Grounded Theory (Research Methodology)

This research brief is part of a trio of short summaries about visual methods (timelining, mapping, radial displays) designed for purposes of integrating qualitative and quantitative data during analysis (mixed analysis). This entry identifies key design features of two examples of how mapping has been used as an analytical tool in mixed methods research. Each used maps both during data collection and analysis. The first highlights its use to study college students’ perceptions about risky locations on campus. The second is an affecting account that pairs mixed methods, grounded theory, and mapping with a commitment to social justice and the intent to draw attention to inhumane conditions in migrant detention camps.

As artificial intelligence (AI) and digital tools grow more prevalent in K-12 classrooms, examining teacher preparation is crucial for effective and ethical use. This literature analysis combines findings from various academic sources to analyze current levels of teacher readiness, look at professional development (PD) trends, and identify persisting gaps. The study uses two major conceptual frameworks-Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) and the SAMR (Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, and Redefinition) model-to assess both the knowledge foundation teachers need and the depth of instructional transformation enabled by technology. While most educators understand AI's potential to improve learning, their readiness is influenced by a variety of characteristics such as confidence, attitudes about AI, ethical awareness, and institutional support. The analysis concludes that, while PD programs are beginning to address AI-specific demands, they are frequently fragmented, inequitable, and too focused on short-term technical training. Critical issues such as algorithmic bias, data privacy, and the emotional and ethical consequences of AI use are usually overlooked. The analysis indicates that effective AI integration preparation must go beyond technical proficiency and include long-term, context-sensitive, and equity-driven professional development techniques. It also advocates for further research into longterm educational impact, differential preparation across contexts, and the role of ethical reasoning in AIsupported education. This study adds to the expanding discussion around AI in education by explaining what teacher preparedness means and offering concrete approaches for policy and practice.

In the United States, 1 to 3 million cases of domestic violence (DV) are reported annually, and there are estimates of multiple other cases that are not reported every year. As a result, it is projected that over 10 million cases of DV occur each year in the United States. Hence, there is a need for increased understanding of DV and more informed interventions that will lead to a decrease in DV. Several studies suggest that natural environments mitigate aggression and violence, but to date researchers have not conducted qualitative studies, via a grounded theory approach, examining how natural environments and settings can affect the dynamics of a DV relationship from the perspectives of the female victims of DV. This qualitative study examines the perceptions of female victims of DV when in a natural setting with their DV perpetrator. Research participants comprised female victims of DV aged 18-59 years from a local DV shelter and counseling center with whom the researcher conducted qualitative interviewing; grounded theory was the designated research approach with these participants. The collection of interviews revealed a pattern of responses indicating that nature, as well as certain activities in nature, had a perceived calming effect on the DV victim, the DV victim's estimation of nature on the perpetrator, and often the DV relationship as a whole. A grounded theory of nature-induced peacefulness (NIP) emerged from the data and suggests further potential applications for NIP, as well as the need for future studies with perhaps larger and more heterogeneous samples.

The dissertation investigates the generation and implementation of administrative innovation within Kuwait's public sector, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, to understand how such innovation contributes to adaptability in both crisis and post-crisis periods. The research employs a grounded theory methodology, utilizing data from interviews, document analysis, and observations to develop a theoretical framework. The study identifies key characteristics of Kuwait's public sector that both enable and constrain innovation, such as the dominance of oil-fueled public sector jobs and the prevalence of bureaucratic culture. It also explores the pandemic's impact on operations and the adaptive measures taken, including the rapid adoption of digital technologies and the increased reliance on public-private partnerships. The study concludes by proposing a theoretical framework that highlights the central role of "exploring feedback" in driving administrative innovation and enhancing adaptability. The findings suggest that actively seeking and incorporating feedback from citizens, stakeholders, and data analysis fosters a culture of continuous learning and improvement within the public sector. By analyzing the Kuwaiti experience, the research offers valuable insights into strategies for fostering innovation-driven resilience across diverse public sectors, contributing to the fields of public administration, innovation studies, and crisis management.

This study aimed to develop a grounded theory that provides explanation on how Senior High School learners learn and grow through problem-posing activities in General Physics 1 and 2. The researcher conducted in-depth interviews with six SHS learners who had been exposed to regular problem-posing tasks (free, semi-structured, and structured). The interviews were analyzed using the constant comparative methods (guided by the Grounded Theory approach), which involves open, axial, and selective coding. Findings reveal that learners initially experienced confusion, self-doubt, and anxiety when asked to create physics problems. Over time, however, they developed strategies such as reviewing lessons, collaborating with peers, and visualizing real-world situations. These actions enabled them to shift from passive learners to confident, self-regulated thinkers. The final theory is <Problem-Posing as a Pathway from Cognitive Struggle to Self-Regulated Learning.= This illustrates how problem construction nurtures reflection, metacognition, creativity, and personal growth. It is concluded that problem-posing helped learners move beyond memorization; it became a meaningful avenue to think more deeply, manage their own learning, and develop confidence in understanding physics concepts. In simple words, as learners struggled, adapted, and reflected, they grew into more self-directed learners. It is then recommended that educators utilize problem-posing not just as an assessment tool but as a regular strategy to support critical thinking, confidence-building, and independent learning.

Whether it is about improving a skill in math or recovery from some type of traumatic event, timelines can be instrumental in research about an intentionally designed activity. Timelining is often thought of as an example of graphic elicitation that is part of the arsenal of strategies associated with qualitative research.  These can be collected at one point of time or at multiple points of time to help participants reflect on patterns in a trajectory or speculate about what was occurring at the time that might influence. In a mixed methods context, a researcher can use timelines for purposes of analysis by overlaying quantitative indicators or to cluster groups with similar patterns to detect differences and similarities.  This is an extract from Chapter 4 in Visual Displays in Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research.

Research on schoolbooks often takes two directions: emphasising their content’s relationship with structural forces in society or influence from it, or assessing their efficacy in the acquisition of content or competences by students. Rare have been the attempts to deal with schoolbooks as a media text – albeit specific being at the boundary between policy and independent publishing – and to offer a form of reception study. The methodology I developed for my thesis is an effort to do so, by producing (1) a sociological grounded theory about the competing discourses on “democracy” from schoolbooks to students, via teachers, and (2) a normative grounded theory of democracy from the point of view of students. In this presentation, I will discuss the theory-method approach I mobilise as well as the methods themselves: inductive framing analyses, “single question aimed at inducing narrative” interviews, and focus groups with the game Jenga.

Three components distinguish mixed methods research: a qualitative one, a quantitative one, and one that involves meaningful integration of the two. An equal priority study declares that the qualitative and quantitative components contributed equally to the product, without weighing the contribution of mixing. A mixed priority study is distinguished by results that are generated through mixed analysis, often with the benefit of one or more visual displays.

Abstracts, Poster Presentations for Qualitative Health Research Conference, October 2016s, Poster Presentations for Qualitative Health Research Conference, October 2016 Making Health Care More Convenient: The Client Experience of Health Services in a Mental Health Setting Martha J. Aby, University of Washington While discussions of integrated care are not new in the United States, the research literature has largely been about blending mental and chemical health into physical health systems. Using a critical hermeneutic application of interpretive phenomenology, this study aims to address that gap by interviewing adults with serious mental illness about their experience receiving physical health services within a community mental health center. Nine individuals, five clients and four providers, interviewed for this study were selected using the critical case criterion in partnership with the community mental health center. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed. Data ana...

Global supply chains form the backbone of international trade, enabling the movement of goods, services, and raw materials across complex networks. However, traditional supply chain models are increasingly strained by rising operational costs, demand volatility, and disruptions driven by geopolitical tensions, pandemics, and climate events. These challenges highlight the urgent need for resilient, cost-efficient, and adaptive logistics systems. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative enabler, offering the potential to automate, optimize, and secure global supply chain operations. AI-driven supply chain automation leverages predictive analytics, machine learning, and realtime data integration to enhance visibility and decision-making across logistics networks. By enabling accurate demand forecasting, AI reduces overproduction, minimizes inventory holding costs, and prevents costly stockouts. In logistics, automation technologies such as robotic process automation (RPA), autonomous vehicles, and AIenabled route optimization streamline transportation flows, cutting fuel costs and delivery times. Furthermore, AI-powered risk detection and simulation tools allow firms to anticipate disruptions and reconfigure supply chain strategies proactively, ensuring business continuity in volatile markets. From a resilience perspective, AI enhances supply chain agility by enabling real-time monitoring of suppliers, transportation routes, and customer demand. This capability supports adaptive responses to shocks while reducing inefficiencies and environmental impacts. Importantly, integrating AI with blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) platforms strengthens transparency, accountability, and trust within global logistics ecosystems. Overall, AIdriven automation represents a paradigm shift in supply chain management, moving organizations beyond reactive crisis management toward proactive resilience, cost optimization, and sustainable global logistics operations.

The aim of this paper is to explore the role of grounded theory (GT) as a research method in the accounting information systems. The GT research method can able the GT researcher to generate a rigour theory. This research paper seeks to investigate how researchers can use GT in relation to its epistemological perspective, methodological stance and research methods. GT as a research philosophy provides clear understanding of how to generate and develop rigorous theory. GT offers an interpretative perspective based on its epistemological stance. This interpretative perspective can be a foundation for GT researchers in interpretative accounting information systems researches.

Self-confidence plays a persuasive role in determining whether sporting performance is successful, as it is self-confidence that affects an individual's cognitive functioning and behavior. The present study aimed to find out the effect of winning and losing the match on university football players' sources of self-confidence through a survey response of players. For this purpose, a total 48 of male football players were selected from the Men's Sports

In this assignment project as a requirement of Peak Performance course in the MSc Performance Psychology at the U of Edinburgh, I generated a case to show how MAC protocol could be provided to enhance elite football performance. It includes how to conduct a needs analysis and formulate the case as well as how MAC could be distributed to an individual player.

Resumen Se hace una recuperación de las principales estrategias analíticas propuestas por la tradición de la teoría fundamentada, los distintos momentos de la codificación, la sensibilidad teórica y el muestreo teórico. Se enfatiza la importancia que los autores de la ...

This paper emphasizes a grouping of categories in an innovative theological construction of a theory on the phenomenon of human spirituality; it is from the fourth chapter in my doctoral thesis. The theory derives from lived experiences of six residents of rural and urban British Columbia, Canada, who had embraced their identity as nonheteronormative in gender and sexual orientation, and as believers in Mystery known as God.

This research had a unique aim of using qualitative methods - grounded theory and ethnography - to explore this human phenomenon, and to construct a theology concerning it. Its foci were: 1) to use poetic and constructive theological models of inquiry, rather than systematic and dogmatic ones; 2) to base theological construction on lived realities of LGBTQ persons; 3) to integrate literature in a multi-disciplinary way, which included constructive theological and social scientific scholarship, and to interpret and apply research findings as relevant for contemporary persons.

Data were collected using a novel method of qualitative interviewing - mystagogic accompaniment. This narrative form of spiritual companionship focuses on persons’ experiences of life in the context of the Divine. Theological interpretations were grounded in eighteen mystagogic interviews with nonbinary participants, complemented by eleven supplementary interviews with allies and family members. Themes that were coded and categorized from mystagogic narratives led to defining spirituality as a journey of ‘human Becoming’, conceptualized in ten movements, which complement and interact with one another in three groupings of themes.

This theological construction on spirituality was distinct in its interdisciplinary epistemological collaboration, drawing on scholarship in fields of: spirituality; theopoetics; ‘indecent’ and queer theology; process theology; metaphoric theology; the philosophy of religion; psychology; and Lacanian psychoanalysis.

Finally, this theory of ‘Becoming’ challenges religious rhetoric which denies experiences of nonheteronormative persons as legitimate subjective realities in relationship with cosmic Mystery today.

Despite improved social understandings about nonheteronormative genders and sexualities, in the eyes of some, the letters ‘LGBTQ’ still spell damnation when applied to persons of faith who identify as spiritual and having a sexual orientation outside the margins of the heterosexual norm. Prominent theological voices have participated in discourses on the compatibility of religious and nonbinary sexual identity. Some, claim that ‘never the twain shall meet’, while others, dissenting, argue that the still debated merger is a vision of transcendent union and catholic ecclesial community, foreshadowing a divine telos of reconciliation. At this crossroads, a remnant of LGBTQ persons are forging new paths, promulgating intimacy in relationship with the Divine; and researchers in theology and the social sciences, are exploring spiritualities within this group. This paper is based on my doctoral dissertation. In contrast with other studies on spirituality, it represents a novel discussion of the phenomenon to which I refer as human ‘Becoming’, by mapping paths of spirituality based on lived experiences of Canadians who claim their identity as LGBTQ. My hope is to contribute a number of original features to theological scholarship, that is, to: 1) introduce human Becoming as a new subject for theological inquiry, and 2) base it on LGBTQ lives; 3) create a novel qualitative interview method to examine spirituality in a poetic, rather than a systematic way; and 4) use multiple epistemologies in a collaborative way. This paper is composed of three parts. I begin by providing the rationale behind my research question and introducing my qualitative research methodology. The second section involves one grouping of categories I discovered from participant narratives about spirituality; I name these categories ‘movements’, and refer to the grouping of ‘movements’ in question with the Aboriginal, Mi’kmaq name, Aja’sit, meaning ‘to move over or make room’. I also use the term ‘homesteading’, for this category, to image persons’ creation of a ‘home’ for the ‘self’. Starting with a biographical sketch, I introduce Aja’sit, the composite personality whose lived experiences explain these ‘movements’, and I describe and explain the nature of spirituality suggested in the categories. The third, and final part of this paper shares practical theological implications of the poetic constructive theological theory of ‘Becoming’ I developed to educate the Christian ecclesia. In a unique way, my theory privileges nonheteronormative lives, and challenges religious claims which deny the spirituality of LGBTQ persons. Thus, it is a work of justice.

Problem statement: The contemporary architecture of Iran and the works formed in its context are the arena of representation of the current thoughts and discourses of Iranian society in this era. By reading the works of architecture and the resulting knowledge, one can get a proper understanding of the worldview that governs the platform. The problem of the research is to strive to answer the knowledge gap about the lack of registration of tacit knowledge that is created in the Intermediate of professional and academic education, to provide an opportunity to analyze the trend of the progressive architecture of Iran and to investigate the interaction of the professional platform and the progressive trend. Research objective: The present research attempts to study and analyze the process capitals in the offices of the 2nd generation of leading architects after the revolution in Iran and to document and match them with the processes and methods known by process researchers, to record the concrete knowledge available in these offices, and the impact of quality of utilization of these processes. processes. The purpose is to gain knowledge of the process of upgrading and optimizing the design processes in the architectural offices of the second-generation architects' post-revolution of Iran. Research method: This research is qualitative research employing the grounded theory method, and, it uses library-documentary and field methods in data collection. Finally, the data analysis was carried out using MAXQDA software version 2020. Conclusion: The results show that Iran's professional society is transitioning from intuitive thinking to analytical thinking.

The recent changes in the construction industry (CI) of Yemen have generated a transition from traditional to modern construction. Modern construction depends principally on imported building materials, which are very expensive. In most cases, a cost reduction is attained, by lowering the construction quality, as a result leading to non-attractive and less durable and more costly buildings. A survey was conducted locally in this paper, to investigate the construction costs of structural and finishing elements; the outcome showed that the cost of structural elements is the major contributor to high construction costs. Based on this outcome, a Delphi method is performed, to list experts' most crucial recommendations that are needed to enhance the situation in Yemen.

Robert Frost’s poem "The Road Not Taken" explores the theme of decision-making and its long-term consequences through the metaphor of a traveler who must choose between two diverging paths in a forest. The speaker reflects on the difficulty of making choices when outcomes are uncertain and acknowledges that each decision shapes one’s life in irreversible ways. Though both paths appear similar, the speaker anticipates that choosing the "less traveled" road will define his journey. The poem captures the human tendency to reflect on past choices with a mix of pride, doubt, and contemplation, emphasizing the personal significance we attach to our decisions, even when the difference between options is unclear.

Traditional research methods often struggle to synthesize the rich, context-dependent insights of qualitative studies into broader, integrative understandings. We introduce the construct of emergence to qualitative meta-studies, positioning it as both an epistemological foundation and a methodological principle. While emergence has been explored in complexity science, its implications for qualitative synthesis remain largely unexamined. We argue that qualitative meta-analysis, when structured around emergence, allows for the identification of higher-order patterns, relational dynamics, and conceptual advancements that transcend individual studies. Beyond its theoretical contributions, this paper serves as an actionable companion for scholars conducting qualitative meta-studies. It provides a structured, step-by-step framework designed to help researchers systematically integrate diverse qualitative traditions while preserving interpretive richness. The paper presents a taxonomy of key methodological challenges encountered in qualitative synthesis and offers concrete heuristics for fostering emergence and generating higher-order theoretical contributions. Additionally, it delivers a set of applied strategies to guide scholars in conducting qualitative meta-analysis with both rigor and adaptability. To support the broader dissemination of qualitative meta-studies, the paper also identifies suitable publication outlets. By advancing qualitative meta-analysis as both a research tool and an epistemological stance, this paper invites scholars to approach synthesis as a generative and methodologically grounded process-one that not only retains the depth and complexity of qualitative inquiry but also enables the discovery of new theoretical insights that are both meaningful and actionable for contemporary scholarship.

The "silent classroom" phenomenon in Japan has been persisting despite decades of policy reforms in its English education geared toward adapting communicative approaches and producing more global human resources. Intending to examine the socio-cultural factors that deter Japanese high school students from conversing in English, this grounded theory study focuses on the roles of cultural values, the dynamics of the classroom, and the structures of educational institutions that conspire to silence students. The findings highlight the complex social, cultural, psychological, and institutional factors that underpin Japanese students' resistance to English spoken in the classroom. Grounded theory made it clear that silence is not simply the absence of speech or a sign of linguistic inadequacy, but is, instead, an adaptive, culturally permitted response that is deeply woven into the educational and social fabric of Japan. The Cultural Weight of Silence theory reveals that students' quietude is both a kind of shield and a statement of risk management, social alignment, and institutional contradiction. It turns upside down the simple and deficitoriented narratives depicting Japanese learners of English as passive, shy, or unconfident. It provokes a deeper reflection on the essence of communication, emphasizing silence as not just the absence of sound but the presence of something that has as much meaning as a talk. Genuine effort to uplift the level of communicative competence in Japan must go well beyond instruction in the technicalities of the language. It must confront head-on and change, if only slightly, the cultural architecture of Japan's classrooms. It must do something so far unrealized: challenge the institutional structures that keep so many living and learning in unfortunate silence. Details of the theory as byproduct of this study and the implications are also discussed in the paper.

Chickens are the most popular poultry worldwide. About 23.7 billion chickens globally in 2018 were reared mainly for their eggs and meat products. Indigenous chickens in Kenya constitute about 70% of the poultry population. Their role in rural livelihoods is widely understood in terms of provisioning for nutrition and household income. This study aimed to investigate, through a community-based participatory process, the latent roles of indigenous chicken (IC) in the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in rural areas of Kericho County, Kenya. This study adopted a Grounded Theory Approach and a Communitybased Participatory action research design. Six sites in three out of six subcounties were selected for the study based on their agroecological zones and administrative locations. Data were collected through focus group discussions and interviews. Community-based participatory action research tools; focus groups, resource mapping, role plays, and community workshops, were used to encourage participation and knowledge sharing. Data were collected through note-taking and group presentations. The data were analyzed using the grounded theory constant comparative method. Analysis revealed that the higher order concepts and theories that could explain the latent roles of indigenous chickens were1insurance against shocks, 2marketness; sales for income, 3instrumentalism; as an instrument for personal motivations, 4ecological functions and5immanent roles; to utilize existing resources and capabilities. It has roles as a socioeconomic 6ladder-of-change, contributes to 7household functionalism by engaging youth and women and household 8dietary needs, and social roles in 9interpersonal connectedness. In conclusion, indigenous chickens had roles in the economy, ecology, socio-culture and food supplies. This understanding has implications in formulating strategies by development agents, for sustainable IC production. Further research in different contexts to build on the in-depth understanding of the IC roles is recommended.

The grounded method transformed qualitative research by proposing that theory should emerge directly from data—such as interviews, documents, and observations—rather than being imposed on pre-existing hypotheses. Unlike quantitative research, which relies heavily on hypotheses, surveys, and statistical analysis, Grounded Theory encourages an open-ended exploration of data, allowing insights to emerge naturally from rich empirical evidence. By applying systems thinking to grounded theory, researchers can create frameworks that not only clarify phenomena but also guide effective intervention points.

The purpose of this essay is to study briefly the function and the meaning of twilight in uYoung Goodman Brownn (1835), one of Nathaniel Hawthorne's most profound tales in which the allegorical and the Gothic traditions of English literature are combined in an extremely effective way. Actuality and dream, daylight and shadow become clue terms in the world of Hawthorne's fiction. In "Young Goodman Brownr, as in many of his short stories, twilight is used by

We use Grounded eory to study the evolution of requirements practices of 16 so ware startups as they grow and introduce new products and services. ese startups operate in a dynamic environment, with signi cant time and market pressure, and rarely have time for systematic requirements analysis. Our theory describes the evolution of practice along six dimensions that emerged as relevant to their requirements activities: requirements artefacts, knowledge management, requirements-related roles, planning, technical debt and product quality. Beyond the relationships among the dimensions, our theory also explains the turning points that drove the evolution along these dimensions. ese changes are reactive, rather than planned, suggesting an overall pragmatic lightness, i.e., exibility, in the startups' evolution towards engineering practices for requirements. Our theory organises knowledge about evolving requirements practice in maturing startups, and provides practical insights for startups' assessing their own evolution as they face challenges to their growth. Our research also suggests that a startup's evolution along the six dimensions is not fundamental to its success, but has signi cant e ects on their product, their employees and the company. •So ware and its engineering →So ware creation and management;

User Experience (UX) is a term that has received a lot of attention in the last decade. The number of industries whose consider the importance of implementing the UX design process within their development cycle has increased. Therefore, we think it is  important to investigate how UX design processes are implemented in the industries. In this research, we take a qualitative approach with descriptive methods by investigating six information technology companies in Indonesia. As a result, we found that most of these information technology companies implement the UX design process as part of their operation and consider that the UX design process is an important part of software development. Each company has its order and priorities in regard to the UX design processes and only follows their established UX design process framework in order to meet their product development requirements. We also found that there are different UX design process approaches from these six companies.

Çalışmanın temel amacı, öğrencilerin tarih algılarını ve bu bilgi türene yönelik epistemik bakışlarını ortaya koyan bir kavram seti geliştirmektir. Gömülü teori yaklaşımıyla yapılan bu araştırma, tarihsel bilginin öğrenciler tarafından nasıl algılandığını ve bu bilgi türünün doğasını nasıl sorguladıkları bağlamından ilerlemiştir. Çalışma grubu, lise düzeyinde eğitim gören 45 öğrenci ve 8 tarih öğretmeninden oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama süreci, görüşme ve odak grup görüşme teknikleriyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu süreçte, öğrencilerin tarihsel bilgiye yönelik ilgileri, tarihsel bilgiye yükledikleri anlam ve epistemik bakışları merkez kod etrafında kategorilendirilmiştir. Bunlardan ilgi yatırımı kategorisi öğrencilerin savaşlar, zaferler, kaos dönemleri ve büyük figürler gibi konulara yönelik dikkatlerini ifade ederken; anlam yatırımı kategorisi, öğrencilerin tarihsel bilgiyi nasıl kişisel ve kültürel anlamlarla doldurduklarını ifade etmektedir. Epistemik yatırım ise öğrencilerin tarihsel bilginin epistemik doğasına yönelik bakışlarını ifade etmektedir. Bu kategoriler öğrencilerin tarihsel bilgiye olan yaklaşımlarının, sadece salt bilgi olarak sınırlı kalmadığı, aynı zamanda bu bilgileri eleştirel bir süzgeçten geçirerek anlamlandırma ve kimliklerine entegre etme çabası içinde olduklarını bir ağ şeklinde sunmaktadır. Öğrencilerin tarihi bir rehber olarak algıladıkları, tarihe yönelik belli bir epistemik bir farkındalığa sahip oldukları ve bu farkındalıkla tarihsel bilgiyi doğrulama ve farklı perspektiflerden değerlendirme eğiliminde oldukları görülmüştür. Tarihe yönelik ilgiyi ise savaş, zafer ve sıra dışılık olgularının beslediği görülmüştür.


*****

The primary aim of this study is to develop a conceptual framework that reveals students’ perceptions of history and their epistemic perspectives on this type of knowledge. Conducted using the grounded theory approach, the research explores how students perceive historical knowledge and how they question its nature. The study group consists of 45 high school students and 8 history teachers. Data were collected through interviews and focus group discussions. Throughout this process, students’ interests in historical knowledge, the meanings they attribute to it, and their epistemic viewpoints were categorized around a central code. The category of interest investment refers to students’ attention toward topics such as wars, victories, periods of chaos, and prominent historical figures. The meaning investment category reflects how students infuse historical knowledge with personal and cultural meanings. Epistemic investment captures their perspectives on the epistemic nature of historical knowledge. These categories collectively illustrate that students’ approaches to historical knowledge go beyond acquiring factual information; they critically interpret and integrate it into their identities. It was observed that students tend to perceive history as a guide and possess a certain level of epistemic awareness, which leads them to verify historical knowledge and assess it from multiple perspectives. Their interest in history appears to be fueled primarily by themes of war, triumph, and the extraordinary.

The paper examines some predictor variables influencing the final stage of acculturation process by questionnaires and interviews through a survey of American expatriates of Chevron CDB Project in China. The aim is to have a better understanding of general condition of American expatriates during their cross-cultural adaptation, and put forward some constructive suggestions for them to learn and adapt to host-culture environment.

This paper discusses how an interpretive theory of action was explored and developed through iterative cycles of grounded theory generation. We establish our motivation for employing the grounded theory method in an area that is overflowing with theories of learning, then move on to the practicalities of generating an interpretive grounded theory by following the 'vapor trails' left by online learners. We describe how we incorporated the use of mixed methods into an interpretive grounded theory process, with a theoretical sampling strategy that used 'complementary comparison' to feed back into a new cycle of constant comparison. We discuss how constant comparison may be enhanced by researcher debate around emerging themes and categories, co-coding of data samples, coding of researcher theoretical memos, and reflection-in-action during explicit explanations of coding schemes to research assistants and the review of research process memos. Finally, we discuss how and why the substantive theory of action that was generated by this process provides an original contribution to theories of collaborative online learning by accounting for both visible and invisible learning strategies that explain the role of thought-leaders in a community of inquiry and account for vicarious learning.

Mixed methods research requires data integration from multiple sources. Existing techniques are restricted to integrating a maximum of two data sources, do not provide step-by-step guidance or can be cumbersome where many data need to be integrated. We have solved these limitations through the development of the extended Pillar Integration Process (ePIP), a method which contributes to the field of mixed methods by being the first data integration method providing explicit steps on how to integrate data from three data sources. The ePIP provides greater transparency, validity and consistency compared to existing methods. We provide two worked examples from health sciences and automotive human factors, highlighting its value as a mixed methods integration tool.

Mixed methods research requires data integration from multiple sources. Existing techniques are restricted to integrating a maximum of two data sources, do not provide step-by-step guidance or can be cumbersome where many data need to be integrated. We have solved these limitations through the development of the extended Pillar Integration Process (ePIP), a method which contributes to the field of mixed methods by being the first data integration method providing explicit steps on how to integrate data from three data sources. The ePIP provides greater transparency, validity and consistency compared to existing methods. We provide two worked examples from health sciences and automotive human factors, highlighting its value as a mixed methods integration tool.

Whereas the topic of job loss has garnered much scholarly interest in the fields of management and psychology, it has yet to capture the attention of communication scholars despite their traditional interest in contexts of work. This dissertation aims to mitigate the dearth of communication-based scholarship on employment loss and encourage theoretical and empirical examinations of this topic by making two contributions. First, this research challenges the cognitive and rational assumptions of extant job loss models (e.g., Latack et al., 1995; Leana & Feldman, 1988) and offers an alternative perspective on job loss and coping that foregrounds the constitutive role of communication (e.g., Fairhurst & Putnam, 2004; Putnam & Nicotera, 2009) as a guiding ontology. Drawing on the theories of sensemaking (Weick, 1979, 1995), structuration (Giddens, 1984, 1991), and dialectics (Bakhtin, 1981; Baxter & Montgomery, 1996), the proposed framework reconceptualizes job loss as a situated, emergent, and contested experience, and casts displaced workers as agents whose quest to cope with their circumstances is both constrained and enabled. This dissertation also makes an empirical contribution by using its proposed framework to examine the practice of blogging as a means of coping with job loss. Through in-depth analysis of interview transcripts and blog posts spanning six months, and using a grounded theory approach (Charmaz, 2006), this research probes the blogging practices of four laid-off professionals and identifies the coping tensions they grappled with, as well as the discursive strategies they used to navigate them. Findings reveal that blogging was problematized both as a routine and a practice by the dialectic interplay of two overarching coping imperatives, namely the need to reverse job loss (Resolution) and the need to weather it in the meantime (Endurance). On one hand, bloggers grappled with the appropriateness of committing to a blog instead of dedicating themselves fully to their job search (Productivity vs. Distraction). In addition, they tried to harness the coping benefits of blogging while making sure that looking back on their experiences did not ultimately hold them back as well (Looking Back vs. Moving Forward). To manage these tensions, participants deployed a variety of transcendence and integration strategies (Seo et al., 2004). Specifically, productivity displays and legitimization logics enabled them to transcend tensional dynamics by reframing blogging, in turn, as a public record of productive time use and as a legitimate part of a productive routine. On the other hand, humor, disclosure logics, and distancing tactics proved useful for mitigating the constraining effects of blogging on participants’ ability to move on emotionally and professionally from their job loss, while still allowing them to reap its coping benefits.

This article explores the critical role of environmental education and communication in promoting sustainability and conservation. By educating individuals about environmental issues and promoting sustainable practices, communities can be empowered to take action and make a positive impact. The article highlights key components of environmental education, including awareness, knowledge, skills, and action, and discusses effective communication strategies such as storytelling, visual aids, community engagement, and digital media. Best practices in environmental education and communication are also outlined, including interdisciplinary approaches, experiential learning, community-based initiatives, and evaluation and assessment. By incorporating these strategies, environmental education and communication can inspire a love of nature and a commitment to environmental stewardship that will last a lifetime.

Schäffter beobachtet Schäffter" und dies erfolgt im gegebenen Fall in einem ersten Schritt mit AI-Unterstützung: Im Rahmen einer werkbiografischen Rekonstruktion praxisfeldbasierter Theoriegenerierung wird das selbstreferentielle Verfahren einer logisch höherstufigen "Beobachtung zweiter Ordnung" durchgeführt und methodologisch begründet. Mit ihm bietet sich ein empirischer Forschungszugang, durch den sich ein seit fünf Jahrzehnten angewachsener Fundus explorativ angelegter Einzeluntersuchungen zur Hochschulweiterbildung hinsichtlich ihrer Responsivita ẗ zum gesellschaftlichen Strukturwandel systematisch auswerten lasst. In der Konzeptualisierung erhalt das Konstrukt einer "historischen Resonanzkonstellation" theoriestrategisch zentralen Stellenwert. Aufgrund diskontinuierlichen Wandels werden transformative Ubergange zwischen differenten Relationsqualitäten als situierte Ereignisse des Werdens (d.h. "paradigmatische turns") beobachtbar, in denen sich zivilgesellschaftliche Responsivität auf wissenschaftliche Erkenntnispraxis im Sinne wechselseitiger "Dialogizitaẗ" (sensu M. Bachtin) und somit relationslogisch zueinander ins Verha ltnis setzt. Die in der Qualität einer Relationierung als normative Maßgabe erkennbaren Kriterien lassen sich ex post wissenschaftshistorisch bestimmen und erkenntnistheoretisch als politisch relevante Beziehungsweisen einer epochenspezifischen Resonanzkonstellation wissenschaftlicher Weiterbildung verorten. Zur Diskussion gestellt wird daher im Folgenden ein werkbiographischer Ansatz, in dem historische Resonanzkonstellationen der Verortung von Hochschulweiterbildung durch eine Temporalisierung des pragmatischen Forschungsstils einer Grounded Theory in Anschluss an Anselm Strauss erweitert wird. Zudem erlangen transitorische Übergangszeiten innerhalb seines Konstrukts eines ‚lifetrajectory' in der Formation eines Reallabors transdisziplinare Sichtbarkeit. (Dieser Einführungstext beruht auf Schäffter, nicht auf Google Gemini)

Prof. Dr. Ortfried Schäffter ist eine Persönlichkeit im Bereich der Erwachsenen-und Weiterbildung, dessen wissenschaftliches Werk über Jahrzehnte hinweg die theoretischen und praktischen Diskurse in diesem Feld zunächst organisationspädagogisch und später auch relationstheoretisch beeinflusst hat. Seine akademische Laufbahn zeichnet sich durch eine bemerkenswerte Entwicklung aus, die von den Grundlagen der politischen Bildung bis hin zu komplexen meta-theoretischen Reflexionen reicht.

While the importance of collaborative research and collaborative discovery cannot be understated, what accompanies such work can be a myriad of difficulties for the researcher and a number of barriers for ''the researched.'' What are the rich possibilities of discovery that can be achieved by doing collaborative research? What are some inherent barriers in collaborative research work? How can an ethical review process become an institutionalized political process? How do institutional political interests trump those of discovery, knowledge production, and progress? In this presentation, I offer some answers to these questions and pose further ones for critical thought. I report on a current research project-an institutional ethnography-which involves several educational institutions (and at one point, a hospital). The very obstacles-the institutional ''red tape''-and its implications for doing collaborative research are the focus of this presentation.

In the United States, 1 to 3 million cases of domestic violence (DV) are reported annually, and there are estimates of multiple other cases that are not reported every year. As a result, it is projected that over 10 million cases of DV occur each year in the United States. Hence, there is a need for increased understanding of DV and more informed interventions that will lead to a decrease in DV. Several studies suggest that natural environments mitigate aggression and violence, but to date researchers have not conducted qualitative studies, via a grounded theory approach, examining how natural environments and settings can affect the dynamics of a DV relationship from the perspectives of the female victims of DV. This qualitative study examines the perceptions of female victims of DV when in a natural setting with their DV perpetrator. Research participants comprised female victims of DV aged 18-59 years from a local DV shelter and counseling center with whom the researcher conducted qualitative interviewing; grounded theory was the designated research approach with these participants. The collection of interviews revealed a pattern of responses indicating that nature, as well as certain activities in nature, had a perceived calming effect on the DV victim, the DV victim's estimation of nature on the perpetrator, and often the DV relationship as a whole. A grounded theory of nature-induced peacefulness (NIP) emerged from the data and suggests further potential applications for NIP, as well as the need for future studies with perhaps larger and more heterogeneous samples.

In the United States, 1 to 3 million cases of domestic violence (DV) are reported annually, and there are estimates of multiple other cases that are not reported every year. As a result, it is projected that over 10 million cases of DV occur each year in the United States. Hence, there is a need for increased understanding of DV and more informed interventions that will lead to a decrease in DV. Several studies suggest that natural environments mitigate aggression and violence, but to date researchers have not conducted qualitative studies, via a grounded theory approach, examining how natural environments and settings can affect the dynamics of a DV relationship from the perspectives of the female victims of DV. This qualitative study examines the perceptions of female victims of DV when in a natural setting with their DV perpetrator. Research participants comprised female victims of DV aged 18-59 years from a local DV shelter and counseling center with whom the researcher conducted qualitative interviewing; grounded theory was the designated research approach with these participants. The collection of interviews revealed a pattern of responses indicating that nature, as well as certain activities in nature, had a perceived calming effect on the DV victim, the DV victim's estimation of nature on the perpetrator, and often the DV relationship as a whole. A grounded theory of nature-induced peacefulness (NIP) emerged from the data and suggests further potential applications for NIP, as well as the need for future studies with perhaps larger and more heterogeneous samples.

In the United States, 1 to 3 million cases of domestic violence (DV) are reported annually, and there are estimates of multiple other cases that are not reported every year. As a result, it is projected that over 10 million cases of DV occur each year in the United States. Hence, there is a need for increased understanding of DV and more informed interventions that will lead to a decrease in DV. Several studies suggest that natural environments mitigate aggression and violence, but to date researchers have not conducted qualitative studies, via a grounded theory approach, examining how natural environments and settings can affect the dynamics of a DV relationship from the perspectives of the female victims of DV. This qualitative study examines the perceptions of female victims of DV when in a natural setting with their DV perpetrator. Research participants comprised female victims of DV aged 18-59 years from a local DV shelter and counseling center with whom the researcher conducted qualitative interviewing; grounded theory was the designated research approach with these participants. The collection of interviews revealed a pattern of responses indicating that nature, as well as certain activities in nature, had a perceived calming effect on the DV victim, the DV victim's estimation of nature on the perpetrator, and often the DV relationship as a whole. A grounded theory of nature-induced peacefulness (NIP) emerged from the data and suggests further potential applications for NIP, as well as the need for future studies with perhaps larger and more heterogeneous samples.

Engagement in artistic and creative practices (such as painting, crafts or music) is gaining increasing recognition, for its potential to enhance people's health and identity, as well as promoting a sense of belonging to a community. Pivotal to this potential is the extent to which artistic practices are available, accessible, and inclusive. This presentation reports on early findings from a comparative study of perceptions of health, identity, and community through sharing artwork online or through participation in a regular art activity in a public setting in the South of England. The aim of the study is to gain insights into how concepts of health, identity, and community are conceptualised in these two settings by using an ethnographic approach involving observations, focus groups, and interviews, including an auto-ethnographic approach by the principal researcher (who is herself an artist) to report upon her reflections. It is anticipated that findings will show areas of synthesis and divergence between online and physical participation in visual art practices, for example, local and international conceptualisations of community. In addition to conceptual and methodological insights, findings may shed light on the relational and contextual features that impact on the development and sustenance of artistic practices at a local and international level and the extent to which these contribute to fostering a sense of health, identity, and community.

Historical video games are uniquely tied to the scientific practices of professional historians, archaeologists, and many other experts. However, since video games are an interactive medium and the most common-sensical view of history is that the past is fixed, it is clear that, at least from a representationalist point of view, there is some unresolved tension. The article explores this predicament and draws heavily from contemporary historical nonrepresentationalism-a position that shifts focus from the idea of representing the real past to the close examination of historical discourse as a complex argumentative practice, relying on evidence and robust theoretical background. To complement the theoretical examination of the problem, the paper examines three examples from historical discourse (the Late Bronze Age collapse, cliodynamics, and Big History) and juxtaposes them against two examples of historical video games of a strategic genre that deal with related topics. It is argued that what makes video games historical is their complex relation to the ongoing historical discourse.

Disability studies has traditionally presented "access" as an unqualified good and a material one at that. However, engaging with the potentialities of mad opacity show us the way in which demand for access to transparency and frictionless understanding reproduces ableist institutional violence. Engaging with various strategies of opacity practice by users on Tumblr, particularly those that participate in what the author calls xenoidentity/alterhuman spaces, this article will address the stakes of both maintaining and questioning the importance of opacity. The author also offers the opportunity to consider what kinds of knowledges are inextricably linked to practices and indeed policies of opacity and opaque care. Rather than offering simplistic solutions, the author invites the reader to sit together in a position of access friction engendered by not only the presence of people who happen to be racialized, trans, and/or Mad in a disability space, but also by thinking capaciously with transmad histology, methodologies, and localities.

A co-creation project for sighted dancers and choreographers and people with visual impairment was designed, implemented and evaluated using a combination of participatory and grounded methodology, a practice framework of rationale method and a model of inclusive capital. The project had the following objectives: 1) to develop a participatory dance technology, collaborative choreography and a method of teaching dance; 2) to encourage people with visual impairments to move more; 3) to provide people with visual impairments with a greater understanding of dance; and 4) to examine the encouragement of performative arts. The evaluation found that participants developed new negotiated forms of information and inclusive technical capital / inclusive capital. In addition, visually impaired participants developed unique dance sequences creatively through touch, sound and residual vision, and communicated this vision to sighted dancers in an effective way. The technology and rationale method developed during this process also appeared to have helped this process of communication.

Grounded Theory (GT) has been widely used in different fields of social sciences since its inception. On the other hand, the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) method has been well embraced by researchers to develop the relationships betwe the relevant factors. So far, the two research approaches have been used separately, while by combining and kneading these two widely used methods, an integrated method can be emerged so that will bring special advantages to research methodology. The main objective of this paper is to extend the GT integrating it with ISM. Concurring with the foremost objective of this research, a qualitative approach was carried out. Relying on the capacity researcher in directing and leading qualitative researches, in particular hiring both methodologies, the initial spark for the integration of both methods took place. professional experts) and its application, sophistication and advantages were assured. As well instructed, an algorithm was developed to explain the application and use of this novel research methodology in a simple manner. The study outlines an algorithm for integrating GT with ISM. This inte finding and results. Presenting the outputs in structural molding visualizes the results and inter elements. This study substantiates a new approach to qualita considered by integrating the two widely used methods in research methodology, GT and ISM. This nascent and an extended GT method added values, enhanced richness in data and results and upgraded research methods.