Green Construction

The use of conventional building materials in the construction sector significantly contributes to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in considerable environmental damage across Pakistan. Embracing sustainable building materials is crucial for mitigating pollution, conserving energy, and enhancing indoor air quality through the utilization of recycled and renewable resources, reducing environmental pollution. The focus of this study is to explore the adoption of green building materials within Pakistan's construction sector, particularly aiming to mitigate environmental impacts, including air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The objectives include identification of sustainable materials, evaluation of their benefits and drawbacks, and the provision of recommendations for effective implementation. The research methodology includes the administration of closed-ended questionnaires, the conduct of interviews, and the observation process, utilizing both planned and random sampling techniques to ensure the collection of reliable data. The findings indicate a limited interest in eco-friendly materials, constrained by factors such as high costs, low market demand, and logistical challenges. Cronbach's alpha value is 0.926, which shows high internal consistency and reliability. The study highlights that 73% of construction firms in Pakistan do not use green building materials. This research distinguishes itself through a thorough evaluation of sustainable materials specifically suited to Pakistan's industry, providing strategic insights to address current challenges and foster green building practices.

This technical business case, presented for the 2025 AAAS Forum on Science & Technology Policy, details a pioneering initiative by Tuskegee University to translate farm-level data into equitable national policy. Building on its legacy of community-focused agricultural innovation, Tuskegee proposes the development of an AI-powered data platform integrated with the modernization of key agricultural infrastructure. This includes a new USDA-inspected Red Meat Processing Facility, the Black Belt Marketing and Innovation Center (BBMIC), and the Alabama Small Farm Rural Development Center (ASFRDC). This synergistic model is designed to collect and analyze on-farm environmental, economic, and participatory data from small farmers, a demographic historically underrepresented in policy-making. By creating a direct pipeline from grassroots data collection to systemic engagement, the initiative empowers small-scale producers to inform and shape federal agricultural agendas. This paper outlines the strategic vision, feasibility, financial projections, and implementation plan, presenting Tuskegee's "ground-up" approach as a replicable national blueprint for building resilient and equitable food systems.

ZeroBuild Journal started publication life as of 01.01.2023. ZeroBuild Journal accepts scientific papers in every topic related to Zero Energy Buildings. The papers will be published in English language with an extended Abstract prepared in Turkish at first page.
ZeroBuild Journal invites scientific studies in the disciplines of Architecture, Mechanical, Industrial, Construction, Chemistry, Environmental, and Electric Engineering for publication.
As one of the first scientific magazines on zero energy buildings, we hope that the ZeroBuild Journal will make a very important contribution to the field. ZeroBuild Journal will share a perspective that shows researchers the trends of the industry, and make significant impacts both in the industry and in the current science.

The construction of road pavements requires large amount of aggregates, which contributes to the depletion of natural resources, greenhouse gas emissions, and high cost. The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) contributes to achieving green roads by reducing aggregate exploitation, haulage, cost, emissions and dumping. However, the presence of aged binder in RAP had limited the incorporation of RAP to a small amount in asphalt pavement. In order to achieve sustainable high content utilization of RAP, this research provides an assessment of extracted RAP aggregates with an emphasis on characterization, strength, durability, and performance. RAP samples were found to contain 6.5% aged binder and 93.5% aggregates, which were separated using a centrifuge extraction process with 100% of aggregates recovered. The gradation of RAP aggregates was sufficient for asphalt production without outsourcing virgin aggregates to complement for meeting with standards. The bulk of extracted RAP aggregates showed good physical properties, gradation and hardened qualities from the obtained aggregate impact value of 17.4% and aggregate crushing value of 19.5%, making them an effective replacement for natural aggregates in asphalt. The asphalt mixtures demonstrated acceptable volumetric properties and performance with a peak stability of 31.91 KN at 5.3% optimum bitumen content. It was observed that extracted RAP aggregate contained absorbed bitumen that contributed to higher weight, higher specific gravity and lower water absorption, which could also reduce the consumption and demand of fresh bitumen in large road projects.

Unlike flat roofs, building walls are not only orientation sensitive but also one of the most important building element for heat gain. Also, orientation is one of the most basic but most effective technique of passive solar design. Although many passive design techniques may not be suitable in present times but orientation considerations are still relevant and can protect a building from a good amount of solar loading and thus provide ample opportunities of energy conservation in buildings. Delhi-NCR is among the areas which are observing maximum growth at present in India. If this development is based on suitable energy conservation techniques like orientation, it would be great service not only to building industry but also to the nation and environment. It could be easily achieved by avoiding worst orientation at design stage itself. Hence orientation of buildings at DELHI-NCR for maximum solar heat gain in summer has been obtained through simulation technique. Sol-air temperature, azimuth angle, solar flux and various other parameters involved have been found out at each day of every months of the year at a time interval of 15 minutes. Subsequently, mean maximum sol-air temperature and corresponding solar azimuth/orientation for each month has been obtained which can be utilized to make the building energy efficient. Although nowadays several simulation software are readily available for energy analysis of a whole building designed without pre-consideration of orientation but if an architect consciously designs a building, avoiding wall surfaces from facing worst orientation, it would further make it very energy efficient by reducing sufficient amount of heat gain.

Unlike flat roofs, building walls are not only orientation sensitive but also one of the most important building element for heat gain. Also, orientation is one of the most basic but most effective technique of passive solar design. Although many passive design techniques may not be suitable in present times but orientation considerations are still relevant and can protect a building from a good amount of solar loading and thus provide ample opportunities of energy conservation in buildings. Delhi-NCR is among the areas which are observing maximum growth at present in India. If this development is based on suitable energy conservation techniques like orientation, it would be great service not only to building industry but also to the nation and environment. It could be easily achieved by avoiding worst orientation at design stage itself. Hence orientation of buildings at DELHI-NCR for maximum solar heat gain in summer has been obtained through simulation technique. Sol-air temperatu...

In the marble industry, a lot of marble is wasted in the form of odd blocks of various sizes and slurry consisting of water and micro-fine particles. The slurry on drying converts into powder. Both slurry and powder have adverse effects on the environment. This research is focused on the gainful utilization of waste marble powder (WMP) by converting it into a valuable binding material. For this purpose, WMP and clay were collected, and their physical and chemical properties were determined. A mix of WMP and clay was prepared and burnt at a temperature around 1300 o C. The burnt mix was ground to powder form to get marble cement (MC). The MC was then used in mortar. The compressive and flexural strengths of mortar cubes and prisms were determined. Apart from this, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis were also carried out. The chemical composition showed that the MC has 52.5% di-calcium silicate (C 2 S) and 3.5% tri-calcium silicate (C 3 S).The compressive strength of MC mortar after 28 days curing is 6.03 MPa, which is higher than M1 mortar of building code of Pakistan (5 MPa). The compressive strength of MC mortar after one year is 20.67 MPa, which is only 17% less than OPC mortar.

Concrete is one of the most common construction materials used in rigid pavement, bridges, roads, highways, and buildings. Compressive strength is one of the most important properties of concrete, which determines its quality. This study aims to present the use of a new surface dielectric method to estimate concrete compressive strength. Six concrete mixtures were produced with compressive strengths ranging from 30 to 60 MPa. Compressive strength and strength development were determined during 28 days of curing. All concrete mixes were tested using the ASTM standard. The dielectric properties, ultrasound velocity, and rebound number of all concrete mixes were also measured at each day of curing. The results obtained from the proposed dielectric method in predicting the compressive strength of concrete were compared with the rebound hammer and ultrasonic velocity that are frequently used to evaluate the compressive strength of concrete. The dielectric method shows a higher square correlation coefficient than the other two methods. The results also indicate that combined more than one method of nondestructive techniques will lead to higher prediction and could help to reduce some errors associated with using a certain method alone. The result indicate that the finding of this study could lead to help in reducing the time of evaluating concrete during construction and could also provide tools for practicing engineer to take decision faster with more confidence level on quality of concrete.

Tuskegee University stands poised to enrich student well-being, academic engagement, and institutional reputation through a targeted expansion of multifunctional green spaces on campus. Anchored by its 5,000-acre rural campus (including a 450-acre main campus core)-the only university campus designated as a National Historic Site-and its role as an 1890 land-grant HBCU, Tuskegee can leverage outdoor classrooms, event-ready commons, wellness trails, and living-lab gardens to advance its historic mission. Within the 50-acre Historic Campus District (part of the Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site) any interventions must respect National Park Service preservation guidelines , ensuring new features complement landmarks like Booker T. Washington's home and George W. Carver's laboratory. Phase I of the expansion will implement three pilot sites over 12 months, with full campus-wide integration by 48 months. Recent campus safety investments-including expanded LED lighting, security cameras in all dorms, and a new TigerAlert emergency notification app-provide a secure foundation for after-dark outdoor programming. A diversified funding strategy will leverage federal, state, and private grants (USDA, EPA, USFS, DOE), corporate and alumni philanthropy, and an internal Green Fund to cover capital costs. Comparable projects at peer institutions in the Southeast show installed costs of roughly $320,000-$580,000 per pilot site, with significant returns from energy savings, stormwater reduction, carbon sequestration, and mental-health benefits. A conservative cost-benefit analysis projects a positive net present value and an internal rate of return in the high single digits, alongside intangible gains in student recruitment, retention, and community image.

The construction industry is a major sector that not only delivers essential infrastructure but also ensures safe living environments for communities. This billion-rupee industry is consistently challenged by material shortages, fluctuating costs, logistical disruptions, and labor constraints. In Pakistan, particularly in Karachi, which is the largest urban economic center, there is an urgent need for reliable and efficient supply of materials, manpower, and machinery. This study aims to examine the impact of key supply chain management practices on overall project performance within the construction sector of Karachi. A quantitative research methodology was employed, with data collected from 385 experienced professionals, including project managers, engineers, contractors, and procurement specialists working in prominent construction firms across the city. The data were gathered through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression techniques to evaluate the strength and significance of relationships among the identified variables. The results indicate that strategic supplier partnerships exert the most substantial and positive influence on project performance. Additionally, internal lean practices, when effectively integrated with these partnerships, contribute to improved project efficiency and outcomes. The study also identifies several practical challenges that organizations encounter when adopting and implementing lean supply chain practices. This research offers valuable insights for construction professionals, project managers, and decision-makers by emphasizing the importance of developing strong supplier networks, ensuring transparent and timely information sharing, and fostering active client engagement to enhance overall project success.

Sustainable construction is the one of the measures that has been put forward to mitigate the adverse impact of construction activities on environment, economy and society. This paper presents the Bhutan's case study on sustainable construction practises. This paper presents and discusses the scope and definition of sustainable construction; Barrier to the implementation of sustainable construction; the benefits of sustainable building compared to conventional building; and various technical approaches to achieve sustainable construction. The lack of education, awareness and training were the major barrier to the implementation of sustainable construction in Bhutan.

This research surveyed and investigated the quality of sandcrete hollow blocks produced for construction works within the Enugu metropolis. The study aimed to ascertain quality control, in terms of the compressive strength of sandcrete blocks, the grading of sands used, and the dimensions of blocks produced. The methodology used in this research involved a survey of nine block industries that were randomly sampled within the Enugu metropolis and practical moulding of blocks used as control. Three-block industries use the machine for mixing and moulding while the other six use manual hand moulding. Six samples of hollow sandcrete blocks were randomly selected from the nine-block industries (3 samples each from 6-inches and9inches sizes) making it a total of 56 blocks. However, 6-block samples (3 samples each of 6 inches and 9 inches) were produced manually as control, using Nigeria Industrial Specificationwith cement/sand of 1:6, and water/cement of 0.8. The whole blocks were cured by sprinkling water on them for 14 days after which they were weighed and crushed to determine their compressive strengths. The results observed indicated that the quality of sandcrete hollow Blocksproduced within the Enugu metropolis was poor, with variations in dimensions, low compressive strength values ranging from 1.28 to 2.2N/mm ^2 for 6 inches blocks, and 0.95to 2.54N/mm ^2 for 9 inches blocks. The values were below the specification of 3.45N/mm ^2 load-bearing blocks are expected to have. The research concluded that the qualities of sandcrete hollow blocks produced within the Enugu metropolis were poor and that there was no quality control, inspection, and regulation of activities of block industries within the metropolis. The research recommended regulation and frequent inspection and monitoring of block industry activities within the state for certification of their products and ensuring conformation to specifications.

This research examines the impact of green financial and non-financial incentives on the green project-demonstration in the construction industry in Jiangsu province, China. It investigates the role of mediation of green innovation in these relationships. The study applies quantitative research, collecting data through a cross-sectional survey of 432 employees in 58 large construction firms. Structural equation using modeling (SEM. Results of the study show that financial incentives, such as subsidy and tax benefits, improve resource efficiency, while non-objective/financial incentives, such as certificates increase recognition, stakeholder satisfaction, and competition. Companies should consider the adoption of both types of incentives to catalyze green innovation and align their operations with sustainability goals. Practical implications emphasize the need for firms to integrate both incentives and foster a culture of green innovation to achieve long-term sustainability goals. Policymakers are encouraged to design supportive frameworks that promote ecological incentives and innovation, particularly in developing economies facing resource constraints.

Throughout history, the construction industry has been a significant contributor to construction waste, presenting an ongoing challenge in efficiently managing this waste to mitigate environmental pollution. The Industrialized Building System (IBS) stands out as a construction approach that utilizes prefabricated components made from various waste materials, implemented with machinery and formwork, leading to minimal waste production. The potential failure of IBS blockwork columns under lateral loads is a significant concern, and the deformation of these columns is crucial in assessing overall structural performance against lateral forces. This study focuses on examining the deformation and flexibility of components in IBS blockwork columns when subjected to lateral loads. Using Finite Element Modeling (FEM), a 1:5 scale prototype model of the dual-reinforced system IBS Block Work Column is analyzed. The IBS Block Work Column, comprising four prefabricated components assembled in the form of a crucifix plan to enhance lateral stability, is subjected to FEM analysis and experimental investigations. The study aims to explore the impact of four different shapes of reinforcement on deformation resistance. The findings suggest that employing a dual-reinforced system in the IBS Block Work Column enhances its resistance to lateral loads compared to a column with conventional reinforcement. Moreover, the assembled IBS Block Work Column exhibits greater stiffness than a single prefabricated component when subjected to lateral loads.

More durable and eco-friendly alternatives to concrete are needed to meet the growing global demand for this material. About 7% of all human-caused CO 2 emissions come from cement production. Integrating bacteria into concrete can prolong its lifespan, improve durability, and promote the sustainability of the concrete. Traditional crack repair methods, such as epoxy injection, grouting, drilling, plugging, and gravity filling, are time-consuming, require additional maintenance, and have a negative environmental impact. The objective of the present study was to evaluate bacteria as self-healing agents by investigating their capacity to seal cracks via calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) production, as well as the influence of organic nutrient media, particularly the content of carbon and nitrogen. The impact of bacteria and nutrient media was evaluated by fabricating three concrete variants and curing them in four distinct environments: water, nutrient broth, bacteria-nutrient solution, and bacteria-sprayed control specimens. The properties, including setting time, strength, acid and sulfate resistance, chemical composition, bacterial viability, and microstructure (analyzed via scanning electron microscopy [SEM]/energy dispersive X-ray [EDX]), were evaluated at various ages over time. The results demonstrate that the organic nutrient medium hurts the setting, hydration, and mechanical properties of the concrete, whereas the bacteria-infused mixtures remain unaffected. After 28 days of curing, bacterial specimens treated with bacterianutrient solution exhibited strength enhancements of 32.5% (compressive), 29.78% (flexural), and 20.3% (tensile), while media admixture-treated concrete demonstrated strength declines of 38.4%, 34%, and 42.4%, respectively, compared to the control concrete. Bacteria admixture-treated (BAT) concrete and bacteria-spray-treated concrete exhibited superior resistance to H 2 SO 4 and MgSO 4 compared to the control concrete. Additionally, bacterially treated samples showed higher levels of carbon, nitrogen, and CaCO 3 , along with effective repair of 3 mm cracks. Bacterial spores remained inactive in small pores (<1 µm) until stimulated by cracking, indicating significant potential for self-healing concrete. This suggests that using bacterial spores as a selfsealing agent holds enormous potential.

More durable and eco-friendly alternatives to concrete are needed to meet the growing global demand for this material. About 7% of all human-caused CO 2 emissions come from cement production. Integrating bacteria into concrete can prolong its lifespan, improve durability, and promote the sustainability of the concrete. Traditional crack repair methods, such as epoxy injection, grouting, drilling, plugging, and gravity filling, are time-consuming, require additional maintenance, and have a negative environmental impact. The objective of the present study was to evaluate bacteria as self-healing agents by investigating their capacity to seal cracks via calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) production, as well as the influence of organic nutrient media, particularly the content of carbon and nitrogen. The impact of bacteria and nutrient media was evaluated by fabricating three concrete variants and curing them in four distinct environments: water, nutrient broth, bacteria-nutrient solution, and bacteria-sprayed control specimens. The properties, including setting time, strength, acid and sulfate resistance, chemical composition, bacterial viability, and microstructure (analyzed via scanning electron microscopy [SEM]/energy dispersive X-ray [EDX]), were evaluated at various ages over time. The results demonstrate that the organic nutrient medium hurts the setting, hydration, and mechanical properties of the concrete, whereas the bacteria-infused mixtures remain unaffected. After 28 days of curing, bacterial specimens treated with bacterianutrient solution exhibited strength enhancements of 32.5% (compressive), 29.78% (flexural), and 20.3% (tensile), while media admixture-treated concrete demonstrated strength declines of 38.4%, 34%, and 42.4%, respectively, compared to the control concrete. Bacteria admixture-treated (BAT) concrete and bacteria-spray-treated concrete exhibited superior resistance to H 2 SO 4 and MgSO 4 compared to the control concrete. Additionally, bacterially treated samples showed higher levels of carbon, nitrogen, and CaCO 3 , along with effective repair of 3 mm cracks. Bacterial spores remained inactive in small pores (<1 µm) until stimulated by cracking, indicating significant potential for self-healing concrete. This suggests that using bacterial spores as a selfsealing agent holds enormous potential.

The construction industry's environmental impact necessitates a sustainable shift to mitigate resource depletion, emissions, and biodiversity loss. Integrating local wisdom offers innovative, adaptive solutions grounded in deep environmental understanding, potentially transforming construction practices toward sustainability. This study aims to identify aspects, challenges, impacts, and strategies in green construction practices integrated with local wisdom. The PRISMA framework methodology was used to conduct a comprehensive systematic review with qualitative analysis using NVivo software. Nine aspects of green construction integrated with local wisdom were identified, with cultural heritage preservation the dominant aspect. Eleven challenges were uncovered, with balancing tradition and innovation as the main challenges. Seven impacts on the economy, society, and environment were identified, with construction cost efficiency, improvement of community quality of life, and promotion of a circular economy and sustainable waste management as the dominant impacts. Thirteen strategies were identified, with active engagement of local communities in the construction process as the main strategy. The novelty of this research is a comprehensive review of the integration of green construction with local wisdom, which can be used as a guide in sustainable construction practices responsive to local environmental and social conditions and promote economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable development.

ZeroBuild Journal: Volume 2, Issue 2 - The Future of Sustainable Buildings
Explore the latest research in building energy efficiency and sustainable design with the new issue of ZeroBuild Journal! This collection features three groundbreaking papers that offer practical and innovative solutions to a greener future.

Highlights from this issue:
Building Shell Colors and Energy Performance: Discover how the right choice of exterior color can significantly impact a building's energy consumption. This study shows that light colors can reduce cooling loads by up to 76% in hot climates, while dark colors can decrease heating loads by up to 41% in cold climates.
Case Study on Nearly Zero and Net Zero Energy Buildings: Get a detailed analysis of a real-world case study on transitioning an existing educational building to a net-zero energy building. Learn about the investment costs and efficiency gains for different scenarios.
The "Synergy Area" Concept: Dive into the innovative concept of "synergy areas" and their role in improving energy efficiency in university campus buildings. This paper explores how collaborative workspaces and strategic design can reduce energy consumption and promote sustainability.
Join the conversation on these critical topics and advance your research with the insights from ZeroBuild Journal Volume 2, Issue 2.

Editorial
The building sector is at the forefront of the global fight against climate change, playing a pivotal role in decarbonization and the transition to renewable energy. Zero Energy Build-ings (ZEBs) are a cornerstone of this transformation, offering innovative solutions like heat recovery systems, phase-change materials, and renewable energy integration to create sus-tainable, carbon-neutral spaces.
ZeroBuild Journal is dedicated to advancing these efforts by sharing cutting-edge research and strategies that inspire change—from individual buildings to entire cities. By fostering collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and industry leaders, we aim to drive the innovation needed for a sustainable, high-quality future.
Join us as we continue to shape the future of the building and energy sectors.

About 50% is of harvest is wasted when producing rattan furniture. With such huge amount of waste, we undertook a study to convert rattan waste into binderless board with superior properties. This study compared the mechanical and physical properties and morphologies of binderless boards manufactured from rattan fibres with boards made from kenaf, coconut husk and sugarcane bagasse using hot press process. Raw fibres were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis to study their suitability in producing self-bonded board, and then dried in the oven before being hot pressed at a pressure of 147.5 kPa. Modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bonding strength, thickness swelling and water absorption of the manufactured binderless boards were evaluated based on the Japanese Industrial Standards. Results showed that rattan binderless boards exhibited slightly lower MOR and higher internal bonding strength with good dimensional stability compared with the rest of the binderless boards. It was concluded that rattan fibres have high potential to be used as binderless boards under hot press conditions.

PALABRAS CLAVE vivienda, comportamiento de compra, sostenibilidad, construcción verde, certificación LEED RESUMEN Comprar una vivienda es una de las decisiones más importantes en la vida. Los estudios muestran que los consumidores suelen considerar el precio, la ubicación, el diseño y la durabilidad al comprar una casa. Sin embargo, con el aumento del cambio climático, la sostenibilidad, el consumo de energía y las emisiones de carbono están ganando importancia. Este estudio analiza cómo las características sostenibles del Proyecto de Viviendas HEP Estambul, con certificaciones LEED oro y plata, influyen en las decisiones de compra de los consumidores. Se aplicó un cuestionario basado en los criterios LEED a 70 compradores de viviendas del proyecto. Los datos se analizaron utilizando IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Los resultados revelan que, aunque los consumidores no estaban muy familiarizados con la certificación LEED, la responsabilidad ambiental influyó en sus decisiones, lo que refleja una creciente conciencia sobre la sostenibilidad en la compra de viviendas.

In environmental engineering and science, artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming an essential tool which deals with serious global issues such as pollution, biodiversity loss, climate change and helping victims of disasters. The broad range of AI applications emphasized in this review article includes waste management, disaster anticipation, air and water quality assessment, climate modelling process and monitoring of the environment. AI technologies such as neural networks and deep learning have significantly improved the processing of data, real time forecasting and decision making process. These advancements promote resource efficiency, enable early warning systems to be accessible and increase the success rate of environmental solutions. Public health and the safeguarding of ecosystems that are natural both benefit from the massive, precise information gathering and analysis made available by the integration of the AI into environmental tracking mechanisms. For effective accountable AI execution, data restrictions, model transparency, excessive use of energy and ethical issues have to be overcome. The role of AI in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) and affecting future environmental laws are both addressed. This paper also highlights that AI has the potential to completely change environmental investigation and engineering through looking at current advances, limitations and potential future developments and it also promotes ethical development and multidisciplinary collaboration in order to achieve for a long time sustainable development.

In old days wooden buildings were made in highly earthquake prone areas for its low weight. Nowadays with the advancement of steel industry if we can make these type of buildings using square hollow sections/rectangular hollow sections, steel plated/wooden floors and puffed panel walling systems then it will be more strong and low weighted also. These types of buildings are green, sustainable and eco-friendly. In this paper one model building has been analysed for seismic zone IV or wind speed 47 m/sec as per Indian Standard. Purpose of the building is residential or normal office type. It is found that wind forces developed in the structural members are greater than the seismic forces generated in the same. Because of low mass seismic forces are not generated despite of heavy ground acceleration. Proper steel bracing systems are provided vertically and horizontally for stability of the structure. The production of new structural hollow members, chequered plates, puffed/sandwiched panels have created a new era in building industry making it more sustainable in all respects.

Menjaga lingkungan yang asri dan bersih tentunya membawa dampak sehat untuk semua elemen masyarakat, memang satu hal yang tidak mudah namun perlu dilakukan. Kerusakan lingkungan dan pemanasan global sudah menjadi isu yang begitu menggema dimasyarakat dunia, termasuk juga di Indonesia. Perkembangan proyek konstruksi dianggap memiliki peran besar terhadap perubahan lingkungan dipermukaan bumi ini. Dimulai dari tahap konstruksi hingga tahap operasional kegiatan konstruksi tidak dapat menghindari dari pemanfaatan sumber daya alam yang jumlahnya semakin terbatas.

Building information modeling is an advanced way of technology which is now becoming popular in India due its extensive utility in designing, analysis and planning. This is paper research is of a residential building design using green materials and is based out in Lusaka, Zambia the southern part of Africa. This study is aimed at creating a smart model by designing, analyzing, planning, estimating, clashing detection using the BIM software. This software addresses more about the project difficulties and helps in managing the various stipulations of any architect and any civil engineer. This paper shows a detailed 3D smart model, complete design report, complete scheduling and estimation along with clash detection if any are found in the project. Index Terms-.BIM (Building Information Modeling), STAAD PRO (Structural Analysis And Design Program), Green Materials, AutoCAD (Commercial computer-aided design and Drafting software Application). I.

Persistent gaps between pro-environmental attitudes and real-world behaviors pose a major challenge in addressing climate change. While economic incentives and regulatory mandates can stimulate climate action, recent research underscores the power of behavioral nudges in encouraging households and businesses to adopt net-zero consumption patterns. This paper builds on prior work exploring default enrollment schemes, real-time feedback, social norms, and other interventions, and introduces new insights into how choice architecture, digital technologies, and equitable policy integration can amplify behavioral shifts. We propose a conceptual framework that expands beyond the established nudge toolkit, highlighting ethically responsible design, AI-driven personalization, and the importance of community engagement to ensure durable, climate-friendly behaviors. By synthesizing multiple case studies, the paper demonstrates that combining behavioral insights with supportive policies is integral to achieving large-scale, long-term reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

This research work presents relationship between cylindrical compressive strength and cubical compressive strength of concrete made with 50% replacement of natural coarse aggregates with recyclable concrete aggregates from old demolished concrete. 200 samples of each cube and cylinder of standard size made using 1:2:4 mix with 0.54 water cement ratio are tested. Based on the obtained results the conversion factor of 0.7 is obtained to convert compressive strength of cube to cylinder. Also, the regression analysis is performed to develop numerical relationship between two strengths. The obtained equation meets statistical norms and successfully predict the compressive strength of cylinders from the compressive strength of cubes.

being batched in a year. Therefore, making the applications of this composite more than other construction materials globally. This composite is so significant to the construction industries on the fact that it rates of consumption in infrastructural development is so high, and next to water as a construction material [1, 2]. Cement is an important ingredient in the production of heterogamous material (concrete), as it brings together all the constituents to form a compact whole. The cement industry consumes huge amount of energy to dissociate the carbonates, and it is associated with the emission of carbon dioxide with approximate value of 7% of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2) into the environment [3-5]. The high demand of concrete as one of the basic construction materials has consequently led to an increase in the cement content needed to produce the concrete composite. The increasing amount of carbon footprint owing to huge quantity of CO 2 being released has necessitated for novel approaches in mitigating this emission, through partial or Rasheed Abdulwahab

Green building technologies (GBTs) play a significant role in balancing the advancements in construction industry with environmental sustainability, particularly in the context of rapid urbanization occurring in different parts of the world. The level of adoption of green building technologies is high in developed countries compared to developing countries such as Tanzania due to various socioeconomic , knowledge, and systemic-related barriers. This review paper explores the current state and future prospects for the implementation of GBTs in Tanzania. The study presents an overview of the green buildings erected in urban, suburban, and rural areas. This study also highlights contextual factors influencing green buildings' adoption such as climate conditions, demographic trends, economic constraints, policy frameworks, public awareness, and infrastructural mechanisms. The characterized buildings are compared in the context of material solutions, energy efficiency strategies, and water management practices. The paper concludes by identifying the emerging trends and emphasizing the strategic interventions to be taken into account in order to overcome existing barriers and enhance sustainable building practices in Tanzania.

The construction industry consumes a large amount of non-renewable resources. On the other hand, more waste paper ends up in landfill or dump sites than those recycled. Consequently, recycling waste paper for use as a construction material constitutes a step towards sustainable development. This research effort aims at determining the density, water absorption capacity, compressive strength and fire resistance of papercrete produced using waste newspaper and office paper in order to ascertain their suitability for use as a building construction material. For each of the mix proportions considered, the bulk density, water absorption, compressive strength and fire resistance of papercrete made with newspaper were found to be higher than those made with office paper. The water absorption and fire resistance of papercrete were found to be high and increased with increasing waste paper content while the bulk density and compressive strength of papercrete were low and decreased with increasing waste paper content. Papercrete was recommended to be an effective and sustainable material for the production of lightweight and fire-resistant hollow or solid blocks to be used to make partition walls of especially high-rise buildings. Mix proportions were recommended for production of hollow and solid blocks using papercrete.

The changing consumer demands for eco-friendly products and services in all industrial sectors have paved way for constant growth and development of the real estate sector, especially in Delhi-NCR. The growing interest towards green products in real estate can be attributed to the fact that quality of air is decreasing day by day. According to few reports, buildings consume more than 30% of energy utilizing 40% of resources while simultaneously generating 40% of wastes and 35% of harmful greenhouse gases. So this study is focused on consumer’s acceptance and willingness to pay more for green building products in Delhi-NCR. For the purpose of the study 150 commercial property owners were contacted to identify the factors stimulating them to pay premium prices for sustainable buildings over conventional buildings. From the results, it was found that environmental attitude, green awareness, architectural factors and social influence significantly influence the customer willingness to p...

Nowadays, the advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has enabled the automation of numerous previously unthinkable activities for applications. This advancement has prompted businesses to hunt for some of their company's software in pursuit of innovative solutions. Even governments worldwide are encouraging firms to adopt Machine Learning (ML) regulations because it presents prospects for development, productivity, and efficiency. Artificial intelligence has been studied in projects for decades and has demonstrated its ability to boost efficiency. This research thoroughly analysed how machine learning was used at various points of the project lifecycle. Nevertheless, no research on the artificial intelligence application strategy in project management was discovered. In the authors' opinion, the challenges that have led to the neglect of machine learning in project management include the following: Lack of large-scale data for model training and validation, lack of model transferability limits a trained model with one data-rich project to be used in another project with limited data, failure to justify the costs and benefits of deploying Artificial intelligence in projects, and performance may not be reliable and strong for the stated purposes, as this method may work for some projects but cannot be generalised to others. The authors discovered around 100 publications on this topic by scanning the Web of Knowledge literature and chose more than thirty articles for an in-depth examination. The number of published papers grows yearly due to the project's design, operation, and control stages. By examining the prior research, this paper investigates the benefits and uses of artificial intelligence and machine learning in project management. This paper is intended to be a step forward in using artificial intelligence and machine learning in projects. In this research, the authors concluded after a thorough review of the literature that artificial intelligence and machine learning can have a favourable influence on project integration management, which is the umbrella that covers all other project management knowledge areas.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Project Management, Project Lifecycle, Productivity and Efficiency, Project Integration Management

This research examines the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to optimize natural ventilation
techniques in green buildings. The study emphasizes that improving airflow management is essential for
enhancing both indoor air quality and energy consumption. This study provides unique insight into the
components that define the natural ventilation problem. The research investigates multiple environmental and
geometric variables alongside vital factors like ventilation rates and thermal comfort measures, which present
complex interdisciplinary connections. Proper airflow management results in lower indoor pollutant
concentrations and improved thermal comfort levels. Ventilation benefits reach building occupants through an
unseen system that prevents them from experiencing strong gusts that would otherwise make them feel trapped in
a wind tunnel. Sensor technology-based indoor ventilation systems demonstrate advantages in maintenance tasks.
The results of this research extend their impact, especially toward the healthcare field. Spaces with better indoor
conditions directly relate to the quality of oxygen found inside. The healthcare facilities and elder care centers
require this improvement, as it is critical for their operations. This research connects to the healthcare industry
through its potential benefits stemming from this integration.
The research demonstrates how advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques play a vital role in
designing environmentally friendly buildings. This research introduces basic principles that can be classified as
'sustainable architecture.' The study aims to secure the best possible conditions for building occupants who will
use ventilation systems with or without natural ventilation labels, as these systems will perform better than
traditional building ventilation systems. The core elements of sustainable public health consist of public health
and sustainable construction work. The advancement of this field will provide major advantages to public health
and environmental protection, thereby expanding existing knowledge.

This dissertation examines the relationship between BIM and cost estimation in construction projects. The main issue of this research is the persistent problem of the gap between estimated and actual costs that occurs due to poor data alignment. This case study combines quantitative research on BIM participation and project costing with qualitative data from interviews with construction industry stakeholders. The research indicates that positive BIM integration tends to optimize cost estimates and improve overall project productivity with minimal cost and time delays. These findings underscore the significance of accurate information alignment in project management frameworks, particularly with regard to the intricate nature of construction in the healthcare sector, where fiscal responsibility and timeliness are critical. The study advocates for improved practices in estimating costs in the construction sector using modern technologies. It claims that enhanced BIM could facilitate more accurately informed decision-making and resource distribution in these projects. More broadly, this disciplinary approach has the potential to optimize construction processes, as the applied techniques and findings from this study could foster transparency, increase operational efficiency, collaborative work among stakeholders, and structure successful project undertakings, aiding the enhancement of healthcare infrastructure.

Green construction atau konstruksi hijau merupakan sebuah gerakan berkelanjutan yang mencitacitakan terciptanya konstruksi dari tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan pemakaian produk konstruksi yang ramah lingkungan. Dalam hal ini tahap pelaksanaan berperan penting terhadap suatu proses kegiatan proyek konstruksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat penerapan green construction pada proyek konstruksi dan faktor apa yang menjadi kendala paling dominan dalam penerapan green construction pada proyek konstruksi gedung di Kabupaten Badung, Bali. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan kuisioner yang didapat dari 48 responden yang diambil dari perusahaan konstruksi yang sedang melaksanakan proyek konstruksi gedung tahun pelaksanaan 2012-2014 serta bernilai proyek menengah ke atas di Kabupaten Badung, Bali. Metode analisis data yang digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat penerapan green construction adalah statistik deskriptif dan untuk faktor kendala paling dominan dalam penerapan green construction menggunakan sistem ranking dari skor tertinggi sampai yang terendah pada setiap faktor. Hasil analisis menunjukkan tingkat penerapan green construction pada proyek konstruksi gedung di Kabupaten Badung sebesar 65,14% termasuk kategori baik (61%-80%). Faktor 1 (Sumber dan Siklus Material) menjadi faktor yang paling besar diterapakan dengan penerapan 73,25%, dikategorikan baik (61%-80%), sedangkan faktor 4 (E siensi Air) menjadi faktor paling kecil diterapkan dengan penerapan 50,10%, dikategorikan sedang (41%-60%). Untuk urutan peringkat faktor kendala paling dominan dalam penerapan green construction adalah sebagai berikut: peringkat 1 (skor 211) adalah faktor biaya, peringkat 2 (skor 200) faktor membangun kesadaran green construction, peringkat 3 (skor 197) faktor pemilihan material yang ramah lingkungan, peringkat 4 (skor 185) faktor pembuatan disain yang e sien, dan peringkat 5 (skor 179) adalah faktor peraturan pemerintah. Dengan demikian, mencermati dari hasil penelitian ini maka diharapkan kontraktor dapat berperan lebih aktif dalam meningkatkan penerapan green construction pada setiap pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi di Kabupaten Badung pada khususnya dan di propinsi Bali pada umumnya.

The construction industry significantly impacts the environment, consuming 50% of natural resources and generating 20% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In developing countries, managing construction and demolition (C&D) waste is a growing challenge due to rapid urbanization and inadequate waste management practices. This study employs life cycle assessment and life cycle costing to compare landfill and recycling scenarios for C&D waste using ISO 14040 (Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assessment—Principles and Framework) and ISO 14044 (Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assessment—Requirements and Guidelines). The study’s system boundary encompasses the entire life cycle of C&D waste management, with one ton of C&D waste as the functional unit. The results demonstrated that landfilling C&D waste is harmful due to negative impacts from transportation and landfill emissions. Recycling shows promising potential by significantly reducing environmental impacts and lowering the demand for new raw materials. The recycling scenario substantially decreased GHG emissions, saving 37 kg of CO2 equivalents per ton of waste. Economically, recycling C&D waste proved more viable, with favorable indicators. Implementing a recycling plant in Lahore could save USD 2.53 per ton in resource costs and mitigate significant environmental impacts. This study recommends that policymakers in developing countries prioritize C&D waste recycling to enhance sustainability and support the transition to a circular economy. The findings provide valuable insights for developing effective waste management strategies, contributing to environmental conservation and economic efficiency. These recommendations guide future initiatives for sustainable C&D waste management, promoting a greener and more resilient urban environment. Furthermore, this study underlines the potential of C&D waste recycling to contribute significantly to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly sustainable cities (SDG 11), responsible consumption and production (SDG 12), and climate action (SDG 13).

The evolution of Building Automation Systems (BAS) plays a critical role in achieving net-zero energy (NZE) performance in commercial and institutional buildings. However, traditional commissioning approaches struggle to adapt to modern energy ecosystems' complex, dynamic demands. This paper explores the emergence of AI-driven commissioning techniques as a transformative solution for ensuring continuous optimization, self-learning fault detection, and predictive energy management. By leveraging advanced machine learning algorithms, AI-powered commissioning enhances real-time system tuning, proactively identifies inefficiencies, and integrates with renewable energy sources for adaptive load balancing. This study identifies best practices, implementation challenges, and key performance benchmarks through a comparative analysis of AI-driven strategies versus conventional methods. Additionally, it discusses how AI-enhanced commissioning can future-proof BAS by ensuring resilience, interoperability, and alignment with evolving energy regulations. The findings highlight the potential of intelligent commissioning frameworks to drive net-zero operational efficiencies, reduce energy waste, and maximize building performance in a rapidly evolving smart-grid ecosystem.

El sector de la construcción es con diferencia el mayor emisor de gases de efecto invernadero a nivel mundial, con un asombroso 37% del total de las emisiones (United Nations Environment Programme, 2023). En este sentido, el grupo de ingeniería de la construcción de la Universidad de Córdoba (TEP-227), lleva múltiples líneas de investigación enfocadas a mejorar la sostenibilidad del sector. En este marco de busca desarrollar una planta de producción de materiales para cemento, enfocado de manera preferente a la producción de LC3 (Limestone Calcined Clay Cement), y para ello se pretende rehabilitar un edificio perteneciente a la universidad, utilizando tecnologías de construcción sostenible. El LC3 es un tipo de cemento ternario que permite una reducción del consumo de clinker, en un orden de hasta el 50% (Martirena & Scrivener, 2016). Además, se desarrolla una dosificación para un micro hormigón autonivelante elaborado con agregados reciclados. Se ponen énfasis en el uso de residuos y subproductos provenientes de áridos reciclados, concha de molusco y cenizas volantes de biomasa de olivo. Se ha demostrado que factible reemplazar los agregados finos naturales por agregados reciclados en el hormigón y obtener propiedades similares (Kaarthik & Maruthachalam, 2021). La concha de molusco contiene principalmente carbonato de calcio, lo que lo convierte en un material con propiedades puzolánicas que puede ser utilizado para reemplazar tanto los áridos, como el cemento, y posee propiedades aislantes (Martínez-García, González-Fonteboa, Carro-López, & Martínez-Abella, 2019). Las cenizas volantes de biomasa al ser usadas en conglomerantes hidráulicos de carretera, mejoran de los suelos (Díaz-López, Cabrera, Agrela, & Rosales, 2023). El trabajo incluye un relevamiento del estado de la edificación, la categorización de las patologías detectas y las áreas a intervenir.

The need for energy being global transport is essence encountered by petroleum-based reserves, but these resources are minimum and dwindling quickly, which is a concerning development that necessitates the instant recommendation of biofuels such as alcohol and vegetable oil.To address some economic and environmental problems, methanol has also been employed as an option to the current fuels for engines. The octane number of methanol is very high and it is suitable for use in engine applications. Methanol fuel has appeared robust substitute fuel applicants with the greatest abilities.The ability can decrease less country's dependence on petroleum products. It has been instantly used as a potential substitute for gasoline and to use it in CI engines is tough. Alcohol produces less nitrogen oxide, and carbon monoxide due to ignites very cleanly than pure gasoline fuel. Alcohol generates less NOx and CO due to ignites quite properly relative to pure gasoline fuel. Moreover, since the heating value (HV) of methanol is nearly 30 % lesser than that of pure gasoline simultaneously it will rise in specific fuel consumption. Both burning and emissions attributesare substantially superior when methanol was added with diesel relative to the diesel only. Methanolis important in engines (SI or CI) and it isutilized in many fields.

This paper proposes the identification of adapted plant species with high local availability feasible for implementation as green roofs in dry cities. To this end, two experiments were conducted under controlled conditions. One of them aimed at determining the biological behaviour of a sample set of fourteen species based on the measurement of three variables: plant cover, water consumption, and leaf temperature. The other test sought to determine the thermal behaviour of green roofs by comparing preselected species according to their biological response with traditional roofs. In this case, the following meteorological variables were recorded: outdoor and indoor air temperature, substrate temperature, and water content. Finally, the data obtained were statistically processed. Biological results show that the species Aptenia cordifolia, Cynodon dactylon, Hyalis argentea, and Nassella tenuissima reach plant cover higher than 70% with Aptenia cordifolia recording the lowest water consumption, 217 l/year. Regarding thermal behaviour, the green roof with Nassella tenuissima-a shrubby native species-results in the highest mitigation of outdoor temperature, reducing average indoor temperature by 3.4°C. These results show the biological and thermal fitness of local species that guarantee the sustainability of the system itself as well as higher thermal efficiency with lower water consumption.

Kegiatan pada proyek konstruksi akan menimbulkan limbah, baik itu berupa limbah padat, cair, ataupun gas. Banyak faktor yang dapat menyebabkan timbulnya limbah konstruksi. Apabila limbah yang dihasilkan tidak dikelola dengan baik, maka akan mengganggu kegiatan pada proyek konstruksi itu sendiri serta lingkungan di sekitar proyek. Berdasarkan masalah tersebut, maka dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa yang menjadi penyebab timbulnya limbah konstruksi di suatu proyek serta bagaimana pengelolaannya yang dilakukan pada proyek konstruksi di Bali. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menyebar kuesioner kepada pelaksana proyek yang sedang atau pernah menangani proyek konstruksi di Bali periode 2014–2018. Data hasil penyebaran kuesioner kemudian ditabulasi dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan Analisis Faktor untuk mencari faktor penyebab timbulnya limbah konstruksi dengan bantuan program SPSS dan metode Penilaian/Skoring untuk mengetahui kegiatan pengelolaannya. Da...

Housing is an issue everywhere in the world. Governments
across the world are looking for solutions in the building industry to
provide housing at a reduced cost in the shortest amount of time. The
constraints of conventional construction techniques prevent them from
ever being able to mitigate. Another major issue that humanity currently
faces is global warming. To stop or address this issue, society must adapt
and change its practices to be less damaging to the environment. "Green
buildings" would have a significant impact on this issue. Green buildings
can better use resources while producing healthier buildings that enhance
the environment and human health. On the other hand, new technologies are frequently introduced, and 3D printing is quickly evolving. This
technological innovation is rapidly expanding. There are many
applications for 3D printing right now, and it continues to grow each year.
Even though there are not many 3D-printed liveable structures, this
technology can offer dignified homes to the world's least fortunate
populations. The construction sector may change due to the application of
3D printing technology with green building design principles. This
research emphasises locally obtained materials due to the introduction of
3D printing to the building sector, which reduces the need to transport
concrete over large distances and the energy needed to mix concrete.

Building villas in rural areas poses a complex challenge between **tourism economy**, **environmental protection** and **social justice**. This article, by studying 17 successful global projects, presents a four-dimensional model that makes it possible to increase rural income by 40% without destroying the ecosystem. The key to success lies in **participatory management**, **green technology** and **financial innovation**. Receiving the Green Globe Award for Sustainable Architecture
Operational and technical solutions for building sustainable villas on the outskirts of villages
Given the need for more detailed details, this section examines the solutions step by step and with concrete examples.
Precise and comprehensive solutions for building sustainable villas around villages
Given the complexities of rural development, the construction of villas must be carried out with careful planning based on the four principles of participatory economy, environmental protection, strengthening indigenous culture and social rights of the local community. Here, the details of each section are examined with operational examples.

Rural development and rural entrepreneurship serve not only as an economic strategy, but also as a solution to environmental protection and social justice. Achieving these goals requires tripartite cooperation between the government, the private sector and the local community. By strengthening infrastructure, education and access to global markets, villages can be transformed into dynamic centers of development.
Building villas around villages is only beneficial when **local community participation**, **environmental protection** and **balanced development** are prioritized. By combining the tourism economy and social responsibility, villages can be transformed into dynamic places that simultaneously protect their identity and achieve economic progress.
Rural development and strengthening rural entrepreneurship, as two key components of sustainable development, play a vital role in reducing urban-rural inequalities, creating employment and maintaining the rural population. In recent decades, challenges such as migration to cities, depletion of natural resources and limited access to technology have highlighted the need to redefine the role of villages in the national economy. This article examines rural development strategies through entrepreneurship and analyzes their impacts on local communities.
Building villas around villages can be beneficial to the local community and help preserve the environment and rural culture, provided that the principles of sustainable development are observed. The following are multidimensional strategies that cover all economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects:

The selection of building materials plays a vital role in ensuring project sustainability. Materials 2 0 8 2 2 0 8 2 reduced energy consumption and CO emissions. In contrast, sand bricks had the poorest thermal performance and highest energy usage, though this was improved with the addition of extruded polystyrene insulation. This study highlights the importance of adopting green materials in construction to reduce environmental impact, lower costs, and support sustainable building practices.

Rapid urbanization and the increased construction activities worldwide have immensely contributed to the consumption of energy and degradation of the environment. Green construction minimizes these impacts by designing energy-efficient buildings and reducing waste. The integration of Artificial Intelligence in green construction presents innovative solutions that optimize design, resource management, security and sustainability practices. This paper analyzes the role of AI in achieving energy efficiency in building design and enhancing waste management during construction. It covers key aspects such as generative design, energy modeling, security, predictive analytics, and automated waste sorting. Real-world applications, challenges, and emerging trends in AI-driven sustainable construction are also included.

Purpose Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology allows geometric complexity and customization with a significant reduction in the structural environmental impact. Nevertheless, it poses a serious threat to the environment when organic binders are used. Binder jet printing of alkali-activated geopolymer precursor can represent a successful and environmental-friendly alternative. Design/methodology/approach The present work reports about the successful 3D printing of metakaolin-based alkali-activated concrete, with dimensional integrity and valuable mechanical behavior. Findings The geometric behavior was studied as a function of alkali activator flow rate, and the minimum geometric deviation with complete saturation was recorded at 103 mg/s. The printed specimen is characterized by a modulus of rupture as high as 4.4 MPa at 135 mg/s. Practical implications The 3D printed geopolymer-based concrete can be potentially used in a wide range of structural applications from construction ...

Every living organism, (from humans to microscopic creatures), depends on the environment for survival, as all elements within it are interconnected. Any disruption to these elements adversely affects life. Meanwhile, construction activities serve as indicators of development in any region. In Bangladesh and other developing countries, the construction industry is rapidly expanding due to increasing demand for housing, transportation, communication networks, urbanization, infrastructure development, and economic growth. However, this expansion has led to significant environmental challenges, including air and soil pollution, water contamination, waste management issues, and loss of biodiversity.This paper provides an engineering analysis of the environmental impacts of construction activities in Bangladesh and similar developing countries. By examining case studies, regulatory frameworks, and existing mitigation strategies, it outlines the current environmental challenges and proposes sustainable solutions to minimize the ecological footprint of the construction industry.

This study aims to achieve efficient, accurate, and automated identification of phase features in the backscattered electron (BSE) images of geopolymer recycled concrete (GRC), enhancing the understanding of its microstructural characteristics and facilitating the investigation of the relationship between microstructure and macroscopic mechanical performance. A system for phase recognition and quantitative analysis of GRC, named CMAS, is developed. This system performs quantitative analysis and calculations based on various microstructural images. The program first automatically removes noise, enhances contrast, and corrects image defects. It then applies the multi-Otsu thresholding method and binarization to segment and identify the phase components. Finally, the system employs connectivity analysis and geometric operations to derive ten microstructural parameters, including area, length, orientation, perimeter, fractal dimension, uniformity coefficient, and curvature coefficient. Additionally, the system generates corresponding rose diagrams. The proposed system can automatically process large numbers of images, significantly improving data processing efficiency and user-friendliness. All operations are nondestructive to the images, making it a powerful tool for the analysis of material microstructural images and providing valuable reference for the development of similar image processing systems.