Child Exposure to Violence

The present paper analyses the depiction of childhood trauma in the novel Ice Candy Man, also known as Cracking India 1988, by Bapsi Sidhwa, focusing on how the drastic event of Indian partition led to the psychological effects on Child characters through the lens of Lenore Terr’s theoretical framework, which incorporates acute and chronic trauma that must be examined. By applying her concepts, the paper explores the psychological consequences of exposure to violence and feelings of loss as experienced by Lenny and other young characters. It showcases how these unpleasant, traumatic events depict disturbing behaviour, sick and shattered memories, silence, and emotional numbing. The paper also addresses how the socio-political ups and downs and devastating upheaval because of partition drastically wounded the minds of children and affected their cognitive and emotional development. Furthermore, this analysis provides a more nuanced understanding of how the psychological scars of the Partition continue to shape the identity and subjectivity of the children who suffered and lived through it.

Scarce research has been performed on the role of power, affectivity, and suppression of emotional expression in the use of dating violence by adolescents and young men. This study aims to analyze a model of the associations between perceived power (control and dominance), affectivity (positive and negative affect), suppression of emotional expression and the frequency of use of male-to female dating violence. Participants in this cross-sectional and correlational study were 786 Spanish students aged between 13 and 25 years (M = 18.80; SD = 2.93) divided in two groups: 13–18 (316 adolescents, M = 15.58; SD = 1.02) and 18–25 (462 young men, M = 20.79; SD = 1.98) with 8 participants not stating their age. Different sequential mediation models confirmed that, only in young men, affectivity (negative and positive affect) and suppression of emotional expression mediate the relationship between power and the use of dating violence. Fostering equal relationships, associating them with posi...

Background: Building an effective casework system for child maltreatment is a global issue. We estimated the effect of household dysfunction (i.e., interparental violence, caregiver mental health problems, and caregiver substance abuse) on child maltreatment to understand how to advance the current framework of child welfare. Methods: The sample comprised 759 children (1-to 17-year-old; mean age was 10.6; 404 boys and 355 girls) placed in temporary custody units (one of the strongest intervention of the Japanese child protection system). Caseworkers from 180 units across 43 prefectures completed questionnaires on children and their family and were asked whether a child maltreatment report had been made after cancelation of custody in a 15-month follow-up period. The relations of household dysfunction and maltreatment reports were assessed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Results: About half (48.4%) of the children had been placed in the unit because of maltreatment, and 88.3% had a history of victimization. Seventy-six cases had maltreatment reports after cancelation. We entered household dysfunction variables individually into the model, and each had a significant relationship with maltreatment reports (hazard ratios for interparental violence, caregiver mental health problem, and substance abuse were 1.69, 1.69, and 2.19, respectively) after covariate adjustment. When treating these three variables as cumulative risk score model of household dysfunction, the hazard ratio increased with increasing number of score (1.96 for score two; 2.35 for score three; score 0 as reference). Conclusions: Greater household dysfunction score is a risk of maltreatment after intensive intervention. It is imperative to construct systems facilitating cooperation between child and adult service sectors and to deliver seamless services to children and families. Our findings provide child protect services with risk-stratified interventions for children at victimization risk and promote adult-focused services to be proactive in prevention or intervention for adults with perpetration risk.

This study investigates the effectiveness of the TRUST intervention, delivered through Information and Communication Technology (ICT), in addressing trauma and enhancing resilience among Eritrean refugees in impoverished camps. The research aims to explore whether the comprehensive TRUST program, compared to a shorter psycho-education session, can reduce traumatic stress levels and improve social and economic resilience and social capital, indicating a reduction in collective trauma. Ethical approval was obtained, and participants were randomly assigned to intervention groups. Livelihood support availability was assessed, and psychometric tests were administered before and after the intervention. Results indicate a signi cant decrease in traumatic stress levels and improvements in social and economic resilience among participants receiving the full TRUST intervention. Interestingly, the availability of livelihood support did not signi cantly impact trauma levels or associated improvements. Challenges in delivering therapy via ICT, such as connectivity issues, were identi ed. This study underscores the potential of ICT-enabled interventions in addressing mental health challenges in resource-constrained environments but highlights the importance of addressing connectivity issues for effective implementation.

Witnessing domestic violence (WDV) is recognized by the Istanbul Convention as psychological abuse that has dramatic consequences on the psychophysical health of children. Therefore, professionals who form the support network for WDV victims play a very fundamental role. In order to draw up useful guidelines for services dealing with WDV, and to give children more awareness of supportive settings, this study analyzes WDV in the perception of health and welfare professionals to enhance their skills and strategies for contrasting gender violence. Sixteen Neapolitan specialists dealing with WDV children were interviewed. A theoretical intentional sampling was used. Narrative focused interviews were carried out, transcribed verbatim and analyzed through the grounded theory methodology, using the ATLAS.ti 8 software (Scientific Software Development GmbH, Berlin, Germany). We assigned 319 codes and grouped these into 10 categories and 4 macro-categories. The analysis of the texts led to t...

Everyone is concerned when children, especially school children, are the victims of violent crime, but schools bear a special responsibility for the safety of students when they are in the classroom, on school grounds, or on school-provided transportation. The Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center for Educational Statistics have collaborated on collecting information about students' experience of crime and crime-related conditions at school. This report presents a national portrait of the degree to which students ages 12 to 19 experience violent crime or theft of their property at school and their perceptions of the presence of guns, street gangs, and illegal drugs at their schools. It also highlights the important changes in these crime-related factors that occurred from 1989 to 1995. Students for the study were interviewed in their homes, either in person or by telephone. It was found that more students were exposed to certain problems at school in 1995 than in 1989. The former group was more likely to report that they had experienced violent victimization, could obtain drugs, and were aware of street gangs at school. A second key finding was that various types of problems tended to coexist; for example, reports of violent victimization were higher among students who believed drugs were available than among students who reported that drugs were not readily available. Contains 5 tables and 15 figures. (RJM)

This publication provides the most recent national indicators on school crime and safety. These indicators demonstrate that sizable improvements have occurred in the safety of students: between 1992 and 2001, the violent crime victimization rate at school declined from 48 violent victimizations per 1,000 students in 1992 to 20 such victimizations in 2001. This report provides detailed statistical information to inform the nation on the current status of crime in schools. The 2003 edition of Indicators included the most recent available data, including 2001 data and newly released data from the 2000 School Survey on Crime and Safety, a survey of our nation's public schools. (AMT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.

This publication provides the most recent national indicators on school crime and safety. These indicators demonstrate that sizable improvements have occurred in the safety of students: between 1992 and 2001, the violent crime victimization rate at school declined from 48 violent victimizations per 1,000 students in 1992 to 20 such victimizations in 2001. This report provides detailed statistical information to inform the nation on the current status of crime in schools. The 2003 edition of Indicators included the most recent available data, including 2001 data and newly released data from the 2000 School Survey on Crime and Safety, a survey of our nation's public schools. (AMT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.

Background: There is a vast amount of evidence supporting the effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it remains unclear which specific treatment is most effective for patients with PTSD following childhood sexual and physical abuse (CSPA). Although Imaginal Exposure (IE) has proven highly effective in treating PTSD and is widely acknowledged as a standard method, Imagery Rescripting (IR) may be more suitable for CSPA-related PTSD. IR not only addresses fear but also targets other emotions and cognitions associated with childhood maladaptive schemas. Preliminary findings suggest lower drop-out rates for IR compared to IE, but no Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) currently assesses the effectiveness of IR for CSPA-related PTSD. Objective: This article presents a study protocol designed to investigate the optimal treatment (IE or IR) for individuals with CSPA-related PTSD and explore predictors of treatment success. Method: In our study protocol, we suggest the inclusion of 173 patients (N = 64 in IR, N = 64 in IE, and N = 45 in the waitlist condition). The therapy procedures for both IE and IR will consist of 16 sessions lasting 90 min each, with treatment durations of 11 weeks. Measurements take place at baseline, at start of treatment, 11 weeks after the start of treatment (after 16 sessions) and at follow-up at 26 weeks after the last session. A mixed regression will be used to compare the three active conditions before and after measurement. Results: This article serves as a study protocol. The results are not yet available but they will be presented in a subsequent article. Conclusion: This study protocol outlines a RCT which will be the first to provide information on the effectiveness of IR versus IE versus a control group in CSPA-related PTSD. Trial registration: Netherlands Trial Register NTR 4817. Registered

Feminism, the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes (Britannica, 2025). Feminist activism has led to research and acceptance of Domestic Violence as a concept and a phenomenon leading to understanding a range of behaviours such as physical, sexual, psychological, social, economic and spiritual abuse (DeKeseredy, 2011; Laing

The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (the Royal Commission) is inquiring into how institutions have engaged with and responded to allegations and instances of institutional child sexual abuse. Key to this inquiry is the need to generate an understanding of the extent of child sexual abuse in Australia. Determining the prevalence of child sexual abuse, and institutional child sexual abuse in particular, provides valuable contextual information to inform the work of the Royal Commission. While thousands of people have come forward to testify in private and public sessions, it is not known whether these victims/survivors are representative of the population of victims of child abuse, how the prevalence and type of abuse has changed over the decades, or what effect past policies have had in addressing these issues. In response to this gap in the knowledge base, the Royal Commission appointed a team of researchers to scope the research design, methodolo...

There has been little community-based research regarding multiple-type victimization experiences of young people in Asia, and none in Malaysia. This study aimed to estimate prevalence, explore gender differences, as well as describe typical perpetrators and family and social risk factors among Malaysian adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1,870 students was conducted in 20 randomly selected secondary schools in Selangor state (mean age: 16 years; 58.8% female). The questionnaire included items on individual, family, and social background and different types of victimization experiences in childhood. Results: Emotional and physical types of victimization were most common. A significant proportion of adolescents (22.1%) were exposed to more than one type, with 3% reporting all four types. Compared with females, males reported more physical, emotional, and sexual victimization. The excess of sexual victimization among boys was due to higher exposure to noncontact events, whereas prevalence of forced intercourse was equal for both genders (3.0%). Although adult male perpetrators predominate, female adults and peers of both genders also contribute substantially. Low quality of parent-child relationships and poor school and neighborhood environments had the strongest associations with victimization. Family structure (parental divorce, presence of step-parent or single parent, or household size), parental drug use, and rural/urban location were not influential in this sample. This study extends the analysis of multiple-type victimization to a Malaysian population. Although some personal, familial, and social factors correlate with those found in western nations, there are cross-cultural differences, especially with regard to the nature of sexual violence based on gender and the influence of family structure.

A past experience of childhood trauma remains a major predictor of violent conduct amongst adolescents in low income and or developing countries as exemplified by Uganda, Kampala in particular. About the effects of emotional and physical abuse, neglect and witnessing domestic violence toward adolescent violent behaviour, this study employed a correlational research design. Two hundred and fourteen adolescents were interviewed through administration of assessment questionnaires measuring the level of trauma exposure and the presence of violent behaviours. Multiple correlation and regression analysis procedures were used in treating the data. The result showed that there was significant positive correlation between violent behavior and being emotionally or physically abused (0.486, p<.01), and witnessing domestic violence (0.447 p<.01). The degree of association explained by abuse was higher than that by neglect, and the results of the regression analysis further confirmed that emotional and physical abuse emerged as the strongest predictors (Coefficients = 0.316, p<.01), followed by, witnessing domestic violence (Coefficients = 0.185, p<.01), while neglect did not significantly predict adulthood dating violence (Coefficients = 0.059, p Overall, the seven independent variables explained 24.7% of the violent behaviour, (R² = .258; F (7, 92) = 23.093, p <. 01); this shows that there are other variables that may influence the violent behaviour. From these results it is pointed out that child maltreatment is significantly associated with violence in youths and therefore calls for the incorporation of trauma-sensitive approaches. Some of the possible recommendations, include: Schools, policies, and mental health workers should use programs addressing the impact of abuse and domestic violence; child protection laws should be reinforced, and there should be increased access to mental health for adolescents in a bid to curb violence among youngsters and enhance better development.

Objective: This study contributes to the understanding of the effect of violence against women in patriarchal cultural practices and its effect on the emotional, behavioral and psychosocial wellbeing of women. An increasing body of research demonstrates that negative family relationships can cause violence, stress, and impact on women's mental health or even contribute to physical symptoms related to psychosomatic syndrome. Many women do not say no to abusive relationships, because they live in prison of peril within their own homes in such a victimized behavior; while up till today nothing have seem to change their predicament. Sequel to this, women continue to be exposed with all sorts of violence in which they often don't know what to do or where to turn to as a result of the cultural practices which identify complete obedience to certain rights that gives men more power than women within their homes and society at large. A study on violence is recognized as a major public health problem, world health organization report on violence and health, 2002. Also, psychosocial factors and women's mental health, published by the World Health Organization 1993, discussed an in-depth knowledge of violence against women as the link between the increased prevalence of mental health issues in women and their vulnerable location in a patriarchal culture. Results: This study has brought about some revolutionary changes in the way women cope with the patriarchal practices in Africa such as dehumanization of their rights and privileges, multiple oppressions in family arrangement and reproductive right as well as access to healthcare. In addition, it is safe to assume that the law and health policy considers women's mental health to be a pivotal concern. In western part of the world women are observed to exercise their fundamental human rights than their counter parts in Africa. But in a society like Africa where male-centrism has dominated every aspect of the basic human needs. For at least two decades now, it has been widely observed that women in the patriarchal culture have significantly higher rates of psychological distress than African men. Conclusion: The relevance of psychotherapy in this study will establish the linkage of violence by identifying the risk behaviour in women population and target psychotherapy model of intervention for women exposed to violence and advocate a change of behavior on the way women maintain their psychosocial wellbeing and being able to interpret and relate to the persistent patriarchal practices in Africa. The need here is the implications for psychotherapy in addressing and rebuilding sustainable mental health in the aftermath of violence on women.

This bulletin discusses the second National Survey of Children&#39;s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV II), which was conducted in 2011 as a followup to the original NatSCEV I survey. The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sponsored both surveys. The Crimes against Children Research Center of the University of New Hampshire conducted the NatSCEV I survey between January and May 2008. NatSCEV I represented the first comprehensive national survey of children&#39;s past-year and lifetime exposure to violence, crime, and abuse in the home, school, and community across children and youth from ages 1 month to 17 years. (For more information on NatSCEV I, see &quot;History of the National Survey of Children&#39;s Exposure to Violence&quot;). Children are exposed to violence every day in their homes, schools, and communities. Such exposure can cause them significant physical, mental, and emotional harm with long-term effects that can last w...

Worldwide, children and adolescents are exposed to violence every day and in countless contexts, whether in the family, at school, or in the community. Child multiple victimization has been the subject of extensive international research because of the impact on child and youth development. A quantitative and comparative study aiming to understand child multiple victimization and/or polyvictimization from the perspective of children is presented. Two groups were studied, with and without psychological counselling, with 20 children each, aged 12–18 years old. All the participants answered to juvenile victimization questionnaire (JVQ). The study was approved by the University Ethics Committee responsible for the study in Portugal, and it was initiated after the obtained consent of the children’s legal guardians. The results indicated that young people frequently experience violent situations, with particular emphasis on conventional crimes, e.g., theft, robbery, vandalism, and assault with or without a weapon, with sexual victimization being less common. The results also show that there is a cumulative experience of violence, which evidences multiple victimization and polyvictimization of the child/adolescent throughout their life. These phenomena are not necessarily more common between populations with clinical follow-up. When the types of violence were compared, multiple victimization and polyvictimization, this study found no differences between the samples with and without psychological counselling. It can be concluded that the multiple victimization or polyvictimization problem is not unusual among the population in the studied age range. It is important to alert to the phenomenon of child/adolescent multiple victimization, aiming at a more effective assessment and intervention among these populations. Raising awareness of the phenomenon of multiple child and youth victimization or polyvictimization is of particular importance for preventing violence at all stages of development.

This study investigated how married women perceive and respond to intimate partner violence in Edo state, Nigeria and the implications of attitudinal responses to the marriage institution among the Esan people. The population of study was married women who have been married for the past ten years. Through the Multi-Stage sampling technique, 240 respondents were selected for the study. In-depth interview were conducted to elicit data from respondents. The data were analyzed through content analysis. The findings of the study show that Esan women would rather abide by Esan cultural orientation regarding the treatment of women, being the shared values of Esan people, rather than universally based precepts. Hence, the women responded peculiarly to spousal abuse, depending on the circumstance, against the universal definition, thus, there is a high level of culture of tolerance and endurance, even in the midst of justifiable reasons to leave violent partner.

Purpose: Childhood exposure to domestic violence and abuse (DVA) can lead to major short-and long-term effects on the victim. Despite this, there is no accepted measure for children's experiences, with most existing measures being validated only in high income countries and not in low-and middle-income countries. As a result, international statistics are not comparable. This paper seeks to critically appraise existing measures and discuss whether any are fit-for-purpose on a global scale.
Method: The COSMIN PROMs approach was followed to critically appraise and compare the appropriateness of measures. A comprehensive literature search was undertaken in seven journal databases for measures mentioned in formally peer-reviewed articles exploring childhood exposure to DVA.
Results: A literature search resulted in the identification of 10 measures and, following criteria to only keep original measures and remove modifications, four measures which have been validated cross-culturally are discussed in detail in line with the COSMIN PROMs criterion: The Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Scale, Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale, Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire and The Violence Exposure Scale for Children. Strengths and limitations of each are discussed, along with any validations undertaken not in the country of origin.
Conclusion: Despite childhood exposure to DVA being an urgent research priority worldwide, the current measures to explore the extent of the issue are not validated cross-culturally, leading to concerns about comparisons across different population groups. The development and implementation of interventions to reduce the levels and effects of exposure relies heavily on cross-cultural comparisons, which may indicate different strategies are needed in different contexts. The lack of these validated comparisons is constraining advances, and the paper advocates for further efforts to be made in this regard.

Black girls bear a higher burden of juvenile justice involvement in the United States, relative to other racial/ethnic female groups. Emerging evidence suggests that system involvement is related to trauma histories and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study investigated the associations between individual, family, and peer factors, and their relationship to PTSD among Black girls with juvenile justice involvement. Cross-sectional data were collected from 188 Black girls in detention. Measures assessed were history of abuse, negative peer norms, future orientation, caregiver support, self-esteem, age, and PTSD symptoms. Major regression findings indicated that higher rates of caregiver support, higher negative peer norms, lower self-esteem rates, and lower future orientation rates were correlated with greater PTSD symptoms. Treatment programs for this population warrant a multisystemic approach, which includes caregivers and peers, and bolstering important constructs such...

The study explores the possibilities of gender, ethnicity, and religion differences on attributions (locus of control, stability, personal and external control), motivational goals (learning, performance approach, performance avoidance, and work avoidance), self-efficacy, intelligence beliefs, religiosity, racial/ethnic identity, and academic performance (mid-term test, final test, and GPA scores) within the Indonesian university settings. Racial/ethnic identity had three dimensions: private regard, ethnic importance, and social embeddedness; whilst religiosity had two dimensions: religious behaviour and intrinsic religiosity. 1,006 students (73.8% Native Indonesians and 24.8% Chinese Indonesians) from three public and two private universities participated. Males were significantly higher on work avoidance goals. Ethnic and religion differences were found on religiosity: Native Indonesians and Hindus reported higher intrinsic religiosity; Christians reported greater behavioural religiousity. Gender and religion interactions revealed lower locus of control among male Chinese, and lower final test score among male Muslim. Explanations for these differences are advanced and directions for further research outlined.

Polymorphisms within the prion protein gene (Prnp) are an intrinsic factor that can modulate chronic wasting disease (CWD) pathogenesis in cervids. Although wild European reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were infected with CWD, as yet there have been no reports of the disease in North American caribou (R. tarandus spp.). Previous Prnp genotyping studies on approximately 200 caribou revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at codons 2 (V/M), 129 (G/S), 138 (S/N), 146 (N/n) and 169 (V/M). The impact of these polymorphisms on CWD transmission is mostly unknown, except for codon 138. Reindeer carrying at least one allele encoding for asparagine (138NN or 138SN) are less susceptible to clinical CWD upon infection by natural routes, with the majority of prions limited to extraneural tissues. We sequenced the Prnp coding region of two caribou subspecies (n = 986) from British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Yukon, Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, to identify SNPs and their freque...

Family violence, and particularly co-occurring domestic violence and child maltreatment, are common and complex, often frustrating both child welfare agencies and domestic violence service organizations in their efforts to care for children and adult victims, respectively. The Family Violence Services Study (FVSS) is a project to collect detailed, contextual data at the state and local levels on the organization and relationship of child welfare services for children, and domestic violence services for women when these problems co-occur. Although previous research has found a high rate of co-occurring domestic violence and child maltreatment in the child welfare system, little systematic research on a national scale is available about state and local policies and practices related to these families. This current project is a supplemental study

Family violence, and particularly co-occurring domestic violence and child maltreatment, are common and complex, often frustrating both child welfare agencies and domestic violence service organizations in their efforts to care for children and adult victims, respectively. The Family Violence Services Study (FVSS) is a project to collect detailed, contextual data at the state and local levels on the organization and relationship of child welfare services for children, and domestic violence services for women when these problems co-occur. Although previous research has found a high rate of co-occurring domestic violence and child maltreatment in the child welfare system, little systematic research on a national scale is available about state and local policies and practices related to these families. This current project is a supplemental study

Background: Risk assessment is the process of collecting information towards the goal of protecting the physical and psychological integrity of the victim, taking into account factors associated with violence to assess the severity of violence, protect victims, and prevent recidivism. This type of risk assessment is commonly used in situations of domestic violence and needs to be adjusted for the contexts of child and adolescent victimization. Objective: Resources and standardized criteria to guide a child-centered domestic violence victimization risk assessment are lacking. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the instruments, risk factors and outcomes identified in the literature for situations of domestic violence involving children. Methods: Following the PRISMA protocol, 313 articles from the EBSCO, Web of Science and PubMed databases were screened and 13 were identified for analysis. Results: An analysis of the characteristics of some instruments created to assess the impact of domestic violence involving children shows that caregivers’ risk factors are strong predictors of child abuse, highlighting the interrelationship with other factors, as well as warning about the cumulative risk, including child homicide. Conclusions: The literature confirms the importance of family system factors regarding the risk of the mistreatment of children in situations of domestic violence. Risk assessment must cater to the needs and specificities of individual children.

Young people are outpacing the growth of all other age groups in southern Africa, [1,2] but South African (SA) adolescents face significant barriers to long-term health and productivity owing to the intersection of community violence exposure, mental illness and economic inequalities. South Africans suffer one of the highest rates of violence in the world, particularly in poorer areas, with a homicide rate five times the world average, [3] and nearly one-third of the population is estimated to suffer from mental illness at some point in their lifetime. [4] Witnessing violence leads to a variety of adverse mental health outcomes, and individuals with poorer mental health are more likely to witness and perpetrate violence. [5-7] The intersection of violence exposure and mental health problems therefore represents a public health crisis for SA. As the burgeoning population of adolescents transitions to adulthood, mitigating the impact of violence exposure on mental health and wellbeing is critical to the country's future stability. Rates of violence in SA are rising. 2016 saw a 5% increase in homicides, sexual offences climbed to 142 per day that same year, and assaults, carjackings, robberies and burglaries were at an all-time high. [8] Community violence across SA is widespread, [9] but Western Cape Province suffers disproportionately from gang violence [10] and homicide among 15-19-year-olds. [11] According to adolescent reports, almost 70% witnessed or were victims of violence, [12] and 33-40% saw someone killed or a dead body in their neighborhood. [3,13] Polyvictimisation, the experience of multiple types of violence simultaneously, is normative in SA. [14] Exposure to persistent community violence has long-term implications for South Africans' future mental health. [15] Global estimates indicate that 10-20% of adolescents experience mental health conditions. [16] However, rates among SA adolescents are considerably higher (15-41%), [17-19] and violence exposure is implicated in these estimates. [20] Community violence exposure is associated with elevated rates of mental health symptoms in the USA and SA, [13,21,22] and youth in mental healthcare report high rates of violence exposure. [23] However, few studies have examined the links between community violence exposure and psychological outcomes for youth receiving mental health services, a unique subgroup at potentially high risk for poor long-term outcomes. Rather, most This open-access article is distributed under Creative Commons licence CC-BY-NC 4.0.

The aims of the present study were first to identify discrete patterns of childhood victimization experiences including crime, child maltreatment, peer/sibling victimization, sexual violence, and witnessing violence among adult trauma victims using latent class analysis; second, to examine the association between class-membership and suicidal behavior, and third to investigate the differential role of dispositional anger on the association between class-membership and suicidal behavior. We hypothesized that those classes with accumulating exposure to different types of childhood victimization (e.g., poly-victimization) would endorse higher suicidal behavior, than the other less severe classes, and those in the most severe class with higher anger trait would have stronger association with suicidal behavior. Respondents were 346 adults (N = 346; M age = 35.0 years; 55.9% female) who had experienced a lifetime traumatic event. Sixty four percent had experienced poly-victimization (four or more victimization experiences) and 38.8% met the cutoff score for suicidal behavior. Three distinct classes emerged namely, the Least victimization (Class 1), the Predominantly crime and sibling/peer victimization (Class 2), and the Poly-victimization (Class 3) classes. Regression analysis controlling for age and gender indicated that only the main effect of anger was significantly associated with suicidal behavior. The interaction term suggested that those in the Poly-victimization class were higher on suicidal behavior as a result of a stronger association between anger and suicidal behavior in contrast to the association found in Class 2. Clinical implications of findings entail imparting anger management skills to facilitate wellbeing among adult with childhood poly-victimization experiences.

Objective: There is a well-documented link between child maltreatment and poor health across the lifespan. This provides a strong case for ongoing research with youth involved in the child welfare system to reduce negative outcomes and support resilience while being inclusive of youth voices. However, detailed inquiries about maltreatment history and health consequences may cause re-experiencing of events and psychological distress for study participants. Data that accounts for different contexts, such as severity of maltreatment history and current trauma symptomatology, have been limited in considering the question of potential harms to youth who participate in researchespecially longitudinal studies. Methods: This study compared self-reported impact of research participation against maltreatment history and current post-traumatic stress symptomatology among a randomly selected group of adolescents (< 18 years old) in the child protection service (CPS) system. Results: Adolescents who report more serious child maltreatment and current trauma symptom severity reported higher scores on distress questions from pre-to post-assessment participation. Critically, participants who were more negatively impacted by study involvement also reported greater benefit from study involvement. Conclusion: The increase in both negative and positive impact does not shift the risk/reward ratio for participation, as risks alone do not increase for this vulnerable group of CPS involved youth. These results are consistent with previous findings from studies involving non-CPS populations and underlies the importance of empirical data to address the question of change in the risk/reward ratio and what factors might play a role in any change. This information can inform inclusion/exclusion criteria for future research with these vulnerable populations, thereby reducing the risk of distress among study participants.

Cyber bullying is a threat to the persons who are very socially active in various social media platforms. So, in this paper we deal with what is cyber bullying and types of it. We also discuss about the cyber bullying taking place at various places like school, college, university etc.Even we conducted a small survey and unstructured interviews with the teachers, professionalisms about the cyber bullying. So in the results we discuss about the survey and interview results after properly analyzing it. We also give some of the way that how to stop cyber bullying and its limitations to fight with it easily

Black girls bear a higher burden of juvenile justice involvement in the United States, relative to other racial/ethnic female groups. Emerging evidence suggests that system involvement is related to trauma histories and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study investigated the associations between individual, family, and peer factors, and their relationship to PTSD among Black girls with juvenile justice involvement. Cross-sectional data were collected from 188 Black girls in detention. Measures assessed were history of abuse, negative peer norms, future orientation, caregiver support, self-esteem, age, and PTSD symptoms. Major regression findings indicated that higher rates of caregiver support, higher negative peer norms, lower self-esteem rates, and lower future orientation rates were correlated with greater PTSD symptoms. Treatment programs for this population warrant a multisystemic approach, which includes caregivers and peers, and bolstering important constructs such...

Background The reported prevalence of depression and anxiety among African American children and adolescents and their negative sequalae suggest a need to further explore factors that may be protective of depression and anxiety among this population. Objective The aim of this review was to examine empirical studies that focus on the association between family-level factors (e.g., parenting practices, family functioning) and depression and anxiety in African American children. Specifically, we examined the studies' characteristics and the relationship between various family-level factors and depression and anxiety outcomes and assessed the methodological quality of studies. Methods This review was guided by systematic review methods postulated by Gough and colleagues and the Prisma Group. Electronic databases searched were Social Work Abstracts, PsycINFO, SocIndex, PubMed, Social Service Abstracts, and Sociological Abstracts. Thirty-one studies published from 2003 to 2014 were included and assessed for methodological strength using the Quantitative Research Assessment Tool. Results The majority of the study samples were low income and resided in metropolitan or urban areas, and primary caregivers were female. Parenting practices (58 % of studies) were by far the most frequently examined family-level factor associated with depression and anxiety. Conclusion Positive family-level factors (e.g., positive parenting, healthy family functioning and environment) was associated with decreased depression and anxiety. Findings from this review can inform the development or adaptation of family-based interventions that can effectively reduce depression and anxiety symptoms in African American children.

I would also like to thank the police agency that provided the reports for examination. They created a truly welcoming and friendly environment throughout the data collection phase and were instrumental in the successful completion of this research. Lastly, I would like to thank my husband and parents for their endless love, support, and encouragement throughout the development of this thesis. Throughout the excitement and frustration, you have always stood by me with unwavering and unconditional love and support. Most of all, I would like to thank God, for without His infinite blessings this would not have been possible.

The juvenile justice system identifies youth in conflict with the law as different from the adult criminal population. The Correctional and re-integrative approach forms the basis of a good juvenile justice system. The rationale for such interventions remains to identify risk factors and protective factors for delinquency. History of victimization has been recognized as one of the risk factors for juvenile delinquency. In this context, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 160 adolescents (with a history of juvenile delinquency) residing in Child Correction Homes of Bhaktapur and Kaski districts to study the history of victimization its effect on behavioral and emotional problems. Nepalese versions of the Reduced Item Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) and Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ) were used for the study. Of the participants (N=149), 93.96 % reported at least 1 victimization and 79.19% reported lifetime exposure to 3 or more different types of victimi...

Victimization of Mexican youth (aged 12-17) has received little attention compared to that of adults. Using the 2014 Social Survey on Social Cohesion for the Prevention of Violence and Delinquency, we examine prevalence and types of victimization; describe the characteristics of incidents in terms of relationship with perpetrator(s) and places where took place; and study significant correlates of forms of victimization and poly-victimization. During 2014 alone, more than 2.8 million minors were victims of bullying, cyberbullying, theft, sexual abuse, physical assault, threats, robbery, or extortion. About 10% of these were poly-victims-experienced at least four different types of victimization by at least four types of perpetrators. Youth tended to be victimized by people in their inner circle. The factors associated with victimization tended to vary by victimization type, but proximity to crime and peer delinquency increased the risk of experiencing all types of victimization. Impl...

A Message From OJJDP Children are exposed to violence every day in their homes, schools, and communities. They may be struck by a boyfriend, bullied by a classmate, or abused by an adult. They may witness an assault on a parent or a shooting on the street. Such exposure can cause significant physical, mental, and emotional harm with long-term effects that can last well into adulthood.

A Message From OJJDP Children are exposed to violence every day in their homes, schools, and communities. They may be struck by a boyfriend, bullied by a classmate, or abused by an adult. They may witness an assault on a parent or a shooting on the street. Such exposure can cause significant physical, mental, and emotional harm with long-term effects that can last well into adulthood.

This bulletin discusses key findings from the Technology Harassment Victimization study that the National Institute of Justice sponsored. It is a follow-up study to the second National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV II) that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention sponsored. The study, conducted between December 2013 and March 2014, examined technology-involved harassment within the context of other types of youth victimization and risk factors to improve current policy and practice regarding the issue.

This bulletin discusses the second National Survey of Children&#39;s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV II), which was conducted in 2011 as a followup to the original NatSCEV I survey. The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sponsored both surveys. The Crimes against Children Research Center of the University of New Hampshire conducted the NatSCEV I survey between January and May 2008. NatSCEV I represented the first comprehensive national survey of children&#39;s past-year and lifetime exposure to violence, crime, and abuse in the home, school, and community across children and youth from ages 1 month to 17 years. (For more information on NatSCEV I, see &quot;History of the National Survey of Children&#39;s Exposure to Violence&quot;). Children are exposed to violence every day in their homes, schools, and communities. Such exposure can cause them significant physical, mental, and emotional harm with long-term effects that can last w...

and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). Ms. Kracke developed and manages the National Safe Start initiative for the prevention, systems response, and treatment of children exposed to violence. Her areas of expertise include the development of collaborative systems change efforts to improve policy and practice for children and families, especially for those children and families exposed to violence. Hilary Hahn, EdM, MPH is an Associate Research Scientist at the National Center for Children Exposed to Violence at the Yale Child Study Center. Ms. Hahn coordinates national evaluation of the Child Development Community Policing (CD-CP) program and currently provides programmatic and evaluation consultation to developing and continuing CD-CP sites. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not represent official positions or policies of the Department of Justice.

and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). Ms. Kracke developed and manages the National Safe Start Initiative for the prevention, systems response, and treatment of children exposed to violence. Her areas of expertise include the development of collaborative systems change efforts to improve policy and practice for children and families, especially for children exposed to violence and their families.

community groups, with the goal of providing more effective ways to achieve safety and well-being for intimate partner victims and their children. The guidelines recommend ways to develop and implement cross-system policy and staff development, improve procedures within each system to better achieve safety and prevent further abuse of adult and child victims, hold batterers accountable, and seek greater community resources to serve victims and their families.

A Message From OJJDP Children are exposed to violence every day in their homes, schools, and communities. They may be struck by a boyfriend, bullied by a classmate, or abused by an adult. They may witness an assault on a parent or a shooting on the street. Such exposure can cause significant physical, mental, and emotional harm with long-term effects that can last well into adulthood.