan, dan regulator.
Kualitas laba menjadi fokus utama dalam analisis keuangan karena mencerminkan seberapa akurat dan dapat diandalkan laba yang dilaporkan untuk menggambarkan kinerja perusahaan. Kebijakan akuntansi yang baik berperan krusial dalam meningkatkan kualitas laba dengan memastikan konsistensi, transparansi, dan keandalan dalam pelaporan keuangan

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the institutionally driven changes impacting organizational accounting manipulation in Vietnam’s emerging transitional economy. Specifically, this study explore how Vietnamese accountants and regulators explain questionable accounting transactions and their rationalization for those practices, especially during the period of accounting system transition from Vietnamese accounting standards to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Design/methodology/approach The study uses interview-based methods involving 22 Vietnamese accountants, financial managers, audit partners and regulators. Findings This study have found dysfunctional approaches to revenue and expense recognition underpinned by institutional theory. At play is a combination of opportunities relating to weak accounting standards and organizational controls; management pressure; and a desire to avoid unwanted scrutiny from Vietnamese regulators. Research limitati...

This research examines Positive Accounting Theory and its relationship with the capital market. This theory is based on three hypotheses that underlie managerial accounting theory. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research presents an overview of the application of Positive Accounting Theory and capital market research methods. Markets are explained through economic models that include decision trees, supply and demand, and game theory, with external factors such as competitors, consumer behavior, and political and monetary policy influencing the market. In the corporate context, the application of Positive Accounting Theory varies according to the characteristics and internal conditions of the company. However, the use of positive accounting can have a significant positive impact on company sustainability as revealed in the results of previous research. Positive Accounting Theory describes social phenomena as the result of individual decision making based on rational behavior to maximize utility, especially in the context of capital markets.

Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) is an accounting theory that aims to explain and predict accounting practices carried out by companies. This theory emerged as an alternative to the normative approach which emphasizes more on what accountants should do in presenting financial information. However, PAT also received criticism related to the assumptions used in this theory. Therefore, this paper aims to review how the approach and criticism of PAT. The method used in this research is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) which is conducted by identifying, assessing, and interpreting all available research evidence regarding approaches and criticisms of PAT. The sources used in this paper are articles, books, and journals related to Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) and the criticisms raised against it. The results show that PAT has developed into a science that can be used to explain the choice of methods to be used by managers and other constituents of financial statements that can be used for decision making. However, PAT has also been criticized including issues related to research methods, methodology, and the basic assumptions underlying the theory. In conclusion, Positive Accounting

Corporate tax planning as a strategy for minimising tax liability by companies has been frequently discussed. Many discoveries have been established by previous academics regarding the determinants of company tax planning. However, accounting conservatism is infrequently discussed in the context of company tax planning. Accounting conservatism is the accounting principle that businesses employ when preparing financial statements. Since tax reporting is dependent on audited financial statements, the choice of accounting principle impacts tax strategy. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to examine the accounting conservatism patterns discussed by previous researchers. Using ATLAS.ti 22, the results report a thematic review analysis of the literature on accounting conservatism and taxation from 2000 to 2022. Keyword searches yielded 123 and 124 articles, respectively, in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Nonetheless, only 22 articles were included for the analysis after bei...

The objective of the study is to review the recent development in Accounting education and Accounting practice. The qualitative and library research was employed for the study. The study found that it has been found that the current accounting courses offered by several Nigerian universities are insufficient in meeting the labor market needs. Also found further that there is a significant disparity exists between employers and educators regarding the importance of graduate skills. It is therefore concluded that there should be a stronger relationship and collaboration among accounting practitioners, policymakers, and academic researchers are vital for shaping the future of accounting work and determining the type of accounting that will be practiced and studied. The study recommended that it is the responsibility of universities to establish a robust educational foundation for professional accounting training and it is imperative to reintroduce compulsory internship programs before graduation, similar to the practices in other professions like law and medicine.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the institutionally driven changes impacting organizational accounting manipulation in Vietnam’s emerging transitional economy. Specifically, this study explore how Vietnamese accountants and regulators explain questionable accounting transactions and their rationalization for those practices, especially during the period of accounting system transition from Vietnamese accounting standards to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Design/methodology/approach The study uses interview-based methods involving 22 Vietnamese accountants, financial managers, audit partners and regulators. Findings This study have found dysfunctional approaches to revenue and expense recognition underpinned by institutional theory. At play is a combination of opportunities relating to weak accounting standards and organizational controls; management pressure; and a desire to avoid unwanted scrutiny from Vietnamese regulators. Research limitati...

The purpose of this study is to question the basic assumption of the higher value relevance (meaning its superior ability to represent the value of assets and liabilities) of the International Accounting Standard (IAS-IFRS), as compared to Italian accounting practices. Value relevance refers to the vast literature which investigates if and how financial data includes useful information for investors; in other words, if it represents a robust basis for their investment decisions. Analyzing both Anglo-Saxon and other European countries, the literature shows a heterogeneous scenario and divergent results. Unlike previous studies, this study links market and book values by means of the price to book value ratio, considering a sample of Italian listed companies on the Mercato Telematico Azionario, the main segment of the Italian Stock Exchange. Moreover, to strengthen the empirical results the research takes into account a longer period (1996-2015), bearing in mind the change in Italian ...

PurposeThe authors illustrate accounting information's effects in terms of necessity and sufficiency, using a set-theoretic approach, and highlight how the approach complements conventional correlational analyses.Design/methodology/approachThe authors examine the relationship between accounting numbers (accounting information) and stock prices (effect) under both correlational and set-theoretic perspectives using a value relevance methodology.FindingsThe claim that accounting information is significantly correlated to an outcome does not inform the accounting information's necessity or sufficiency. In addition, findings suggest that not all control variables that are significantly correlated to a supposed accounting effect are necessary to explain that effect. Moreover, variables reflecting accounting information are not individually sufficient to explain the effect under investigation.Research limitations/implicationsThe study contributes to set-theoretic approach to accoun...

This article aims to discuss the use of grounded theory approach in qualitative research in accounting and management. Development of accounting theory one of them done with accounting research. Qualitative research can use grounded theory as a great tool that researchers can use to collect and analyze empirical data. Using the literature study, it was found that grounded theory has been used in accounting and management research such as budgeting, corporate governance, e-commerce, organizational control, information systems and behavior accounting. Grounded theory is particularly apt to unmask and understand what lies behindthe phenomenon of something relatively newly known.

This paper critically examines the basic tenets of positive accounting theory. We subject the language of Watts and Zimmerman's 1986 definition of positive accounting theory to the activity of proof reading, in accordance with Derrida's concept of deconstruction. We highlight traces of "logocentrism" in the words of the Rochester School and question them on their presuppositions and conclus ions. The description of these discourse characteristics in regard to the audience to which it is addressed makes it possible to draw theoretical conclusions on the ideological import according to Marx. The article is founded on a review of the critical literature of accounting, making use explicitly or implicitly of Derrida's theory of deconstruction.

This article investigates economic determinants that may affect multiple accounting method choices made by Swiss listed companies. It intends to make a contribution to the accounting choice literature for at least four reasons. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to investigate the economic determinants of Swiss accounting method choices. Second, Swiss firms provide an interesting sample for testing accounting method choices because they can choose from a much wider range of accounting methods than their American counterparts. Third, this study examines the balance sheet effect as well as the income statement effect. Lastly, multiple accounting methods are used instead of individual choices. The empirical results exhibit that income‐accelerating accounting method choices is positively associated with the recourse to bank and private loans, the extent of assets specificity and the ownership dilution of the firm and negatively with labour force. Additionally, firms that select ...

The demand for accounting graduates to fulfill the corporate needs is increasing from day to day. Education is a platform to prepare them to face challenging roles of the profession. It is believe that most accounting corporate scandals and crisis occurred due to lack of ethical values exercised by accounting talents in carrying their duties and responsibilities. This is crucial to ensure that the entity is continuously operating within the bounds of the Islamic Syariah while delivering on its socioeconomic and religious objectives to the Muslim users and society at large. Therefore, this study discusses the findings of related literatures on ethical values in accounting education particularly from Islamic perspectives. Two scholars from accounting education, a local accreditation agency (A.A) and a local accounting institution (A.I) were interviewed to get feedbacks on rationalizing the integration of Islamic values in accounting education particularly for Malaysian accounting educ...

This study aims to explain the definition rather than accounting theory, in this case, it is more focused on normative accounting theory and positive accounting theory. The author uses various sources, both from previous research journals and from articles on the internet. The conclusion of this research is that theory is often used as the basis for an action or practice. The development of accounting theory was initiated by the writings of Patton and Littleton (1940) entitled An Introduction to Corporate Accounting Standards. The result of normative accounting theory is a statement or proposition that requires or requires in accounting practice, normative accounting theory focuses on prescriptions (norms) and is not intended for theory development. While positive accounting theory seeks to explain and predict phenomena related to accounting. By using an approach that comes from positivism, empirical accounting research is developed to support and justify various accounting methods or practices in the real world. There are four periods of accounting theory, starting with the Pre-Theory period from 1492-1800. Then continued with the Pragmatic accounting period (general scientific period) from 1800-1955. The period 1956-1970 is labeled the 'normative period'. The last is the period of positive accounting theory from 1970 to the present.

Accounting as a field of scientific inquiry has evolved over time with differences in methodologies being deployed for various topics. This papers looks at the various accounting methodologies in use, how they have developed over the years and the reasons why writers seem to favour some methodologies over others.. The approach was a desk review of papers and academic works which revealed that the quantitative methodology is the most widely used in accounting research due to its wide acceptability by publishers though this pure approach inures less practicality of the findings and recommendations. The recommendation is for a close marriage between quantitative and qualitative research methodologies for accounting research papers as a means of generating greater research benefits to society and promoting which will attract support from industry in bridging the practical essence gap. It was a paper written in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD in Accounting degree at the Atlantic International University

En el ámbito de la investigación contable conviven actualmente distintas miradas sobre la contabilidad y lo que ella representa: la Teoría Contable Positiva, y agrupadas bajo el nombre de corriente Crítico-Interpretativa: la perspectiva interpretativa y la crítica. Estas visiones encuentran su correlato en las diferentes manifestaciones de la Teoría social moderna. A partir del análisis de las mencionadas posturas se concluye que, heredera del positivismo como teoría social, la teoría positiva presentará a la contabilidad como una práctica que se puede explicar y predecir, y que buscará en la empiria la validez de sus enunciados como vía para construir teorías sólidas. La corriente crítica interpretativa, en cambio, hunde sus bases en la hermeneútica y en la escuela crítica, y presenta a la contabilidad como un conjunto de prácticas con significación que afectan el mundo y la realidad social, como consecuencia de ello se está frente a una tecnología vital para el desarrollo de las r...

Riset akuntansi yang berkaitan dengan tata kelola perusahaan dan manajemen laba mengacu pada teori akuntansi positif dan teori agensi. Sebagian besar hasil studi empiris menunjukkan bahwa implementasi tata kelola perusaaan yang baik (good corporate governance) berdampak negatif terhadap praktik manajemen laba. Praktik manajemen laba yang berlebihan berdampak negatif terhadap kredibilitas laporan keuangan dari sudut pandang pengguna seperti investor, kreditor dan stakeholders lainnya. Praktik GCG dan manajemen laba berkaitan dengan masalah-masalah perilaku, karena itu metode penelitian kualitatif menjadi alternatif solusi dalam penelitian-penelitian yang berkaitan dengan perilaku.

Businesses, organizations, and even more governments are strongly related with information provided by accounting in order for CEO's or managers and even more members of parliament to make decisions. Financial statements which contain multiple criteria, and how managers or shareholders treat them influence the decisionmaking of organizations and all types of businesses, public and private. Auditing financial statements ensures their reliability and validity. Both lenders and borrowers must choose the right set of debt covenants to minimize risk from their respective perspectives. It is critical to use and select debt covenants in relation to the side of interest. For instance, in past decades, financial covenants based on balance sheet variables are more likely in debt contracting. Nowadays, the trend of choosing a batch of covenants in contracting changed. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between changing the Greek direction and accounting standard setting. Greek accounting standards are moving away from "old-fashioned" book-and record-keeping standards. This was a great change that took place in 2015, and since then, new notions of accounting practice have been introduced. Fair value, net realizable value, present value, cash equivalents, and useful economic life are some concepts that were first used in accounting the process in Greek economy. Changes were massive and everyone involved with accounting, financial statements, and the way they were introduced should change the way they are analyzed. We hypothesized that this significant shift in accounting standard setting reduces the value of analyzing balance sheets in debt contracting. Since 2015, balance sheet-based covenants started to vanish, especially from private debt contracting. We tried to correlate borrowers and their likelihood in using balance sheet-based covenants. The correlation between the change in accounting standard setting and the concurrent change in trend of choosing accounting-based covenants in debt contracting is being investigated. The results are consistent with our hypothesis. A mechanism that separates multiple covenants and correlates them with significant debt characteristics will be an innovative tool for managers and credit institutions, as well as a more definite way of auditing, for instance, by digitalizing it, which will be a great tool for everyone involved in businesses.

Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) is an accounting theory that aims to explain and predict accounting practices carried out by companies. This theory emerged as an alternative to the normative approach which emphasizes more on what accountants should do in presenting financial information. However, PAT also received criticism related to the assumptions used in this theory. Therefore, this paper aims to review how the approach and criticism of PAT. The method used in this research is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) which is conducted by identifying, assessing, and interpreting all available research evidence regarding approaches and criticisms of PAT. The sources used in this paper are articles, books, and journals related to Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) and the criticisms raised against it. The results show that PAT has developed into a science that can be used to explain the choice of methods to be used by managers and other constituents of financial statements that can be used for decision making. However, PAT has also been criticized including issues related to research methods, methodology, and the basic assumptions underlying the theory. In conclusion, Positive Accounting

Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) is an accounting theory that aims to explain and predict accounting practices carried out by companies. This theory emerged as an alternative to the normative approach which emphasizes more on what accountants should do in presenting financial information. However, PAT also received criticism related to the assumptions used in this theory. Therefore, this paper aims to review how the approach and criticism of PAT. The method used in this research is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) which is conducted by identifying, assessing, and interpreting all available research evidence regarding approaches and criticisms of PAT. The sources used in this paper are articles, books, and journals related to Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) and the criticisms raised against it. The results show that PAT has developed into a science that can be used to explain the choice of methods to be used by managers and other constituents of financial statements that can be used for decision making. However, PAT has also been criticized including issues related to research methods, methodology, and the basic assumptions underlying the theory. In conclusion, Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) has had a significant impact on accounting practice, but keep in mind that this theory also has limitations and has been criticized by some parties. This paper provides an in-depth insight into the approaches and criticisms of Positive Accounting Theory (PAT), as well as highlighting the importance of critical evaluation of accounting theory in the development of accounting science as a whole.
Keywords: positive accounting theory, normative accounting theory, critique.

Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) is an accounting theory that aims to explain and predict accounting practices carried out by companies. This theory emerged as an alternative to the normative approach which emphasizes more on what accountants should do in presenting financial information. However, PAT also received criticism related to the assumptions used in this theory. Therefore, this paper aims to review how the approach and criticism of PAT. The method used in this research is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) which is conducted by identifying, assessing, and interpreting all available research evidence regarding approaches and criticisms of PAT. The sources used in this paper are articles, books, and journals related to Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) and the criticisms raised against it. The results show that PAT has developed into a science that can be used to explain the choice of methods to be used by managers and other constituents of financial statements that can be used for decision making. However, PAT has also been criticized including issues related to research methods, methodology, and the basic assumptions underlying the theory. In conclusion, Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) has had a significant impact on accounting practice, but keep in mind that this theory also has limitations and has been criticized by some parties. This paper provides an in-depth insight into the approaches and criticisms of Positive Accounting Theory (PAT), as well as highlighting the importance of critical evaluation of accounting theory in the development of accounting science as a whole.
Keywords: positive accounting theory, normative accounting theory, critique.

Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) is an accounting theory that aims to explain and predict accounting practices carried out by companies. This theory emerged as an alternative to the normative approach which emphasizes more on what accountants should do in presenting financial information. However, PAT also received criticism related to the assumptions used in this theory. Therefore, this paper aims to review how the approach and criticism of PAT. The method used in this research is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) which is conducted by identifying, assessing, and interpreting all available research evidence regarding approaches and criticisms of PAT. The sources used in this paper are articles, books, and journals related to Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) and the criticisms raised against it. The results show that PAT has developed into a science that can be used to explain the choice of methods to be used by managers and other constituents of financial statements that can be used for decision making. However, PAT has also been criticized including issues related to research methods, methodology, and the basic assumptions underlying the theory. In conclusion, Positive Accounting

Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) is an accounting theory that aims to explain and predict accounting practices carried out by companies. This theory emerged as an alternative to the normative approach which emphasizes more on what accountants should do in presenting financial information. However, PAT also received criticism related to the assumptions used in this theory. Therefore, this paper aims to review how the approach and criticism of PAT. The method used in this research is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) which is conducted by identifying, assessing, and interpreting all available research evidence regarding approaches and criticisms of PAT. The sources used in this paper are articles, books, and journals related to Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) and the criticisms raised against it. The results show that PAT has developed into a science that can be used to explain the choice of methods to be used by managers and other constituents of financial statements that can be used for decision making. However, PAT has also been criticized including issues related to research methods, methodology, and the basic assumptions underlying the theory. In conclusion, Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) has had a significant impact on accounting practice, but keep in mind that this theory also has limitations and has been criticized by some parties. This paper provides an in-depth insight into the approaches and criticisms of Positive Accounting Theory (PAT), as well as highlighting the importance of critical evaluation of accounting theory in the development of accounting science as a whole.

Keywords: positive accounting theory, normative accounting theory, critique.

An accounting method known as "sustainability accounting" takes into consideration how business operations affect society, the environment, and the economy. Stakeholder theory serves as a crucial basis for the application of sustainability accounting, which requires businesses to take stakeholders' interests into consideration when making decisions. This theory places a strong emphasis on the value of businesses' relationships with stakeholders and the role that stakeholders play in the decision-making process. The objective of this review is to evaluate the numerous research projects that have been carried out concerning the application of stakeholder theory in sustainable accounting. It is anticipated that the study's findings will help people comprehend the significance of applying stakeholder theory to sustainability accounting and will offer suggestions for businesses looking to improve their sustainability accounting procedures.

This research examines Positive Accounting Theory and its relationship with the capital market. This theory is based on three hypotheses that underlie managerial accounting theory. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research presents an overview of the application of Positive Accounting Theory and capital market research methods. Markets are explained through economic models that include decision trees, supply and demand, and game theory, with external factors such as competitors, consumer behavior, and political and monetary policy influencing the market. In the corporate context, the application of Positive Accounting Theory varies according to the characteristics and internal conditions of the company. However, the use of positive accounting can have a significant positive impact on company sustainability as revealed in the results of previous research. Positive Accounting Theory describes social phenomena as the result of individual decision making based on rational behavior to maximize utility, especially in the context of capital markets.

This research examines Positive Accounting Theory and its relationship with the capital market. This theory is based on three hypotheses that underlie managerial accounting theory. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research presents an overview of the application of Positive Accounting Theory and capital market research methods. Markets are explained through economic models that include decision trees, supply and demand, and game theory, with external factors such as competitors, consumer behavior, and political and monetary policy influencing the market. In the corporate context, the application of Positive Accounting Theory varies according to the characteristics and internal conditions of the company. However, the use of positive accounting can have a significant positive impact on company sustainability as revealed in the results of previous research. Positive Accounting Theory describes social phenomena as the result of individual decision making based on rational behavior to maximize utility, especially in the context of capital markets.

This paper sought to study the reasons that explain why has a telecommunications operator (called Marconi) changed its traditional management accounting systems (MAS) and replaced it with activity-based costing (ABC). The paper relied on qualitative data collected through a longitudinal and in-depth case study in the telecommunications sector. The investigation was informed by new institutional sociology (NIS) insights. The study evidenced that Marconi adopted ABC in order to fulfil its constituencies' expectations of efficiency created with the reorganisation of the Portuguese telecommunications sector and the introduction of competition in the market. Furthermore, the paper contests the managerial emphasis that ABC has been subject to and claims that social accounting theories, such as institutionalism, should be adopted by management accounting researchers in order to achieve a deeper understanding of the 'ABC phenomenon'.

This paper sought to study the reasons that explain why has a telecommunications operator (called Marconi) changed its traditional management accounting systems (MAS) and replaced it with activity-based costing (ABC). The paper relied on qualitative data collected through a longitudinal and in-depth case study in the telecommunications sector. The investigation was informed by new institutional sociology (NIS) insights. The study evidenced that Marconi adopted ABC in order to fulfil its constituencies’ expectations of efficiency created with the reorganisation of the Portuguese telecommunications sector and the introduction of competition in the market. Furthermore, the paper contests the managerial emphasis that ABC has been subject to and claims that social accounting theories, such as institutionalism, should be adopted by management accounting researchers in order to achieve a deeper understanding of the ‘ABC phenomenon’.

There are many consequences in creative accounting. In an economic perspective, creative accounting is influenced by economic framework that aims for self-interset. This can only be done if it does not conflict with Generally Acceptable Accounting Principles (GAAP). Creative accounting is triggered by the pressure that the entities must be in profit to attract investors and resources. But this is more directed at deception or fraud in accounting practices. Is creative accounting is illegal or could be justified. Perceptions of creative accounting is still a thing that the pros and cons. Creative accounting is applied by the company because of some conditions, such as variations in accounting principles, in the context of the application of aggressive accounting principles (aggressive accounting), in the context of earnings management, financial reporting that really distorted (outright fraudulent financial reporting).

ABSTRAK Ada banyak cara yang dapat dilakukan oleh manajer dan akuntan untuk mempengaruhi pelaporan keuangan dalam suatu unit organisasi, salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan manajemen laba, namun Tindakan manajemen laba bisa dikaitkan dengan perilaku etika seseorang. Tujuan pertama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji apakah ada perbedaan keberterimaan etika antara akademisi dan praktisi. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk mengelompokkan beberapa kejadian ekonomi ke dalam faktor manajemen laba. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah Praktisi dan Akademisi di bidang akuntansi. Sampel dipilih dengan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil analisis menggunakan Anova membuktikan bahwa terdapat perbedaan keberterimaan etika yang signifikan diantara tiga kelompok responden (akademisi S1, akademisi S2, dan Praktisi). Praktisi menganggap bahwa tindakan manajemen laba sebagai suatu tindakan yang cukup etis, sedangkan akademisi menganggap bahwa perilaku manajemen laba sebagai suatu ...

2009 Ohio Regional Meeting. Being encouraged by such a scholar means a lot to me. Showing an interest in my dissertation's topic was a great encouragement to me. It was a unique pleasure to meet him and have conversations about the state of accounting academia. Special thanks are due to Patricia Petty for the many things she has done for me. I cannot forget her help and support. I wish her the very best.

Research Question: Whether accounting research has been in a better status after the domination of Rochester School of Accountancy's Positive Accounting Methodology. Motivation: This study revisits the debate of the validity of Rochester school of accountancy's positive methodology. Rochester school of accountancy's positive accounting research has properly identified the assumed imaginary need of the US market. While positive accounting methodology may not be scientific under various accounts for science, it has contributed to accounting methodologically.

Although the other contributors generally agree with what I have written in my article, I think that the following statement by Basu and Waymire (2017) summarizes the relationship between my article and the subsequent essays and comments in the best way: "Braun (2017) ignores the contracting use of accounting principles because he abstracts away from all stewardship, accountability and contracting issues." I would like to explain briefly my perspective on this matter. The reason why I became interested in questions of financial accounting as an outsider stemmed from my research on capital and entrepreneurship. I wanted to augment my knowledge about economic calculation with how it occurs in actual business life. While studying the relevant literature, I learned that there are basically two competing approaches to financial accounting. My impression was that their respective theoretical foundations differed strongly in character. The balance-sheet approach is based or at least is closely related to today's neoclassical economics. The adherents of the revenue-expense approach, on the other hand, do not systematically rely on a coherent theoretical system; the American institutionalism and the German historical school that could serve as a proper foundation (Biondi, 2013) live in the shadow nowadays. Here and there I found some short remarks on the relationship between Prospect Theory and the principles of historical costs and conservatism that sounded promising to me, yet had not been elaborated at greater length. That is the gap in the literature that I thought needed to be filled and that led me to write the article even though I was well aware of my status as a non-specialist. Basu and Waymire are therefore correct in their statement quoted at the outset of this short rejoinder when they point out the limitations of my article. I welcome the important and necessary comments and criticisms, made by several renowned accounting theorists included in this volume. I would also like to use this opportunity to thank all contributors for applying so much effort to clarifying and shaping those issues that I covered only unsatisfactorily or not at all. Whereas I made a general point about the relationship between neoclassical economics and the balancesheet approach, Baker (2017) adds his knowledge of the current state of the accounting regulations which are (as yet) far from following the balance-sheet approach completely. Baker also provides some historical perspective by referring to the discussion of the two approaches to financial accounting in the German Reich. Tang (2017) adds the idea that the choice between the balance-sheet and the revenue-expense approaches depends on the function that accounting is to serve. If we need periodic information on either the value or performance of a firm in the capital markets, the balance-sheet approach will be, under certain conditions, the appropriate choice. Basu and Waymire (2017), like Tang, point out where and how far fair-value accounting could be the better choice in certain situations. Furthermore, Basu and Waymire push the arguments that I assembled and elaborated in my article further by introducing firm-specific issues like internal quasi-prices. Saito and Fukui (2017) provide of course a totally independent attempt to analyze and criticize the influence of neoclassical economics on the regulations and standards of financial accounting. They make powerful arguments for considering the concept of income as more than a mere byproduct of the measurement of assets and liabilities. I am deeply grateful to the contributors and appreciate all their comments, approving or critical, and accept them entirely. The only point that I do not want to leave undiscussed is Baker's claim that the combination of the ideas of evolution and progress led to the terrible tragedies of the twentieth century:

Every profession has a historical background “traditional heritage upon which all contemporary practice is based” (Murphy, 2016, p.131). In accounting this heritage is reflected in the lives of the practitioners who fought against unethical doing and worked hard to develop the profession (Murphy, 2016). “Members of the profession of public accountancy owe a deep debt of gratitude to the predecessors.... who advanced its principles and techniques” (Murphy, 2016, p.131). Accounting was significantly renovated by the influential works of accounting writers between 1900 to 1920 (Previts, 1972). Preclassical writers searched for a proper epistemology and started a series of definitional investigations (Previts, 1972). This period of preclassical accountants’ work shaped and influenced the later work of classical accountants (Previts, 1972).


Classical accountants are credited for their early attempts at formulation of accounting principles (Previts, 1972). This noticeable achievement clearly distinguished them from accounting earlier thinkers (Previts, 1972). While there is a clear separation between the two groups, classical accountants were greatly affected by preclassical writers (Previts, 1972). Preclassical accountants were a valuable source for financial accounting thought and furnished the foundation for classical accountants to develop formal accounting principles (Previts, 1972). In fact, throughout the preclassical period, accounting thought developed to the level it can be called a body of accounting knowledge (Previts, 1972).

Little did I realize when I prepared the paper on recovering accounting, that I would have to defend it against the formidable commentaries of Professors Singh, Macintosh, and Walker. Had I known that, I might not have designed them to provoke quite as much as they have. Fortunately, as so often happens when three perspectives converge on a single object, each perspective provides the objects' rejoinders to the other perspectives. I know I could not write a better reply to Professor Walker than that provided by Professor Macintosh, who hoisted me by my own petard, and Professor Singh provides the significant piece missing from the other three comments. My replies to many of the points made by the three commentators have been made elsewhere, at much greater length than space here permits. I hope some persons reading this will check them out (

This is a review that seeks to identify and critically analyze major emerging problems in accounting theory and practice. The paper also describes the benefits and challenges of adopting and applying the key themes. Additionally, this paper strives to recommend some viable solutions on how to address the challenges associated with each emerging problem. Methodology: Methodology: Several journal articles and other scholarly literature from databases and directories such as Google Scholar, JSTOR, Ebsco Host and ScienceDirect were the main sources of literature on this emerging topic in accounting. Findings: The survey considers the following as some of the most important emerging issues in accounting and the accounting profession. Cloud-based technology in accounting. automated accounting; outsourcing of accounting functions; Changes in accounting standards. forensic accounting; value-based accounting; big data accounting; blockchain technology in accounting; accounting with artificial intelligence; impact of Covid-19 on accounting practices and accounting professionals. Originality/Value: This paper is the result of a literature review on emerging accounting issues. This paper provides essential knowledge as business organizations seek to adapt to the new accounting regime. Knowledge and skills acquired by outlining major emerging issues in accounting. This study, through its findings, contributes to key determinants in choosing some of the new methods of performing accounting and financial functions.