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Grounded Theory (Research Methodology)

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Grounded Theory is a qualitative research methodology that aims to generate theory from data systematically collected and analyzed. It involves iterative processes of data collection, coding, and constant comparison, allowing researchers to develop theories that are grounded in empirical evidence rather than preconceived hypotheses.
lightbulbAbout this topic
Grounded Theory is a qualitative research methodology that aims to generate theory from data systematically collected and analyzed. It involves iterative processes of data collection, coding, and constant comparison, allowing researchers to develop theories that are grounded in empirical evidence rather than preconceived hypotheses.

Key research themes

1. How can grounded theory methodologies be adapted and applied across diverse research paradigms including mixed methods and multi-paradigm approaches?

This theme explores the extension of grounded theory (GT) beyond its traditional qualitative boundaries to include mixed qualitative-quantitative datasets, multi-paradigm frameworks, and the integration of GT within diverse disciplines such as information systems and software development. It highlights methodological flexibility in GT's iterative design, theoretical sampling, and coding, emphasizing how embracing both qualitative and quantitative data can enhance theory generation and the empirical relevance of studies. Understanding these adaptations is crucial for researchers seeking to harness GT's full potential across varied research contexts and to navigate challenges related to purist versus pragmatic usage of GT methods.

Key finding: This paper clarifies that classic grounded theory was originally conceived as a general method for theory generation that is not restricted to qualitative data alone. It articulates how data collection and analysis can be... Read more
Key finding: This study extends grounded theory's application to combine qualitative and quantitative research paradigms within a large-scale exploratory information systems study involving 231 Australian organizations. By reviving Glaser... Read more
Key finding: This article identifies common misconceptions hindering the optimal application of GT in information systems (IS) research, such as the myth of the researcher as a 'blank slate' and the misuse of GT as a catch-all qualitative... Read more

2. What are the foundational principles and methodological practices necessary to ensure rigor and quality in grounded theory research?

This theme centers on the core tenets and procedural rigor that underpin quality grounded theory (GT) research across its multiple iterations. It includes emphasis on constant comparative method, theoretical sampling, memo writing, delaying literature review, and criteria for evaluating GT such as fit, workability, relevance, and modifiability. Understanding these principles helps researchers navigate the complexity of GT's systematic data collection and analysis to produce credible, theoretically robust, and empirically grounded explanatory models.

Key finding: The authors articulate that quality grounded theory research hinges on simultaneous data collection and analysis, constant comparison, and emerging theoretical constructs grounded in data. They offer clear criteria—fit,... Read more
Key finding: This article crystallizes the shared core principles of GT despite divergent versions: taking the 'grounded' aspect seriously, contextualizing social processes, engaging iteratively with data, and applying theoretical... Read more
Key finding: By introducing the Ünlü-Qureshi analytic instrument, this paper offers a structured four-step coding process (code, concept, category, theme) that clarifies and operationalizes the intracoding stages of GT. It supports novice... Read more
Key finding: This article offers an empirical example of classical GT applied in a healthcare context, illustrating the practical implementation of key GT principles—including open, selective, and theoretical coding, memo writing, and the... Read more

3. How do different grounded theory approaches compare and what guidance exists for selecting and applying these variants appropriately?

This theme addresses the distinctions among the major GT variants—Glaserian (classical), Straussian (systematic), and constructivist (Charmazian)—with respect to philosophical underpinnings, coding procedures, data analysis stages, and theoretical outputs. It also considers the implications of such differences for novice researchers in terms of methodological fit, research aims, and ontological positioning. Clarifying these variants enables more informed methodological choices and strengthens the theoretical and practical relevance of GT studies.

Key finding: This article provides a comprehensive overview of GT history and main genres, highlighting the philosophical continuum from Glaser’s positivist classical GT to Charmaz’s constructivist approach. It discusses differences in... Read more
Key finding: Focusing on nursing research, this paper compares Glaserian, Straussian, and Charmazian GT variants emphasizing philosophical differences and analytic processes. It elucidates how choice among these approaches depends on... Read more
Key finding: This recent study scrutinizes the three major GT designs—systematic (Straussian), classical (Glaserian), and constructivist (Charmaz)—focusing particularly on systematic design favored in contemporary GT. It delineates shared... Read more
Key finding: This innovative conversational paper captures diverse expert views on GT’s nature—as method, methodology, paradigm, and more—highlighting ongoing debates about its ontological and epistemological status. Contributors... Read more

All papers in Grounded Theory (Research Methodology)

This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (a) theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (b) one cannot generalize from a single case, therefore, the single-case study cannot... more
Back cover text: If the new fin de siècle marks a recurrence of the real, Bent Flyvbjerg’s Rationality and Power epitomizes that development and sets new standards for social and political inquiry. The Danish town of Aalborg is to... more
This article presents the theoretical and methodological considerations behind a research method which the author calls ‘phronetic planning research’. Such research sets out to answer four questions of power and values for specific... more
Taken together, the works of Jurgen Habermas and Michel Foucault highlight an essential tension in modernity. This is the tension between the normative and the real, between what should be done and what is actually done. Understanding... more
In this paper we argue that the use of the communicative theory of Jürgen Habermas in planning theory is problematic because it hampers an understanding of how power shapes planning. We posit an alternative approach based on the power... more
The authors discuss the determination of quality in studies using grounded theory method (GTM). They concretely describe some misunderstandings associated with GTM and some malaises experienced with its orthodox application, drawing... more
This article provides an answer to what has been called the biggest problem in theorizing and understanding planning: the ambivalence about power found among planning researchers, theorists, and students. The author narrates how he came... more
The Aalborg Project may be interpreted as a metaphor of modern politics, modern administration and planning, and of modernity itself. The basic idea of the project was comprehensive, coherent, and innovative, and it was based on rational... more
This study set out to uncover brand positioning configurations by presenting state-of-the-art brand management literature and applying a novel, mixed-methods approach to examine the under-researched wine industry transformation towards... more
Niccolò Machiavelli, the founder of modern political and administrative thought, made clear that an understanding of politics requires distinguishing between formal politics and what later, with Ludwig von Rochau, would become known as... more
by Kam Jugdev and 
1 more
This study used Grounded Theory methodology and developed an emergent theory of Mutual Caring. The main concern was Habituation to ineffective lessons learned sharing practices. Habituation is resolved through Mutual Caring, a socially... more
"ABSTRACT: This study provides an empirically based analysis of corrupt governmental networks. We conducted 45 interviews in Hungary with different organizational actors who were actually participating in corrupt transactions or at least... more
There are significant, ongoing threats of species extinction. Threatened species recovery programs are an important way of reducing this threat, but many recovery programs are unsuccessful. The purpose of this paper is to explore the... more
Since the turn of the millennium there has been a clear rise in the implementation and research of mindfulness across primary, secondary and postsecondary education. These implementations, however, hardly constitute a uniform phenomenon.... more
Background To achieve an optimal quality of life through chronic disease management, people living with HIV (PLHIV) must adhere to antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART has been available throughout Peru since 2004 without cost in all... more
This article examines the role of national and international journalism practices during and after the Holocaust transitional justice process, based on a comparative study of press agency coverage of Switzerland's neutrality during World... more
The notions and motivations of inter-organisational rivalries among employees have to some extent been highlighted by classical theories of management such as tournament theory. However, employees' and entrepreneurs' competitions are... more
Parents of gender non-conforming children encounter substantial conflict as they negotiate their children’s “Otherness.” For decades, a pathologizing service model has advocated clinical correction. In opposition, some parents adopt... more
Grounded theory is well supported as a qualitative research method that historically responded to the epistemological challenges of defining knowledge and determining how it has been acquired. While its historical and unique... more
China's name derives from " china " (porcelain), and " China " (pronounced as " Changnan ") is the former name of Jingdezhen, the capital city of porcelain—through whose exports of " blue-and-white " china the country gained international... more
Collaboration is present throughout public administration as a means to address social issues that sit in the inter-organizational domain. Yet research carried out over the last three decades concludes that collaborations are complex,... more
The aim of the study is to assess the cognitive value of research results presented in the articles concerning HRM in which the grounded theory methodology was used. The article puts forward the meta-analysis as a tool for comparing the... more
This article introduces grounded theory and places this method in its historical context when 1960s quantitative researchers wielded harsh criticisms of qualitative research. The originators of grounded theory, sociologists Glaser and... more
by M B and 
1 more
Grounded theory is a popular methodological approach in social work research, especially by doctoral students conducting qualitative research. The approach, however, is not always used consistently or as originally designed, compromising... more
Existing change management models have been developed from research undertaken largely within the for-profit sector, with little reference to the unique challenges of the nonprofit sector. This article identifies a number of... more
This article concerns the extent to which corrupt behavior is dependent on the organizational power structure and the resources available for illegal exchange. This qualitative study is based on 42 in-depth interviews with organizational... more
Grounded theory methodology (GTM) is a popular methodology used in social work dissertation research. GTM entails the development of theory 'grounded in' and generated from data systematically gathered and analyzed through qualitative... more
This article addresses three main issues. First, it argues that David Laitin, in a misguided critique of Bent Flyvbjerg’s book Making Social Science Matter for being a surrogate manifesto for Perestroika, misrepresents the book in the... more
The article aims at presenting the symbolic interactionism as a useful and flexible theoretical perspective in research on the human body. It shows the assumptions of symbolic interactionism in their relation to the human body, as well as... more
This paper demonstrates the applicationis an appreciation of Straussian Grounded Theory Grounded Theory method in conducting research in complex settings where parameters are poorly defined. It provides a detailed illustration on how this... more
This paper offers practical advice to better leverage the potential of grounded theory for generating stronger and better empirically grounded information systems theory. Presenting and discussing five issues to keep in mind when doing... more
This article asks how planning scholarship may effectively gain impact in planning practice through media exposure. In liberal democracies, the public sphere is dominated by mass media. Therefore, working with such media is a prerequisite... more
We present an argument for using visual analytics to aid Grounded Theory methodologies in qualitative data analysis. Grounded theory methods involve the inductive analysis of data to generate novel insights and theoretical constructs.... more
by Tom Cole and 
1 more
Digital games are a wide, diverse and fast developing art form, and it is important to analyse games that are pushing the medium forward to see what design lessons can be learned. However, there are no established criteria to determine... more
A case-based visual display can serve as method for analysis in mixed method research. This methodological article builds an argument for the role that a matrix, diagram, table, or figure can play when used interactively to generate,... more
The effectiveness and impacts of a school-based, trauma/grief-focused group treatment program for war-exposed youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina were investigated using semistructured focus groups, conducted separately for students and their... more
Qualitative research methods have long set an example of rich description, in which data and researchers’ hermeneutics work together to inform readers of findings in specific contexts. Among published works, insight into the analytical... more
Connecting intercultural research with Grounded Theory was advocated in the early history of intercultural theorising and includes the development of researchers' intercultural competencies. Such competency comes to the fore where... more
Psychosocial adjustment to living with a chronic condition was explored in this grounded theory study, focusing on type 2 diabetes. Despite a range of relevant theories, there is limited understanding of the process of adjustment. The... more
Despite increased awareness of family responses to chronic illness and disability, there is still a need to understand experiences of well siblings. We begin to address this issue by asking, ‘What is it like to have a sibling with... more
Purpose - The present study was set up to gain meaningful insights in the learning background, experiences and potential of Muslim minority women in Western Thrace. Design/methodology/approach - Qualitative data were obtained through... more
The use of documents as a source of extant data is relatively common in grounded theory (GT) research. While GT promotes the dictum “all is data,” finding consistent commentary on how to use documents as data is difficult, especially... more
There is ferment in the social sciences. After years of sustained effort to build a science of society modelled on the natural sciences, that project, long treated with suspicion by some, is now openly being rethought. A critical... more
Based on a study of ICT use at an airport security checkpoint, this paper explores a possible explanation to the paradox that travelers find existing airport security measures inadequate while at the same time believing air travel to be... more
The purpose of the present chapter is to demonstrate how social scientists may engage with mass media to have their research impact public deliberation, policy and practice. Communicating research to practice is part and parcel of applied... more
The term ‘phronetic social science’ was coined in Making Social Science Matter (Flyvbjerg 2001). However, as pointed out in that volume and by Schram (2006), phronetic social science existed well before this particular articulation of the... more
This volume demystifies the procedures and practical uses of Grounded Theory, a well-established research methodology used around the world today by social scientists, teachers, and qualitative researchers. Intended for graduate students,... more
Organizing vision theory is an institutional alternative to the economic-rationality view of IT innovation diffusion. Institutional theorists have called for more attention to cognitive processes and structures in order to understand... more
The critical grounded theory presented in this book offers valuable insights on the social processes and strategies used by Blended English for Academic Purposes Professionals (BLEAPs) at higher education institutions, as they struggle to... more
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