Non Financial Measures

Managing performance is quite easy, but sustaining that performance is the real challenge for organizations in the 21st century. Hence, the research’s main objective is to examine the impact of high-performance work system on sustainable organizational success in small and medium business (SMEs). Moreover, for global business organizations to succeed innovation must be involved. Therefore, the study is mediated by the Innovative work behaviour. Data were obtained among 820 SME employees in Nigeria. The Analysis used Partial Least Square (PLS) to check the hypothesis. In order to introduce creativity or inspire workers to behave innovatively in the workplace, they need a sense of well-being to actively engage employee organisations. This research will allow managers to agree to invest in workers so that employees work successfully and display creative actions in order to achieve sustainable organisation. This study adds to the scientific management literature by exploring the phenome...

Objective
With the rapid growth of the economy and the expanding role of the private sector, financial markets have gained increased importance. Among the factors influencing the efficiency of financial markets, how information is disseminated to various stakeholders plays a crucial role. The method of information transfer stands as a key component in shaping the efficiency of capital markets. Management Commentary (MC), serving as a supplementary report to companies' financial statements, holds a pivotal role in enhancing capital market transparency through the disclosure of both financial and non-financial information. The objective of this research is to formulate an MC framework and subject it to experimental testing utilizing quantitative data. It is to introduce, for the first time, an MC framework specifically tailored to the context of Iran.

Methods
This study adopts a mixed research methodology. Initially, qualitative content analysis was utilized, involving the comprehensive review of documents and studies pertaining to the IFRS Foundation in the domain of Management Commentary (MC), along with other relevant guidelines and reporting frameworks. This systematic examination facilitated the construction of the initial MC reporting framework and the formulation of pertinent hypotheses. Subsequently, to adapt and present the MC reporting framework in the Iranian context, survey data, obtained through a researcher-designed questionnaire, was collected. Each sub-category of the reporting framework was assessed and ranked using the one-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with the final ranking determined based on Friedman's test

Objective
Sustainability auditing is a systematic and independent process for evaluating an organization's performance in various areas of sustainability, including environmental, social, and economic aspects. The purpose of this type of audit is to identify the organization's strengths and weaknesses in these areas, provide solutions to improve performance, and ensure compliance with legal requirements and international standards. This qualitative research aims to present a sustainability audit model in the retail industry.

Methodology
This study applies the Cranhelm and Gold-Kohl multiple-database method. Its participants include academic experts in auditing and accounting, as well as representatives from private-sector retail companies, selected through a theoretical sampling method. A semi-structured interview approach was employed to identify the key categories of the sustainability audit model within the retail industry. Using this method, in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 auditing and accounting experts, through which the necessary data were collected.

is a challenge for every organization, regardless of the industry in which it operates and the nature of its business. Therefore, organizations need to constantly keep an updated performance measurement system that constantly reflects the levels of performance output and identifies any gaps that interrupt the system. However, the service industry is more vulnerable and more competitive than other industries. More specifically, the small and medium business (SMEs) are facing a greater challenge in sustaining performance because of the lack of management expertise or resources (

Objective
Since 2022, the implementation of Audit Standard No. 701, titled "Communication of Key Audit Matters" in the Independent Auditor's Report, has been mandatory in Iran. According to this standard, the auditors must communicate their judgment regarding what constitutes a Key Audit Matter (KAM). Given the judgmental nature of the disclosure of the client's Key Audit Matters by the auditor, the importance of this issue lies in whether the matters outlined in Standards 701, 706, and 570 are sufficiently clear and appropriate for auditors to classify the identified issues correctly as KAMs, emphasis-of-matter paragraphs, or going concern uncertainties. This research examines the adequacy and accuracy of classifying the requirements of Audit Standard 701 (disclosure of Key Audit Matters) in comparison to Standard 706 (emphasis-of-matter and other explanatory paragraphs in the Independent Auditor's Report) and Standard 570 (going concern).
Methods
This applied research is based on a survey of members of the Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants (IACPA). The study employs a cross-sectional method with a sample size of 128 auditors and utilizes a researcher-developed questionnaire. The collected data is analyzed using the Z-test to assess auditors' confusion in interpreting and accurately classifying the issues outlined in the aforementioned standards.

The importance of sustainability and the need for transparent, comparable performance reports have grown significantly. Companies are increasingly recognizing the necessity of sustainability reporting to offer valuable insights into their economic, social, and environmental impact. Sustainability reporting is also essential for building trust with stakeholders, including investors, customers, employees, and the broader community. Therefore, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the information presented in sustainability reports has become a fundamental concern for organizations. Sustainability reporting enables companies to identify and address sustainability risks, manage their profits more effectively, improve their international rankings, and foster global interactions. Furthermore, the comparability of accounting information allows stakeholders to discern differences and similarities in financial data, facilitating more informed decision-making processes. These aspects are vital for maintaining continuous profitability in corporations. Consequently, this study aims to provide empirical evidence on the impact of sustainability reporting disclosure and the comparability of accounting information on profit sustainability in companies listed in the Iranian capital market.

Objective
The transition toward International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has emphasized the role of fair value in financial reporting. To determine fair value in financial reports, preparers rely on observable market-based inputs and unobservable inputs derived from the reporting entity’s assumptions. Given the extensive reliance on professional judgment in determining fair value, particularly following the approval of Iranian Accounting Standard No. 42, and the lack of operational guidelines for its implementation, this study aims to develop a systematic framework for professional judgment in fair value measurement to enhance the preparation of financial information in Iran.
Methods
This study utilized a combination of systematic literature review and fieldwork methods. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 10 Iranian accounting and auditing experts from four groups—valuers, auditors, preparers, and regulators—conducted between the beginning and end of August 2023. Additionally, a structured questionnaire based on fuzzy logic was administered to 30 experts from the same groups, and the Delphi method was applied to analyze the results. The Best-Worst Method (BWM) was also used to assess the significance and prioritize the components of the framework with input from 8 experts. The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was employed to compare the views of the four groups, and follow-up interviews with 5 experts were conducted to evaluate the internal validity of the findings.

There are two distinct perspectives regarding the impact of real earnings smoothing on labor investment efficiency through its effect on information asymmetry. On one hand, based on signaling theory, real earnings smoothing can reduce information asymmetry and enhance labor investment efficiency. On the other hand, the opportunistic managerial view highlights the opposite effect. Given this context, the present study aims to investigate the impact of real earnings smoothing on labor investment efficiency, with information asymmetry acting as a mediating variable.

Objective: Despite the production and organization of a lot of cultural and social information in the country, students avoid this information. The purpose of this research was to identify the causes and factors of avoiding this type of information among the country's students and also to design a theoretical model of information avoidance behavior. It is cultural and social information among students. Methodology: This qualitative research was conducted using the grounded theory approach. It was done with detailed semi-structured interview method. The samples included 12 students in different academic levels of the country's universities. In the sampling, we tried to select students who have a brief knowledge of cultural and social information. The data of the six components were extracted during three stages of coding from interviews, open coding, central coding, and selective coding with the help of MaxQD software version 2020. Findings: 526 primary codes were extracted from the open coding, 77 codes were extracted from the core coding, and 23 core categories were extracted from the selective coding. In the resulting model, the causal conditions of avoiding scientific and cultural information were: cognitive causes, psychological causes skill, cultural and social causes and invasive causes. Also, resource infrastructure, political factors, socio-cultural factors, environmental factors of the university, information system, educational system, and the attitude and approaches of the university are the interfering conditions of this information behavior. The background conditions of this information behavior were: background knowledge of information, background knowledge of the person, nature and characteristics of information and information source, information models and policies, and the cost of information. And favoring intellectual and intellectual information and disfavoring instinctive information, helping comprehensive growth and preventing one-dimensional growth and development of students, increasing comprehensive analysis of the state of oneself and the country, cultural and social development of students, cultural self-confidence and lack of orientation towards culture It was alien to the strategies resulting from this interview. Conclusion: Considering the impact of cultural and social information on the growth and development of students and the prevalence of information avoidance behavior among students, by knowing this behavior and coping strategies, the harms and negative effects of this behavior can be created with factors such as explaining the value of cultural information. The feeling of needing this type of information, reforming the educational system, and preventing the one-dimensional growth of students can be reduced by requiring the consumption of cultural data, improving the quality of information and the information platform (information system), and removing behavioral inertia against the flow of cultural information.

In recent years, the value of auditing, the role played by auditors, and the quality of communication between auditors and the users of their reports, have been criticized. For this reason, significant legislative reforms have been adopted to restore market confidence and strengthen credibility in audit services. Accordingly, to improve the informative value of the auditor reports, the 701 international auditing standard was implemented. Since December 2016, certain criteria have been established to communicate key audit matters to corporate governance stakeholders (management) and to disclose them in the auditor's report. In Iran, this standard was adopted in 2021, and the revisions became effective for auditing financial statements for periods ending on or after March 21, 2022. This paper aims to identify the key audit matters disclosed in the independent auditor's reports during the inaugural year of the implementation of the 701 audit standard. Furthermore, it seeks to analyze the factors influencing the quantity of key audit matters disclosed in the auditor's reports for the fiscal year concluding on March 20, 2023.

The foundation of accounting knowledge has always been to provide essential information for users to make informed economic decisions. However, evidence suggests that the standards derived from the current policy-making process prevalent in accounting fail to be notably effective in providing valuable information for decision-making, especially for investors. The primary cause of this inefficiency and ineffectiveness in accounting policy-making stems from the dependence on linear reasoning. The policymaking process in accounting is plagued by an array of contradictions, disorders, repetitions, challenges, and provisional agreements among groups without a logical and unified framework. This research aims to analyze the content of the policy-making process in accounting and present a novel approach to rectify this process and strategically guide it towards fulfilling its objectives in light of the chaos theory. Methods This study adopts a mixed-methods research approach. Initially, content analysis was employed to extract components affecting patterns in the policy-making process. Specialized questionnaires tailored to these identified components were subsequently distributed to gather the opinions of experts. These questionnaires were crafted to evaluate both the prevailing policy-making process in accounting and the decisionmaking behaviors of accounting information users, especially those of investors. The statistical population consists of certified accounting experts, i.e., practicing auditors

Objective Considering the importance of sustainability in Islam, Islamic companies can play an important role in sustainable development by adhering to sustainability requirements and sustainability reporting. In Islam, there are valuable concepts for sustainability. While some authors have explored corporate sustainability reporting from an Islamic perspective, a comprehensive model that incorporates Islamic teachings alongside conventional frameworks is yet to be developed. In this regard, this research aims to present a model for identifying the key elements of corporate sustainability reporting with an emphasis on Islamic principles and values to gauge the Islamic companies sustainability activities disclosure level, including Iranian companies.

Objective Disclosure of strategy in annual reports by companies is a method of transmitting information related to the performance of the company's strategy and its effects on stakeholders, and identifying the drivers and factors affecting it is considered important due to the important role of this type of reporting in making correct and informed decisions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the drivers of strategy disclosure in the companies' annual reports. Revealing a company's corporate strategy to the public is seen as reliable because managers prioritize safeguarding their reputation. This commitment to transparency encourages a company's leadership to make meaningful investments in the strategy. While disclosing forward-looking statements, like the progress of business strategies' implementation, in annual reports offers insight into the company's direction from management to financial analysts, it can also entail certain costs by potentially harming the company's competitive position.

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Introduction: Stock analysts are active intermediaries in financial markets. They give advice on buying, maintaining or selling stocks based on different information analysis. The way in which environmental information is included in the evaluation models of analysts has not been clearly defined so far. <br />Method: This research is a field survey and it is applicable in terms of its purpose. In order to measure the importance, priority and the main reason of giving attention (or lack of attention) to any of the environmental indices announced by the Global Reporting Initiative, 64 investment managers active in investment funds under the supervision of the Tehran Stock Exchange filled in the questionnaires in 2007 and their responses were examined using one-sample, binomial and Friedman tests. <br />Results: The results of the research reveal that raw materials and energy indices mostly matter to the analysts and the main reason of paying attention to these standards is...

Objective: The purpose of this research is to design and empirically test a model for determining instances of disclosure in the management commentary (MC) in Iran. To the best of its author's knowledge, this study can be characterized as a practical one for the first time in the world. Methods: This piece of research adopted a mixed research method (a combination of qualitative and quantitative data). First, the research model's disclosure instances were identified qualitatively. Then, they were tested quantitatively. In the qualitative part, appropriate disclosure instances regarding the six content elements of MC were identified using qualitative content analysis via conducting a review of the extant reporting guidelines and frameworks, MC of companies, and the latest findings of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Foundation. In the quantitative part, to localize disclosure instances based on the information needs of the financial reports' main users, the relevant data were collected through a survey method using a questionnaire from the view of investors and creditors. The investors were individual investors and investment experts working in investment companies, investment funds, portfolio management companies, and brokerages, in 2021. The creditors included lenders to the companies. In this research, the opinions of credit experts of Iranian banks familiar with the MC and also involved in the financing of companies were obtained. In the following, descriptive statistics, demographic variables, and the Kolomogorov-Smirnov test were used. The onesample Wilcoxon signed rank test and Friedman's test were next used to determine the final disclosure instances and to rank them, respectively. Also, the confirmatory factor analysis technique, based on SEM-PLS, was used to verify the disclosure instances and to evaluate the research model. Consequently, the final research model was presented. Results: Based on the findings of the qualitative part of the research, 88 disclosure instances were identified. Then, following the quantitative part of the research's tests, the number of disclosure instances of the proposed model of MC in Iran was reduced to 74 disclosure instances. These disclosure instances were classified into six content elements: 1. "business model" with six disclosure instances, 2. "strategy and objectives" with 14 disclosure instances, 3. "resources and relationships" with 15 disclosure instances, 4. "risks and risk management" with 14 disclosure instances, 5. "external environment" with six disclosure instances, and 6. "position and performance" with 19 disclosure instances. Moreover, the disclosure instances of each of these six content elements were ranked based on their relative importance using the Friedman test. Conclusion: Considering the disclosure instances' comprehensiveness provided by the proposed model, as well as its locality and appropriateness to Iran's environmental conditions, the proposed model by this study can act as an effective guide for regulators including the Iranian Audit Organization and the Iranian Securities & Exchange Organization. These organizations can use the aforementioned model in establishing regulations and guidelines relevant to the MC's preparation. Furthermore, these disclosure instances help companies in presenting and disclosing more useful information in the form of voluntary disclosure and also help them in preparing an efficient and effective MC.

Objective: This study aims to detect the indicators of integrated reports to identify the specific challenges of higher education. This research examines the content of the reports provided by the universities. It is based on the analysis of report contents provided by several pioneer universities in this field. It seeks to identify types of reports prepared in the universities and to designate the types of reports with more informational content to create an important base for moving towards effective integrated reporting. This study uses content analysis to investigate the disclosure of accounting and non-accounting information. Content analysis is empirically valid in corporate, social, ethical, and environmental reports. The study seeks to identify the framework of integrated reporting in universities and the research questions include 1. In general, what kind of reports are prepared in universities? 2. What is the most complete and comprehensive type of report in terms of disclosure of indicators and information content? 3. What are the components and indicators of integrated reporting in universities? 4. Which indicators have the highest frequency among the reviewed reports? The results of this research can be useful for policymakers and legislators who decide to implement and standardize sustainability or integrated reporting in higher education centers. In addition, the results can be valuable for managers and financial managers in universities who wish to follow such new trends. Also, the findings can serve as a learning process for institutions interested in implementing integrated reporting. In addition, the results of the present study are important for other stakeholders, such as students, academics, etc., to encourage universities to address integrated reporting issues in their reporting because this will increase their impact on society. Methods: This study was implemented in two phases. Firstly, the texts related to reporting in universities were searched and reviewed, and then a thematic content analysis was done to identify the main topics and themes hidden in the search. This research is designed by exploring the reports submitted by 48 top universities in the field of reporting. These universities prepared 58 different reports based on their needs. The reports include annual, social, impact, financial, and sustainability reports. Purposive sampling was used to select the reports of higher education centers. Therefore, at least 5 top universities from each continent were selected based on the Times Higher Education Impact Ranking Score. In addition, a number of the top universities in the field of reporting, indexed in the GRI database, as well as the reports of universities indexed in the integrated reporting database, were also used to complete the work. Results: The findings indicated that the components of integrated reporting in universities include 130 indicators: 1) an overview of the organization and the environment in which it operates (34 indicators), 2) Governance (7 indicators), 3) Business model (58 indicators), 4) Risks and opportunities (17 indicators), 5) Strategy (8 indicators), 6) Performance (3 indicators), and 7) Basis for preparing and presenting reports (3 indicators). Conclusion: The findings confirmed that universities can officially accept an integrated report by combining and integrating different documents into a comprehensive document and creating a single accountability tool. Also, the results showed that some key elements of the international integrated reporting framework are included in university reports, but often in a scattered and non-homogeneous way. Therefore, the findings can be a good basis for developing integrated reporting to improve the reporting methods of universities and strengthen their accountability.

Objective: There are many perspectives on the interplay of profitability, Corporate social responsibility (CSR), and financial risk in different industries. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors affecting the success of asset management companies (AMC) in Iran from a financial and social point of view. Since the asset management industry in Iran is emerging and the first AMC was founded in 2011, not much research has been conducted in this field. Therefore, this study tries to contribute to the extant literature by investigating the interactive effect of profitability, CSR, and financial risk. It also seeks to document empirical evidence in this industry.

With the intensification of global population, food security is a big concern. Food waste stems from inappropriate inventory management. Companies offer a wide range of products to capture more sales, yet this increases inventories and complicates inventory management. Management challenges are worsened by three factors: uncertain consumer demand, product lifetimes, and consumer substitution among the product range. This research aims to understand the effects of these factors on inventory performance. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to weight the importance of each of the non-financial performance measures from the simulation results and data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to rank and evaluate the scenarios. Then, the most favorable scenario or replenishment policy, which had the lowest DEA efficiency score, was chosen. The results show that when the substitution ratio is greater, its interaction with consumer demand and product lifetime has mostly a small-or medium-sized effect on retailers' performance, in contrast to relatively larger effects on the supplier. These findings show that suppliers' performance is affected largely by the existence of the bullwhip effect in the model. Recommendations are provided for managers who are facing uncertainties of consumer demand, substitution, and product lifetime.

This paper examines the influence of financial and non-financial performance measures on perceived Islamic banks' service quality in the United Arab Emirates. External customers and internal customers of Islamic banks were considered in the study. External customers represent individuals dealing with the banks and their sample consisted of 230 customers. Internal bank customers represent banks' employees with a sample size of 174 participants from five main Islamic banks in UAE. Data were collected mainly through a questionnaire and analyzed and tested through two proposed models using structural equation modeling techniques. The results indicate strong positive relationship between service quality and banks' performance and that banks internal operations mediate the relationship for the external customers group.

In current economic environment, firms consider human capital as one of their major sources of competitive advantage, and human capital reporting is a reporting system of firms providing information about employees' knowledge, abilities, capabilities, and motivations. This study tests the relation between human capital reporting and intangible assets of firms, for the first time. The sample includes 131 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2010 to 2014, and panel data regression method is used to process and test the hypotheses. The results show an inverse relationship between intangible assets and human capital reporting of firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. In other words, voluntary disclosure of financial and non-financial information about investment in human capital is an alternative to the identification of intangible assets in financial reporting. Accordingly, there is an inverse relationship between the mandatory disclosure of intangible assets and voluntary ...

With the intensification of global population, food security is a big concern. Food waste stems from inappropriate inventory management. Companies offer a wide range of products to capture more sales, yet this increases inventories and complicates inventory management. Management challenges are worsened by three factors: uncertain consumer demand, product lifetimes, and consumer substitution among the product range. This research aims to understand the effects of these factors on inventory performance. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to weight the importance of each of the non-financial performance measures from the simulation results and data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to rank and evaluate the scenarios. Then, the most favorable scenario or replenishment policy, which had the lowest DEA efficiency score, was chosen. The results show that when the substitution ratio is greater, its interaction with consumer demand and product lifetime has mostly a small-or medium-sized effect on retailers' performance, in contrast to relatively larger effects on the supplier. These findings show that suppliers' performance is affected largely by the existence of the bullwhip effect in the model. Recommendations are provided for managers who are facing uncertainties of consumer demand, substitution, and product lifetime.

PurposeThis research proposes a decision framework for using non-financial measures to define a replenishment policy for perishable health products. These products are perishable and substitutable by nature and create complexities for managing inventory. Instead of a financial measure, numerous measures should be considered and balanced to meet business objectives and enhance inventory management.Design/methodology/approachThis research applies a multi-methodological approach and develops a framework that integrates discrete event simulation (DES), analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) techniques to define the most favourable replenishment policy using non-financial measures.FindingsThe integration framework performs well as illustrated in the numerical example; outcomes from the framework are comparable to those generated using a traditional, financial measures-based, approach. This research demonstrates that it is feasible to adopt non-financial perf...

This paper examines the influence of financial and non-financial performance measures on perceived Islamic banks' service quality in the United Arab Emirates. External customers and internal customers of Islamic banks were considered in the study. External customers represent individuals dealing with the banks and their sample consisted of 230 customers. Internal bank customers represent banks' employees with a sample size of 174 participants from five main Islamic banks in UAE. Data were collected mainly through a questionnaire and analyzed and tested through two proposed models using structural equation modeling techniques. The results indicate strong positive relationship between service quality and banks' performance and that banks internal operations mediate the relationship for the external customers group.

The aim of this research is to comprehensively investigate various types of Data-Driven Business Patterns in order to help entrepreneurship and innovation actors, especially digital businesses efforts. This paper is a critical-argumentative study using a narrative review with a documentary approach. In order to collect and extract information, a comprehensive search was carried out on documents in the Iranian international scientific journals databases and some of the most famous management consulting groups in the world. The statistical population of this study was all documents related to the keyword DataDriven Business Model in the period 2000 to 2018. After studying documents, in the literature section, 26 patterns of DataDriven Business Model were indexed. After analyzing similarities, 20 Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc) ISSN 2251-8223 eISSN 2251-8231 Indexed by SCOPUS, ISC, & LISTA Vol. 36 | No. 1 | pp. 243-270 Autumn 2020 Studying on...

The aim of this research is to comprehensively investigate various types of Data-Driven Business Patterns in order to help entrepreneurship and innovation actors, especially digital businesses efforts. This paper is a critical-argumentative study using a narrative review with a documentary approach. In order to collect and extract information, a comprehensive search was carried out on documents in the Iranian international scientific journals databases and some of the most famous management consulting groups in the world. The statistical population of this study was all documents related to the keyword DataDriven Business Model in the period 2000 to 2018. After studying documents, in the literature section, 26 patterns of DataDriven Business Model were indexed. After analyzing similarities, 20 Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc) ISSN 2251-8223 eISSN 2251-8231 Indexed by SCOPUS, ISC, & LISTA Vol. 36 | No. 1 | pp. 243-270 Autumn 2020 Studying on...

The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) claims to maximize organizational performance through the management of different perspectives (e.g., financial, customers, internal processes, learning & growth). Most of the chosen measures are usually non-financial, as they are supposedly leading indicators of financial success. The developers of the BSC Kaplan and Norton see these perspectives as related, but not as linked to each other by accounting logic. Moreover, Kaplan and Norton recommend cascading the BSC across the organization by breaking up the BSC into sub-targets for each organizational unit.Inevitably, this can lead to situations where actors in an organization focus on a subset of non-financial indicators. In their attempt to maximize these indicators, unit-egoism may lead to sub-optimal overall performance of the organization. This is because the link from non-financial indicators at lower levels of the organization to the overall financial goals have been disjoined. This problem, howe...

This paper examines the influence of financial and non-financial performance measures on perceived Islamic banks' service quality in the United Arab Emirates. External customers and internal customers of Islamic banks were considered in the study. External customers represent individuals dealing with the banks and their sample consisted of 230 customers. Internal bank customers represent banks' employees with a sample size of 174 participants from five main Islamic banks in UAE. Data were collected mainly through a questionnaire and analyzed and tested through two proposed models using structural equation modeling techniques. The results indicate strong positive relationship between service quality and banks' performance and that banks internal operations mediate the relationship for the external customers group.

Objective Circular business models are a good solution to the problems of current linear business models that cause excessive waste generation and resource scarcity. They also provide a good opportunity for businesses to gain a competitive advantage, obtain economic benefits and reduce environmental damage. To implement circular economy strategies at the business level and create a framework for better design of circular business models, the purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for identifying and classifying circular business model patterns that align with circular economy strategies. Methodology In this research, a qualitative method was applied. Sandelowski and Barros 7-step meta-synthesis method was used to identify circular business models and Nickerson taxonomy development method was used to classify circular business model patterns.

Objective: In this research, the critiques of fair value have been studied and an interpretation of these achievements has been provided. Opinions about fair value fall into three categories. A group that strongly supports it. A group that strongly opposes it and a group that for some reason have concerns about it. Understanding the reasons for criticisms of fair value requires a better understanding of the concept of fair value, especially from a theoretical perspective and the evolution of this measurement system. Therefore, in a segment of this research, the historical, political and social contexts that have led to the formation of fair value in different parts of the world have been studied. Methods: The method used is meta-synthesis which is one of the qualitative methods. In this regard, the steps of arranging research questions, systematically reviewing the literature, searching and selecting appropriate texts, extracting information, analyzing and combining qualitative findings, and presenting interpretations on existing interpretations have been performed. Results: Review, identification, typology, classification and analysis of different areas of research in the field of fair value from a theoretical-critical perspective is presented. The research represents eight areas of special interest, including theories used in measurement systems, reasons for the formation of fair value, its relationship with standardization and its uses, the role of the theoretical framework of financial reporting in development of fair value, advantages of fair value, disadvantages of fair value, effect of Fair value on financial crises, auditing challenges of fair value and the effect of capitalist and communist financial systems on fair value. Conclusion: In this study, critiques and challenges on fair value from a theoretical and critical perspective over the last two decades were identified. This research can be used as a roadmap for researchers in fair value studies. It shows the areas of interest in this regard and the sections that can be studied in the future.

The aim of this research is to comprehensively investigate various types of Data-Driven Business Patterns in order to help entrepreneurship and innovation actors, especially digital businesses efforts. This paper is a critical-argumentative study using a narrative review with a documentary approach. In order to collect and extract information, a comprehensive search was carried out on documents in the Iranian international scientific journals databases and some of the most famous management consulting groups in the world. The statistical population of this study was all documents related to the keyword DataDriven Business Model in the period 2000 to 2018. After studying documents, in the literature section, 26 patterns of DataDriven Business Model were indexed. After analyzing similarities, 20 Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc) ISSN 2251-8223 eISSN 2251-8231 Indexed by SCOPUS, ISC, & LISTA Vol. 36 | No. 1 | pp. 243-270 Autumn 2020 Studying on...

Product quality depends on the compatibility of the product design with the perceived quality of the product by the customer. Design a product that fits the customer's needs increase quality of products. Intense competition in the global market on the one hand and on the other hand increasing complexity in product design has caused activities related to the design and selection of product designs become more and more specialized knowledge. The main objective of this research is selecting the product design in the long-term and uncertainty. To fulfill the objective of this research, using the concepts of rough set theory to identify customer behavior patterns and then proposed options for the product according to the dominant behavioral patterns using a D-AHP assessment and prioritization are.

This paper examines the influence of financial and non-financial performance measures on perceived Islamic banks' service quality in the United Arab Emirates. External customers and internal customers of Islamic banks were considered in the study. External customers represent individuals dealing with the banks and their sample consisted of 230 customers. Internal bank customers represent banks' employees with a sample size of 174 participants from five main Islamic banks in UAE. Data were collected mainly through a questionnaire and analyzed and tested through two proposed models using structural equation modeling techniques. The results indicate strong positive relationship between service quality and banks' performance and that banks internal operations mediate the relationship for the external customers group.

Objective: The value of the company is the result of various management actions and decisions. At the same time, it is an indicator of how the market perceives the company that is derived from the extent and manner of disclosing information. This study seeks to provide a non-linear model of the relationship between voluntary disclosure and firm value in the presence of factors that are expected to have a similar capability to reduce information asymmetry or to influence the value relevance of voluntary disclosure. Methods: Accounting conservatism, product market competition, cash holding levels, corporate governance and macroeconomic instability were considered according to the theoretical and empirical literature and using the panel smooth transition regression model (PSTR), the existence of a nonlinear relationship in the presence of each of these variables was investigated. Results: The results of analysis of 124 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2013 to 2016 s...

With the intensification of global population, food security is a big concern. Food waste stems from inappropriate inventory management. Companies offer a wide range of products to capture more sales, yet this increases inventories and complicates inventory management. Management challenges are worsened by three factors: uncertain consumer demand, product lifetimes, and consumer substitution among the product range. This research aims to understand the effects of these factors on inventory performance. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to weight the importance of each of the non-financial performance measures from the simulation results and data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to rank and evaluate the scenarios. Then, the most favorable scenario or replenishment policy, which had the lowest DEA efficiency score, was chosen. The results show that when the substitution ratio is greater, its interaction with consumer demand and product lifetime has mostly a small-or medium-sized effect on retailers' performance, in contrast to relatively larger effects on the supplier. These findings show that suppliers' performance is affected largely by the existence of the bullwhip effect in the model. Recommendations are provided for managers who are facing uncertainties of consumer demand, substitution, and product lifetime.

This study uses survey data from 47 industrial companies located in the Kingdom of Bahrain in order to examine to the extent to which the companies combine the use of financial, non-financial and subjective measures in evaluating their performance. The survey reports that, although ROI is the most popular financial measure, industrial companies use an integration of financial and non-financial measures. Firm size also influences the use of these measures and significant differences were observed among the large and medium size firms with respect to operations-related measures. With the exception of ROI in a few cases, the use of performance measures was not found to be significantly different between industries. However, significant differences are found in the use of measures, particularly in financial and non-financial measures, when the data is analysed by line of business (by number of divisions). Furthermore, the study indicates that the various types of measures have different impacts on important employee actions, such as 'contribute to the quality of the short-term operational decisions', 'contribute to the quality of the long-term strategic decisions', 'encourage gamesmanship or manipulation', 'encourage innovation' and 'provide focus on the goals of the departments in the firm'.

Objective: During the last decade, some researchers and accounting professional associations have expressed their interest in applying the concept of business model in their research in order to eliminate the shortcomings and weaknesses of the existing financial reporting. Considering the role and importance of financial reporting as one of the important sources of the available information in capital markets and consequently the researchers' efforts to increase the quality of financial reporting as a tool for social responsibility and business environment, the present study seeks to provide a model of financial reporting based on the concept of business model with the aim of practically eliminating the weaknesses of the existing financial reporting and increasing the quality of financial reporting.   Methodology: The present study is a synthesis study in terms of the nature of data and methods of analysis based on consecutive exploratory strategy. Using this strategy, three gen...

Objective: Corporate reporting, in its general sense, refers to all the communication channels between companies and stakeholders and is the main mechanism for sending information to the users. There has been an increasing concern in recent years with the insufficiency of traditional corporate reporting. Professional accounting institutes have proposed the concept of a business model to mitigate the weaknesses of the current reporting mechanism. Disclosure of business model information can reduce the information gap, enhance the validity of financial reports along with the contents of financial statements. The mission of the present study is to conduct an analytical explanation of business model financial reporting using fuzzy logic. pairwise comparison questionnaires between 18 experts and the application of the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. Results: The findings of the present study showed that all the components and aspects of the business model financial reportingincluding transparency and narrative, social accountability, stakeholders, key stimuli, justice and fairness in the distribution, and methods of representation and disclosurewere approved by the experts. The results revealed that the proposed theoretical model for the business model financial reporting has acceptable validity and can be cautiously extended to further applications. Moreover, the results demonstrate the importance of transparency and narrative, and social accountability. Overall, practitioners must pay specific attention to the role, importance, and weight of the aforementioned components for the successful implementation of business model financial reporting. Conclusion: The expert's views on the validity and priority of various aspects and components in business model financial reporting demonstrate the role, importance, and ranking of reporting parameters. Practitioners in the field of accounting and financial reporting must consider the aforementioned elements in their plans for enhancing the validity of financial reporting and richening the content of financial statements.

The study intends, to assess the performance of commercial banks in Tanzania, using financial and non financial measures. Using financial Data from annual reports and non financial data from balanced score card templates obtained from commercial banks as well as from survey data, the overall performance indexes were established for every individual commercial bank. A total of 21 commercial banks were involved in this study.Generally the overall performance indexes of commercial banks were found to be higher in large foreign banks, followed by large domestic bank and lastly Small banks. These results are consistent with efficiency score estimates found in previous studies. Where large foreign banks were found to be more efficient compared to the counterparts. The high performance of large Foreign Banks is due to the fact that these commercial banks have long history of implementing BSC compared to the counterparts. Therefore experience of application and technical know has enabled th...

Objective: This study aims to identify nonfinancial measures based on the thematic analysis. Methods: The thematic analyses of interviews with experts were used in this study to propose some of the nonfinancial measures for reporting and identification. In fact, data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews, the qualitative data of which were analyzed in the thematic analysis. The snowball sampling technique was then employed, and the saturation point was reached after 21 interviews. Conclusion: According to the results, reporting nonfinancial measures included four main themes known as generalities, different types of nonfinancial measures, reporting and auditing nonfinancial measures, and outcomes of nonfinancial measures. In addition, reporting and presenting nonfinancial measures can improve user decisions and accountability, enhance market efficiency, decrease information asymmetry, and result in the optimal allocation of resources in economy.

Innovation, as well as scientific research, is not a gender-neutral activity. There are few research results available concerning women's and men's contribution to the process of innovation at the national, regional and enterprise levels. Examining the current situation in this area of research, is the first and necessary step towards better understanding of women's and men's potential in the process of innovation. It is also a chance to point out a new source of synergies taking place in this process. The main objective of this article is to present the results of research addressing gender approach to the process of innovation. The first part of the article presents newly created integrated genome, dedicated to conduct the multidimensional research on women and men participation in the process of innovation, examining their traits, attitudes, behaviours and competencies. This design allows us to grasp the commonalities and differences between women and men roles in the process of innovation. The second part of article presents results of the pilot survey. Respondents of this survey were research personnel from Polish innovative enterprises. There are certain differences and similarities in what women and men perceive as important in the process of innovation. Skilful use of these attitudes in mixed research teams may become a new source of progress in the process of innovation.

Corporate governance mechanisms can provide the disclosure voluntary of corporations and consequently, it would lead to increasement in information symmetry, Investors confidence, improving liquidity of stocks and profitability of companies which is essential for the national’s economic development. For this reason, in this study the identification of voluntary disclosure indicators and gap analysis between the current and expected situations of these indicators and corporate governance from the perspective of the accounting and financial pundits were discussed. In this survey research, the sampling method was purposive and for hypothesis test, descriptive statistics and T tests by SPSS software (version 21) was conducted. The results indicate that there is a significant difference between the current and expected situations of voluntary disclosure indicators and also corporate governance. It is expected that the establishment of good corporate governance mechanisms, the field of voluntary disclosure and hence the national’s economic development infrastructure would be provided.

Objective: Flow of information is a key parameter in an economic activity and acts as a crucial factor in the emergence, stability and efficiency of capital markets. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the comparability and ineffectiveness of the market on the value of information and changes in the distribution of accounting information. Methods: For this purpose, the data of the firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 2006 to 2016 were extracted and the regression model of the pooled data was used to test the research hypothesis. Results: The results of the research show that information asymmetry, comparability and market inefficiency have a significant effect on the expected returns (cost of capital) of investors. On the other hand, the interactive effects of comparability and imperfect market on the relationship between information asymmetry and cost of capital have been confirmed. Finally, the results of the research show that information asymmetry is a function of comparability and that the capital cost resulting from information asymmetry fluctuate and varies at different levels of comparability. Conclusion: Information asymmetry and market inefficiency can increase the firm's cost of capital, as less informed traders recognize that they are in a bad state of information and therefore maintain fewer assets within the market. The comparability along with creating high-quality information reduces the overall ambiguity and thus reduces the benefits that particular investors receive from private information about the company.

The paper deals with the issue of innovation performance measurement and management control and takes as its starting point the current state of affairs and specific conditions arising from today's business environment. Based on the findings from long-term empirical research carried out under the auspices of the Faculty of Business and Management, Brno University of Technology and Czech Scientific Foundation it provides an overview of the issues related to innovation performance measurement and management control. On the basis of desk-based research and empirical studies, a management control system approach to innovation performance measurement suitable for Czech business environment called the Innovation Scorecard is being proposed.

Managing innovation is vital for many enterprises to survive in a competitive and dynamic environment. Thus, decision-makers have always been involved in the chal‐ lenge of finding the right performance measures for the innovation process. This paper tackles the issue of innova‐ tion performance measurement and management. Its main goal is to present complex results obtained from the Czech manufacturing industry within the research project " Innovation Process Performance Assessment: A Manage‐ ment Control System Approach among Czech Small-and Medium-sized Enterprises " financed by the Czech Science Foundation – 13-20123P. The results reveal many positive aspects of the investigated issue. Czech companies are aware of the importance of innovation and engage in it in various forms. Moreover, the vast majority of the respond‐ ents also evaluated the implemented innovations no matter the size of the company. Small-and medium-sized enter‐ prises (SMEs) and large companies differ in terms of their innovation performance measurements and management control techniques and methods. However, both groups adopt traditional measurement tools rather than modern techniques. Here, the gap between global and Czech companies is noted. Therefore, this paper is supposed to motivate researchers to conduct more large-scale studies in the area of innovative performance measurement systems and their implementation in different business sectors and areas.

In the modern globalized world, innovation is a
basic prerequisite for economic development and the
preservation of competitiveness. However, there is still
no generally accepted definition of innovation or the
innovation process; individual authors use their own
definitions, often formed from different concepts. This
paper compares these definitions using methods of
analysis and synthesis, constructing its own conceptual
framework of the innovation process reflecting the key
characteristics that are identical or similar in many of the
compared definitions. When constructing a new
definition and model, it is necessary to bear in mind that
innovation is not an isolated activity but rather an entire
process or even sequence of processes. With true
innovation, every partial process must be successfully
completed. This process as a whole becomes the starting
point for further research, measurement and the
management control of innovation performance under the
postdoc research project “Innovation Process Performance
Assessment: a Management Control System Approach in
the Czech Small and Medium-sized Enterprises” No. 13-
20123P of the Czech Science Foundation.