Enzyme extraction

The readily accessible, highly efficient and cheaply adsorbents of Iraqi Rice Husk (IRH) was applied for separation of rhenium (Re) from aqueous solution. Different operation parameters were studied which were initial Re concentration, absorbance material packing height, pH of aqueous solution, contact time, flow rate and feed temperature. It was found that Re could be adsorbed quantitatively (above 90%) on IRH in the pH range of 1.0-3.0. For other parameters, when flow rate and initial concentration were decreasing the percentage removal was increased, and vice versa with respect to contact time and the height of adsorbent. Best kinetic and isotherm results were achieved by that the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich isotherm equations, respectively. Thus, IRH as the sorbent was successfully applied to the separation of Re from the aqueous solution with satisfactory results.

Background: Phenols that discharge from many industries constitute large group of very toxic and difficult to degrade contaminants. Objective: The aim of this paper is to study the potential of Potato Peel (PP) to remove of phenol from simulated synthetic aqueous solutions (SSAS) using immobilized enzyme and adsorption process. Poly Phenol Oxidize (PPO) enzyme was extracted from PP, loaded on the biocatalyst (zeolite) prepared from rice husk and tested for phenol removal. Results: Results show high ability of biocatalyst to remove of phenol and the efficiency was 99%. The residual of Potato Peel (PP) was tested as an adsorbent media for phenol removal in adsorption unit. Results show that maximum removal efficiency of phenol was 95.37%. Statistical models were achieved to describe the behavior of removal efficiency with all operating parameters used. The Potato Peel (PP) waste remaining from adsorption process shows good results when used as rodenticide. Conclusion: The percentage r...

The problem of pollution with agricultural waste is representing one of the permanent environmental problems because of the large amount of waste poses from one hand and continuation poses of these wastes to environment year-around on the other hand. This research aims to try to resolve this problem through the realization of maximum benefit from pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels as agricultural wastes by extraction of antioxidants (phenolics) using including water as a natural solvent at different operating conditions of (water/waste) ratio, extraction temperature and time of extraction process. After that natural toothpaste has been prepared from the waste of pomegranate peel residue remaining from antioxidants extraction process by mixing it with some other natural substances. The results show that the maximum yield of antioxidants (phenolics) produced was 20.15% at (water/waste) ratio, extraction temperature and time of extraction process of 20:1, 45°C and 300 minute respectiv...

This work deals with the determination of the eff ect of heavy metals and nutrients applied to the soil on alanine enatiomers mineralization with the main focus on evaluating the eff ect on L/D alanine respiration rate ratio. This study was initiated because previous research works revealed a change in L/D amino acid respiration under acid-or heavy metal-stress in soil. Generally, D-amino acids artificially supplied to soil are less utilized by microorganisms compared with their L-enantiomers. Stress of soil microorganisms cause decreased discrimination of D-amino acids utilization. Also, previous research showed that an application of fertilizers or combinations of fertilizers may aff ect the mineralization rate of L-amino acids diff erently, compared with their D-enantiomers. The results of this study show, that the eff ect of both heavy metals and nutrients on the L/D ratio was not clear, increasing or decreasing this ratio. Further research is necessary to broaden this study.

This work was aimed to test the eff ect of selected amino acid enantiomers on activity of caseinprotease and acid phosphomonoesterase in soil. Casein-protease was selected due to its key role in nitrogen mineralization and acid phosphomonoesterase due to its importance in soil organic P mineralization. The results showed that 5 mg of Land D-glutamic acid added to fresh soil from Ah horizon of a moderately mown mountain meadow signifi cantly (P < 0.05) decreased casein-protease activity, whereas alanine enantiomers slightly increased activity of this enzyme. Testing the eff ect of cystine on activity of acid phosphomonoesterase in soil showed slight increase of this activity a er application of 3.2 mg L-or D-cystine to fresh soil (equivalent to 8 mg to dry soil).

This work is aimed to determine the eff ect of thinning of young spruce stands in Moravian-Silesian Beskids Mts. on concentrations and relative stand heterogeneity of C ox , N t and C/N in soil. Concentrations of C ox and N t were signifi cantly higher in individual horizons of forest humus fl oor. The thinning did not infl uence signifi cantly (P > 0.05) concentrations of C ox , N t and C/N ratio in particular soil horizons, with the exception of C/N ration in E horizon. Relative stand heterogeneity of the studied soil properties was mostly higher in soil of dense forest stand. The values of relative stand heterogeneity for individual horizons ranged from 3.1 to 61.9 % in case of C ox , from 4.9 to 55.2 % for N t and from 5.3 to 42.5 % for C/N ratio. Results of this work are useful to predict stand heterogeneity of soil biochemical properties which are known to correlate with especially C ox in soil on studied plots, especially soil respiration and enzymatic activities.

Casein-protease activity assessed at 50°C and with adjustment of optimum pH conditions (PA), and caseinprotease activity near soil pH and at field soil temperature (LPA) were studied one vegetation period in mountain meadow soils covered with moderately mown vegetation, and over which vegetation had been abandoned for thirteen years. PA peaked in the first part of the vegetation season whereas LPA increased throughout the season; in addition, LPA was not linearly related to temperature (r = 0.127 resp. 0.312; P > 0.05). The combined effect of field soil temperature and pH decreased a casein-protease activity by > 98.4%. A management of meadows had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on PA and LPA.

This study tested the hypothesis that soil protease and urease activity is inhibited by salicylic acid. This was tested in soils from spruce monocultures of different ages and treated by different forest management methods at the Rájec-Němčice Ecosystem Station. Surface organic H-horizons from three study plots were sampled: a mature spruce monoculture of 105 years and two young spruce monocultures of 33 years, one of which was thinned from above and the other thinned from below. Statistically significant differences between the measured values confirm that young stands are sensitive to the presence of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid as a phytotoxic substance. The results of this study do not conclusively show whether the effect of salicylic acid on protease activity inhibition increases when the protease activity itself is high. The impact of salicylic acid on soil urease activity was not clearly evident either.

The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge on methods being used to determine individual compounds and properties of water-soluble plant root exudates. These compounds include amino acids, organic acids and simple sugars, as well as polysaccharides, proteins and organic substances. Qualitative composition of water-soluble root exudates and exudation rate are commonly measured with the aim of consequent synthetic preparation of plant root exudates to be supplied to soil to create artifi cial rhizosphere for diff erent experimental purposes. Root exudates collection usually requires consequent fi ltration or centrifugation to remove solids, root detritus and microbial cell debris, and consequent concentration using an evaporator, lyophilizator or ultrafi ltration. Methods used for analysis of total groups of compounds (total proteins and total carbohydrates) and total organic carbon are simple. On the other hand, HPLC or GS/MS are commonly used to analyse individual low molecular weight organic molecules (sugars, organic acids and amino acids) with separation using diff erent columns. Other properties such as pH, conductivity or activity of diff erent enzymes as well as gel electrophoresis of proteins are sometimes assessed. All of these methods are discussed in this work.

The aim of this work was to to investigate the suitability of various types of extractants for extraction of acid phosphomonoesterase from soil using various types of extractants. Succinate-borate buff er of pH 4.8 or 0.1 M K 2 SO 4 were the most effi cient to extract this enzyme compared to 0.1 M glutamic acid or 0.005 M salicylic acid. Extraction using 0.1 M glutamic acid gave signifi cantly (P<0.05) lowest extraction yield. The following extracts were obtained: clear K 2 SO 4 and glutamic acid extracts, succinate-borate buff er extracts were of slight coloration, and in some cases, rose-colored extracts of salicylic acid. The results of this work are in accordance with low extraction yields of phosphomonoesterase reported in other studies.

Xylose reductase (XR) from Candida mogii was extracted by partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and phosphate salts. An experimental design was used to evaluate the influence of the variables molar mass of PEG (A), concentration of PEG (B), concentration of phosphate (C), and concentration of NaCl (D) on XR extraction. The positive effect of variable B and the negative effect of A and of the interaction between A and B on the purification factor in the top phase (PF T) indicated that a simultaneous increase in PEG concentration with a decrease in molar mass of PEG leads to an increase in that response. Phosphate concentration also had a negative effect, indicating an increase in PF T with a decrease in its value. A linear model fitted to the data indicated the need to change the ranges of the variables. In a second experimental design, the influence of a lower range of PEG molar mass (MMPEG) and of tie-line length (TLL) on the partitioning of XR was studied. Quadratic models were predicted for the responses purification factor in the top phase and XR yield in the top phase (Y T), and the maximum values predicted by these models were 1.59 ± 0.40 and 105.8 ± 26.2%, respectively. A 19-fold increase in the selectivity factor was experimentally achieved for a system with PEG 1000 and TLL 34. The k, PF T and Y T values corresponding to 21.21, 1.89 and 103.5 respectively were also obtained under these experimental conditions.

The goal of this study is to appraise the effectiveness of the rice husk (RH) as low cost material for removing cesium, from aqueous solution and try to utilization from remaining samples in benefit method. Analysis of the respective rate data in accordance with five kinetic models is applied. The results show that the maximum adsorption was observed in alkaline condition, using 50g of adsorbent for 1 mg.l -1 of radioactive liquid waste at 45oC, in 1h of residential time and 5 ml.min-1 for fixed bed experiments, while for batch experiments the Langmuir model was the best. The higher percent removal was 95.70 % for cesium at initial cesium concentration of 1 mg/l. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters at different temperatures were tested. The experimental data were fitted well by the pseudo-secondorder kinetic model. The free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and activation energy (Ea) of the adsorption were calculated. These parameters showed that the sorption of 137Cs on...

Adsorption technology is one of the most promising techniques in many important areas. Although discovered in the 19th century, it is still widely used in many biological, medical, industrial, environmental and other applications. Pollution treatment is one of the environmental areas in which adsorption technology contributes effectively. This technology has proven its high ability to treat pollution in soil, air and water, especially using activated carbon because of its distinctive specifications. Therefore, activated carbon has become the most famous adsorption media among other adsorption materials. It is a porous material with a high surface area and has the ability to adsorb many types of organic and inorganic pollutants and can be regenerated several times in addition to the possibility of use in the treatment of water, air and soil. The observer of researches, papers and studies dealing with adsorption technique notes that one of the reasons for the spread of this technology...

This study was examined the possibility of pomegranate peel residue (PPR) (which remains after extraction of antioxidants (phenolics)) for removing polluted cyanide ions from aqueous solutions using several operational factors via adsorption technique. The operational factors studied included initial concentration of (CN-), pH of aqueous solution, flowrate of the aqueous solution inside the adsorption unit, height of adsorption media and time of treatment. By means of changing the aforementioned variables within particular empirical ranges, the best operational conditions were identified that gave the highest percentage removal of cyanide ion from aqueous solutions which reach to 95.75%. The samples of PPR remaining after completion the adsorption process explained above have been used to prepare an effective toxic material for rodents. The lethal effect of this cheap rodenticide was investigated using laboratory rats of type Sprague Dawley (which has the scientific name Rattus rattus) as a case study. These toxic residues exhibited a fatal effect on this type of rats depending on the calculated half lethal dose (LD50) of its which was compared with the (LD50) mentioned in literature and scientific references and showed that it was within the required range. In this method, more than one type of toxic and nontoxic wastes was disposed by simple, benefit, non-cost and environment friendly way. This way represents by eliminating the cyanide ions from aqueous solutions to minimum possible concentration using nonvaluable agricultural wastes (PPR) and in the same time preparing a cheap and active rodenticide according to lethal dose (LD50) calculated accessing to zero residue level (ZRL).

Adsorption technology is one of the most promising techniques in many important areas. Although discovered in the 19th century, it is still widely used in many biological, medical, industrial, environmental and other applications. Pollution treatment is one of the environmental areas in which adsorption technology contributes effectively. This technology has proven its high ability to treat pollution in soil, air and water, especially using activated carbon because of its distinctive specifications. Therefore, activated carbon has become the most famous adsorption media among other adsorption materials. It is a porous material with a high surface area and has the ability to adsorb many types of organic and inorganic pollutants and can be regenerated several times in addition to the possibility of use in the treatment of water, air and soil. The observer of researches, papers and studies dealing with adsorption technique notes that one of the reasons for the spread of this technology...

The existence of heavy metals together with the essential hydrocarbon components of crude oil causes a significant issue that leads to harmful effects on many petroleum processes industries in addition to reducing the value of oil product produced from refineries. The current research aims to study the possibility of removing the nickel element from Iraqi crude oil by a simple pre-treatment method based on adsorption technology. Treating of crude oil was performed using two types of adsorbents, the first one that had a high surface area, namely commercial granular activated carbon (GAC) and the other was non-valuable material, i.e., white egg shells (WES). The adsorption process was conducted in a batch mode unit and at different operating parameters of the adsorbent media amount, (water/crude oil) ratio, the contact time and the agitation speed in order to optimize the conditions for the best removal of the nickel substance from crude oil. The results indicated that the GAC had a high adsorption capacity reached to 87%, while the WES had a modest efficiency of about 45% removed of total nickel content. The results also showed that the efficiency of the treatment was increased with increase in the amount of adsorbent material, the (water/crude oil) ratio, the contact time and the agitation speed to a certain limit and then fixing or decreasing according to the type of variable. The present paper provides a simple pre-treatment method for removing one of the harmful heavy metals from crude oil in an easy and eco-friendly layout accessing to zero residue level concept. Keywords Crude oil • Nickel • Adsorption • White egg shells (WES) • Granular activated carbon (GAC)

Lycopene is the carotenoid which gives tomatoes and other red fruits their characteristic colour. It is one of the most powerful antioxidants and singlet oxygen quenching agents. It has been found to be of great medical importance with various anticancer effects and its ability to ameliorate several other medical conditions. Freshly ripe tomato fruits of the Roma vf variety and the Ibadan local variety were allowed to deteriorate after infection with a 96-hr-old culture of Aspergillus niger. Extraction of cell wall degrading enzymes produced during the deterioration process was carried out ten days after inoculation of the tomato fruits. The crude enzymes were precipitated using ammonium sulphate precipitation technique and employed in the extraction of lycopene from tomato peels. The yield of lycopene was 45.25mg/kg and 45.86mg/kg for enzymes extracted from the Roma vf and the Ibadan local varieties of tomato fruits respectively. This study established an improvement in lycopene extraction with crude preparation of cell wall degrading enzymes and compared the yield from the two enzymes obtained from the two most commonly available varieties of tomato fruits in Nigerian markets. [Ajayi AA, Adedeji OM, Olasehinde GI, Ayanda OO, Adejuwon AO. Extraction of lycopene with cell wall degrading enzymes from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruits deteriorated by Aspergillus niger.

Gac fruits were evaluated during storage to observe detailed changes in aril quality (lycopene, β-carotene and oil concentration). The relationships of these qualities with fruit firmness, skin colour and the total soluble solids (TSS) of aril were also explored to identify any potential indicators of aril quality. Mature fruit were manually picked and sorted for size from two field crops in Vietnam and a greenhouse crop in Australia. They were stored in plastic containers at ambient conditions until the fruit was considered unsalable (7 days at 30 o C in Vietnam and 21 days at 21 o C in Australia). Storage for a week generally improved aril quality in terms of increasing the concentrations of lycopene (up to 4.3 mg g-1 dry weight), β-carotene (up to 1.5 mg g-1 dry weight) and oil (up to 0.4 g g-1 dry weight) and these were strongly correlated with firmness (lycopene-0.923, β-carotene-0.754, oil-0.764, p<0.01) and TSS (lycopene-0.747, β-carotene-0.664, oil-0.672, p<0.01). However, quality declined with further storage. Skin colour did not relate well to aril quality but fruit firmness and aril TSS are candidates in the development of simple indices for the quality management of commercial Gac fruit.

In this work, we extracted high purity lycopene from dried Gac ( Momordica Cochinchinensis) aril using organic solvents. We also succeeded in the preparation of nanolycopene. The effect of temperature on the drying of Gac aril and suitable solvents on the extraction of lycopene has been investigated. The results showed that the suitable drying temperature for Gac aril was 60-70 o C. The suitable solvents for lycopene extraction were dichloromethane or chloroform. The lycopene content in dried Gac aril is about 0.28-0.46 %. Nanolycopene was prepared successfully by freeze-dried method, with relatively small particles size of 40-60 nm. Nanolycopene is relatively stable in the inert environment in the presence of antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Keywords. Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng, Gac Fruit, lycopene, nanolycopene, extraction.

Rhizopus homothallicus (IRD13a) was cultivated for lipase production in solid state fermentation (SSF) using sugarcane bagasse as a support and impregnated with a liquid medium. The production of an extracellular lipase from Rh. homothallicus was improved by modification of media nutrients. The nutrients that mainly influenced growth and lipase production were urea, olive oil and oligo-elements. Kinetics of growth and lipase production were carried out using the improved medium. A correlation was found between the lipase production profile and the profiles of CO 2 production, O 2 consumption and pH changes. A maximum of 826 U/g DM was reached in only 12 h of incubation. This production represented a 60-fold increase of lipolytic activity compared to that obtained using a well known medium for lipase production. These results are promising because this strain produces high lipase concentrations in an inexpensive and simple medium, which facilitates its recovery and purification. Lipase extraction from the fermented solid was also studied. Efficient recovery of the enzyme was achieved using Triton X-100 at 0.5% (w/v).

Xylose reductase (XR) from Candida mogii was extracted by partitioning in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and phosphate salts. An experimental design was used to evaluate the influence of the variables molar mass of PEG (A), concentration of PEG (B), concentration of phosphate (C), and concentration of NaCl (D) on XR extraction. The positive effect of variable B and the negative effect of A and of the interaction between A and B on the purification factor in the top phase (PF T) indicated that a simultaneous increase in PEG concentration with a decrease in molar mass of PEG leads to an increase in that response. Phosphate concentration also had a negative effect, indicating an increase in PF T with a decrease in its value. A linear model fitted to the data indicated the need to change the ranges of the variables. In a second experimental design, the influence of a lower range of PEG molar mass (MMPEG) and of tie-line length (TLL) on the partitioning of XR was studied. Quadratic models were predicted for the responses purification factor in the top phase and XR yield in the top phase (Y T), and the maximum values predicted by these models were 1.59 ± 0.40 and 105.8 ± 26.2%, respectively. A 19-fold increase in the selectivity factor was experimentally achieved for a system with PEG 1000 and TLL 34. The k, PF T and Y T values corresponding to 21.21, 1.89 and 103.5 respectively were also obtained under these experimental conditions.

The tomato processing industry generates large quantities of tomato peel residues, usually creating environmental problems. These residues are a significant source of lycopene, thus providing an attractive alternative for profitable handling of these otherwise problematic byproducts. The enzymatic pretreatment of these residues for lycopene recovery has already been employed, although the use of surfactants for enhancing the recovery has not been examined so far. The enzymatic pretreatment of tomato peels, using two commercially available pectinolytic enzyme preparations, was evaluated suggesting that there is an optimum pretreatment time of about 1 h, enzyme amount 250 Units/mL and no significant pH influence. Lycopene surfactant-assisted extraction was further investigated, showing that, among eight surfactants used, the most suitable was "Span 20", with an optimum ratio of 6-7 surfactant molecules per lycopene molecule. Sequential enzymatic pretreatment and surfactant-assisted extraction (30 min for each step) was evaluated leading to an improved lycopene extraction yield, with a somewhat smaller surfactant molar ratio (i.e. 4-5). In the latter case, the yield of lycopene recovery was almost four times greater compared to just 1 hr enzymatic pretreatment, and was approximately ten times greater compared to the recovery from untreated peels. Furthermore, such lipophilic compound recovery, avoiding the use of organic solvents, is environmentally attractive and ensures direct lycopene use in the food and cosmetics industries.

The aim of this work was to to investigate the suitability of various types of extractants for extraction of acid phosphomonoesterase from soil using various types of extractants. Succinate-borate buff er of pH 4.8 or 0.1 M K 2 SO 4 were the most effi cient to extract this enzyme compared to 0.1 M glutamic acid or 0.005 M salicylic acid. Extraction using 0.1 M glutamic acid gave signifi cantly (P<0.05) lowest extraction yield. The following extracts were obtained: clear K 2 SO 4 and glutamic acid extracts, succinate-borate buff er extracts were of slight coloration, and in some cases, rose-colored extracts of salicylic acid. The results of this work are in accordance with low extraction yields of phosphomonoesterase reported in other studies.

Lycopene is the carotenoid which gives tomatoes and other red fruits their characteristic colour. It is one of the most powerful antioxidants and singlet oxygen quenching agents. It has been found to be of great medical importance with various anticancer effects and its ability to ameliorate several other medical conditions. Freshly ripe tomato fruits of the Roma vf variety and the Ibadan local variety were allowed to deteriorate after infection with a 96-hr-old culture of Aspergillus niger. Extraction of cell wall degrading enzymes produced during the deterioration process was carried out ten days after inoculation of the tomato fruits. The crude enzymes were precipitated using ammonium sulphate precipitation technique and employed in the extraction of lycopene from tomato peels. The yield of lycopene was 45.25mg/kg and 45.86mg/kg for enzymes extracted from the Roma vf and the Ibadan local varieties of tomato fruits respectively. This study established an improvement in lycopene extraction with crude preparation of cell wall degrading enzymes and compared the yield from the two enzymes obtained from the two most commonly available varieties of tomato fruits in Nigerian markets. [Ajayi AA, Adedeji OM, Olasehinde GI, Ayanda OO, Adejuwon AO. Extraction of lycopene with cell wall degrading enzymes from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruits deteriorated by Aspergillus niger.

Gac fruit is one of the exceptional varieties of fruits that contain numerous secrets and wonders; which according the text of Qur'an, the benefits of fruits in paradis frequently discussed and as natural resource, medical and health. However, since prior studies have solely concentrated on the content and nutrients of Gac fruit, the value chain ecosystem for this valuable product has not been explored through research. Therefore, this concept paper will literately focus on the nutritional position of this fruit according to the text in the Quran as well as the exploring the value chain that can strengthen the viability of the product. Methodology used to provide sufficient information on Gac fruit are the Qur'anic literature and value chain inter-sectoral upgrading model literature review. The findings of the study is expected to provide a list of Gac fruit's benefit according to Quran and products value chain as part of a large-scale source of food security and sustainability, as well as to reinforce the national aim in the Sustainable Development Goal led by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry (MAFI).

As a result of the seeming poor attitude towards savings members of cooperatives, this study was necessitated to examine the determinants of savings behaviour of members of savings and credit cooperative society in Anambra State, Nigeria. Three hypotheses were formulated which were tailored to align with the three specific objectives stated in the study. The study employed the use of survey research design. The population of the study was made up of 300 members of twenty (20) Savings and Credit Cooperative societies in Anambra State selected randomly from ten Local Government Areas (LGAs). The study used multiple regression analysis at 5% level of significance. The analysis showed that socio-economic characteristics has a statistically significant relationship with savings behaviour of the members of the cooperative society in Anambra State (r = .991; RSquare = .982; F Statistics = 2511.679; p-value &lt; .05), that institutional factors have a statistically significant relationship ...

Pretratamiento de hojuelas de semilla de algodón con proteasas y una amilasa para el incremento del rendimiento de aceite. En este trabajo se estudió el efecto del pretratamiento con enzimas sobre la extractabilidad del aceite en hojuelas de semilla de algodón. Las enzimas que se investigaron fueron proteasa bacteriana (Bp), papaína (Pa), savinasa (S), temamil (T), pectinasa (Pe) y celulasa (C). Las variables estudiadas durante los experimentos de hidrólisis enzimática fueron: concentración de la enzima, ratio humedad:cantidad de hojuelas y tiempo de hidrólisis. Estos experimentos se realizaron primeramente con una sola enzima y posteriormente con mezclas de enzima formuladas de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en los estudios con un solo componente enzimático. Los resultados se evaluaron en función de del incremento relativo de la extractabilidad del aceite, así como de las características del mismo frente a un control realizado con hojuelas sin tratamiento. El pretratamiento con mezclas de enzima resultó en un incremento relativo de la extractabilidad del aceite frente al control mayor del que se registró en los tratamientos con una sola enzima. El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias en extractabilidad significativas (al nivel del 5%) entre el control y las distintas mezclas de enzima. El incremento relativo de extractabilidad debido al pretratamiento con mezclas de enzima siguieron el orden S:

Pretratamiento de hojuelas de semilla de algodón con proteasas y una amilasa para el incremento del rendimiento de aceite. En este trabajo se estudió el efecto del pretratamiento con enzimas sobre la extractabilidad del aceite en hojuelas de semilla de algodón. Las enzimas que se investigaron fueron proteasa bacteriana (Bp), papaína (Pa), savinasa (S), temamil (T), pectinasa (Pe) y celulasa (C). Las variables estudiadas durante los experimentos de hidrólisis enzimática fueron: concentración de la enzima, ratio humedad:cantidad de hojuelas y tiempo de hidrólisis. Estos experimentos se realizaron primeramente con una sola enzima y posteriormente con mezclas de enzima formuladas de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en los estudios con un solo componente enzimático. Los resultados se evaluaron en función de del incremento relativo de la extractabilidad del aceite, así como de las características del mismo frente a un control realizado con hojuelas sin tratamiento. El pretratamiento con mezclas de enzima resultó en un incremento relativo de la extractabilidad del aceite frente al control mayor del que se registró en los tratamientos con una sola enzima. El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias en extractabilidad significativas (al nivel del 5%) entre el control y las distintas mezclas de enzima. El incremento relativo de extractabilidad debido al pretratamiento con mezclas de enzima siguieron el orden S:

Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour) Spreng.) fruit, originating from South-Eastern Asia, is considered as a superfruit thanks to the unequaled content of lycopene and other carotenoids of its arils. Direct uses of the fruit can be considered in cooking or traditional medicine, yet, most interesting and large-scale applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical require to extract the gac oil with its carotenoids content. Gac oil production is subject to an increase attention by the scientific and engineering domain, but is still in its infancy compared to other oils production. In this chapter, it is proposed to summarize the state of the art of gac oil processing by following the valorization chain. First, the properties of the fruit are presented. The steps used to store the fruit and produce the oil (drying, freezing, and oil extraction) are reported. For each step, the different known options are compared in terms of process conditions and quality of the oil. The properties ...

Abstract: The present study is concerned with the valorization of date stones for the waste water treatment. Date stones as adsorbent were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and SEM, than tested for the adsorption of Cu (II), Zn (II) and Ni (II) from aqueous solotion. The effects of different parameters on the adsorption of metal metals such as the contact time, the initial concentration and the pH of the solution were investigated. The adsorption capacity was highest at pH5. Cu (II) had higher adsorption capacity than Zn (II) and Ni (II). The equilibrium data were fitted using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models.

 In this paper, the bagasses were treated with single pectinase (Pectinex Ultra SP-L, Novozymes) and cellulase (NS22192, Novozymes) or their mixture at various enzyme ratio. The response surface methodology was used to fit the experimental data and investigate the enzyme ratio influence on the starch recovery yield.  The highest starch yield was achieved in the treatment of bagasse with 15 CMCU and 9PGU per gram of dry bagasse at 450C and pH 5 for 4 hours at the solid loading 5%, attained  86.55% of the residue starch.

Abstract: The present study is concerned with the valorization of date stones for the waste water treatment. Date stones as adsorbent were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and SEM, than tested for the adsorption of Cu (II), Zn (II) and Ni (II) from aqueous solotion. The effects of different parameters on the adsorption of metal metals such as the contact time, the initial concentration and the pH of the solution were investigated. The adsorption capacity was highest at pH5. Cu (II) had higher adsorption capacity than Zn (II) and Ni (II). The equilibrium data were fitted using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models.

High removal of zinc from water was achieved using acid treated Carbon Nanofibers. Four independent variables including pH, CNFs dosage, contact time and agitation speed were carried out to determine the influence of these parameters on the adsorption capacity of the zinc from water. The morphology of the Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) were characterized by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) in order to measure the diameter and the length of the CNFs. The diameter of the Carbon Nanofibers was varied from 100-200 nm and 30 micrometer in length. Results of the study showed that, 97 % of zinc was removed by using COOH-CNFs at pH 7, 150 rpm, and 2 hours. These high removal efficiencies were likely attributed to the strong affinity of zinc to the physical and chemical properties of the CNFs.

Expected global climate change can cause changes in several hydrological cycle processes, such as the intensity and frequency of precipitation, river flows, evapotranspiration rates, soil moisture, and groundwater recharge. Precipitation conditions have been observed at the mountain study site of Bílý Kříž (the Beskids Mts., Czech Republic) since 1989. This paper presents the analysis of long-term (1997-2016) precipitation conditions at this study site. Comparison of selected long-term mean precipitation characteristics with mean precipitation characteristics for the 1997-2016 period reported differences in only some parameters. The number of days without precipitation was slightly increasing. No statistically significant trend was found for the number of days with heavy rain. The study site was changed from being a per-humid to humid type as indicated by Lang'rain factor. More dry periods were determined at the past decade according to the standardized precipitation index.

Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) is the richest source of lycopene and b-carotene of all known fruits but the influences of collection sites, variety and environment on carotenoid accumulation is unknown. This study analysed the carotenoid content of 44 M. cochinchinensis aril samples collected from Australia, Thailand and Vietnam using HPLC, UV-visible spectrophotometry and compared with the colorimetry method. The highest lycopene content was observed in samples collected from Ha Noi (7.76 mg/g) of Northern Vietnam and Lam Ha (6.45 mg/g) and Lam Dong (6.64 mg/g) provinces of Central Vietnam. The highest b-carotene content was observed in a sample from Nam Dinh (9.60 mg/g) in Northern Vietnam while a variety from Hoa Binh province in Northern Vietnam had high contents of both lycopene (5.17 mg/g) and b-carotene (5.66 mg/g). Lycopene content was higher in samples collected from low temperatures (\14°C) and higher elevations whilst bcarotene content was greatest at temperatures between 27 and 33°C. Crop improvement for increased lycopene and b-carotene requires rapid and accurate methods of quantification. All three analytical methods utilised were in agreement for lycopene quantification. The (a*/b*) 2 transformed colour value resulted in more linear relationship for lycopene indicating that colorimetry method could potentially be developed to select lycopene rich fruits in the field.

The studied were carried out for the comparative evaluation of physiochemical and GCMS analysis of sour and sweet oranges peel oil of Pakistan. The physiochemical analysis of sour oranges were shown that moisture (%), density, iodine value (g/100g), saponification value (mg/g), peroxide value (mg eq/kg), free fatty acid value (%) 0.34 ±0.22, 0.92 ± 0.16, 100 ± 0.44 , 171 ± 0.32 , 35.2 ± 0.12 and 5.8 ± 0.31 respectively, while similarly the sweet oranges peels physiochemical analysis value were 0.42 ± 0.15 moisture (%), 0.94 ± 0.13 density, 103 ± 0.54 iodine value (g/100g), saponification value (mg/g), peroxide value (mg eq/kg) and free fatty acid value (%) were 183 ± 0.11 , 13.5 ± 0.17 and 2.3 ± 0.16 respectively. GC-MS analysis of sour orange and sweet orange peels oil were also calculated. The results of the present study demonstrated that the seeds of citrus species investigated are a potential source of valuable oil which might be utilized for edible and other industrial applica...

Global climate change (including temperature changes) had already observable effects on the environment and humanity. Air temperature characteristics have been observed at the mountain study site of Bílý Kříž (the Beskids Mts., Czech Republic) since 1989. This paper presents an analysis of long-term (1997-2016) air temperature conditions at this study. Comparison is made of selected long-term mean air temperature characteristics with mean air temperature characteristics for the period 1997-2016. The results show slightly increasing air temperature, as indicated not only by values for mean annual air temperature but also by changes in number of extreme days (summer, tropical, ice, etc.) and occurrence of hot period. Moreover, the length of the growth season has increase slightly.

The aim of this work was to to investigate the suitability of various types of extractants for extraction of acid phosphomonoesterase from soil using various types of extractants. Succinate-borate buff er of pH 4.8 or 0.1 M K 2 SO 4 were the most effi cient to extract this enzyme compared to 0.1 M glutamic acid or 0.005 M salicylic acid. Extraction using 0.1 M glutamic acid gave signifi cantly (P<0.05) lowest extraction yield. The following extracts were obtained: clear K 2 SO 4 and glutamic acid extracts, succinate-borate buff er extracts were of slight coloration, and in some cases, rose-colored extracts of salicylic acid. The results of this work are in accordance with low extraction yields of phosphomonoesterase reported in other studies.

The aim of this study was to find out the effect of intensity of thinning (FD-dense stand = 2044 trees/ha; FS-open stand = 1652 trees/ha) performed in young forest stands (99% spruce, 1% fir) in Moravian-Silesian Beskids Mts. (908 m a.s.l.; 49°30 ′ 10 ′′ N, 18°32 ′ 20 ′′ E) on V DS (C mineralization rate immediately after drying and re-wetting of soil), V BR (basal soil respiration at 60% w/w soil water content measured 5th day after rewetting of dry soil), V MAX (maximum respiration rate after glucose addition measured from 6th day after rewetting of dry soil), V DS / V MAX (heterotrophic respiratory potential) and AC DS /AC BR (the potential flush of biologically available C) in Ae horizon of Haplic and Entic Podzols. The AC DS /AC BR was calculated from three 24-hour respirations of 7-day incubation according to the equation AC DS /AC BR = V DS V MAX /(2 V BR (V MAX-V DS)). The aim of the work was also to find the effect of circa 11-year abandonment of a mountain meadow in the locality (825-860 m a.s.l.; 49°30 ′ 17 ′′ N, 18°32 ′ 28 ′′ E) on the same parameters in Ah horizon of Gleyic Luvisol. The studied parameters were measured in the course of the vegetation season 2004 (May-September) at 30-day intervals. The higher intensity of thinning caused alternately higher or lower or very similar values of V DS , V BR , V MAX , V DS / V MAX and AC DS /AC BR in the course of the season. The abandonment of the meadow increased V DS , V BR , V MAX throughout the whole experiment. V DS / V MAX increased due to the abandonment except for the last sampling in September. Alternately higher or lower or very similar values of AC DS /AC BR in course of the season appeared on abandoned or moderately mown meadows. The lower intensity of thinning or abandonment of the meadow were connected with increasing number of significant (P < 0.05) correlations between the studied properties.

Gac is valued for the nutritious aril surrounding its seed. When pollinators are limited or when flower sex expression is female-biased, hand pollination is necessary. Here, female flowers were hand pollinated with male flowers or pollen stored for up to 84 days at 4 or −20 °C, and fruit set and some qualities of mature fruit were evaluated. Cool storage reduced pollen viability (germinability and pollen tube length) and compromised fruit set (10–87%) compared with fresh pollen (97%). Fruit weight was also reduced at least by 8%, and oil concentration in aril by 40%. However, the lycopene and β-carotene concentrations in aril were largely uncompromised, and some fruits were of a marketable weight (&gt;1.2 kg) and quality. Cool storage is a low-cost method for the short-term storage of Gac pollen. However, methods for drying pollen to an inactive state need investigation for a storage protocol, and for improvements in fruit set and fruit physicochemical qualities using hand pollination.

Gac seeds are high in oil, but there are few studies on its extraction and characteristics. This study aimed to characterise Gac seeds and investigate the physicochemical properties of Gac seed oil extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and hexane (Soxhlet). The Gac seed kernel accounted for 66.4 ± 2.7% of the seed weight, and 53.02 ± 1.27% of it was oil. The SC-CO2 oil had a higher quality than the Soxhlet oil for important criteria, such as peroxide (0.12 ± 0.02 vs. 1.80 ± 0.01 meq O2/kg oil), free fatty acid (1.74 ± 0.12 vs. 2.47 ± 0.09 mg KOH/g oil) and unsaponifiable matter (33.2 ± 1.5 vs. 52.6 ± 2.4 g/kg) values, respectively. It also had a better colour (light yellow vs. dark greenish brown) and a higher antioxidant capacity measured with the DPPH (52.69 ± 0.06 vs. 42.98 ± 0.02 µmol Trolox equivalent/g oil) and ABTS (2.10 ± 0.12 vs. 1.52 ± 0.06 µmol Trolox equivalent/g oil) assays. However, a higher yield (53.02 ± 1.27 vs. 34.1 ± 0.8%) was obtained for the Soxhl...

The seeds of the Gac fruit, Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng, are rich in trypsin inhibitors (TIs) but their optimal extraction and the effects of freeze drying are not established. This study aims to (1) compare aqueous solvents (DI water, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.02 M NaOH and ACN)/water/FA, 25:24:1) for extracting TIs from defatted Gac seed kernel powder, (2) to optimise the extraction in terms of solvent, time and material to solvent ratio and (3) to produce a TI-enriched freeze-dried powder (FD-TIP) with good characteristics. Based on the specific TI activity (TIA), the optimal extraction was 1 h using a ratio of 2.0 g of defatted powder in 30 mL of 0.05 M NaCl. The optimisation improved the TIA and specific TIA by 8% and 13%, respectively. The FD-TIP had a high specific TIA (1.57 ± 0.17 mg trypsin/mg protein), although it also contained saponins (43.6 ± 2.3 mg AE/g) and phenolics (10.5 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g). The FD-TIP was likely stable during storage due to its very low moisture content (0.43...

The peel of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) contains high levels of bioactive compounds, especially carotenoids which possess significant antioxidant capacities. However, the peel of Gac is regarded as a waste from the production of carotenoid-rich oil from Gac fruit. In this study, carotenoids of Gac peel were extracted by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using ethyl acetate as extraction solvent. The effect of extraction time and different levels of microwave and ultrasonic powers on the yield of total carotenoid and antioxidant capacity of the extracts were investigated. The results showed that an extraction at 120 W for 25 min and an extraction at 200 W for 80 min were the most effective for MAE and UAE of the Gac peel samples, respectively. The maximum carotenoid and antioxidant capacity yields of UAE were significantly higher than those of the MAE. The antioxidant capacity of extract obtained by the UAE was also signifi...

Gac fruits were evaluated during storage to observe detailed changes in aril quality (lycopene, β-carotene and oil concentration). The relationships of these qualities with fruit firmness, skin colour and the total soluble solids (TSS) of aril were also explored to identify any potential indicators of aril quality. Mature fruit were manually picked and sorted for size from two field crops in Vietnam and a greenhouse crop in Australia. They were stored in plastic containers at ambient conditions until the fruit was considered unsalable (7 days at 30 o C in Vietnam and 21 days at 21 o C in Australia). Storage for a week generally improved aril quality in terms of increasing the concentrations of lycopene (up to 4.3 mg g-1 dry weight), β-carotene (up to 1.5 mg g-1 dry weight) and oil (up to 0.4 g g-1 dry weight) and these were strongly correlated with firmness (lycopene-0.923, β-carotene-0.754, oil-0.764, p<0.01) and TSS (lycopene-0.747, β-carotene-0.664, oil-0.672, p<0.01). However, quality declined with further storage. Skin colour did not relate well to aril quality but fruit firmness and aril TSS are candidates in the development of simple indices for the quality management of commercial Gac fruit.

The aril around the seeds of Gac fruit is rich in fatty acids and carotenoids (lycopene and βcarotene). Understanding how these qualities are affected by fruit maturity at harvest may identify indices for quality assessment. Some physical and chemical properties of Gac fruit were determined for fruit harvested between 8 and 16 weeks after pollination (WAP). Fruit respiration rates and ethylene production rates were assessed after harvest and up to 20 days in storage at 20°C. Fruit harvested at 14 WAP had the highest oil (0.27 ± 0.02 g/g DW), lycopene content (0.45 ± 0.09 mg/g FW), and βcarotene content (0.33 ± 0.05 mg/g FW) which declined by 16 WAP. External skin color and aril TSS were indicative of oil and carotenoid contents in aril. Skin color, TSS and potentially firmness were good indices of fruit quality. Harvesting less mature fruit at 12 WAP would be practical as the fruit were firmer and more capable of transport; however, quality during postharvest ripening may be limited. Fruits continued to ripen after they were harvested and an ethylene peak in the least mature fruit may reflect a climacteric behavior but this needs further investigation.

Polyacrylic acid diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (AAC-Dadmac) hydrogel was used as adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals (Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and total Cr) from electroplating wastewater. The effects of hydrogel dosage, contact time and shaking speed on heavy metal removal from electroplating wastewater were studied in a batch system. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm of heavy metals on the AAC-Dadmac hydrogel was studied using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities, q m (mg/g), of the AAC-Dadmac hydrogel for Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and total Cr were 2.336, 0.960, 5.319, and 4.608 mg/g, respectively. Kinetics of adsorption was found to follow the pseudo-second-order rate equation. The results showed that the AAC-Dadmac hydrogel can be used as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from electroplating wastewater.