Cost and Management Accounting

Understanding a hospital system is taking a brief sketch of the functioning of various departments in a hospital. To sustain within a competitive environment, a hospital's essential element that needs to be analyzed is the cost involved. The researchers here try to understand the extent of the difference in the elements of cost, i.e., Material, Labor and Overhead. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cost structure of the hospitals. The study drives through 30 private hospitals from the southern part of Kerala, analyzing the magnitude of management practices run to fetch cost management. Complexity arises with the advancement in healthcare facilities and the necessity of the patient, which is more or less scaled with advanced technology. The study points out various areas where cost is elemental in a hospital.

'Cost-Volume-Profit' (CVP) analysis attempts to formalise the assessment of a product's financial viability. Although highly simplified, the CVP approach allows companies to identify minimum 'break-even' levels of sales, and the sales volumes required to reach a 'target profit'. This approach also clarifies the 'margin of safety' that an existing product has at its present level of sales before falling into losses.

The study investigated the effects of cost reduction techniques on the productivity of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study specifically aimed to assess the effect of waste reduction on the productivity of listed firms in Nigeria and also assessed the effect of inventory management on the productivity of listed firms in Nigeria. The population for this study was hundred and seventy-nine (179) existing listed manufacturing firms on the Nigerian Exchange Group as at 30 th May, 2023. This study used purposive sample technique to select twenty (20) listed manufacturing firms from the population of this study. Panel data which consists of cross-sectional and time series of the 20 sampled listed manufacturing firms and a ten (10) years' time series (2014-2023) were sourced from the published annual financial statements of the selected firms. The study made use of descriptive and inferential analysis. Panel estimation regression technique was used to analyze the Data. Hausman test as well as other diagnostic test were also conducted in this study. The findings in this study showed that waste reduction exerted a positive and significant effect on the productivity of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria with coefficient value of 120.362 (p=0.0421<0.05), the result also showed that inventory management exerted a positive and significant effect on the productivity of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria with coefficient value of 154.965 (p=0.0390<0.05). The study concludes that waste reduction has a positive and significant effect on the productivity (PMG) of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria, the study also conclude that inventory management has a positive and significant effect on the productivity (PMG) of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria.

This study investigated the impact of streamlining strategic cost management on profitability of local pharmaceutical firms in Nigeria. The dependent variable is represented with return on asset (ROA), and the independent variable is represented with: cost of inventory (COIV), cost of labour (COLB) and cost of selling/distribution (COSD). The design used secondary data collected from the published annual reports of selected listed local pharmaceutical firms published in Nigeria, 2016-2021. A further purposive sample size of five (5) firms that have the required data applied. Our analyses techniques applied Regression Model, Correlation and Descriptive Statistics. The specific findings are that COIV and COSD are positive and non insignificant on ROA; while COLB is positive and significant on (ROA) of local pharmaceutical firms in Nigeria. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge with: the positive impact of the three variables applied; the modernized model of the study, the empirical findings and the reach literature for academia. We recommend that firm policy makers, are to streamline cost management policies of: COIV, COLB and COSD; as they impact on ROA in Nigeria. Implications show that managers and other policy makers who desire to use these findings: should know that only one of the study variables is positive and significant on ROA and besides, the study focused only on pharmaceutical firms in Nigeria and thus, may not be generalized in all industry.

This study determined the effect of corporate risk management committee on performance of firms in Nigeria. Other specific objectives are to determine how: corporate risk committee size CRCS; corporate risk committee diligence CRCD; corporate risk committee expertise CRCE; corporate risk committee composition CRCC impacts on the financial performance ROE of firms in Nigeria. Population of the study comprised all the 18 listed banks in Nigeria as found in Nigeria Stock Exchange, 2020. But the study sample size comprised five banks that have consistently been in banking operations and have the required size of shareholders wealth as reported by NDIC annual report from (2009-2019) and have mandatorily been reporting risk management issues to date. Data collection was based on content analysis using systematic classification, coding, identifying items and subject interpretation of text data. The analytical techniques applied are: Descriptive Statistics; Pearson Correlation; Haussmann Test (Random and Fixed Effect) Regression Model; Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) to check Multicollinearity of the independent variables, Heteroscedasticity Test and Ramsey RESET Test. The results show that corporate risk management committee impacts ROE of the sampled firms especially banks. Out of the four explanatory variables applied in the study; CRCD and CRCC are positively significant; while CRCE is positively insignificant and CRCS is insignificant on ROE. The study recommends that there is a need for firms, especially banks to establishing risk management committee, considering CRCD and CRCC as they impact on financial performance. This study contributes to knowledge with the enormous rich literature for academia and also with the new model applied in the study.

This study examined the effect of religiosity, tax knowledge and public governance quality on taxpayers' compliance in Southwest, Nigeria. Descriptive research of a survey type was adopted and the study covered all the registered 23,289 SMEs across all the states in the Southwest region of Nigeria; out of which, 393 was sampled using proportionate and convenience sampling techniques. A close ended questionnaire was used to elicit the needed information from the sampled respondents across the study location. Pearson correlation and simple linear regression were used to analysis the responses of the respondents. However, before the administration of the instrument, validity and reliability of the instrument were carried out. It was discovered that religiosity, tax knowledge and public governance quality have a positive and significant effect on tax compliance among SMEs in Southwest, Nigeria. Based on the discoveries made, it was concluded that there is a statistically significant effect of religiosity, tax knowledge and public governance quality on taxpayers' compliance in Southwest, Nigeria. Thus, it was recommended that effort must be made by governments at all levels to engage in activities that indicates their sense of accountability to Nigerians. The perception of quality of governance should be improved by imbibing the tenets of representative democracy which will encourage tax payers to comply with tax laws and regulations.

Literatures on internal control system in the public sector are quite numerous, with just a few studies assessing how financial management in Federal hospitals in Southwest, Nigeria could be enhanced by the components of internal control system. This study covered this gap by examining internal control system and financial management if Federal government hospitals in Southwest, Nigeria. Descriptive research was adopted and the population covered six Federal government hospital in Southwest. 91 respondents were selected across the sampled Federal government hospitals in Southwest, Nigeria. A close-ended questionnaire was used after which, analysis was carried out via Pearson product moment correlation and multiple regression. It was discovered that there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of internal control system (control activities, control environment, risk assessment, information and communication and monitoring) and financial management (financial planning and control) in Federal government hospitals in Southwest, Nigeria. It was concluded that financial management in Federal government hospitals could be enhanced through the internal control system. Thus, it was recommended that the federal government hospital management should ensure that the internal control system is periodically monitored and evaluated to enhance their financial management productivity.

The study is expected to explore the practice of cost and management accounting mechanism of manufacturing industry in Bangladesh. In doing so, a total of 66 manufacturing organizations has been surveyed with a structured questionnaire by using 5 point Likert Scale measurement. Findings reveal that out of forty nine cost and management accounting mechanisms, budgetary control is the most frequently used mechanism by the sample. Simultaneously, some new mechanism of cost and management accounting like Kaizen costing, six sigma and value engineering are not well informed by the sample. The study has also recognized 12 components that has explained 79.862 percent of the total variation in the application level of cost and management accounting mechanisms. The findings are expected to contribute to develop the perception about the practice of cost and management accounting. The modern cost and management accounting practices enable the business organization to improve the innovative cap...

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of use of Cost and Management Accounting Practices (CA & MAPs) in Bangladesh cement industry (BCI). To achieve this objective 23 cement companies have purposively been selected. A structured questionnaire was administered among some selected professionals in accounts and finance department in the selected cement companies. The study proposed conceptual framework and revealed that there are five dimensions for practicing CA and MPAs in the manufacturing industry. Cement companies are more or less practicing all those dimensions. In the costing system dimension, cement companies are mainly using separation of cost and cost of quality. Companies are using budgeting for planning and activity based budgeting more compared to other usual budgeting tools. For performance measure, the adoption of financial measures is very common. In terms of information for decision making dimension, cost volume profit (CVP) analysis is the mostly practice...

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of use of Cost and Management Accounting Practices (CA & MAPs) in Bangladesh cement industry (BCI). To achieve this objective 23 cement companies have purposively been selected. A structured questionnaire was administered among some selected professionals in accounts and finance department in the selected cement companies. The study proposed conceptual framework and revealed that there are five dimensions for practicing CA and MPAs in the manufacturing industry. Cement companies are more or less practicing all those dimensions. In the costing system dimension, cement companies are mainly using separation of cost and cost of quality. Companies are using budgeting for planning and activity based budgeting more compared to other usual budgeting tools. For performance measure, the adoption of financial measures is very common. In terms of information for decision making dimension, cost volume profit (CVP) analysis is the mostly practice...

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of use of Cost and Management Accounting Practices (CA & MAPs) in Bangladesh cement industry (BCI). To achieve this objective 23 cement companies have purposively been selected. A structured questionnaire was administered among some selected professionals in accounts and finance department in the selected cement companies. The study proposed conceptual framework and revealed that there are five dimensions for practicing CA and MPAs in the manufacturing industry. Cement companies are more or less practicing all those dimensions. In the costing system dimension, cement companies are mainly using separation of cost and cost of quality. Companies are using budgeting for planning and activity based budgeting more compared to other usual budgeting tools. For performance measure, the adoption of financial measures is very common. In terms of information for decision making dimension, cost volume profit (CVP) analysis is the mostly practice...

The purpose of this study is to direct interest in using the sound methodology in cost management and to choose a more effective approach to managing costs from a series of alternatives in order to obtain more accurate data on the cost of the product. Competition in the market, Clarifying the role of the time-based product life cycle costing technique in providing integrated information on resources and their costs and for each stage of the product life cycle, which would contribute to managing costs throughout the product life cycle. To achieve this goal, the time-based product life cycle costing technique was applied on data obtained from the laboratory records, the research sample, as well as the field experience. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the failure of traditional cost systems to meet the requirements and objectives of management as they are no longer able to provide accurate data that help the administration in making decisions as a result of changes and developments in the business environment, most notably the intense competition, which resulted in the emergence of modern techniques in the field of management Cost that is able to keep pace with these changes and developments. The most important of which is the time-based product lifecycle cost technique.

The background problem is that the precise handlings of a firm's resources are critical for the firm's endurance. Companies usually have official procedures for calculations of their profitability of investment projects. On one hand is the corporate strategy which directs the company's activities, determines how company resources should be used. The corporate strategy and the financial calculations should work together to ensure the best and most efficient allocation of the resources of the company. Regrettably, it does not happen like this all the time or most of the time. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the analysis of SME's, alignment of investment decisions to overall business strategy to enhance performance. The objectives of the research are to determine the extent of SME's alignment of investment decision to overall business strategy to enhance performance. Therefore, it will be established the nature of SME's investment decisions practices. In addition, there will be the establishment of the business strategy adopted by different SME's. What is more, the establishment of the challenges faced by the SME's in the alignment of their investment decisions to overall business strategy. And in addition to come up with recommendations on how SME's can address the challenges faced when aligning investment decisions to overall business strategy. The study will thus focus on divisionalized companies, where it is to be expected that investments and strategy are not planned by the same people but by employees in different departments. The literature reviews on alignment of investment decision and strategy which has been drawn from different authors. It will contain two parts: the theoretical review and the empirical review. Significant issues related to the research topic and finally the research gap filled by the research embarked on. The methods that will be embarked on are Phenomenological research, the goal being to qualitatively describe a lived experience of the phenomenon; it will draw attention to the research design; in order to avoid bias and human error a mix of naturalistic observation and interview as well as surveys will be made use of in the research design. Data will thus be collected quantitatively and qualitatively, and the targeted populations are that of entrepreneurs with more than one investment in Majengo and central business district. The raw data once collected will be analyzed and represented by using tables and graphs and the data analysis tools that will be used are ANOVA, SPSS, t-test and frequency to eliminate human error and come up with usable data for the research.

Management Accounting Practices (MAPs) usage among Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and their implications are examined in this paper. 291 sets of questionnaires were dispersed and six interviews were conducted to gather the data. The usage frequency of individual practices and thematic analysis are deliberated, and the results denote the comparatively low MAPs usage rates among Jordanian SMEs as opposed to those in developed countries. Nonetheless, the reported rates in Jordan are comparable to those in developing countries. Among SMEs, MAPs significantly allow product cost information determination, planning and controlling, and detection of problems. Shortcomings of the traditional system, previous experiments of large companies, and external factors, are considered as the main reasons that motivated SMEs to use MAPs. Insufficient experience, lack of financial resources, and the high costs associated with implementing MAPs are the most crucial reasons that forced SMEs to...

My sincere appreciation to my dissertation chair, Dr. Richard Gray, for ongoing guidance with incredible patience, encouragement, and support that made this journey successful. To my committee members-Dr. Patricia Watkins, Dr. Dorothy Ettling, and Dr, Joseph W. Eylesthank you for providing me with invaluable suggestions and helping me in the completion of my dissertation. I thank Dr. Patricia Watkins again, who showed me the light and brought such a lifetime program to my life and the opportunity to grow. Also, though Dr. Dorothy Ettling has left her body, I think she is still with us, alive in spirit in our memories. I still remember the eternal support of my classmate and friend, Dr. Diane Erwin. I think, though she has left her body, she is still with us in our memories. Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Abul Kalam Mazumdar for his permission to use his survey instruments. I thank Ilene W. Devlin for her editing services in manuscript submittal preparation. I want to acknowledge my mother, Mozida Ismail, and relatives who pray all the time for my success, especially my father, Sheikh Ismail Hossain, who showed me the light of education for a glorious future during my boyhood. And last, but certainly not least, to my wife, Sk Nusrat Islam, and my two daughters, Owishee Islam, and Owisharza Islam, I owe a huge debt and gratitude for their sacrifice, iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS-Continued support, unvarying belief in my ability to be successful, and encouragement to me to challenge myself. I could not succeed without them. Thank you from the very bottom of my heart. S. M. Ebadul Islam v DEDICATION This project is dedicated to my spiritual father, Khaza Abul Hasan Chisty. I am grateful to him for encouraging me at all times, staying with me as a saint who helps me to rectify my way through life. He still shows me the ways to follow in order to accelerate the realization of His creation. vi

The publishers of this document consider that it is a worthwhile contribution to discussion, without necessarily sharing the views expressed. No responsibility for loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any material in this publication can be accepted by the authors or the publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means method or device, electronic (whether now or hereafter known or developed), mechanical, photocopying, recorded or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Translation requests should be submitted to CIMA. 1Management accounting practices in the UK food and drinks industry Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to CIMA (the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants) for funding the research project on which this report is based. We would also like to thank all the people who helped in ma...

The study aims to evaluate the application and practices of Management Accounting in the manufacturing companies in Bangladesh. This paper is the output of the evaluation on Management Accounting practices of Fifteen (15) Manufacturing Companies from Four (4) different sectors listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange on the year of 2021. The primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire from 124 respondents of fifteen manufacturing companies of different four sectors and it is found that the highest mean score was 4.7214 on Management accounting information is essential for making managerial decision and lowest mean score was 4.3120 for Management accounting helps to differentiate planned and actual outcome of manufacturing companies. And the average mean score was 4.466 in the scale of 5. Moreover 75.8% (94) have given their perception on Management accounting information is essential for making managerial decision and Management accounting helps to produce information for capital budgeting decisions. Almost 71% respondents told that they have separate management accounting department.

This paper seeks to investigate the use of management accounting practices by Jordanian SMEs. The data was generated via questionnaires and interviews. Descriptive statistics on the frequency of the use of individual practices and thematic analysis provide the basis for discussion. The results demonstrate that the usage rates of MAPs in Jordanian SMEs are fairly low in comparison to usage rates reported in the studies conducted in the developed countries and yet are comparable to the rates reported in the studies conducted in the developing countries. MAPs have an essential role in SMEs by enabling determination of product cost information, planning and controlling, issues discovery, evaluation of employees’ efforts and customization of management bonuses, generation of relevant information for decisions on expansion process, issuance of new products, prices modification and estimation and prediction of potential risks. The research generates more awareness among the managers of SME...

Management Accounting Practices (MAPs) usage among Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and their implications are examined in this paper. 291 sets of questionnaires were dispersed and six interviews were conducted to gather the data. The usage frequency of individual practices and thematic analysis are deliberated, and the results denote the comparatively low MAPs usage rates among Jordanian SMEs as opposed to those in developed countries. Nonetheless, the reported rates in Jordan are comparable to those in developing countries. Among SMEs, MAPs significantly allow product cost information determination, planning and controlling, and detection of problems. Shortcomings of the traditional system, previous experiments of large companies, and external factors, are considered as the main reasons that motivated SMEs to use MAPs. Insufficient experience, lack of financial resources, and the high costs associated with implementing MAPs are the most crucial reasons that forced SMEs to...

There have been the recent calls for additional research in order to enhance the understanding of the adoption of management accounting practices (MAPs) in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). This, allied to an increasing importance of SMEs around the world especially in developing countries, is the motivation for this research. This paper explores the uptake of a broad range of MAPs in 160 Malaysian SMEs firms in the manufacturing sector. The study finds that both Malaysian small and medium firms made extensive use of traditional MAPs and only selectively use modern MAPs such as non-financial performance measures related to internal processes and to customers. Results for all MAPs also indicate that a higher usage by medium firms as opposed to small firms. In most part of MAPs, medium firms adopted as twice as many small firms. The most significant differences relate to the use of decision support system and strategic management accounting. The employment of high qualified accounting staff by medium firms may as well lead the relatively higher uptake of MAPs by medium firms. Besides, the increased uptake of sophisticated management accounting practices by larger firms is in line with size being a contingent variable for explaining the use of such practices.

There have been the recent calls for additional research in order to enhance the understanding of the adoption of management accounting practices (MAPs) in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). This, allied to an increasing importance of SMEs around the world especially in developing countries, is the motivation for this research. This paper explores the uptake of a broad range of MAPs in 160 Malaysian SMEs firms in the manufacturing sector. The study finds that both Malaysian small and medium firms made extensive use of traditional MAPs and only selectively use modern MAPs such as non-financial performance measures related to internal processes and to customers. Results for all MAPs also indicate that a higher usage by medium firms as opposed to small firms. In most part of MAPs, medium firms adopted as twice as many small firms. The most significant differences relate to the use of decision support system and strategic management accounting. The employment of high qualified accounting staff by medium firms may as well lead the relatively higher uptake of MAPs by medium firms. Besides, the increased uptake of sophisticated management accounting practices by larger firms is in line with size being a contingent variable for explaining the use of such practices.

The ever-increasing importance of telecommunication companies in Ghana coupled with global and domestic competitions, increasing cost and decreasing profitability was the impetus for this study. This research examines the application of a broad range of management accounting practices used by telecommunication companies in Ghana. It sought to establish the extent of use and reasons for the adoption of Management Accounting Practices (MAPs) in Ghana mobile telecom industry (GMTI). This study was a cross-sectional survey that yielded 37 useable questionnaire from respondents with varied professions in accounting and finance in MTN Ghana, a leading telecommunication company in Ghana. The findings show that the most used category of MAPs is strategic analysis practices, which has a higher relative usage rate than reported in previous research. Again, MTN Ghana uses more of traditional budgeting techniques, and relies more on financial measures than non-financial measures. The use of costing systems by MTN Ghana is quite low, prevalent among them are departmental overhead rate and Activity-based Costing. Overall, this study provides valuable understandings into the nature of MAPs applied by telecommunication companies in emerging markets in developing countries.

Equipes de alto escalão utilizam Sistemas de Controle Gerencial (SCG) para guiar o desempenho e também as decisões dos seus subordinados, promovendo e implementando estratégias a partir do comportamento organizacional. As escolhas feitas pelos membros do alto escalão podem determinar como os objetivos organizacionais serão alcançados com o uso dos SCG. Esta revisão integrativa visa examinar a literatura abordando como os executivos do alto escalão utilizam os Sistemas de Controle Gerencial nas organizações, destacando e categorizando as relações esperadas entre as formas de uso dos SCG a partir das características dos membros da alta gestão. Os resultados permitiram a síntese do tema a partir da identificação de uma taxonomia para as características dos executivos de alto escalão que influenciam nas formas de uso dos SCG, assim como a exposição de algumas perguntas provocativas como forma de reflexão para futuras pesquisas.

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of use of Cost and Management Accounting Practices (CA & MAPs) in Bangladesh cement industry (BCI). To achieve this objective 23 cement companies have purposively been selected. A structured questionnaire was administered among some selected professionals in accounts and finance department in the selected cement companies. The study proposed conceptual framework and revealed that there are five dimensions for practicing CA and MPAs in the manufacturing industry. Cement companies are more or less practicing all those dimensions. In the costing system dimension, cement companies are mainly using separation of cost and cost of quality. Companies are using budgeting for planning and activity based budgeting more compared to other usual budgeting tools. For performance measure, the adoption of financial measures is very common. In terms of information for decision making dimension, cost volume profit (CVP) analysis is the mostly practice...

In recent years, the Bangladesh cement industry is growing up comparing the other leading countries in Asia. By following this sequence, according to the report of Wikipedia which is mostly prepared based on "List of countries by cement production" in Hydraulic Cement Production-Asia & The Pacific, Bangladesh has occupied the third position in producing cement in the sub-continent of Asia. This happens only for the efficient and proper utilization of the management accounting practices in the cement manufacturing industry. The success of the industry mostly depends on those taken decisions which are most relevant to achieve the goal of this firm, therefore, these should be strategically different from the competitive market and they will lead to dominate the market for a longer period by getting competitive advantages rather than other leading companies.Nowadays all institutions are related to utilizing management accounting systems to assist managers in making a sound decision to achieve the goals of the organization. Thus, the necessity of management accounting has risen not only in the manufacturing industry but also service industry (Chenhall and Langfield

In recent years, the Bangladesh cement industry is growing up comparing the other leading countries in Asia. By following this sequence, according to the report of Wikipedia which is mostly prepared based on "List of countries by cement production" in Hydraulic Cement Production-Asia & The Pacific, Bangladesh has occupied the third position in producing cement in the sub-continent of Asia. This happens only for the efficient and proper utilization of the management accounting practices in the cement manufacturing industry. The success of the industry mostly depends on those taken decisions which are most relevant to achieve the goal of this firm, therefore, these should be strategically different from the competitive market and they will lead to dominate the market for a longer period by getting competitive advantages rather than other leading companies.Nowadays all institutions are related to utilizing management accounting systems to assist managers in making a sound decision to achieve the goals of the organization. Thus, the necessity of management accounting has risen not only in the manufacturing industry but also service industry (Chenhall and Langfield

The ever-increasing importance of telecommunication companies in Ghana coupled with global and domestic competitions, increasing cost and decreasing profitability was the impetus for this study. This research examines the application of a broad range of management accounting practices used by telecommunication companies in Ghana. It sought to establish the extent of use and reasons for the adoption of Management Accounting Practices (MAPs) in Ghana mobile telecom industry (GMTI). This study was a cross-sectional survey that yielded 37 useable questionnaire from respondents with varied professions in accounting and finance in MTN Ghana, a leading telecommunication company in Ghana. The findings show that the most used category of MAPs is strategic analysis practices, which has a higher relative usage rate than reported in previous research. Again, MTN Ghana uses more of traditional budgeting techniques, and relies more on financial measures than non-financial measures. The use of costing systems by MTN Ghana is quite low, prevalent among them are departmental overhead rate and Activity-based Costing. Overall, this study provides valuable understandings into the nature of MAPs applied by telecommunication companies in emerging markets in developing countries.

The primary purpose of this study is to identify the role of managerial characteristics, personality traits, behavioural intention and decision styles on cost allocation adoption. For this purpose, the study builds on five theories identified from literature to identify the determinants of cost allocation adoption. This study supplements the literature findings with interviews and discussion involving senior executives from different sectors to identify four important constructs The study was conducted in two phases, in which both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed in combination to explore cost allocation adoption. In the first phase, eight persons, were interviewed by the research team. In the second phase, a sample of 120 respondents was used to collect the data from questionnaire. NVivo Version 12 is used to analyse the qualitative data. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the quantitative data. SPSS version 22 is used for this purpose. Path analysis is conducted using AMOS version 22. The logistics regression analysis on the set of variables had highlighted the fact that educational level, functional background, top management support, attitudes, subjective norms, openness, extraversion, rational decision style, intuitive decision style and dependent decision style are the variables which best predict adoption of cost allocation. The findings of this study has provided valuable insights on how to adopt cost allocation and will be valuable for managers, researchers as well as practioners.

This study examined the MAPs (Management Accounting Practices) in the NMCs (Nepalese Manufacturing Companies), observing the impacts on OEP (Organizational Efficiency and Performance) within a contingency theory framework. The study&#39;s objective was to report the adoption level and the benefits derived from TMATs (Traditional/Conventional Management Accounting Techniques) and CMATs (Contemporary/Modern Management Accounting Techniques) in the NMCs. An empirical survey of 385 respondents from eighteen listed NMCs in the NEPSE (Nepal Stock Exchange) was conducted using a structured questionnaire. The level of adoption and benefits associated with OEP and future emphasis provided the discussion&#39;s premise. The findings uncovered a negative and significant association between the TMATs and CMATs with OEP in the NMCs. The package of TMATs had some minor negative impacts compared to the CMATs. Though the study was limited to the MCs (Manufacturing Companies), it offered unique insig...

In exploring the management accounting practices of companies in Malaysia, two categories of companies were chosen: Malaysian-Owned and Multinational corporations (MNCs). The majority of the companies selected were either manufacturing-based or service-based. To assess the level of management accounting applications in these organizations, Akira&#39;s &quot;Four-Phase&quot; model was adopted. While a &quot;drifting phase&quot; connotes an extremely low level of application, the &quot;integrated phase&quot; on the other hand deliberately uses the latest management accounting approaches for strategic purposes. Management accounting techniques surveyed include the applications of traditional methods such as Standard Costing, Budgeting and Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) and other integrated approaches such as Just-in-Time (JIT), Activity-Based-Costing (ABC), Benchmarking and Target Costing.

Research theme - Globalization and technological changes generates complexity both in the business environment and the accounting systems. Under these conditions managerial accounting needs to learn new practices in order to become an active consultant of management. Objectives - The main objective of this paper is to present how managerial accounting changed over the years in Romania. We intend to

In exploring the management accouting practices of companies in Malaysia, two categories of companies were chosen: Malaysian‐owned and Multinational corporations (MNCs). The majority of the companies selected were either manufacturing‐based or service‐based. To asess the level of management accounting applications in these organizations, Akira’s “Four‐Phase” model was adopted. While a “drifting phase” connotes an extremely low level of application, the “integrated phase” on the other hand deliberately uses the latest management accounting approaches for strategic purposes. Management accounting techniques surveyed include the applications of traditional methods such as Standard Costing, Budgeting and Cost‐Volume‐Profit (CVP) and other integrated approaches such as Just‐in‐Time (JIT), Activity‐Based‐Costing (ABC), Benchmarking and Target Costing.

This study aims to examine the extent of usage of SMA techniques in the Jordanian private industrial companies (JPIC) and to examine the impact of general and financial managers' characteristics on the adoption of SMA techniques. It also aims to explore the importance of usage the SMA techniques by JPIC in the future. The study is based on a questionnaire survey of JPIC. The study reveals that 12 out of 19 SMA techniques were adopted by JPIC. These techniques are ABC, COQ, VCC, SCM, EMA, benchmarking, BSC, competitor cost assessment, competitor position monitoring, CPA, customer lifetime value and valuation of customer assets. The results also provide interesting findings; whenever JPIC used the SMA technique they placed high importance of usage rate in the future. The SMA techniques that were not used by JPIC had a low importance of usage rate in the future, in exception of integrated PMS which achieved high importance of usage rate and the LCC which achieved a moderate rate. Finally, no impact of general and financial managers' characteristics was found on the adoption of SMA techniques in JPIC.

The research examines the management accounting practices and its level of usage in services sector of Pakistan. For this purpose, banking companies, Insurance companies, Telecommunication companies and Computer Service companies were selected. The data was collected through adapted questionnaire regarding management accounting practices and its level of usage. There were 90 target listed services companies from service industry where data has been collected. The unit of analysis was company and the responses were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Findings with regard life cycle stages, there are 69% respondents companies belong from growth stage and 24.4% are located in maturity stage. The results indicate that management accounting practices for instance costing practices; budgeting practices & decision making practices are widely used especially traditional management accounting practices in service sector of Pakistan. While in terms of performance evaluation practices, all the non financial measures related to employees, customers and operation or innovation have lower level of usage in service sector of Pakistan irrespective of the business life cycle stage. Moreover, the results reveal that financial companies which are sub sector of service sector are more sophisticated by utilizing management accounting practices but other services companies do not much utilize management accounting practices from financial sector of Pakistan. These results imply that management accounting practices are more complicated as the companies move from growth to maturity stage. In addition, traditional management accounting practices still have the highest level in financial sector of Pakistan based on its importance & usage.

SMEs around the world have grown to be of paramount importance to national economies. It has been reported that their contributions towards gross domestic products (GDPs) have increased to large percentages, with SMEs in Zimbabwe contributing about 50% towards the country's GDP. The increasing growth of SMEs warrants research on how they can be assisted to perform to their best capabilities. Management accounting practices (MAPs) are thus one discipline of the accounting field which, if implemented and monitored well, is promising to unlock the SMEs' potential. The study explores the factors that affect the adoption of MAPs in Zimbabwean SMEs, particularly in Lupane. It identifies the MAPs that have been adopted by these SMEs, evaluates the impact of MAP adoption on the performance of the firm, analyses the benefits and challenges of MAP adoption in SMEs. The study then recommends the possible ways of improving the application of MAPs for enhanced firm performance. A combination of a structured interview and a questionnaire were administered on 58 SMEs in Lupane. A total of 36 questionnaires that were administered and 22 interviews were conducted. The findings showed that the size of the firm, qualification of the accounting staff and commitment of the owner/ manager affected the adoption of MAPs. It also revealed that costing and budgeting systems were the most popular MAPs used by SMEs in the area while the payback period and the net present value were the most frequently used capital budgeting techniques. A positive relationship between the adoption of MAPs and firm performance was found to be very important in the adoption and implementation MAPs. MAPS adoption improved firm performance. The study enriches the existing body of knowledge of MAPs and SMEs by providing information on the factors affecting the adoption of MAPs. The findings can be useful to policy makers in the relevant ministries and will also create awareness and interest in researchers to focus on the SMEs sector when conducting research on management accounting.

This article reviews cost accounting and its use to information technology systems and identifies its extensive contribution to accounting research. Using literature reviews, it can be seen how managers can make decisions from reports generated by cost accounting by utilizing increasingly advanced information technology systems. Technology system today makes it easier for accountants and managers to produce financial and non-financial information. Information systems using emerging information technology that are often used by accounting-related organizations include chart of Accounts, Electronic Data Processing Systems (EDP) and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). Cost calculation system that can usually be implemented to information technology is Activity Based Costing and Just In Time.

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of use of Cost and Management Accounting Practices (CA & MAPs) in Bangladesh cement industry (BCI). To achieve this objective 23 cement companies have purposively been selected. A structured questionnaire was administered among some selected professionals in accounts and finance department in the selected cement companies. The study proposed conceptual framework and revealed that there are five dimensions for practicing CA and MPAs in the manufacturing industry. Cement companies are more or less practicing all those dimensions. In the costing system dimension, cement companies are mainly using separation of cost and cost of quality. Companies are using budgeting for planning and activity based budgeting more compared to other usual budgeting tools. For performance measure, the adoption of financial measures is very common. In terms of information for decision making dimension, cost volume profit (CVP) analysis is the mostly practiced technique. Value chain analysis is widely accepted by the cement companies for strategic analysis. However, modern sophisticated methods and tools for CA and MAPs such as balance score card (BSC), analysis of competitors' strength and weaknesses are less practicing. This study provides valuable understandings into the nature of CA & MAPs applied by cement companies in the emerging markets of developing countries.

The rate at which one currency is exchanged for another currency is termed as Exchange rate. There are two major types of exchange rates known as Fixed exchange rate and Fluctuating exchange rate. Gold plays a vital role in exchange rate. The exchange rate regime starts from Gold Standard and goes through various phases. Bretton Woods System plays a vital role in the exchange rate regime. This paper concentrates on the evolution of exchange mechanism and its classification until 2010.

This Period 5.1% Your Personal Rate of Return is calculated with a time­weighted formula, widely used by financial analysts to calculate investment earnings. It reflects the results of your investment selections as well as any activity in the plan account(s) shown. There are other Personal Rate of Return formulas used that may yield different results. Remember that past performance is no guarantee of future results.

There have been the recent calls for additional research in order to enhance the understanding of the adoption of management accounting practices (MAPs) in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). This, allied to an increasing importance of SMEs around the world especially in developing countries, is the motivation for this research. This paper explores the uptake of a broad range of MAPs in 160 Malaysian SMEs firms in the manufacturing sector.