Corporate Governance and Financial reporting

The essay analyzes the European Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive, which signals an opening of European law towards a so-called ‘neo-institutional’ model. In this model, legal norms are bound by material principles and objectives, without regressing into dirigistic tendencies. The author focuses on the “duty of diligence” imposed on companies to prevent negative impacts on human rights and the environment along their chain of activities. This raises the question of the legal classification of this duty, which appears to oscillate between the duties of safety in legal transactions (Verkehrspflichten) and the more stringent logic of the duty to protect (Schutzpflicht), particularly when the protection of workers involved in the chain of activities is at stake. The essay then discusses the civil remedies, liability (Art. 29), and ‘remediation’ of impacts (Art. 12), as well as their interrelationships. The study of the Directive’s content is consistently accompanied by references to the recent Omnibus package, insofar as it is expected to affect the duties and protections provided by the Directive itself. Finally, the analysis extends to climate transition plans, which, intersecting with the phenomenon of climate change litigation, lead the interpreter to examine whether – and to what extent – the general interest in mitigating climate change can be pursued through the forms of private law.

The significance of Gender diversity in enhancing quality of reporting has been a focal point of the theoretical and empirical research in recent decades. However, discrepancies persist between empirical findings and theoretical perspectives regarding the role of female representation in improving disclosure quality. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between female representation and disclosure. This study employs a series of meta-analyses techniques on 189 empirical studies spanning over 39 countries to investigate the relationship between female representation and disclosure. It further examines how gender parity, shareholder protection, types of disclosure, and publication quality moderate this relationship. The meta-analysis results indicate that female representation is significantly positively associated with disclosure. This positive association is more pronounced in countries with high gender parity and low shareholder protection, underscoring the crucial monitoring role female representation can play in safeguarding shareholders' interests, particularly when women have greater influence in boardroom decision-making (i.e., gender parity). Additionally, the findings reveal that female representation is more significantly associated with social and environmental disclosure than with financial and governance disclosure. The study provides valuable insights for regulators, directors, and shareholders by advocating for the empowering of female representation and increasing the representation of women in senior positions within firms.

This paper investigates the impact of local government debt on the liquidity creation of China’s urban commercial banks using data from 2016 to 2022. Employing fixed-effects and mediation models, the study finds that the continuous expansion of local government debt significantly constrains banks’ liquidity creation. This inhibitory effect primarily stems from the crowding out of credit resources, as government borrowing diverts funds away from the real economy. Further mechanism analysis shows that higher government debt induces banks to increase their reliance on interbank business, thereby exacerbating the suppression of liquidity creation. The negative impact is more pronounced among urban commercial banks with majority government ownership and among non-listed banks. These findings underscore the importance of improving the regulatory framework for local government debt to mitigate its adverse effects on banking liquidity creation. Strengthening fiscal discipline and optimizing debt structure can help ensure that local government financing contributes positively to real economic growth rather than weakening financial intermediation.

Environmental degradation and the need for sustainability reporting have placed accounting at the center of corporate responsibility. The increasing exploitation of natural resources and rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Nigeria have intensified the demand for greater transparency in environmental accounting and reporting. This study investigates management perceptions of environmental accounting and its impact on sustainable development in Nigeria. Employing Pearson correlation analysis and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, the findings reveal a strong positive relationship between environmental accounting practices and sustainability outcomes. Organizations that integrate environmental reporting effectively monitor emissions, resource consumption, and regulatory compliance, leading to improved environmental performance. Conversely, firms neglecting environmental disclosures face reputational and regulatory risks. The study advocates for the adoption of international recognized frameworks, such as the International Standards of Accounting and Reporting (ISAR), coupled with real-time graphical indicators to enhance corporate accountability. Strengthening environmental reporting mechanisms will not only align firms with sustainability objectives but also contribute to long-term economic and environmental stability

Bank consolidations have globally affected banking firms’ market structures. Whenever market structures change, both the consolidating and non-involved performances in the local banking market could be co-impacted in the same or different direction at different degrees. Taking evidence from Nigeria changing market structures, we examined how banks and other micro financial institutions concurrently respond in terms of lending to changes in market structures. To have achieved this, we purposively sampled 845 financial institutions, which comprised 24 commercial banks and 821 Micro-Finance Banks (MFBs). We made use of secondary data, which were collected between 2001 and 2010 from the Central Bank of Nigeria Data Base. We analyzed the data by multivariate regression analysis method. The result shows that fall in bank loans to small businesses (β= - 0.817) due to changes in bank size of merged commercial banks positively affected microfinance bank lending (β = 0.955, p-value= 0.086). M...

Despite growing interest in mitigating the negative impact on corporate environmental responsibility initiatives, their impact on corporate financial performance remains unclear. The study reviews existing research to examine the impact of environmental responsibility practices on corporate financial performance. The study systematically reviews 32 articles covering a period of 10 years (2015-2025) to examine the relationship between environmental responsibility practices and firm financial performance. The study identified the conflicting relationship between environmentally responsibility practices and firm financial performance. The study observed positive relationships in firms operating in highly regulated sectors, and negative relationships in high polluters and emitters. Furthermore, the review indicates corporate environmental responsibility practices negatively impact on short-term corporate financial performance. The study underscores the mitigation policies that target high polluters and emitters as they are negatively affected by environmental responsibility initiatives. Additionally, the review highlights the urgent need for tax policies to mitigate high upfront expenditure associated with corporate environmental initiatives.

This study examines the effect of audit committee tenure on financial reporting quality of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study uses panel data obtained from the Nigerian Stock Exchange factbooks and the financial statements of 14 listed deposit money banks over a period of 10 years (2007-2016). The study uses cross sectional and time series research design. Financial reporting quality was measured using the modified Jones (1991) model and changes in working capital model, while audit committee tenure was measured as the mean tenure of audit committee members. The data was analyzed using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum) and inferential statistics (correlation and regression analysis). The study reveals that audit committee tenure has a negative and insignificant effect on financial reporting quality under the two models. The implication of these results is that the tenure of audit committee members is not important when considering the financia...

Environmental accounting has emerged as a crucial aspect of modern accountancy, integrating environmental costs into financial decision-making and corporate reporting. This study explores the historical development, theoretical foundations, and practical applications of environmental accounting, highlighting its evolution from a voluntary practice to a fundamental element of corporate sustainability. Drawing on key theories such as Legitimacy Theory, Stakeholder Theory, Institutional Theory, and the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework, the study examines how businesses disclose environmental information to meet regulatory requirements, enhance transparency, and improve stakeholder engagement. The findings reveal that environmental accounting has gained global recognition, with frameworks such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), and Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) playing a significant role in standardizing reporting practices. However, challenges persist, including lack of standardization, high implementation costs, data collection difficulties, and limited expertise, particularly among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Despite these challenges, environmental accounting remains a strategic tool for organizations seeking to mitigate environmental risks, improve operational efficiency, and align with sustainability goals such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).This study recommends the harmonization of environmental accounting standards, stronger regulatory enforcement, capacity-building initiatives, investment in technology, and enhanced stakeholder engagement to promote widespread adoption. By integrating environmental accounting into corporate governance, businesses can achieve sustainable growth while addressing environmental concerns. The study contributes to the ongoing discourse on environmental accounting by providing insights into its theoretical underpinnings, challenges, and future directions in corporate sustainability and environmental responsibility.

Questo lavoro, che prosegue le analisi contenute in un precedente scritto pubblicato nel dicembre del 1988, contiene innanzitutto un aggiornamento del quadro normativo previsto per il mercato dei contratti a premio su titoli azionari per quanto attiene sia alle nuove disposizioni della Consob sia alle modifiche intervenute sotto il profilo fiscale. Seguono quindi alcune informazioni di carattere statistico sulle dimensioni del mercato e sull’evoluzione congiunturale registrata negli ultimi anni. Dopo aver descritto gli standard utilizzati dagli operatori per la valutazione dei premi e quantificati gli scostamenti rispetto a quanto viene suggerito dalla teoria, il lavoro si sofferma sulle tecniche di previsione della volatilità dei prezzi azionari, verificando il contenuto informativo delle volatilità implicite nei contratti a premio. Il lavoro si conclude con un’estesa simulazione, che tenendo conto dei costi di transazione, pone in luce le opportunità di arbitraggio non sfruttate dagli operatori nel periodo in esame.

Per una versione aggiornata si veda Barone, E., & Cuoco, D. (2005). Un’altra visita al mercato dei premi. In Barone, E. (a cura di),  Economia del Mercato Mobiliare, Vol. 2 - Derivati e Risk Management, 2005, Capitolo 4, pp. 103-136. Luiss University Press.

Public listed companies in Palestine are enhancing their corporate governance practices, particularly following the introduction of the Code of Corporate Governance in 2009. This development presents an opportunity to boost firm value through various avenues, including intellectual capital. This paper explores the role of intellectual capital in increasing firm value within Palestinian public listed companies. Using a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study examines data from 12 years of annual reports (2011-2022) of listed corporations, employing STATA version 16 for analysis. The findings reveal that components of intellectual capital performance (HCE, SCE, CEE) and intellectual capital disclosure (HCD, SCD, CED) have direct influences on firm value. The research emphasizes the need for companies to focus on enhancing employee skills through effective training, leading to better resource utilization. This paper contributes to understanding how specific aspects of intellectual capital can serve as tools for management to assure stakeholders and enhance overall firm value.

Internal and external finance are the two primary forms of funding for businesses. Internal financing is derived from retained profits, while external financing may come through borrowing money or the issuance of stocks. Businesses utilize it constantly to grow and stay alive, so the choices they make about finance are crucial. Market timing is vital for determining the appropriate financial structure for a company's success because volatility in market valuation greatly affects the capital structure. Capital structure requires a decision-making tactic that is an art to tackle complex situations. Modigliani and Miller started this ground-breaking study on capital structure in the field of corporate finance in 1958. After that, several theories were developed, but one of those theories was the market timing theory of capital structure, which explains that firms issue new stock when their share price is overvalued and repurchase shares when their share price is undervalued. These price fluctuations of equity will affect corporate financing decisions and ultimately corporate capital structures. The goal of this study is to test the applicability of market timing theory in the context of Canadian firms; thus, the data have been collected from the FINVIZ Stock Screener for the period (2022) and analyzed by a generalized linear model technique through the EViews 13. The research concludes that the market-to-book ratio has a statistically significant negative effect on market leverage as well as book leverage.

H μελέτη πραγματεύεται τις νομικές προκλήσεις και κινδύνους που αντιμετωπίζουν τα χρηματοπιστωτικά ιδρύματα από την ανάπτυξη καινοτόμων εφαρμογών χρηματοοικονομικής τεχνολογίας και την ανταγωνιστική επέκταση των δραστηριοτήτων πανίσχυρων τεχνολογικών επιχειρήσεων στην παροχή χρηματοοικονομικών υπηρεσιών. Για την αντιμετώπιση των πολυεπίπεδων συγκρούσεων συμφερόντων, με πρωταγωνιστικό σημείο αναφοράς τον αναφυόμενο «τεχνολογικό κίνδυνο», εντοπίζεται η ανάγκη ενίσχυσης του παραδοσιακού πλαισίου διακυβέρνησης όλων των οντοτήτων του «χρηματοπιστωτικού οικοσυστήματος», που συγκροτείται από δεσμευτικούς κανόνες δημόσιου και ιδιωτικού δικαίου. Εξετάζονται ιδιαίτερα οι πρόσφατες νομοθετικές και νομοπαρασκευαστικές πρωτοβουλίες της Ε.Ε. για τη ρύθμιση του «ψηφιακού χρηματοοικονομικού τομέα», με προσανατολισμό σε διακριτές εμπορικές δραστηριότητες και έμφαση στους όρους λήψης διαχειριστικών αποφάσεων, στην οργανωτική λειτουργία και σε απαιτήσεις για την αντιμετώπιση κατ’ ιδίαν τεχνολογικών κινδύνων και τη διαχείριση των συστημάτων πληροφορικής και επικοινωνιών. Προτείνεται η συμπλήρωση των νομοθετικών κανόνων με πρόσθετα εσωτερικά μέτρα διακυβέρνησης, ελέγχου, διαφάνειας και λογοδοσίας, που κρίνονται δικαιολογημένα λόγω της παράλληλης διεύρυνσης τόσο των ρυθμιστικών και εποπτικών ρόλων των κεντρικών τραπεζών,  όσο και των καθηκόντων των χρηματοπιστωτικών ιδρυμάτων και πολυμερών συστημάτων πληρωμών έναντι των εν γένει αντισυμβαλλομένων τους, επιχειρήσεων και καταναλωτών. - Abstract: This study examines the legal challenges and risks faced by financial institutions, arising from the proliferation of innovative financial technology (“Fintech”) applications and the competitive advance of dominant technology corporations into the provision of financial services. In addressing the complex and multilayered conflicts of interest, with the central focus being the emerging “technology risk”, the analysis underscores the need to strengthen the traditional governance framework applicable to all entities operating within the “financial ecosystem.” This framework is grounded in binding rules of both public and private law. Of particular focus are the recent legislative and regulatory initiatives undertaken by the European Union aimed at regulating the “digital financial sector”. These initiatives are oriented toward distinct commercial activities, with specific emphasis on decision-making processes, organizational operations, and critical requirements for mitigating specific technology risks, as well as information and communication systems’ management. The study proposes supplementing the relevant statutory provisions with enhanced internal governance measures, control mechanisms, transparency provisions, and accountability frameworks. Such additional measures are considered legally justified and necessary in light of the simultaneous expansion of both the regulatory and supervisory roles of central banks and the duties and obligations of financial institutions and multilateral payment systems toward their various counterparties, including businesses and consumers.

Corporate control can be addressed as the power to shape corporate policies and strategies. We suggest that the social control of the business is affected by meso orders or social fields. This implies that corporate policies and strategies are shaped by relations between and within organized groups. From this perspective, the article explores how the corporate ownership structure and the executives' trajectories affect financial performance in the largest automobile companies. Panel regression discloses the effects of the forms of control over time. Results open an intriguing debate among economic sociology, agency, and corporate control literature.

The study aimed to assess how credit and liquidity risks influence the profitability of banks, focusing on 29 Pakistani banks from 2010 to 2022. Mismanagement of asset-backed securities led to the worldwide financial crisis of 2008, which had far-reaching consequences, especially for Pakistan, where the banking industry is vital to the country's economy. Panel regression was applied to assess the objective. In order to compare fixed and random effects, the study also used the Hausman Test, which finally favored fixed effect models. The findings highlight how crucial it is to manage credit and liquidity risks in order to preserve Pakistani banks' stability and profitability. The findings of the study reveal a positive correlation between liquidity risk and Return on Assets (ROA), indicating that as liquidity risk increases, ROA also tends to increase. Conversely, a negative relationship was observed between credit risk and ROA, suggesting that as credit risk rises, ROA tends to decline. The study benefits to managers, regulators, and investors, as they highlight the need to manage liquidity and credit risks effectively to maintain profitability. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the impact of credit risk and liquidity risk on bank profitability, providing a foundation for future research.

The objectives of the review paper were to compare stakeholders and regulations in many areas of influence, evaluate the motivations behind ESG disclosure, measure governance mechanisms, and identify different ESG impacts on firm value and reputation. This paper uses essential and comparative frameworks, and a comprehensive review of theoretical frameworks from emerging economies from 2000 to 2023 was carried out. According to the findings, the main drivers of disclosure are stakeholder pressure and regulatory compliance. Governance structures greatly improve ESG quality and company reputation. While the influence of environmental factors varies depending on industry and regulatory maturity, governance has a greater positive impact on firm value. Although implementation flaws restrict efficacy, regulatory frameworks and stakeholder engagement play a crucial role in shaping disclosure practices. Depending on organizational integration, ESG committees have a possible but unstable impact on reputation. As a result, the analysis informs policymakers and practitioners seeking to improve sustainable business practices and stakeholder trust in emerging economies by highlighting the need for longitudinal studies, context-specific governance reforms, and standardized metrics to advance ESG integration.

Fostering more efficient capital allocation; encouraging loss mitigation; enabling risk to be managed more efficiently; helping mobilized savings; facilitating trade and commerce; substituting for and complementing government security programs and promoting financial stability insurance company plays a vital role to a country's economy. Despite prolonged political instability, poor infrastructure, endemic corruption, insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms Bangladesh's economy has grown by approximately 6 percent annually for two decades. In this case, the insurance companies of Bangladesh have been keeping a significant role for a long since. Considering the enhancement of the development of insurance sectors, different institutes and academics have been established. But those are inadequate for the fulfillment of developing this industry and manpower also. So, regarding this context, I select the matter of The Effects of Training & Development of Performance: A Case Study of Fareast Islamic Life Insurance Ltd. This study is conducted to Fareast Islamic Life Insurance Head Office and its five branch offices. Identification of the improvement of manpower and their occupational development and how they can contribute to their organization is the main issue of this study.

Corporate governance effectiveness is crucial for ensuring financial transparency, regulatory compliance, and ethical decision-making. While prior research has extensively examined the roles of directors, Chief Executive Officers, and auditors, the contributions of company secretaries remain largely underexplored. This study explores the attributes of company secretaries in Malaysian public listed companies, categorising their attributes into technical, commercial, and social dimensions. Using an exploratory approach, this study examines data from 414 company secretaries across 433 non-financial public listed companies in Malaysia for the year 2019, sourced from Bursa Malaysia and MyCOID. The findings reveal that most company secretaries possess strong secretarial competencies and international exposure, but lack accounting, finance, and legal expertise. In terms of commercial attributes, few company secretaries hold dual executive roles, board memberships, or equity stakes, indicating a limited strategic influence in financial decision-making. Socially, most company secretaries serve in a single firm and are appointed externally, suggesting a focus on compliance rather than internal leadership development. This study highlights the need for policy reforms, including mandatory training in financial and legal literacy, expanding company secretaries' roles in investor relations, and encouraging their involvement in legal advisory functions. The findings contribute to governance literature by emphasising the evolving role of company secretaries and providing insights for regulators, policymakers, and corporate boards to enhance governance effectiveness.

This research sets out to assess the market reaction to events related to inclusion in and exclusion from the Dow Jones Sustainability Stoxx Index, which are associated with good and bad levels of Corporate Social Performance. The present work introduces a new effect -non-exclusion of the index-which refl ects a corporate effort on maintaining higher levels of sustainability. An event study approach is applied with the aim of assessing market reactions to the announcement of changes in the index composition and the effective release to the market of the new sustainable equity index for an annual period. A novelty of this research is the use of a Multivariate Regression Model, with the purpose of mitigating some limitations identifi ed in previous studies when «event clustering» is observed. The empirical analysis is focused on fi ve years sliding window (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007), a period with a relevant increase of the Socially Responsible Investment worldwide.

The escalating prevalence of armed conflicts globally necessitates an urgent re-evaluation of sustainable postwar
reconstruction strategies, with increasing emphasis on the private sector's role. This article investigates the
evolving nexus between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and peace building in conflict-affected and postwar
environments, exploring ethical business engagement models that transcend traditional philanthropic
endeavours to foster genuine, long-term societal resilience. Utilizing a qualitative, literature-based methodology,
this study synthesizes recent scholarly research, policy reports, and reputable case studies published between
2021 and 2025. Key findings revealed that effective ethical business engagement in post-war contexts hinges on
several integrated pillars: prioritizing inclusive local employment and livelihood creation, investing in robust
local capacity building and institutional strengthening, rigorously adhering to conflict-sensitive business
practices, upholding stringent human rights due diligence, and fostering transparent governance and anticorruption
measures. The analysis underscores that strategic CSR, when ethically embedded and collaboratively
executed, can significantly mitigate adverse impacts while contributing positively to social cohesion, economic
revitalization, and the foundational elements of sustainable peace. The article concludes by offering actionable
recommendations for businesses, governments, and international organizations on cultivating responsible private
sector engagement to accelerate equitable recovery and prevent relapse into conflict, identifying critical areas
for future research into impact measurement and scalable models.

In an increasingly digitised and hyper-connected world, the adoption of emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT) introduces new levels of complexity to organisational risk landscapes. While these innovations offer significant operational and strategic benefits, they also create expanded attack surfaces and introduce uncertainties that traditional cybersecurity models struggle to mitigate effectively. This paper introduces the Adaptive Cybersecurity Governance Framework (ACGF), a novel governance model that holistically integrates AI, risk management, and IT auditing principles to enhance resilience in digital technology adoption. The ACGF is designed to be dynamic, context-aware, and responsive to real-time threat intelligence, supporting predictive and preventive decision-making through AI-driven analytics. It aligns with internationally recognised standards, including ISO/IEC 27001, COBIT 2019, and the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, while incorporating AI governance ethics and continuous audit mechanisms. The framework provides a structured approach to aligning security controls with business objectives, regulatory compliance, and risk appetite, fostering accountability and transparency across all stakeholders. The framework was developed through a synthesis of leading cybersecurity and IT governance standards, AI ethics principles, and sectoral case analysis. Through a multidimensional governance lens, this paper explores case-based applications in both public and private sector environments, highlighting the framework's scalability and adaptability in diverse digital ecosystems. The findings support the growing need for integrated governance strategies that are not only reactive but also anticipatory and resilient in managing evolving cyber threats. The ACGF offers a blueprint for scholars, cybersecurity professionals, and IT auditors seeking to bridge the gap between innovation and security in the digital era.

Management of organisations pay much attention on how to make financial reports look attractive through the use of flexibilities in the recognition of assertions in the financial statements. Yet, users of accounting information seem not to have perceived knowledge about this practice which has led to collapse of many major companies in Nigeria and abroad. This study examined the effects of creative accounting on the credibility of reported profits of companies in Nigeria. Methodology employed was the conduct of an empirical analysis of working capital accruals, proportion of nonexecutive board members and dividend rates (used as proxies for creative accounting) and reported profits (used as proxy for credibility) of sampled corporations listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Findings from our analysis suggests that companies with high accrual disclosures employ creative accounting practices and as such, financial reports may have issues of credibility. It was recommended that professional bodies and regulators should take the lead in controlling these practices through appropriate standards.

The executives of any business organization are vested with the duty of piloting the vision and strategies of the business. In return, the executives are compensated for their work in achieving corporate goals and vision. Hence, this study examined the effect of corporate performance on executive compensation of listed insurance companies in Nigeria. In achieving this objective, the ex post facto research design was employed and secondary data were sourced from the annual reports of ten insurance companies out of the 23 listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group between 2011 and 2020. The panel linear regression technique was adopted and data were analysed using E-views to determine the effect of the independent variables (return on assets, return on equity, earnings per share) on the dependent variable (executive compensation). Findings from the study indicate that return on assets and earnings per share have no significant effect on executive compensation of listed insurance companies in Nigeria. However, it was discovered that return on equity has a significant effect on executive compensation of listed insurance companies in Nigeria. The model was also discovered to be positive and significant at 5% level of significance. Therefore, it is recommended that the compensation packages of the executive of insurance firms should be based on performance to align compensation with company success. Performance-based compensation will inspire

This study examines the effect of board diversity on the financial performance of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The motivation for the study lies in the increased quest to establish the most appropriate board with the optimum mix needed to guarantee the absence of corporate failure. The study comprises of 64 listed manufacturing firms as at 31st December 2020, and sample size of 20 listed manufacturing firms were selected using purposive sampling technique. Data were obtained from annual reports of the selected firms from 2011 to 2020. Descriptive statistics and panel regression estimation techniques were used to analyze the data collected. The findings shown that board diversity has an insignificant effect on performance except for financial expertise diversity with a positive effect on financial performance, and there is a presence of long run relationship with firm performance. Based on these findings, the study therefore concludes that diversity on the board in terms of gender...

This study argues that the urban poverty indicators that suggest that poverty in Accra is the lowest may be biased against certain communities in Accra because the surveys for these indicators are not community-based. Thus, this study was motivated by the need to undertake surveys at the local level. This study set out to explore the pattern of expenditure of informal entrepreneurs, establish the poverty status of informal entrepreneurs, identify the savings practices of informal entrepreneurs and assess the perception of poverty among informal entrepreneurs. A survey of informal entrepreneurs was conducted at three communities in Accra. A set of questionnaires was administered to a sample of informal entrepreneurs in James Town, Chorkor and Nima. The reason for choosing these communities is that they are characterised by Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA) as high 'poverty pockets'. The questionnaire consisted of separate inventories on accommodation, education, food, health, utilities, business performance, savings and perception on poverty. In addition, three Focus Group Discussions were held in the communities. The study found that the poverty level in the three communities is nearly three times higher than the poverty level in Accra. Whilst urban areas recorded a poverty level of 10.8% under Ghana Living Standards Survey 5 (GLSS5), the current study recorded 31.5% in the communities surveyed. In addition, it was found that over half of the sample suffers poverty in one way or the other as about 23.5% live between the lower and upper poverty lines. It was also found that the enterprises set up by most informal entrepreneurs are micro enterprises.

This technical memorandum provides a comprehensive IFRS-based solution to the NovaVerse PlayWorks PLC case study, which explores complex, interconnected financial reporting issues faced by a multinational edtech-toy conglomerate. The memo applies relevant International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to twelve advanced accounting scenarios, including fair value measurement of cryptocurrencies, lease accounting with embedded derivatives, climate-driven asset impairments, ESG expenditures, contingent consideration, inventory fraud, and revaluation strategies.

Each issue is addressed with reference to the appropriate IFRS/IAS pronouncements, supported by journal entries, disclosure guidance, and covenant impact analysis. The solution document is designed for postgraduate accounting students, finance educators, auditors, and IFRS practitioners seeking a deep application of accounting standards in a simulated corporate context.

This document can serve as both a learning tool and a teaching case, bridging technical accounting interpretation with governance, ethics, and strategic financial decision-making.

This case study presents a comprehensive financial reporting scenario for NovaVerse PlayWorks PLC, a fictional but realistically constructed multinational edtech-toy conglomerate. It is designed to challenge advanced learners, researchers, and practitioners of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by integrating a spectrum of real-world complexities faced by global companies.

Spanning twelve interrelated financial issues, the case explores critical topics including fair value accounting of cryptocurrencies, index-linked lease liabilities, climate-induced asset impairments, ESG-related expenditures, revaluation strategies under IAS 16, contingent consideration in acquisitions (IFRS 3), and embedded derivatives within sukuk instruments. It also addresses high-risk areas such as inventory fraud, related-party disclosures (IAS 24), uncertain tax positions (IFRIC 23), and the implications of hyperinflationary indicators (IAS 29).

This case is supported by journal entries, IFRS references, and ratio analysis, making it suitable for postgraduate accounting coursework, ACCA/CA-qualification training, or IFRS workshops. It encourages judgment-based thinking, critical application of standards, and awareness of ethics and governance in financial reporting.

This study examined moderating role of audit committee gender diversity on interaction of
CEO characteristics and audit quality of listed firms in Nigeria. The study used a sample of
94 out of a population of 156 firms using their secondary data and employed panel
regression and logistic panel regression analysis. The result showed that CEO Ownership
interaction with audit fees is not significant. However, it is positive and significant with
audit firm size. CEO tenure interaction with audit committee gender has negative
moderating effect on audit fees while exhibiting positive effect on audit firm size. The study
concluded that gender diversity in audit committee will reduce CEO tenure and CEO
ownership effect on audit quality of listed firms in Nigeria. The study then recommends
among others that listed firms in Nigeria should be required to have gender-diverse audit
committees, as this has shown to improve governance ethics and promote higher audit
quality. This could be achieved through stringent corporate governance policies and listing
requirements by stock exchanges, particularly the Nigeria Exchange.

La pianificazione climatica riveste un’importanza centrale fra le strategie di lungo periodo delle imprese. La crescente diffusione di piani attraverso cui i privati fissano i propri obiettivi di decarbonizzazione non è sempre accompagnata, tuttavia, da una effettiva e trasparente attuazione delle misure ivi previste. Il loro tradizionale inquadramento nell’ area della responsabilità sociale d’impresa ha spesso rappresentato un ostacolo alla possibilità di sindacare il merito del percorso di riduzione delle emissioni. L’analisi muove dal recente sviluppo del quadro normativo eurounitario, dedicando particolare attenzione all’obbligo per certe categorie di imprese di dotarsi di piani di transizione climatica. Il volume intende offrire una lettura degli impegni di decarbonizzazione dei privati come informazioni al mercato e come direttive all’azione, al fine di indagare le conseguenze derivanti da patologie nell’elaborazione e nell’attuazione del piano.

Federico Pistelli è assegnista di ricerca di diritto privato presso la Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Trento nell’ambito del Programma STAREBEI (STAGESTAges de REcherche BEI-EIB research internships) cofinanziato dalla Banca Europea degli Investimenti. Ha conseguito il dottorato di ricerca in Scienze Giuridiche presso l’Università degli Studi di Firenze, è stato assegnista di ricerca in diritto privato ed economia politica presso l’Università di Roma Tre e ricercatore TDa in diritto privato presso la Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Trento. Ha svolto periodi di ricerca all’estero e ha lavorato come legal analyst presso l’European Systemic Risk Board (ECB).

In a bid to curb illegal financial activities and promote corporate transparency and accountability, the Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020 introduced provisions requiring companies to disclose persons with significant control over them. However, while this reform is plausible and aligns with global and international standards, such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Recommendations, it raises concerns about potential conflicts with privacy rights, particularly under Nigeria's Data Protection Regulation and constitutional provisions. This paper critically examines the legal framework for beneficial ownership disclosure in Nigeria, juxtaposing it with international standards. It further evaluates the enforcement challenges and the raging debate on whether the benefits of the requirement of beneficial ownership disclosure outweigh its challenges and disadvantages. It concludes with recommendations to address the challenges and proposes a balanced framework to ensure compliance while safeguarding the privacy of individuals involved.

The results show that the R-squared value is 0.0342, which implies that all the independent variables jointly explain only about 3.42% of the systematic variations in the (ROA). The final findings indicated that: FSSIZE has insignificant negative implication; FSAGE is positively insignificant; FSLEV is negatively insignificant; and FSLIQ are positively insignificant on, profitability of insurance firms pooled for the period. Our recommendations are that Insurance firms should increase firm size; earn more premiums to increase liquidity and leverage in order to increase profitability. We contribute with the findings that depict the true state of polled insurance companies in Nigeria, the modernized model and the rich literatures for academia. Implications are that insurance firms in increasing the firm size, and premium to drive profitability, and that Nigeria law only mandated third party vehicle insurance and also Nigerians' hostile attitude toward other insurance cover.

Orjinta, Hope Ifeoma DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTANCY, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES,CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY, IGBARIAM CAMPUS The focus of this study is to examine the factors influencing the pricing of audit services among quoted financial firms in Nigeria. Secondary data sourced from transparency and annual reports of selected financial firms in Nigeria for a period of 2006 to 2016 was analysed using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple regression. Pearson correlation matrix was used to check for multi co-linearity presence in the model and to explore the relationship between the explanatory variables and the dependent variable. The findings of the study revealed that audit risk has positive and statistical significant influence on audit fee which means that the higher the audit risk involved, the higher the audit fee charged. In addition, audit profitability (APROF) was found to have a positive effect on audit fee charged by auditing firms and this was statistically significant at 1%.This invariably means that on the basis of auditing firm charging of audit fee to their clients, profitability of their client impact au audit fee to companies that are profitable than those that are not. has a negative influence on audit fee which is not sta charge higher audit fees than those with less characteristics. Therefore, in incurring, operational and financial risks in the course of minimum.

This study investigates the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting on the market value of manufacturing firms listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) as of 2023. Adopting an ex-post facto research design, the study utilizes secondary data sourced from publicly available financial and sustainability reports of these firms. The analysis examines the relationship between each of the three ESG dimensions environmental, social, and governance reporting and the market value of these firms. The findings reveal that environmental reporting has a positive and significant effect on market value, with an increase in environmental disclosures leading to higher market value. Conversely, social reporting was found to have a negative and significant effect on market value, indicating that increased social reporting correlates with a decrease in market value. However, governance reporting has a notably positive and significant effect on market value, with higher governance disclosures associated with an increase in market value. These results show the critical role of governance reporting in enhancing firm valuation, while also highlighting the nuanced effects of environmental and social disclosures in the Nigerian. The study concludes that manufacturing firms in Nigeria should prioritize governance-related disclosures and strategically manage their environmental and social reporting to align with investor expectations. Recommendations include strengthening governance reporting, aligning social initiatives with business strategy, and enhancing the quality and transparency of environmental disclosures to improve investor confidence and market performance.

This paper is a literature review of recent corporate governance research in Nigeria. It identifies the recent advances and challenges in the literature and suggest some directions for future research. A comprehensive review of the recent corporate governance literature is important because it provides a basis to compare the corporate governance experience in Nigeria with the corporate governance experience in other African countries and developing countries. The findings from the literature review reveal that the board of directors is the most explored corporate governance determinant in the Nigerian corporate governance literature. Most studies focus on some corporate governance determinants, and ignore other corporate governance determinants in firms. There is some consensus that corporate governance failure in Nigeria is caused by multiplicity of factors such as lack of political will by the government to enforce corporate governance laws, deliberate refusal to comply with existing corporate governance laws by politically connected firms, weak compliance by firms, weak enforcement by regulators, and conflicting codes in the country's corporate governance codes. Also, recent corporate governance studies do not systematically build on previous corporate governance studies. Regarding methodology, most Nigerian corporate governance studies are merely experimenting different methods of analyses without advancing the literature in a significant way. The study also finds that the 2018 Nigerian code of corporate governance solves some problems and create new problems for Nigerian firms.

Today, the world is experiencing constant technological evolution, allowing cyberattacks to manifest through different vectors and widely impacting victims, from specific users to serious damage to institutions' integrity. Research has shown that a significant percentage of recorded cyber incidents are attributed to social engineering practices or human error. In response to this growing threat, reinforcing cybersecurity awareness among users has become an urgent strategy to develop and apply. However, addressing cybersecurity awareness is a difficult challenge, specifically in the HE industry, where cybersecurity awareness should be an essential part of this type of institution due to the amount of critical data it handles. In addition to the need to strengthen the preparation of new professionals, statistics have shown a significant increase in successful security attacks in this industry. Therefore, this study proposes a conceptual Cybersecurity Awareness and Training Framework for Higher Education to facilitate the establishment of systems that improve the cybersecurity awareness of students in any academic institution, extending to all audiences that coexist in it. This framework encompasses key components intended to continually improve the development, integration, delivery, and evaluation of cybersecurity knowledge for individuals directly or indirectly related to the institution's information assets.

The impact of bank competition on bank performance remains a widely debated issue. At present, scholars investigate either the competition-stability or the competition-fragility relationships. The traditional competition-fragility view equates bank competition with instability as competition reduces market power and profit margins which in turn encourages bank managers to take higher risks. In contrast, the competition-stability view stipulates that competition leads to lower loan interest rates and consequently lower moral hazard and adverse selection problems and less risky loan portfolios. This study examines both paradigms using panel data from deposit money banks in Nigeria over a period of ten years (2005-2014). Results show that the overall relationship between competition and financial performance of banks is negative. The study, therefore, concludes that competition has a negative effect on the financial performance of banks in Nigeria. The study suggests that regulators sh...

The study analyzes risk management and organizational performance in deposit money banks in Nigeria. Two measures of organizational performance concentration are used. The first is the return on assets, while the second is return on equity. Determination of the relationship between risk management and organizational performance is done using panel data regression models. Explanatory variables, such as standard deviation of return on assets, standard deviation of return on revenue, current ratio, quick ratio, equity over total assets, equity over loan ratio, debt over equity and debt over total assets are used. Five hypotheses are tested and overall, organizational performance is positively affected by the risk management mechanisms of the bank and its liquidity policies. However, the relationship between financial leverage, size and age of the bank and financial performance is negative. The study concludes that risk and liquidity management policies are important to high financial p...

SMEs make up the majority of enterprises globally and play a significant role in employment creation and the expansion of the global economy. This study investigates accounting challenges faced by SMEs in Saudi Arabia and potential solutions. Based on Saudi Vision 2030, the SME sector's contributions to the national GDP should increase from 20 to 35% by 2030. This study had 4 objectives which are to investigate how the level of access to funding impacts SMEs' accounting practices, analyze how regulatory challenges affect the financial reporting of SMEs, explore the relationship between economic and market challenges and their influence on SMEs' compliance measures and examine how the availability of accounting resources, whether limited or adequate, affects the changes in Accounting software. 280 SME owners were selected using random sampling technique. A survey research design in which questionnaire was used was taken as a research instrument for data collection and four hypotheses were tested. Result of the findings revealed that the top three accounting challenges confronting SMEs in Saudi Arabia are Economic and marketing conditions, regulatory compliance and access to funding while the top three potential solutions to accounting challenges of SMEs are Accounting Practices, Compliance measures and Financial reporting. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in Accounting practices within the limited accounting resources at [F(2, 279) = 11.617; P=.010] such that respondents with Adequate accounting resources recorded the greatest impact in Accounting practices, followed by respondents with Moderate accounting resources. There was a positive significant relationship between economic and market challenges and SMEs' compliance measures (r = .483, p<.05). The study recommends that SME owners in Saudi Arabia should get involve more in accounting practices and financial reporting as these would help them in resolving some of the accounting challenges they face in their businesses.

While Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) certifications are directly
mandatory only for large companies under European regulations, this
paper demonstrates how these obligations indirectly affect all businesses
through a cascade effect in the value chain. Although small and mediumsized
enterprises (SMEs) are not directly subject to these regulations, they
must comply with CSR standards when they are part of larger companies’
supply chains, or risk being excluded from business relationships.
This mechanism effectively transforms voluntary CSR compliance into a
practical necessity for market participation, regardless of company size.
The recent European legislation, particularly the Corporate Sustainability
Due Diligence Directive, creates a domino effect throughout the entire
business ecosystem, making CSR compliance a de facto requirement for
all market participants.

L'innovation est devenue intensive et ouverte, car les efforts de R & D des entreprises technologiques à elles seules ne suffisent plus. Elles doivent ouvrir leurs réseaux et collaborer. De ce fait, la connaissance est distribuée et devient le résultat d'un travail collectif. Les connaissances, comme composante importante du capital humain et des actifs immatériels de l'entreprise, requièrent de nouvelles méthodes et de nouveaux dispositifs pour mesurer et piloter les performances et en particulier celles du processus de transfert de connaissances. Cette recherche conceptuelle, a pour objectif d'identifier : les variables clés d'une performance durable de la co-création de valeur dans le processus de transfert de connaissances du processus d'innovation technologique, et les leviers d'action sur ces variables. Elles sont les composantes d'un système de pilotage de la performance, commun à des acteurs partenaires de plus en plus nombreux et juridiquement indépendants. Ces variables sont identifiées à partir du croisement des dimensions technologiques, sociales et organisationnelles du processus de transfert de connaissances et des liens intra et inter-organisationnels : structurel, cognitif, affectif et économique. Des leviers d'action sur ces variables sont proposés selon la stratégie de contrôle associée : contrôle de processus, contrôle d'arbitrage et contrôle d'output.

This study investigated whether managers use classification shifting to reclassify recurring expenses into non-recurring ones, placing more emphasis on the effect of audit committee in curbing such opaque manipulations. A sample of 75 quoted non-financial firms from three Sub-Sahara African countries (Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa) was used for the period of ten years spanning 2008 to 2017. The study employed ex-post facto and cross-sectional research design in analyzing secondary data collected. Using a methodology similar to McVay (2006) and a sample of 750 Sub-Sahara African firm-year observations, our result revealed that classification shifting is less prevalent in firms whose audit committee is characterized by more meetings, more financial expert members and more independent directors as this leads to lower levels of recurring items misclassification. Specifically, our result discovered that audit committee independence has negative and significant effect on classification shifting which was statistically significant at 10% level of significance while audit financial expertise and audit committee diligence have negative and significant effect on classification shifting at 1% and 5% levels of significance respectively. The findings showed that about 68.4% of changes in total variation in the classification shifting of earnings management can be attributed to the joint effect of all the explanatory variables while about 31.6% was unaccounted for thereby captured by stochastic error term. However, based on the following findings, we suggest that users of financial statements should take account of firms' audit committee composition when evaluating firms' core earnings.

In the name of Allah (SWT), the All-Compassionate and All-Merciful, may His peace and blessing be upon His noble messenger Muhammed (SAW). I give all glory and adoration to Allah (SWT) the Sustainer of my life and the Pillar of my success. sincere gratitude and appreciation goes to my erudite and gentle supervisors: Prof. Bello Sabo and Dr. M. I. Aminu for their dexterity and patience, tolerance, wealth of experience, polite and courteous corrective attitude and strict adherence to standard, which has spurred me to work and think very hard in order to put quality into this research work. I also wish to acknowledge the Coordinator of MSc Business Administration programme in person of Dr. M. I. Aminu, the Assistant Coordinator Mal. Ibrahim Mohammed and the Head of Department, Dr. M.Y Abubakar for their immense contributions towards the successful completion of this thesis. Mygratitude also goes to my parents; Mr Isiaq Ade Ibrahim and Mrs Shakirat Omolara Ibrahim for their care, prayers, encouragement, financial and moral supports, may almighty Allah (SWT) in His infinite mercies grant them good health and long life to reap the fruit of their labourand make Aljannatu Firdausi their final abode. My special appreciation also goes to my beloved wife Jameelah Suleiman Badamasi. Also, my heartfelt gratitude and indebtedness goes to my siblings; Mustapha Olabode Ibrahim, Abdulazeez Adewale Ibrahim, Nimat Oluwadamilola Ibrahim and Abdullahi Olabamiji Ibrahim. My special gratitude goes to Tiamiyu Wasiu James, Abubakar Abubakar Olayinka, Eunice Modupe Suday, andAminah Bolaji Hassan, for their support in making this research dissertation a success. Finally many thanks to my gentle and intelligent reviewer in person of Dr. Isma'il Tijjani Idris. This dissertation is dedicated to Almighty Allah (SWT), the source and pillar of my success.

The rise in the number of deposit money banks in Nigeria prompted by the entry of foreign and private banks; the consolidation of existing banks and the establishment of new local banks has increased competition in the banking sector in Nigeria. Unfortunately, the conventional means of capturingthe attention of bank customersand enhancing sustainable performance have failed to address the challenges posed by competition in the banking industry in Nigeria. Consequently,artificial intelligence is a new age survival and technological advancement strategy used in this contemporary time to address the challenges posed by competition in the banking sector.Therefore, this study critically examined how artificial intelligence strategies lead to sustainable performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design for a period of ten years spanning from 2014 to 2023. Sustainable performance was measured using net operating profit while artificial intelligence strategies were measured usingvirtual assistants, expert systems, machine learning algorithms and chat bots. The population of the study comprised the 14 deposit money banks in Nigeria but only 12 that use artificial intelligence were investigated. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the extent of relationship between sustainable performance of deposit money banks and artificial intelligence strategies. Panel regression analysis statistical technique was used to determine the nature, direction, effect and the significance of artificial intelligence strategies on sustainable performance of deposit money banks. The study found that artificial intelligence strategies positively relate and have significant effect on sustainable performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The conclusion drawn from findings is that artificial intelligence strategies enhance sustainable performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The researcherstherefore recommend that banks should sustainedthe use of virtual assistants, expert systems, machine learning Innovations Innovations, Number 80 March 2025 265 www.journal-innovations.com algorithm and chat bots since theyare significant artificial intelligence tools that stimulate and enhance sustainable performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria.

The rise in the number of deposit money banks in Nigeria prompted by the entry of foreign and private banks; the consolidation of existing banks and the establishment of new local banks has increased competition in the banking sector in Nigeria. Unfortunately, the conventional means of capturingthe attention of bank customersand enhancing sustainable performance have failed to address the challenges posed by competition in the banking industry in Nigeria. Consequently,artificial intelligence is a new age survival and technological advancement strategy used in this contemporary time to address the challenges posed by competition in the banking sector.Therefore, this study critically examined how artificial intelligence strategies lead to sustainable performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design for a period of ten years spanning from 2014 to 2023. Sustainable performance was measured using net operating profit while artificial intelligence strategies were measured usingvirtual assistants, expert systems, machine learning algorithms and chat bots. The population of the study comprised the 14 deposit money banks in Nigeria but only 12 that use artificial intelligence were investigated. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the extent of relationship between sustainable performance of deposit money banks and artificial intelligence strategies. Panel regression analysis statistical technique was used to determine the nature, direction, effect and the significance of artificial intelligence strategies on sustainable performance of deposit money banks. The study found that artificial intelligence strategies positively relate and have significant effect on sustainable performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The conclusion drawn from findings is that artificial intelligence strategies enhance sustainable performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The researcherstherefore recommend that banks should sustainedthe use of virtual assistants, expert systems, machine learning Innovations Innovations, Number 80 March 2025 265 www.journal-innovations.com algorithm and chat bots since theyare significant artificial intelligence tools that stimulate and enhance sustainable performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria.

This study examines the cascading repercussions of the Financial Action Task Force’s (FATF) grey-listing on Pakistan’s banking sector, interrogating how global regulatory frameworks can destabilize national financial systems. By analyzing Pakistan’s protracted non-compliance with FATF’s anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CTF) mandates (2018–2022), this paper argues that the FATF’s enforcement mechanisms; reputational stigmatization, stringent compliance demands, and the severing of correspondent banking relationships, precipitated systemic fragility. Through a mixed-methods approach, including quantitative analysis of macroeconomic indicators, policy documents, and interviews with stakeholders, the study reveals that FATF scrutiny eroded investor confidence, triggered capital flight, and forced resource-intensive regulatory overhauls, diverting focus from economic growth. Despite Pakistan’s 2022 delisting, enduring structural vulnerabilities persist: diminished access to global finance, inflated compliance costs, and a legacy of risk-averse banking practices. The case underscores the asymmetric power of transnational regulatory bodies in the Global South, highlighting tensions between financial security imperatives and developmental sovereignty. This analysis not only contextualizes Pakistan’s ongoing economic struggles but also offers critical insights into the paradox of global financial governance; where measures designed to ensure stability can, paradoxically, engender destabilization. The findings urge recalibrating FATF’s approach to balance compliance rigor with equitable support for developing economies, emphasizing lessons for nations navigating the geopolitics of financial regulation.

Separation of a firm's ownership and management and the resulting information asymmetry have led to investors and shareholders needing value-relevant information about factors influencing the economic development and success of a company. This study examined the value relevance of intellectual capital disclosure of the listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria. Data were collected from one hundred and seventy financial years (seventeen firms in Nigeria from 2013-2022) out of twenty-one firms to test the value relevance of intellectual capital disclosure of firms in Nigeria. The study analysed the data by means of descriptive statistics to provide summary statistics for the variables. Similarly, the study employed Robust Ordinary Least Square regressions to test the study hypotheses using STATA software. The regression results revealed that human capital disclosure, structural capital disclosure and the overall intellectual capital disclosure have significant positive impact on firm value measured by share price. The result however, showed that relational capital disclosure is not value relevant for the firms. This study therefore concludes that intellectual capital disclosure is value relevant for the firms and recommends that firms in consumers goods sector should provide more information on intellectual capital voluntarily since it is value relevant for decision making, which will ultimately lead to competitive advantage and future cash flows.

This study examines the impact of ownership structure on environmental information disclosure (EID) of listed construction companies in Nigeria from 2013-2021. A sample of six (6) companies listed as construction companies using census sampling technique was drawn from the population of nine (9) companies. Audited annual reports and accounts were used for data extraction. The analysis was done using descriptive statistics and multiple regressions. Correlational research design was adopted in the study to find out the impact of ownership structure on EID. Variables used include foreign ownership; managerial ownership and block-holder ownership and EID measured using ordinal coding scheme based on GRI guidelines (G4). Robustness tests such as multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, normality test and Hausman specification test were conducted to validate the results. The study revealed that there is a negative and significant relationship between foreign ownership and EID, while a negative and significant relationship between managerial ownership with EID and lastly there is a positive and significant relationship between block-holder ownership and EID. The study, therefore, recommends among others that the management of listed construction companies should direct their attention more on how to increase the level of block-holder ownership because they can influence the managers to disclose more environmental information and consequently by reducing information asymmetry, which not only clarifies the conflicts of interests between shareholders and management but also makes management more accountable and increases profit in the long run.

They say that humans are all-encompassing and are the driving force behind every business' success. Without employees, businesses would be unable to function and have no one with whom to interact. Although, there is an advancement in automated systems and artificial intelligence, human beings still continue to be the main drivers of innovation and production. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate how board structure affects the disclosure of human capital in Nigerian listed companies. Data were collected from forty-four listed non-financial services firms in Nigeria from 2013-2022. The study analysed the data by means of descriptive statistics to provide summary statistics for the variables. Similarly, the study adopted Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regressions to test the hypotheses. The results of the regression analysis showed that board gender diversity, board education, and the gender makeup of the audit committee all significantly influenced the disclosure of human capital. The result however showed that board nationality does not affect the disclosure of human capital of the firms. This study concludes that board structure improves human capital disclosure of listed non-financial firms in Nigeria. The study recommends that board of directors should be made to have more women and persons with knowledge in accounting, finance, economics and business management as part of the board of the firms in order to influence the decision to increase their human capital disclosure.