Globalization and Accounting

Abstract: The developmentalist gaze of the Fair Trade movement is on Global South producers. In this article we turn our analytic gaze toward North American fair traders to explore the racialized, neocolonial power relations in which these movement actors are implicated. Section One is a brief historical sketch of Fair Trade certification. We argue that the certification system is a multi-sited, global institution that is shaped by and shapes neocolonial power relations in Fair Trade by exploring the consolidation and more recent splintering of the international certification system. Section Two provides a postcolonial critique of developmentalism, with a focus on the timing of development, in order to lay a foundation for the remaining sections. In Section Three we analyze the spatiality of Fair Trade, with an emphasis on what and who are missing from or erased by the structural and conceptual frameworks of Fair Trade. In Section Four we explore the relationship between Fair Trade, commodity fetishism, and the developmentalist conception of space/time propagated by Fair Trade advocates. Section Five is a critical analysis of the neocolonialist and racist discourse of Fair Trade, with a focus on the “helping” discourse. We contend that as Global North fair traders strive to “help” Global South producers, they re-entrench neocolonial narratives of white supremacy and the desire to develop.

The subject of research in this work is the accounting of enterprises on a global scale. The subject of the article is to develop a global accounting framework for preparing and presenting the financial statements of business enterprises. The primary objective of the study is by analyzing the applicable accounting frameworks of IFRS, US and EU to derive the concept of financial reporting fundamentals. In the article is supported the thesis that the integration of different national accounting legislation and internationally applicable accounting frameworks is a theoretical and practical possible and feasible process at the center of which lies the deductive conceptual approach. The ultimate outcome of accounting integration will be reflected in the global adoption of the concept that financial reporting is a whole, comprehensive and complete process that aims to provide high quality information about the entity's business, the results achieved and the effectiveness of its operations, the changes in its cash flows and equity. The research approach is aimed at carrying out a structural analysis of the fundamental rules, norms and requirements of the conceptual frameworks of IFRS and the US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles as well as the EU Accounting Regulations. On this basis, on the one hand, the basic similarities and resemblances of the accounting frameworks in question are systematized and, on the other hand, their most significant contradictions are summarized. An attempt has been made to outline the factors, conditions and circumstances that have led to the establishment and adoption of different concepts in the accounting and presentation of financial statements of business enterprises. The article presents the role and importance of the processes of harmonization, convergence and adaptation of accounting rules as part of the evolutionary development of financial reporting. The author draws special attention to the fact that the integration of financial reporting should not be absolutized. Accounting globalization implies that, at global level, basic concepts, principles, rules and bases of accounting and presentation of aggregated accounting information are adopted in the financial statements of enterprises but at the same time hierarchically subject to specific rules and norms corresponding to the local , national and regional specificities. Although a global consensus has been reached on the purpose of financial reporting, at an individual enterprise level, accounting needs to meet the objectives, requirements and needs of both the owners of the capital and the external users of the summarized accounting information. In this regard, the European Union's experience with the enterprise categorization approach and, for each category, the applicable accounting basis and the minimum requirements for the content and structure of the financial statements can be successfully used internationally.

The Relationship Between Conflict and Globalization
Conflict is as old as human existence. It is a universal part of human society, it is within us to have conflicting values, viewpoints, or ideas that can depend upon economic, social, cultural aspects. It is important for us to analyze the meaning of conflict and where it can lead us to. With the analysis of conflict, we can also prevent future conflict and strive towards more peaceful resolvement. Conflict comprises so many different forms of conflict, from forced migration, resource conflict, structural violence, trade wars, and civil wars as well, we can see how these can be intertwined with global affairs and relations. Overall, many types of conflict are related to globalization, this could be because of differing values, viewpoints, religion, ethnicity, etc. and this can range from migration to trade, it is important to understand the differences of these conflicts and how they relate to globalization.

La Globalización, tal como la conocemos hoy, encuentra en la piratería a uno de sus antecedentes.

Se puede afirmar que los piratas, impulsaron el proceso de la globalización, así como el saqueo desmedido, que en muchos casos fue el origen del capital y la riqueza de algunas naciones hoy económicamente poderosas

Globalization via the digital age is upon us, demanding a new ethics and an intercultural awareness while the dialectics of globalism and cyberspace mandate a committed reflection on what the synthesis between the digital realm and global citizenship entails. In many ways, the borders that previously separated us as citizens physically and culturally have begun to dissipate, replaced by a call for an intercultural accountability and a form of global citizenship that, on one hand, surpasses borders, patriotism, and nationalism alike, but while on the other, demands an understanding and respect for the cultural idiosyncrasies among us, acknowledging the unique existential paradox of universal citizenship that posits each of us as both stranger and citizen on a commonly shared globe.

What is cosmopolitan in the digital age? Is a global digital citizen the same as merely a digital citizen? While talk of digital citizenship has increased in recent years, usually centered on a capitalist drive, encouraging a full electronic participation in society and a responsibility to digital commerce, many questions remain unanswered.  Is the netizen the citizen of a democratic state, and of digital democracy? As a citizen of the world interacting online, how will one’s “rights” and “duties” be determined? And are these “rights” universal, and in such a case, what does “universal” mean? What are the legal parameters of netizenship, and what will they be as globalization further takes hold? Is democracy critical to citizenship, or is it not? What are the political landscapes of global citizenship in the digital age? And last of all, is the concept of digital citizenship even tangible? Is it real?

Corporate sector plays an important role in economic sphere in India. Good governance of companies will ensure healthy growth of corporate sector for economic growth of our nation.    After globalization corporate governance has been talked about in all circles. There has been lot of debate how Indian business enterprises are operating to balance the interest of different stakeholders. Basically corporate governance is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws, and regulations governing the way a corporation (i.e. business organisation) should be directed, administered and controlled to optimize productivity and the resulting gains for all stakeholders. Stakeholders include shareholders /promoters, board of directors, management, financers, employees, customers, vendors, society, community, government, etc. Therefore, a major part of corporate governance also involves exchanging information and managing relationship amongst these stakeholders in order to meet or satisfy their needs and interests.
As companies are artificial corporate citizens, board of directors is the real brain of a company. Now, companies are not only disclosing mandatory guidelines under clause 49 of listing agreement but also disclosing much information voluntarily. Now many companies are pursuing corporate governance rating from CRISIL, ICRA etc. Companies like Infosys are following even international guidelines such as UN Global compact policy 2000 on human rights, labour standards and environment issues, OCED principles etc. This paper attempts to study practises related to board of directors in selected Indian corporations.