Advanced Financial Accounting

Salah satu tujuan dibentuknya sebuah perusahaan adalah guna meningkatkan nilai tambah ekonomi dengan menciptakan sebuah produk dan menghasilkan laba yang mampu diputar dalam proses penjualannya. Prinsip sederhana ini yang menjadikan aspek pemasaran sangat krusial dalam mendukung perkembangan sektor usaha. Dapat dikatakan, bagian pemasaran mampu menjadi ujung tombak keberhasilan sebuah eksistensi persahaan. Salah satu strategi pemasaran yang dapat diambil adalah dengan memperluas wilayah konsumen/jangkauan terhadap sumber daya yang dituju. Pemetaan ini mampu menjadi salah satu market share penting untuk meningkatkan citra dan ceruk pasar yang disegmentasi dalam sebuah visi perusahaan tersebut. Langkah yang mencakupi dalam strategi ini adalah dengan membuka kantor agen/cabang.

Energy consumption is known as the catalyst for economic growth. However, the association of CO 2 emissions with energy consumption has prompted policymakers to pursue types of energy that ensure sustainable development. Thus, this paper analyses the marginal impact of Biomass energy consumption and foreign direct investment (FDI) on CO 2 emissions in West Africa by employing spatial econometric models. The robust LM lag and the robust LM error test result implied that the spatial lag model was the best model to explain the spatial effects of the exogenous variables. From the result, the spatial parameter (ρ) revealed that CO 2 emissions have endogenous geographical impacts. Thus, indicating that a rise of CO 2 emissions in a neighboring country results in an increase in a focal country by 0.302%. The results also revealed that biomass energy consumption significantly lessens environmental pollution in a country by 0.048% and that of its neighboring countries by 0.012%. An increase in FDI in a focal country increases CO 2 emissions in its environment and its surrounding countries by 0.076% and 0.042% respectively.Thus, the investment in biomass energy projects in the West African region must increase significantly. This could help fight the environmental problems and these projects could be done by attracting foreign investors through FDI in funding. Overall the study spotlighted some policies suggestions for the West African energy market in achieving a carbon-neutral environment.

This study aims to investigate the nature and intensity of the changes in corporate financial performance due to the corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosures as a result of certain relationships between corporate governance and company performance in the non-financial sector. This study selected 625 non-financial companies across six organizations for economic cooperations (OECD) countries' stock markets for the period of 10 years (2012-2021). For this qualitative study, corporate governance, financial performance, and corporate social responsibility score data were collected from the DataStream, a reliable database for examining the research on OECD countries' listed companies. For the data analysis we applied various statistical tools such as regression analysis and moderation analysis. The findings of the study show that all attributes of the corporate governance mechanism, except for audit board attendance, have significant positive impacts on financial performance indicators for all the selected OECD economies except the country France. France's code of corporate governance has a significant negative impact on return on asset (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) due to differences in cultural and operational norms of the country. The audit board attendance has no significant impact on ROA. Moreover, all the attributes except board size (BSIZ) have significant positive impacts on the earnings per share (EPS) in Spain, The United Kingdom (UK) and Belgium. The values obtained from the moderation effect show that Corporate social responsibility is the key factor in motivating corporate governance practices which eventually improves corporate financial performance. However, this study advocated the implications, Investors and stakeholders should consider both corporate governance and CSR disclosures when making investment decisions. Companies that prioritize both governance and CSR tend to have better financial performance and are more likely to mitigate risks. Moreover, the policy makers can improve the code of corporate governance in order to attain sustainable development in the stock market.

The study examined the effect of earnings variability on share price annualized volatility among non-financial companies quoted at Nairobi Securities Exchange. Earnings variability is a situation where there is a fluctuating pattern of a company's net income or earnings per share (EPS) during a given period of time. The study was guided by pragmatic research philosophy and adopted a quantitative research design to evaluate earnings variability and share price annualized volatility among quoted non-financial firms at Nairobi securities exchange. A census study of 39 non-financial companies quoted at the NSE was employed, of which 33 met data requirements. The study used secondary data from audited annual financial reports of the quoted firms for twenty years, from January 2003 through December 2022. The data collected was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The hypothesis that earnings variability had no significant effect on share price annualized volatility among quoted non-financial companies at Nairobi Securities Exchange was tested at a 95% confidence interval using t-statistic and p-value. The study used panel data Ordinary Least Square method technique for research analysis. Panel regression analysis using random effects model was conducted after necessary normality, model specification, homoscedasticity, linearity and autocorrelation diagnostic tests. Findings show that earnings variability had no significant effect (p = 0.843, r² ≈ 0.000) on share price annualized volatility, among quoted non-financial firms at the Nairobi Securities Exchange.

This paper is a bold attempt to investigate the impact of insecurity on the challenges of economic development in Anambra state with a focus in Ihiala local government area. This study is anchored on the theory of Relative deprivation theory which was propounded by J.C Davies (1975) in his work "Towards a Theory of Revolution." Survey design was adopted due mainly to the nature of the problem under investigation. Data for the study were generated from both primary and secondary sources. After careful analysis of data relevant to the study, it was found out that insecurity has not significantly affected investments in Ihiala local government area. The paper recommends that government should evolve policies and programmes capable of promoting national consciousness and national loyalty as it will help to eliminate the centrifugal factors that are always at work to tear the country apart.

The primary goal of this study aimed to study the effect of cultural dimensions on accounting practices, specifically targeting a sample of firms located in Calabar, Cross River State. The general objectives included an examination of power distance effecting accounting practices across the sampled firms located in Calabar, Cross River State; an evaluation of the effect of individualism on accounting practices across these firms; and an analysis of uncertainty avoidance effecting accounting practices across these firms. The methodological approach used by this study included the descriptive survey method. The sample targeted included the accountancy unit of Lafarge Plc located in Calabar, consisting of 34 personnel, and Niger Mills Limited located in Calabar, consisting of 33 personnel. In this context, sample selection had relied on the census method. The study had only relied on the use of primary data, collected from sampled personnel via well-designed questionnaires. Analysis of data collected had relied on Ordinary Least Squares, enabled by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 27.0). The findings established by this study indicated that power distance influences accounting practices across sampled firms located in Calabar, Cross River State; individualism also has an effect on accounting practices across these firms; while uncertainty avoidance also has an effect on accounting practices across sampled firms located in Calabar, Cross River State. In line with these findings, it had been suggested, alongside other recommendations, that there ought to be reconsidering structuring organizational hierarchies so as to address the power distance, established by this study as significantly prominent across researched firms.

Sistem Informasi Manajemen (SIM) adalah suatu sistem yang dirancang untuk mengelola informasi dalam organisasi dengan tujuan utama meningkatkan efisiensi operasional dan mendukung pengambilan keputusan strategis. SIM mengintegrasikan teknologi informasi dengan berbagai aspek operasional perusahaan, termasuk manajemen sumber daya manusia, keuangan, rantai pasokan, dan hubungan pelanggan. Dalam konteks bisnis modern, SIM berfungsi sebagai alat penting dalam pengumpulan, pengolahan, penyimpanan, dan distribusi informasi yang diperlukan untuk mendukung kegiatan manajerial dan operasional.

This time last year Cranfield reported the largest increase in the number of women on boards since their records began. This progress had been made within just one year of Lord Davies setting out his voluntary approach for improving the representation of women on corporate boards in the UK. We are pleased that this 2013 report demonstrates that over the past year businesses have continued to take action. We believe that progress is being sustained not just for the sake of equality-for mere tokenism or by businesses increasing the size of their boards to accommodate a female appointee-but for sound business reasons. Businesses know they have to reflect their customer base; that they have to continue to come up with fresh ideas to remain competitive; and that they have to utilise the skills of a broad range of talent. The progress being made within the FTSE 250 is particularly commendable. Last year the Female FTSE report highlighted huge progress mainly just within the FTSE 100 companies and their evidence pointed to the need for FTSE 250 companies to follow suit if they were to remain competitive and keep up with FTSE 100 companies who were leading the way on this agenda. We are pleased to see that this report by Cranfield now clearly shows considerable improvements for FTSE 250 companies over the past year with 27.6% of companies now with over 20% of women on the board, up from 19.6% last year. Around three quarters of these companies now have women on their board; this isn't parity but it proves that efforts being made by all parties are having the right impact. And within the FTSE 100 we now have only 7 all male boards, down from 21 in only 2 years. This is a huge achievement. We would like to thank all the businesses and organisations who have played a role in this important agenda. The various initiatives and steps that stakeholders have taken have helped to drive this work forward. It is also important to note that the work Lord Davies and his steering board have been doing has been a tremendous driving force. However, despite these improvements, this report should act as a renewed call to action for those companies not making progress here. Lord Davies and the UK Government remain committed to a voluntary action plan. Businesses must ensure that they continue to improve female representation in the boardroom if we are to fight off European intervention. In the past 6 months, progress, particularly in the number of female Non-Executive Directors on FTSE 100 boards, has plateaued. Alongside this we are continuing to see a lack of any real progress being made at Executive Director level in the FTSE 100. Since 2010 these figures have increased from only 5.5% to 5.8%. Companies need to be investing in their own talent if we are truly to see a culture change. Our top companies need to continue to demonstrate that within this competitive, global economy, boards that have a better gender balance are able to make better decisions which can only lead to better performance. This can only be beneficial for individuals, for companies and for the economy as a whole.

The detection of financial statement fraud has been the focus of many researchers for many years (Beneish, 1999). The use of financial ratios, mathematical models or corporate governance factors have shown significant results as an indication of fraud. One of the most applied models is the M-score by Beneish (1999), where eight financial ratios are used to distinguish manipulators from non-manipulators. The variables are used to capture the distortion in the financial statements caused by manipulation, or as an indicator of the incentive for manipulation created by economic conditions. Another model is the F-score by Dechow et al. (2011), which consists of accruals-based variables, financial performance indicators, non-financial variables and market-based variables. The purpose of this study is to apply the two models to test their abilities to detect financial statement fraud. In addition to that, as both models are based on financial variables that are subject to accounting standards, the models are applied on two different samples of manipulators controlled with same industry non-manipulators from the UK and the US to examine whether having different accounting standards would affect the results obtained by the models. Results of the estimation of the models showed significant results for M-score when estimated by the UK sample proving predictive abilities of the model. However, the estimation by the US sample resulted in an insignificant model with no explanatory power. Consistently, the F-score was found insignificant in both samples and cannot be used to detect manipulation. The significant variables were used on a test sample and were able to detect 40% of the manipulators and 90% of the non-manipulators correctly.

Incomplete information analysis and overreliance on technology can create a "fog" obscuring financial risks. This paper argues that professional auditors, like informed and accurate intelligence forces, are essential for companies' survival. We draw an analogy between intelligence failures, where warnings are missed, and auditors who overlook red flags. The paper examines potential pitfalls in auditing work that mirror the failures evident in the October 7th attack, emphasizing the need for a risk-based approach and clear communication. The importance of the audit procedures is heightened in light of catastrophic events. Our goal is to emphasizes the importance of audit procedures, taking a holistic view, and balancing critical thinking with technology to ensure that auditors, in conjunction with the board of directors, prevent financial disasters.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to inspect the influence of demographic variables of the AC on EM in listed companies on the ASE. Specifically, the study aims to examine the effect of AC size, independence, expertise, and diversity on EM practices in Jordanian firms.   Theoretical framework: The influence of demographic variables of the AC on EM is an important topic that has been studied by a significant number of researchers, as well as those who are interested in the accounting profession. This subject has gotten a lot of attention from academics, professionals, and other interested parties in recent years (Al-Thuneibat, Alsmadi, and Alsharairi (2017); Al-Khadash (2016); Srouji and Khamees (2021) and Al-Rawashdeh and Al Khattab (2020).   Findings: In this study, demographic variables of the AC, such as gender diversity, age, education, and experience, are expected to affect the effectiveness of the committee in fulfilling its monitoring and control functions or its supporti...

We propose a novel pedagogic design to integrate teaching earnings management and accounting ethics at the undergraduate level. Earnings management is an extensive topic related to almost every topic in collegiate accounting education. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) give accountants discretion to exercise professional judgment on how to report earnings. The ethicality of earnings management has its profound pedagogical challenges. This flexibility exposes many ethical dimensions for professional training. The interaction of earnings management and accounting ethics offers a particular perspective to design a course project module to integrate the detection of earnings management schema and its ethicality. We follow the accounting ethics pedagogic framework (Apostolou

The major issue with the financial statement is earnings management (EM). The problem has a long history of documentation in accounting theory and practice. Researchers have employed a variety of models to identify earnings manipulation (EMN) in different economies. However, the Pakistani setting has been the focus of very few studies on this issue. The current study is an attempt to determine whether EMN exists in any of Pakistan's listed non-financial sectors. The study employed data collected from seven primary industries listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) between 2012 and 2019. These industries included cement, chemical, food, oil and gas, manufacturing, sugar, and textile. The study utilized Beneish's (1999) M-Score Model (MSM) to identify the existence of EM. According to the findings, 46% of the Pakistani non-financial companies listed on PSX were engaged in EM. Moreover, the sample chosen also appeared suitable for use with Beneish's MSM. The conclusion indicated that MSM can be successfully used by businesses to determine EMN. The results can be used by bankers and investors to identify the instances of EMN in financial statements. Moreover, the results can also be used to improve the caliber of financial reporting. Academics and professionals interested in predicting future profits should also take note of the outcomes.

We provide survey evidence of chartered accountants' perspectives on the proposed conceptual framework of the International Accounting Standards Board. Our survey obtains their views on the changes in the definitions of assets and liabilities, recognition criterion, and additional guidance in these areas, as well as issues relating to other comprehensive income, business model-based accounting, and choice of measurement basis. Our field evidence suggests broad consensus with respect to most of these changes. The areas that generate the most disagreement among our respondents relate to the removal of economic benefits in the proposed asset definition, the proposal to remove the minimum probability threshold from the asset recognition criterion, and the use of fair value as a measurement basis for certain difficult to measure assets. Overall, our results provide interesting insights regarding how chartered accountants view the proposed conceptual framework.

The internet has already connected people with people. Its reach is growing faster to modify even the way things are connected to each other. Internet of Things is transforming and revolutionizing every aspect of our lives. This technology (IoT) has evolved, which connects different devices through sensors, software, and electronics for seamless information sharing. Retailers, with the adoption of IoT technology they are opening up all possible delivery channels to ensure smooth shopping experiences for customers. Along with exploring innovative delivery services, the IoT technology is also used in the retail sector for improving e-commerce and in-store experience of shoppers. 78 percent of retailers agree with the idea of implementing IOT in retail industry to improve the level of production in store.
Internet of Things helps them to track the store visitor and provides them with  immediate alert to employer if a visitor needs assistance. Other customer-related information is gathered using this technology by using previously visited data or it creates a new data about the visitor. Sensors fixed at dissimilar place of a store can follow shoppers’ actions, and remain employers on their toes to help them as soon as they need any help.

With the changing framework of monetary policy in Indian from monetary targeting to an augmented multiple indictors approach, the operating targets and processes have also undergone a change. There has been a shift from quantitative intermediate targets to interest rates, as the development of financial markets enabled transmission of policy signals through the interest rate channel. At the same time, availability of multiple instruments such as CRR, OMO including LAF and MSS has provided necessary flexibility to monetary operations. While monetary policy formulation is a technical process, it has become more consultative and participative with the involvement of market participant, academics and experts. The internal process has also been re-engineered with more technical analysis and market orientation. In order to enhance transparency in communication the focus has been on dissemination of information and analysis to the public through the Governor's monetary policy statements and also through regular sharing of policy research and macroeconomic and financial information.

Phishing is an attempt by an individual or a group to thieve personal confidential information such as passwords, credit card information etc. from unsuspecting victims for identity theft, financial gain and other fraudulent activities. In this project we have proposed a new approach named as "Anti-Phishing Visual Cryptography for Net Banking" to solve the problem of phishing. Here an image based authentication using Visual Cryptography is used. In this project, the original image divided into blocks, which were rearranged in to a transformed image using a transformation algorithm, and then the transformed image was encrypted using the Hyper Image encryption techniques i.e. Blowfish algorithm. Finally we get a result as encrypted image that can be transferred over a network. This technique gives high security, flexibility, time efficiency and robustness.

As the new century and millennium get underway it is appropriate to reflect upon, and plan for, expected changes in accounting practice and finance and the implications of these changes for both. One of the aspects is education also. This paper covers broad topics. Mainly are, the future of business and accounting practice—a brief review of the predictions about how we will do business in the new century seems a necessary precursor to a discussion of changes with educational aspects. Second is, in the light of expected changes in business, what skills will be required by the accountants of the future?; and third is, what are the implications for accounting with respect to education? Expected trends in business practice and the necessary skill set of accountants are reviewed in the light of recent literature from the different developed and developing countries. These trends suggest that so-called ‘compliance’ work will form a diminished portion of accounting firms' revenues as technology means that even small businesses become more empowered with respect to their record-keeping needs. On the other hand, the main growth areas of accounting practice appear to lie in the fields of business advisory services. As such, future actions will take on the role of ‘knowledge’ workers. Although a command of technology will be an important component of an accountant's skill set, of more significance will be skills in analysis, innovative problem solving, and communication and client relations. Accounting system need some more, advance system to anticipate the expected shift in accountants' skills and develop methods that are far more interdisciplinary and analytical in their orientation? This paper explores some ways in which this might be achieved and some of the challenges to effecting change in accounting and financing system that will have to be overcome. The present paper seeks to rejuvenate interest in the subject and to see it returned to the research agenda. It proposes a third approach to the subject, one which overcomes the shortcomings of previous efforts and which constitutes a much needed breakthrough in its development. Underlying the paper is the belief that accounting as well as finance for the worth of companies will benefit from a major paradigm shift away from the narrow economic-accounting perspective of the past, to a broader social scientific perspective, one which is consistent with a more strategic emphasis and the proposal to generate softer accounting numbers rather than those required to put people on the balance sheet. It also explores that which kind of strategies should be taken to keep enhancing the finance ratio with long term benefited perceptions

This study has been done with the aim to identify whether there is any earnings management in the financial information of the cement industry in Bangladesh. Data have been composed from the annual reports of listed cement companies in Bangladesh covering the period of five years from 2009 to 2013. A comparative time series analysis has been done along with the help of Beniesh Model. The study reveals that some companies involved with the earnings manipulation because there are signs of highly volatile revenue and operating profit. Since the scope of this study is to find out whether there any earnings management exists, an enormous scope for further researches are possible in this area to find out the factors influencing to earnings manipulation in the cement industry in Bangladesh.

In the current digital era, optimizing business processes is key to enhancing operational efficiency and effectiveness. This study aims to develop a management information system capable of optimizing business processes through sophisticated automation and advanced data analytics. The research employs an adaptive system development approach, integrated with cuttingedge technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics. This approach not only supports the dynamic needs of modern businesses but also ensures scalability and flexibility in operations. The implementation of the system was analyzed within a mid-sized company, focusing on key performance indicators such as process speed, accuracy, and cost-efficiency. The results indicate significant improvements in these areas, highlighting the system's capacity to streamline operations and improve decision-making processes. This study confirms that the effective integration of management information systems, tailored to the specific needs of the business, can substantially enhance overall business performance. Furthermore, it provides a foundation for future research in the field, suggesting that continuous advancements in technology can lead to even more robust and effective systems.

The main objective of the study was to conduct an analysis of Lafarge Africa Plc, located in Calabar, with a specific emphasis on employee creativity and organizational
structure. The study's specific objectives were to examine the relationship between
centralization and employee creativity at Lafarge Africa Plc, Calabar, the number of
management levels present, and the effects of formalization on creativity at that organization. The descriptive research method was utilized for this investigation. The subjects of this study comprised 410 employees of Lafarge Africa Plc in Calabar, consisting of both managers and regular personnel. The data for this study was collected from primary sources through the utilization of a structured questionnaire. We conducted an ordinary least square regression analysis using SPSS 27.0 in order to derive significant insights from the data. The regression results, with β1=0.750, p=0.000, and t=1.186, indicated that there is a significant and positive relationship between the number of organizational strata and employee creativity. As demonstrated by the model results (β1=0.355, p=0.000, t=4.288), there is a significant
relationship between the degree of formalization and employee creativity. The regression analysis reveals that employee creativity is considerably and positively impacted by centralization (β1=0.722, p=0.000, t=11.562). Establishing a corporate environment that encourages and acknowledges innovative thinking is imperative for the company to achieve global dominance, substantial financial success, and development.

The main objective of the study was to conduct an analysis of Lafarge Africa Plc, located in Calabar, with a specific emphasis on employee creativity and organizational structure. The study's specific objectives were to examine the relationship between centralization and employee creativity at Lafarge Africa Plc, Calabar, the number of management levels present, and the effects of formalization on creativity at that organization. The descriptive research method was utilized for this investigation. The subjects of this study comprised 410 employees of Lafarge Africa Plc in Calabar, consisting of both managers and regular personnel. The data for this study was collected from primary sources through the utilization of a structured questionnaire. We conducted an ordinary least square regression analysis using SPSS 27.0 in order to derive significant insights from the data. The regression results, with β1=0.750, p=0.000, and t=1.186, indicated that there is a significant and positive relationship between the number of organizational strata and employee creativity. As demonstrated by the model results (β1=0.355, p=0.000, t=4.288), there is a significant relationship between the degree of formalization and employee creativity. The regression analysis reveals that employee creativity is considerably and positively impacted by centralization (β1=0.722, p=0.000, t=11.562). Establishing a corporate environment that encourages and acknowledges innovative thinking is imperative for the company to achieve global dominance, substantial financial success, and development.

Elaboration of Consolidated Financial Statements Inside the Value of Islamic Sharia. This study aimed to obtain a design of the process of preparing the consolidated financial statements associated with syariah values in Islam, especially the value of fairness and honesty. The consolidated financial statements are designed to present the results of operations and financial position of the company and its subsidiaries. In the process, it will be clearly seen an effort to avoid injustice and dishonesty, because things are "suspected" as potentially able to "cheat" its readers in a way the elimination of the efect through adjusting entries and elimination. So that these process will be in accordance with the Quran and the Hadith.

Preparers of accounting information are in a position to manipulate the view of economic reality presented in this information to interested parties. These manipulations can be regarded as morally reprehensible because they are not fair to users, they involve an unjust exercise of power, and they tend to weaken the authority of accounting regulators. This paper develops a model for detecting earning manipulators using financial statements ratios in a sample of Spanish listed companies. Our results provide evidence that accounting data can be extremely useful in detecting manipulators. This approach can be used by a large category of users of accounting information among them we can cite the stock exchange supervisors or investing professionals.

The general objective of this study was to examine the effect of inventory management on the production efficiency of manufacturing organizations: A study of selected manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study specifically set out to examine the effect of inventory availability on the production efficiency of selected manufacturing firms in Calabar, to determine the effect of inventory accuracy on the production efficiency of selected manufacturing firms in Calabar, and to examine the effect of inventory coverage on the production efficiency of selected manufacturing firms in Calabar. The study adopted the descriptive research design. The population of this study was seven hundred seven (707), cutting across management and non-management employees in the selected companies, respectively, and a sample size of 370 was selected using the Taro Yamane formula. The study adopted a stratified random sampling technique, while a standardized questionnaire was used to gather responses from the research participants. Using SPSS 27.0, quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed. The results were summarised using descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Squares regression. The regression analysis revealed that inventory availability (β1=0.668, p=0.000, t=8.055) had a significant and favourable influence on the organizational production efficiency of the selected manufacturing businesses in Calabar. The study also discovered that some manufacturing companies in Calabar might enhance their production efficiency by assuring the accuracy of their inventory (o1=0.267, p=0.000, t=3.777). The study revealed that inventory coverage had a substantial influence on production efficiency (β1=0.117, p=0.000, t=2.297) for certain industrial companies in Calabar. Based on the study findings, it is recommended that top management give priority to implementing efficient inventory management techniques and measuring variances in efficiency. This will help identify specific areas where improvements are needed in inventory management.

Geert Hofstede and S.J. Gray's framework has served as the basis for numerous studies on the potential impact of cultural values on accounting practices in various countries. This paper presents a comparative analysis of accounting perspectives in Central and Eastern European countries, the former communist countries in Europe that became independent nations after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Twelve Central and Eastern Mediterranean countries were selected for study:

Mario Biondi fue un reconocido investigador de la disciplina contable a nivel nacional e internacional. Su hoja de vida refleja numerosísimos antecedentes vinculados con su trayectoria profesional y docente. Sus obras denotan un apasionado interés por la investigación científica y la teoría contable. En particular, sus libros editados a través de varias décadas sirven de guía en la universidad y a los contadores.

Cabe destacar que Biondi era un estudioso de la contabilidad financiera o patrimonial y también se preguntó sobre los otros segmentos y los paradigmas actuales. Entendía a esta división de la contabilidad como receptora y generadora de información, perteneciente a un ente, dentro del cual se desarrollará para producir informes útiles tanto de uso interno como externo. Uno de los temas que abordó fue el de los efectos contables de las operaciones de las empresas en un mundo global. En la presentación de la tercera edición su libro Combinaciones de Negocios publicado por Errepar en 2006 menciona que el mundo de los negocios requiere cada vez más acuerdos entre empresas, fundamentalmente por dos razones: una, derivada de la necesidad de asistencia financiera y otra, de no menor importancia, de la imprescindible asistencia técnica, a cargo de especialistas.

El presente trabajo pretende describir el texto mencionado y exponer algunos de los aportes de Biondi vinculados con los efectos contables de las combinaciones de negocios y los entes involucrados. Sus hallazgos tienen plena vigencia en la actual era global caracterizada por la combinación de negocios en un mundo conectivo atravesado por el Covid-19 y la pandemia en el cual surgen nuevas responsabilidades para las organizaciones que suponen un incremento de las demandas informativas, tanto desde el exterior como para la gestión de la entidad.

Conservatism is one of the most controversial principles in financial reporting giving the conflicting perspectives of users of financial information on its effect. This study therefore reviews the conceptualization, operationalization, and empirical findings on accounting conservatism. We conclude that accounting conservatism cannot be totally eliminated from financial reporting. However, stakeholders and users of financial reporting may need to reach a compromise on the level at which conservatism may be practiced. Furthermore, we conclude that perspectives on conservatism on financial reporting cannot be generalised giving other social-economic variables which are peculiar to a reporting entity. Finally, we recommend that African countries may need to corroborate or refute findings emanating from the developed economy on accounting conservatism.

La polarización de la luz es un fenómeno en el cual las ondas de luz se orientan en una dirección específica. Normalmente, la luz se propaga en todas las direcciones, pero al pasar a través de ciertos materiales o al reflejarse en superficies, puede polarizarse. Esto significa que las ondas de luz vibran en un plano particular en lugar de vibrar en todas las direcciones.

In this article the importance of ozone layer, its depletion and mitigation measures are discussed in detail. Ozone acts as a protective umbrella for life and the earth from hazardous effect of UV rays. Ozone forms a layer in the middle of stratosphere. Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of the ozone layer present in the upper (15-35 km) atmosphere. When the gases like chlorine and bromine atoms come in contact with ozone in the upper atmosphere and destroy the ozone molecules. One chlorine molecule can destroy 100,000 molecules of ozone. Its destruction is more rapid than its formation. Such compounds are known as Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS). Strong ultraviolet radiations lead to retardation of growth and development of flowering plants. In animals direct exposure to ultraviolet radiations results into skin and eye cancer.

Εκμάθηση του τρόπου υπολογισμού και ερμηνείας του Εμπορικού Κύκλου σε μια επιχείρηση.
Αρχικά υπολογίζονται βασικοί αριθμοδείκτες, ύστερα ο Λειτουργικός Κύκλος και Τελικά ο Εμπορικός Κύκλος μιας επιχείρησης.
Στην συνέχεια τα ευρήματα συγκρίνονται και με αριθμοδείκτες ρευστότητας για περαιτέρω ανάλυση.

Sinar Terang have operating for 5 years and the embracement have operating for 3 years. The main of this research is analysis accountancy in central and the embracement us UD. Pasifik Elektrik. This research be located on Jalan. Harapan Raya, Pekanbaru and on Jalan Pasir Putih, Kampar. This research need the central finance report in 2015 and the embracement finance report in 2015 plus journals which be recorded by company. Making joint financial statements, it is necessary need to record internal transactions and elimination journals between the central office and the embracement office. The recording of internal transactions consists of merchandise receiving journals from central office, and cash deposit journals fromembracement offices. Elimination journals consists of adjusting entries for SKHBC, earnings collection correction journal, central office elimination journal and the embracement office, and the embracement office elimination journal. The result of this research is the...

This study aimed to modify the Beneish model (1999) by incorporating two environmental variables, namely information asymmetry and product market competition. Data of 184 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange for 2007-2017 were collected. The model coefficients were estimated using Logit and Probit logistic regression. Given the absence of lagged dependent variables on the right side of the equations of both original and modified Beneish models, the prediction was made by the static method. In the Probit approach, the best accuracy of the original and modified Beneish models at the optimal cutoff points (0.5215 and 0.5450) was 56.18% and 68.83%, respectively. In the Logit approach, the best accuracy of the original and modified Beneish models at the optimal cutoff points (0.5216 and 0.5508) was 56.43% and 69.12%, respectively. There is a significant difference between the prediction accuracy of the Beneish model and the modified Beneish model. The Logit approach is more effective than the probit approach in identifying earnings management levels. The results of the Wilcoxon test show a significant difference at the 5% significance level between the two models and the two approaches.

Ozone (O 3) is a stratospheric layer that plays important role in providing support to humans for their survival. It is an essential factor for many global, biological and environmental phenomena. The ultraviolet (UV) rays emitted from sun are captured by ozone and thereby provide a stable ontological structure in the biosphere. Various anthropogenic activities such as emissions of CFCs, HCFCs and other organo-halogens lead to the depletion of ozone. The ozone depletion resulted in secondary production of an ozone layer near the ground (terrestrial ozone layer), which is responsible for adverse effects on plants, humans and environment with increased number of bronchial diseases in humans. The mutations caused by UV rays result in variation in morphogenic traits of plants which ultimately decreases crop productivity. However, UV radiation is required in optimum intensity for both plants and animals. This review takes into an account the wide ranging effects of ozone depletion with a majority of them being detrimental to the plant system.

This paper develops a model that can contribute to the detection of legally registered firms defined as Mafia firms (LMFs) due to having been confiscated by judicial authorities, in relation to alleged connections of their owners with Italian organized crime. The model correctly classifies 76.41% of firms within a matched sample of 852 firm-years including LMFs and lawful firms. Furthermore, we present an analysis of financial statement characteristics of singular private firms which are socially irresponsible by nature and whose incentives, modus operandi and legal financial statement formats differ from those of listed companies. In particular, we show that specific accruals and earnings management proxies may provide more insight into accounting manipulation patterns of LMFs. More importantly, our paper can help practitioners and regulators identify accounting signals that can be used in risk assessment models or in the detection of criminal infiltrations and related illicit practices.

This study aims to examine some variables that affect audit hours. The population of this study is a banking company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Sampling in this study was carried out using the purposive sampling method. The results of this study found variables in the adequacy of internal audit resources, Accounting expertise and legal expertise have a negative and significant effect on audit hours. The variable relating to long service as the head of internal auditors is not proven.

This study has been done with the aim to identify whether there is any earnings management in the financial information of the cement industry in Bangladesh. Data have been composed from the annual reports of listed cement companies in Bangladesh covering the period of five years from 2009 to 2013. A comparative time series analysis has been done along with the help of Beniesh Model. The study reveals that some companies involved with the earnings manipulation because there are signs of highly volatile revenue and operating profit. Since the scope of this study is to find out whether there any earnings management exists, an enormous scope for further researches are possible in this area to find out the factors influencing to earnings manipulation in the cement industry in Bangladesh.

This paper develops a model that can contribute to the detection of legally registered firms defined as Mafia firms (LMFs) due to having been confiscated by judicial authorities, in relation to alleged connections of their owners with Italian organized crime. The model correctly classifies 76.41% of firms within a matched sample of 852 firm-years including LMFs and lawful firms. Furthermore, we present an analysis of financial statement characteristics of singular private firms which are socially irresponsible by nature and whose incentives, modus operandi and legal financial statement formats differ from those of listed companies. In particular, we show that specific accruals and earnings management proxies may provide more insight into accounting manipulation patterns of LMFs. More importantly, our paper can help practitioners and regulators identify accounting signals that can be used in risk assessment models or in the detection of criminal infiltrations and related illicit practices.

Human actions often have a substantial negative impact on the environment. One of these is harm to the ozone layer. The goal of this research is to evaluate the causes, mechanisms, biological impacts, and preventative methods for this diminishing layer's ozone layer. Strong ozone depletors include halons and chlorofluorocarbons. The expected increase in UV radiation received at the earth's surface and its impact on human health and the environment are two of the main causes of the widespread concern over the ozone layer's depletion. Ozone recovery chances are still unclear. Future stratospheric ozone abundances should increase absent additional changes such.

Ozone (O 3) is a stratospheric layer that plays important role in providing support to humans for their survival. It is an essential factor for many global, biological and environmental phenomena. The ultraviolet (UV) rays emitted from sun are captured by ozone and thereby provide a stable ontological structure in the biosphere. Various anthropogenic activities such as emissions of CFCs, HCFCs and other organo-halogens lead to the depletion of ozone. The ozone depletion resulted in secondary production of an ozone layer near the ground (terrestrial ozone layer), which is responsible for adverse effects on plants, humans and environment with increased number of bronchial diseases in humans. The mutations caused by UV rays result in variation in morphogenic traits of plants which ultimately decreases crop productivity. However, UV radiation is required in optimum intensity for both plants and animals. This review takes into an account the wide ranging effects of ozone depletion with a majority of them being detrimental to the plant system.

Financial information quality had not received the necessary attention it deserves until recent years following reported cases and consequences of corporate scandals and failures. In adopting generally accepted accounting principles, the preparers of financial statements seem to believe that they are providing adequate and reliable financial information. However, this may not meet the diversified needs of the investors and prediction ability for future reliance. This may be as a result of adopting inappropriate financial and accounting policy capable of influence misleading operational result that can lead to corporate failures. One aspects of the inappropriate policy for the purpose of this study is depreciation policy. One basic problem that needs to be addressed is whether financial information which has features of high quality standard will automatically provide solution to this inappropriate policy? This study focuses on this gap but in particular reference to straight line method (SLM) of depreciation that is commonly being adopted in the preparation and presentation of financial statements in Nigeria. The objective is therefore to ascertain the extent to which the SLM of depreciation can influence financial information quality of service companies in Nigeria. Primary data were collected through questionnaire. The retrieved questionnaires were analysed using logistic regression. The study finds that straight line method of depreciation influences financial information quality of service companies in Nigeria. The study recommends that despite the general use of straight line method of depreciation, other methods of depreciation should be encouraged for adoption in order to provide an opportunity for comparing depreciation results. The objective is to improve knowledge of depreciation methodology for better option.

Ozone (O 3) is a stratospheric layer that plays important role in providing support to humans for their survival. It is an essential factor for many global, biological and environmental phenomena. The ultraviolet (UV) rays emitted from sun are captured by ozone and thereby provide a stable ontological structure in the biosphere. Various anthropogenic activities such as emissions of CFCs, HCFCs and other organo-halogens lead to the depletion of ozone. The ozone depletion resulted in secondary production of an ozone layer near the ground (terrestrial ozone layer), which is responsible for adverse effects on plants, humans and environment with increased number of bronchial diseases in humans. The mutations caused by UV rays result in variation in morphogenic traits of plants which ultimately decreases crop productivity. However, UV radiation is required in optimum intensity for both plants and animals. This review takes into an account the wide ranging effects of ozone depletion with a majority of them being detrimental to the plant system.

Elenco delle partecipazioni detenute direttamente o indirettamente in imprese controllate o collegate Attestazione del Consigliere Delegato e del Dirigente Preposto Relazione della Società di Revisione Relazione del Collegio Sindacale INDICE 9 1. RELAZIONE SULLA GESTIONE 1.3.1 RISULTATI DELLA GESTIONE ECONOMICA CONTO ECONOMICO SINTETICO

Elenco delle partecipazioni detenute direttamente o indirettamente in imprese controllate o collegate Attestazione del Consigliere Delegato e del Dirigente Preposto Relazione della Società di Revisione Relazione del Collegio Sindacale INDICE 9 1. RELAZIONE SULLA GESTIONE 1.3.1 RISULTATI DELLA GESTIONE ECONOMICA CONTO ECONOMICO SINTETICO