Computerized Accounting

تناولت الدراسة النظم المحاسبية الالكترونية في مصانع المواد الغذائية ودورها في تعزيز مخرجات النظام المحاسبي، وهدفت إلى التعرف على العلاقة بين تطبيق نظم المعلومات المحاسبية الإلكترونية وجودة مخرجات النظام المحاسبي لمصانع المواد الغذائية في السودان من خلال استقصاء آراء المحاسبين والمراجعين في مصانع المواد الغذائية في ولاية الخرطوم، حيث تم اختيار عينة عشوائية تكونت من 170 شخص يمثلون المحاسبين ورؤساء أقسام الحسابات والمدراء الماليين والمراجعين وأفراد أقسام المحاسبة بشكل أساسي، وتم توزيع عدد 170 استبانة وتم استرجاع عدد 150 استبانة بنسبة استرجاع بلغت 88%، وتم استخدام برنامج SPSS لتحليل بيانات الاستبانة. توصلت الدراسة لعدة نتائج أهمها أن النظم المحاسبية الإلكترونية قدَّمت معلومات موثوقة وملائمة وقوائم مالية صحيحة بدرجة كبيرة مقارنة بالنظم المحاسبية التقليدية مما أكسب تلك المعلومات والقوائم المالية ثقة المستخدمين سواءً كان المستخدمون داخليين أو خارجيين، كما أن استخدام نظم المعلومات الإلكترونية انعكس إيجاباً على جودة مخرجات النظام المحاسبي التي وفَّرها النظام. Abstract: The study dealt with electronic accounting systems in food factories and their role in enhancing the outputs of the accounting system, and aimed to identify the relationship between the application of computerized accounting information systems and the quality of accounting system outputs for food factories in Sudan through a survey of the opinions of accountants and auditors in the food factories in the state of Khartoum, where a random sample of 170 people representing accountants, heads of accounts departments, financial managers, auditors and members of accounting departments was selected mainly, 170 questionnaires were distributed and 150 questionnaires were retrieved with a retrieval rate of 88%, SPSS used to analyze the questionnaire data. The most important results are: The computerized accounting systems provided reliable and appropriate information and correct financial statements compared to the traditional accounting systems, which earned that information and financial statements the confidence of internal and external users, also the use of computerized information systems reflected positively on the quality of the financial reports.

الكلمات المفتاحية
مخرجات النظام المحاسبي – مصانع المواد الغذائية – النظم المحاسبية الإلكترونية Accounting System Outputs – Food factories - electronic accounting systems

The study examined computerized accounting system and fraud prevention in public sector organizations in Rivers State, Nigeria. The Specific objectives of the study among others were to; examine the relationship between government integrated financial management information system (GIFMIS) and payroll fraud (PF). Also, examine the relationship between treasury single account (TSA) and payroll fraud (PF). Examine the relationship between integrated payroll and personnel information system (IPPIS) and payroll fraud (PF). This study adopted correlational survey research design. The targeted population consisted fifteen (15) federal public sector organizations in Rivers state, Nigeria. The instrument for this study was primary data. The formulated research questions were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The hypotheses were tested using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Model regression analysis with the aid of E-view (10). The findings of the study among others shows that; there is a significant relationship between government integrated financial management information system and payroll fraud in federal public sector organizations in Rivers state, Nigeria. Also, there is a significant relationship between treasury single account and payroll fraud in federal public sector organizations in Rivers state, Nigeria. And there is no significant relationship between treasury single account and payroll fraud in federal public sector organizations in Rivers state, Nigeria. Based on the synopsis of the findings the study advances the following recommendations that though, government integrated financial management information system has contributed significantly to payroll fraud prevention. There is necessity for the of Nigerian government to be proactive in the combat against fraud in its civil service, the federal government should continue to operate with the principles of single treasury account because of the positive influence it has on the effectiveness of public finance management in areas of fraud control and accurate accounting, Ministries, public enterprises and parastatals should regularly monitor their top administrative and management activities and prosecute any officer(s) found embezzling public funds and make the head of account unit answerable for any such misappropriation.

Finance and accounting practices dates back to centuries in history. There are also evidence of biblical doctrines and practices regarding accounting, financial management practices. The purpose of this study was to explore biblical literature with the objective of summarizing and synthesizing various finance and accounting concepts and practices recorded in the Bible and to provide evidence that finance and accounting concepts and practices are traceable to the Mosaic, prophetic, and apostolic eras of the Bible. The narrative review approach was employed in the study to explore the texts of the New International Version of the Holy Bible. This methodology was deemed useful in the study as the author had no intention to generalize the outcome of the study but to interpret and summarize identified finance and accounting concepts and practices. The result of the study shows that the Bible has a record of various finance and accounting concepts and practices, such as funding and financing, treasury management, book-keeping and accounting, budgeting and internal control, auditing, savings and investment, lending, and borrowing. This outcome provides evidence that biblical literature forms a good background to contemporary finance and accounting concepts and practices as well as demonstrates the importance of biblical doctrines in strengthening responsible financial management and accountability. The study's result would enhance the development of an academic curriculum for a course of study in Financial Theology or Theology of Finance in our Theological Institutes and other institutions of higher learning. The result of the study would also be useful in developing a Bible-based framework of finance and accounting for Christian organizations and other Bible-oriented establishments, which could incorporate biblical sources of funds and expenditure heads into prescribed book-keeping and accounting formats and processes.

The adoption of ICT related services globally, has been embraced by many governments to ensure that its citizens receive the required services that are needed in their day-to-day livelihood. Many of these countries have been developing information technology strategies to make sure that the services are accessible to all its citizens through links or applications. With this mind, the digitization of services to enhance service delivery has been one of the biggest challenges facing many governments. The development of ICT strategies to assist in the enhancement of service delivery has been the backbone of many of the services that are being offered by these governments. The main objective was to investigate the effect of IFMIS implementation, to assess the effect of telecommuting. The study adopted the correlational research design where a target population of 129 employees comprising of ten departments which will target the chief executive officers (CEOs), directors of the various departments under this ministries and support staff.  The study employed census technique to obtain its study respondents. The primary data was collected using questionnaire, and information collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The final results were presented using frequency distribution tables and logical statements. The study found out that the IFMIS system has enhanced service delivery activities in the County. Furthermore, revealing that there was a significant relationship between elements such as IFMIS implementation of service delivery. The study recommends to the policy makers in the government to ensure that ICT strategies form part of their decisions in enhancing service delivery.

As information technologies grows progressively, the manual financial assets management systems have become gradually inadequate for decision needs. Consequently, county governments view computerization of financial assets management as a tool of ensuring effective and efficient information flow of financial data and although ICT adoption among county governments has recently increased, studies on the effect of computerization on financial assets management have not been undertaken. The aim of the study was to find out the effects of computerization on financial assets management. Data was collected using questionnaire and semi-structured interview guides. The study targeted 60 respondents in which no sample was taken but instead census method was used. The research found out that computerization has general effect on the level of efficiency of financial assets management and in particular efficiency aspects such as clear definition of roles and responsibilities, faster processing o...

Tea is a manufactured drink that is most consumed across the globe. It was discovered about 2700BC, thus, it is ranked among the oldest beverages in the world. Today, tea is available for consumption in six main varieties that are based on the technique of oxidization and fermentation applied. According to FAO (2015), tea has specific agro-climatic requirements only available in the tropical and subtropical climates. Additionally, some varieties can tolerate marine climates of the Washington and the British mainland areas of the Unites States. Internal controls are processes planned and implemented by management in order to give rational assurance concerning the performance of a firm based on its objectives in respect to operational efficiency and compliance of existing rules and regulations (Mwindi, 2008).Corporate governance is fundamental component of effectiveinternal controls in firms. To realize good corporate governance firm's management must identify and prevent all risks which might affect the company's financial performance ranging from operational risks, financial internal controls and all other areas associated with the actions of the firms.Ability of a firm to realize maximum profit relies in the part of developing a strong internal audit function in safeguarding assets to improve financial performance of an organization through reporting (Ndungu, 2013). Internal controls should be designed to help organization in specifying objectives with sufficient clarity to enable the identification and assessment of risks relating to objectives of that particular firm. In order for the organizations to improve their financial performance they need to identify risks to the achievement of objectives across the entity and analyze the risks as a basis

As information technologies grows progressively, the manual financial assets management systems have become gradually inadequate for decision needs. Consequently, county governments view computerization of financial assets management as a tool of ensuring effective and efficient information flow of financial data and although ICT adoption among county governments has recently increased, studies on the effect of computerization on financial assets management have not been undertaken. The aim of the study was to find out the effects of computerization on financial assets management. Data was collected using questionnaire and semi-structured interview guides. The study targeted 60 respondents in which no sample was taken but instead census method was used. The research found out that computerization has general effect on the level of efficiency of financial assets management and in particular efficiency aspects such as clear definition of roles and responsibilities, faster processing o...

Internal controls are processes planned and implemented by management in order to give rational assurance concerning the performance of a firm based on its objectives in respect to operational efficiency and compliance of existing rules and regulations. The general objective was to find out the influence of internal controls on the financial performance of tea processing firms in Kenya. The specific objectives included establishing the influence of internal audit function, to determine the influence of segregation of duties, to determine the influence of monitoring controls and to establish the influence of budgeting on the financial performance of tea processing firms in Nyamira County. The study will contribute to the present body of knowledge on internal controls and financial performance. The study focused on determining relationship between internal controls and financial performance of tea processing firms in Nyamira County. This study adopted descriptive research design. Targ...

Selecting the appropriate accounting software has become an important issue for many organizations. Selecting the wrong accounting software would be a great disaster, it might lead to and future needs, business type, business size, features and attributes of accounting software, information technology infrastructure and environment, and vendor reliability should be taken into consideration before obtaining the software. The objective of this paper is to investigate, analyze and evaluate the main factors an organization should consider in its decision to select the appropriate accounting software. The paper introduces an integrated theoretical framework of the main factors affecting the selection of an appropriate accounting software package for an organization. The paper proceeds to introduce a proposed mathematical model of the determinants of selecting accounting software. The proposed model would help an organization to select the most appropriate accounting software that would satisfy its current and future needs for information and financial and non-financial reports.

Financial controls are critical in an organization in eradicating opportunities for fraud, safeguarding the resources of the organization, and ensuring the truthfulness of financial reports. The study sought to determine the effects of financial controls on the financial performance of devolved governments in Kenya, with a focus on Mombasa County Government (CGM). To strengthen the conceptual framework, the researcher used theories such as the lending credibility theory, systems theory, new public management theory and the agency theory. This research adopted a descriptive research design. The study population was 64 employees in the county revenue offices, internal audit offices, county procurement offices and the county finance and accounts offices in Mombasa County Government (CGM). The study was a census of all the 64 employees. A questionnaire was used in the study as the data collection tool. Data collection used the drop-and-pick-later procedure of questionnaire administration. A pilot test was conducted, and the questionnaire was tested for validity and reliability. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was utilized for data analysis where inferential (regression) and descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations and percentages) were generated to assist in testing the study hypotheses. Study findings indicated that audit (β = 0.456; p = 0.000), periodic reconciliations (β = 0.663; p = 0.000) and payables control (β = 0.417; p = 0.014) had a positive and statistically significant influence on financial performance of CGM. However, monitoring did not have a significant effect on financial performance of county governments in Kenya (β = 0.092; p = 0.556). Based on the study conclusions, the study recommends that audit should not only track expenditure and budgets but should also be a value adding activity which establishes whether expenditures provide value for money. Further, though CGM observed best practices in periodic reconciliations, it should ensure that the reconciliation processes are performed immediately after the end of any accounting cycle. Additionally, payables to suppliers should be fast-tracked so as the CGM have a good relationship with suppliers and contactors. Lastly, CGM should ensure that monitoring process is continuous so that existing deficiencies are identified on time and corrective action taken.

Integrated computerized accounting systems (ICAS) faces the challenges of unauthorized access, alterations and destruction of data thus compromising the confidentiality, integrity and availability of financial information. The research evaluated the effectiveness of integrated computerized accounting systems (ICAS) on internal controls (IC) of supermarkets in Kisii County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were; to determine the effect of integrated financial operations on the internal controls of supermarkets in Kisii County, to determine the effect of segments information on the internal controls of supermarkets in Kisii County. The findings of the study are helpful to managers of supermarkets in acquiring the ICAS to strengthen the internal controls, developers of accounting softwares in programming software that meets the needs of the supermarkets and future researchers as it forms the basis of future researches. The study used descriptive survey designs that were conducted among 21 out of the 24 targeted branch managers, supervisors and accountants of the supermarkets in Kisii County a cosmopolitan transit county with branches of all major supermarkets in Kenya. The targets population was the eight supermarkets in Kisii County. A census method was used comprising of all the 24 branch managers, supervisors and accountants. Closed ended questionnaire were used to collect data from the supermarkets in Kisii County where only seven supermarkets responded. The reliability of the questionnaire was measured using Cronbach alpha resulting to a value of 0.866 and the fitness for model tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and was found to be significant at 0.003. The data was analyzed through Likert scale, descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 and presented using tables & figures. Descriptive methods used were mean and standard deviation.  The inferential statistics used include multivariate regression analysis to test the model fit and correlation analysis. The hypothesis was tested using t-test for a significance level of ±5 at a degree of confidence of 95%. The findings of the study showed that integrated financial operations and computerized integrated accounting are positively significant on strengthening the internal controls while segment information and consolidated financial reporting transactions are negatively significant on strengthening the internal control system

Internal controls are processes planned and implemented by management in order to give rational assurance concerning the performance of a firm based on its objectives in respect to operational efficiency and compliance of existing rules and regulations. The general objective was to find out the influence of internal controls on the financial performance of tea processing firms in Kenya. The specific objectives included establishing the influence of internal audit function, to determine the influence of segregation of duties, to determine the influence of monitoring controls and to establish the influence of budgeting on the financial performance of tea processing firms in Nyamira County. The study will contribute to the present body of knowledge on internal controls and financial performance. The study focused on determining relationship between internal controls and financial performance of tea processing firms in Nyamira County. This study adopted descriptive research design. Target population was be 420 comprising of top managers, head of departments and finance/accounts department employees. Sample size will be 30% of the total population that is 126 respondents. Data was analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis. The multiple linear regression models were used to estimate the causal relationship between financial performance and the independent variables. SPSS Version 21 was used for analysis of the different variables in this study. The four independent variables that were studied (internal audit function, segregation of duties, monitoring controls and budgeting) explain a substantial 68.7% of financial performance among tea processing firms in Nyamira County. It was established that there was a positive relationship between internal audit function, segregation of duties, monitoring controls and budgeting and financial performance. The study therefore concludes that effective internal audit controls has a positive influence on financial performance of tea processing firms in Nyamira County. The study recommends that companies should employ skilled and competent professional internal auditors to strengthen the internal controls.

The Stennis Institute of Government at Mississippi State conducted a survey of city clerks to find out what kinds of accounting software were being used by municipalities, how much they cost, how often they used technical assistance, and whether they had an Internet connection.

Quality management is becoming increasingly important to the leadership and management of all organizations. Provision of high quality services has attracted a lot of attention in senior management in most organizations globally. Companies that report high productivity have been proved to implement quality management practices. A company that employs quality management practices is likely to have its stakeholders i.e. employees, supplier, customers e.t.c benefit as a result of increased satisfaction (Samson& Terziovski,1999