Accounting and Taxation

While sustainability has become a global call, manufacturing firms in Nigeria continue to face challenges in making their corporate sustainability reporting transparent. Precisely, the challenges are often symptomatic of poor underlying corporate governance structures, particularly in the composition of the board in terms of gender and the presence of foreign directors. Though highly recognized for driving improved sustainability practices, boards that are diverse and internationally oriented are yet to be certain about their particular influence on sustainability reporting in Nigeria. In light of these challenges, this study seeks to explore how board gender diversity and foreign director presence influence corporate sustainability reporting in Nigeria. The study adopted an ex-post factor research design and sampled 20 manufacturing companies using a judgmental sampling approach. The study utilized secondary data collected from annual reports of listed manufacturing firms throughout 2010-2023 and employed an error-corrected panel regression technique for data analysis. The findings indicate that board gender diversity positively influences corporate sustainability reporting, while the presence of foreign directors does not significantly influence corporate sustainability reporting in Nigeria. This study concludes that diverse and international boards are more likely to lead to comprehensive sustainability reporting. The present study made available some insight into the role that inclusive board configurations can play in furthering good corporate governance and sustainability in Nigerian firms. The study recommends that corporate entities should ensure that promoting gender diversity on boards is a step towards enhancing their corporate governance and sustainability practices, which also needs companies to encourage and promote gender inclusion in board appointments to influence their sustainability reporting and dedication towards corporate social responsibility.

In the contemporary financial landscape, credit risk management (CRM) has emerged as a critical component of regulatory compliance and operational stability. However, conventional approaches continue to treat CRM primarily as a compliance-oriented function, often marginalizing its strategic potential. This conceptual study challenges that paradigm by proposing a reframing of CRM as a dynamic capability that can drive sustainable financial performance in regulated environments. Drawing on the resource-based view (RBV) and dynamic capabilities theory, the study presents an integrative framework that positions CRM not merely as a defensive tool but as a proactive enabler of strategic advantage. Practical, regulatory, and academic implications are discussed, offering guidance for financial institutions, policymakers, and scholars. By bridging the gap between risk governance and strategic management, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of how CRM can evolve into a performance-enhancing capability within financial institutions.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in South-West Nigeria often face performance challenges due to inadequate strategic formulation, ineffective implementation, and insufficient evaluation, leading to resource underutilization and growth obstacles. This study investigated the impact of strategic management controls on SMEs' operational performance in the region. This study adopted a quantitative survey research design and collected primary data from 399 SMEs in South-West, Nigeria, selected through stratified random sampling. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling was used for data analysis. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between strategic planning and operational performance (β = 0.233, p = 0.010), indicating the importance of strategic planning in enhancing performance. Additionally, strategic planning had a substantial impact on operational performance (β = 0.373, p = 0.000), demonstrating its effectiveness in driving improvements. Strategic evaluation also had a positive and significant influence on operational performance (β = 0.243, p = 0.000), highlighting its role
in performance enhancement. The study concluded that strategic management controls are strong predictors of SMEs' operational performance. The study recommended that SMEs focus on improving their strategic planning processes and invest in robust evaluation processes to assess the effectiveness of implemented strategies and make informed decisions for future endeavors.

The escalating prevalence of armed conflicts globally necessitates an urgent re-evaluation of sustainable postwar
reconstruction strategies, with increasing emphasis on the private sector's role. This article investigates the
evolving nexus between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and peace building in conflict-affected and postwar
environments, exploring ethical business engagement models that transcend traditional philanthropic
endeavours to foster genuine, long-term societal resilience. Utilizing a qualitative, literature-based methodology,
this study synthesizes recent scholarly research, policy reports, and reputable case studies published between
2021 and 2025. Key findings revealed that effective ethical business engagement in post-war contexts hinges on
several integrated pillars: prioritizing inclusive local employment and livelihood creation, investing in robust
local capacity building and institutional strengthening, rigorously adhering to conflict-sensitive business
practices, upholding stringent human rights due diligence, and fostering transparent governance and anticorruption
measures. The analysis underscores that strategic CSR, when ethically embedded and collaboratively
executed, can significantly mitigate adverse impacts while contributing positively to social cohesion, economic
revitalization, and the foundational elements of sustainable peace. The article concludes by offering actionable
recommendations for businesses, governments, and international organizations on cultivating responsible private
sector engagement to accelerate equitable recovery and prevent relapse into conflict, identifying critical areas
for future research into impact measurement and scalable models.

This study examines tax administration practices and their impact on tax compliance in Kwara State, Nigeria. Employing a cross-sectional quantitative survey design, the research utilized stratified random sampling to select 641 stakeholders from the Kwara State Internal Revenue Service (KWIRS). Data collection was conducted via questionnaires, with analysis performed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. The results reveal that both tax enforcement strategies and taxpayer services have significant positive effects on compliance. These findings underscore the importance of robust enforcement mechanisms and high-quality taxpayer services in fostering a compliant tax environment. Additionally, the study highlights the need for effective communication and support for tax policies to achieve desired outcomes. The research concludes that improving enforcement strategies, enhancing taxpayer services, and ensuring proper implementation and communication of tax policies are crucial for promoting tax compliance in Kwara State. The study recommends increased tax audits, improved taxpayer services, taxpayer education, and collaboration with other government agencies to enhance the overall effectiveness of tax administration. This study contributes to the existing literature on tax administration and compliance, particularly within the context of developing economies, and offers valuable insights for policymakers and tax administrators in formulating strategies to enhance tax compliance and improve revenue generation.

This study investigates the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting on the market value of manufacturing firms listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) as of 2023. Adopting an ex-post facto research design, the study utilizes secondary data sourced from publicly available financial and sustainability reports of these firms. The analysis examines the relationship between each of the three ESG dimensions environmental, social, and governance reporting and the market value of these firms. The findings reveal that environmental reporting has a positive and significant effect on market value, with an increase in environmental disclosures leading to higher market value. Conversely, social reporting was found to have a negative and significant effect on market value, indicating that increased social reporting correlates with a decrease in market value. However, governance reporting has a notably positive and significant effect on market value, with higher governance disclosures associated with an increase in market value. These results show the critical role of governance reporting in enhancing firm valuation, while also highlighting the nuanced effects of environmental and social disclosures in the Nigerian. The study concludes that manufacturing firms in Nigeria should prioritize governance-related disclosures and strategically manage their environmental and social reporting to align with investor expectations. Recommendations include strengthening governance reporting, aligning social initiatives with business strategy, and enhancing the quality and transparency of environmental disclosures to improve investor confidence and market performance.

The growing investment in new information technologies has greatly promoted the digitalization of tax administration across the world. However, over the years, developing countries such as Nigeria have been confronted with the challenges of mobilization of tax revenue due to primitive manual tax administration systems resulting in tax evasion, corruption, leakages, and tax fraud. This study, therefore, investigated the impact of digitalization of tax administration on the performance of Kwara State Internal Revenue Service (KW-IRS). The specific objectives of this study were to: (i) examine the extent to which e-tax registration influences the performance of KW-IRS), and (ii) determine the impact e-tax payment on the performance of KW-IRS. This study employed a quantitative cross-sectional survey research design and used a random sampling technique to select 292 respondents from both the demand and supply sides. The study employed PLS-SEM technique for quantitative data analysis. Findings revealed that: (i) e-tax registration has significant positive influence on revenue performance (β= 0.198, = 0.660, p= < 0.05, (ii) e-tax payment has significant positive impact on revenue performance (β = 0.249, t = 2.655, p = < 0.05) implying that e-tax registration and e-tax payment have significantly improved revenue performance. Based on findings, this study, therefore, recommended that KW-IRS should further scale up the use of digital tools in all tax streams as well as a robust electronic tax audit to track the payment pattern of taxpayers.

Modern management accounting practices have posed challenges for global manufacturing companies, particularly in the transition from traditional to strategic methods. This transition has been notably deficient among numerous consumer goods firms in Nigeria, where the absence of effective strategic costing practices has led to significant issues such as cost inefficiency, competitive disadvantage, and ineffective decision-making. Recognizing the significance of technological advancement for growth and competitiveness, this study investigated the impact of strategic management accounting and digitalization of accounting practices on the performance of consumer goods companies in Lagos. The research methodology employed a survey research design, sampling 161 management employees from 45 consumer goods companies in Lagos as of January 2023. The research utilized partial least square structural equation modelling to analyse primary data. Results highlighted significant impacts on Consumer goods performance from strategic costing practices and the digitalization of accounting methods. Both strategic costing practices and digitalization displayed positive and noteworthy effects on performance, reflected by t-values of 0.213 and 0.218, along with respective p-values of 0.037 and 0.023. However, strategic customer accounting practices exhibited an insignificant impact on performance, evident through a t-value of 1.345 and a p-value of 0.179 at a 5% significance level. The study concludes that strategic costing and digitalizing accounting methods highly influence and benefit and consumer goods firms’ performance, unlike strategic customer accounting. The study recommends that the implementation and integration of effective strategic costing methodologies and digitalization initiatives to further propel the growth and competitiveness of these companies in Lagos State

In this paper, we expand on the existing literature of corporate finance by analyzing the impact of corporate governance on the choice of capital structure for firms. Although other studies have analyzed this relationship, we extend the research by comparing the results across different industries such as healthcare, technology, consumer goods and industrial goods using a sample of 689 firms. The results show the relationship of corporate governance to the choice of capital is negative in the healthcare sector firms, positive in the consumer goods firms, and has no impact on technology or industrial goods firms.
Keywords: Corporate Finance, Corporate Governance, Capital Structure, Choice of Capital Structure

Digitalization of tax system has promoted efficient electronic filing of tax return as well as enhancing tax compliance behavior across the world. However, over the years, tax compliance behaviour as a result of adoption of electronic filing of tax return has been subjected to several complaints and criticisms in Nigeria due to slow network, system failure, various submission errors in filing of tax return, cybercrime due to lack of internet security. The study therefore, examines the relationship between e-filing of tax return and tax compliance behavior in Kwara State. The specific objectives of this study were; (i) evaluate the effect of electronic tax filing system adoption on tax compliance behaviour in Kwara State, and (ii) examine the effect of attitude towards an electronic tax filing system on tax compliance behavior in Kwara State. The study adopted a survey research design and random sampling technique was employed to quantitatively select 222 active registered taxpayers in Kwara State. The primary data obtained was analyzed using a Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique analysis. This study found that adoption of e-tax filing and attitude towards e-tax filing have positive and significant effect on tax compliance behaviour as shown by t-values of 3.069, 3.042 with p-value of 0.003, 0.005 at 5% level of significance respectively. This implies that that adoption of e-filing of tax return and attitude towards e-filing of tax return have increased tax compliance rate significantly. The study recommends that KW-IRS should further scale up its electronic filing system thereby improving tax compliance rate. In addition, KW-IRS should continue to put more effort in ensuring a strong and robust security system standby to protect taxpayers' confidential information transmitted over the internet against cybercrime.

The taxation of the digital economy is a dynamic and ongoing process, as governments and international organizations navigate the complexities of taxing digital transactions and inabilities in ensuring a level playing field for all businesses, and the issue of digital tax avoidance has emerged as a concern, despite efforts by various countries around the world by implementing some measures like digital services taxes to ensure that digital companies contribute their fair share of taxes. Based on these unending issues, the study therefore, the aims to examine the impact of taxation of digital economy on tax implications for businesses operating in Nigeria. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design and the population of the study consisted of 350 stakeholders in Nigeria, including employees of the Federal Inland Revenue Services (FIRS) and employees of the top 32 startups in Nigeria as of 2022. Random sampling technique was employed to quantitatively select a sample of 187 senior employees of both FIRS and startups businesses in Nigeria. The primary data obtained was analyzed using a Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. This study found that taxation of digital economy has no significant impact on tax implications for business operating in Nigeria as shown by tvalues of 0.944 with p-value of 0.345 at 5% level of significance. The study concludes that taxation of digital economy has no influence in enhancing tax implications in Nigeria. The study recommends that governments should maintain their investment in capacity building and expertise development for tax authorities and practitioners working with digital companies, as this would enhance tax compliance and enforcement within the digital economy.

The study aims to test and analyze the effect of capital intensity, debt costs, and independent commissioners as independent variables, on Tax Aggressiveness as dependent variables. This research approach uses quantitative approaches with descriptive methods. The population of 163 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2016 - 2020. The number of samples in this study amounted to 13 companies with purposive sampling methods, data that was successfully processed as many as 65 annual financial statement data. Statistical methods for data analysis using the eviews 10 application. The results of the panel&#39;s regression analysis test proved that partially, for capital intensity variables had a positive and significant effect on tax aggressiveness, the debt cost variable had a positive and insignificant effect on tax aggressiveness, while the independent commissioner variable had a negative and insignificant effect on tax aggressiveness.

This research aims to determine and analyze the effect of firm size, sales growth, and audit committee on tax avoidance. The study was conducted on Resource Sector Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2018-2020 period. The research method is descriptive quantitative, while the sampling method uses purposive sampling. The sample in the research is 12 companies. The data analysis tool used is Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 25. The results of the study show that company size has no significant effect on tax avoidance, sales growth has a positive and significant impact on tax avoidance, the audit committee does not affect tax avoidance, while collectively-the exact size of the company, sales growth, and the audit committee simultaneously affect tax avoidance.

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence about the effect of Firm Age, Profitability (Return on Assets), and Sales Growth (Sales Growth) on tax avoidance. This study is a quantitative study using secondary data in the form of financial reports and annual reports of food and beverage sub-sector manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2015 to 2019. The sample selection used the purpose sampling method. The data analysis technique uses multiple regression analysis with SPSS 20. The results of this study are that the age of the company has a positive and significant effect on tax avoidance. Variable return on assets has a positive effect on tax avoidance. Sales growth variable has no effect on tax avoidance. This is because high sales growth does not necessarily affect the profit generated because each period also produces a different cost of goods sold.

This study aims to determine the effect of tax avoidance and tax risk on cost of debt. The independent variables in this study are tax avoidance and tax risk. The dependent variable is cost of debt. Data used in this study from financial statement of manufacturing companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2016-2020. The amount of sample used 43 firms with purposive sampling during 2016-2020. The analytical method used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis which processed by using SPSS 25 software application. The results of this research find that tax avoidance has no effect on cost of debt. Tax risk has a positive significant on cost of debt.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan memberikan bukti empiris pengaruh intensitas modal, pertumbuhan penjualan, dan CSR terhadap penghindaran pajak. Variabel independen penelitian ini adalah intensitas modal, pertumbuhan penjualan, dan CSR, variabel dependen yaitu penghindaran pajak. Variabel independen intensitas modal diukur dengan rasio intensitas aset tetap. Variabel pertumbuhan penjualan diukur dengan sales growth. Variabel CSR diukur dengan indikator GRI G4. Variabel dependen penghindaran pajak diukur dengan boox tax difference (BTD). Populasi penelitian ini adalah 166 perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di BEI tahun 2016-2018. Sampel penelitian dipilih menggunakan metode purposive random sampling dengan kriteria tertentu dan diperoleh sebanyak 200 data perusahaan yang memenuhi kriteria. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa variabel intensitas modal tidak berpengaruh terhadap penghindaran pajak, namun variabel pertumbuhan penjualan dan CSR berpengaruh positif terhadap penghindaran pajak.

This study aims to examine the effect of corporate risk taking, intensity of fixed asset and firm size on aggressive tax avoidance. This study uses secondary data from is manufacturing company during 2016-2018. Techniques and sampling used are using by purposive sampling. The data analysis technique used is multiple regression with the help of Statistical Package For Social Science (SPSS). The results of this study indicate that first, corporate risk taking has a significant positive effect on aggressive tax avoidance where the significance value is 0,002 &lt; 0.05. Second, intensity of fixed asset has a significant negative effect on aggressive tax avoidance where the significant value is 0.000 &lt; 0.05. Third, firm size has a significant negative effect on agggressive tax avoidance where the significant value is 0.019 &lt;0.05. The conclusion of the study shows: 1) The corporate risk taking has a significant positive effect on aggressive tax avoidance, 2) Intensity of fixed asset...

Profitability is one of the most important objectives of financial management because one goal of financial management is to maximize the owner’s wealth. Hence profitability becomes very important determinant of company performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate income tax and liquidity on profitability of manufacturing companies listed at the Ghana Stock Exchange. Profitability is the dependent variable while corporate income tax and liquidity are the independent variables. The sample in this study includes four listed manufacturing companies on the Ghana Stock Exchange for over five years. Correlations of variables and regression analysis revealeda negative relationship between profitability of manufacturing companies and corporate income tax to show that corporate income tax has negative effect on company profitability. However, a positive and significant correlation was established between liquidity and profitability on manufacturing compani...

This study aims to analyze the application of the Tax Amnesty Program and the results generated by the Program to the Level of Taxpayer Compliance, Tax Management, and its Contribution to the Establishment of the Taxation System. The type of research conducted is descriptive qualitative research by collecting materials from the literature, website research and then discussing the Tax Amnesty event based on materials taken from the literature. The results of this study indicate that the Tax Amnesty Program is able to increase Taxpayer Risk Levels, provide taxpayers with ease in their tax matters, but the Tax Amnesty Program does not have a stake in tax management from taxpayers. It is also found that the Tax Amnesty Program has several weaknesses that have been anticipated by other Government Regulations.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi profitabilitas, likuiditas, leverage, ukuran perusahaan dan corporate social responsibility terhadap penghindaran pajak. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori legitimasi, teori stakeholder dan teori agensi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari metode obeservasi. Sumber data penelitian ini dari laporan tahunan dan laporan keberlanjutan pada perusahaan non keuangan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) untuk periode 2016-2019. Sampel yang dipilih menggunakan metode sampel purposive, dengan total 20 perusahaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian ini mengindikasikan bahwa profitabilitas, ukuran perusahaan dan corporate social responsibility memiliki pengaruh positif tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap penghindaran pajak. Likuiditas dan leverage memiliki pengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap penghindaran pajak.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi profitabilitas, likuiditas, leverage, ukuran perusahaan dan corporate social responsibility terhadap penghindaran pajak. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori legitimasi, teori stakeholder dan teori agensi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari metode obeservasi. Sumber data penelitian ini dari laporan tahunan dan laporan keberlanjutan pada perusahaan non keuangan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) untuk periode 2016-2019. Sampel yang dipilih menggunakan metode sampel purposive, dengan total 20 perusahaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian ini mengindikasikan bahwa profitabilitas, ukuran perusahaan dan corporate social responsibility memiliki pengaruh positif tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap penghindaran pajak. Likuiditas dan leverage memiliki pengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap penghindaran pajak.

The study examines the impact of tax avoidance on salary distribution in the Indonesian property and real estate sectors. The study uses purposive sampling techniques by taking a sample of 65 companies on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2019-2020. This hypothesis is tested through the application of the double linear regression method. This research shows that tax evasion has no statistically significant influence on wage distribution. The size and age of the company, as well as its modalities, have a statistically significant and positive influence on wage distribution. On the contrary, audit committees and return on equity (ROE) have a statistically significant negative influence on wage distribution. The importance of capital's role in unemployment income has been proven significantly and provides substantial benefits. The variables return on asset (ROA), liquidity, leverage, growth, and accumulated wages show positive influences on wage distribution but are not statistically significant. These findings show that there is no statistically significant influence of increases in the debt-to-equity ratio (DER), cash effective tax rate (CETR), effective tax rate (ETR), and average wage on salary distribution.

The sustainability of real estate industry in Nigeria has become a challenge to the stakeholders of the industry since the arrival of globalization and this has resulted to the industry low contributions to Nigeria economic growth. Therefore, this research study investigated effects of human resource investment on economic sustainability of real estate industry in Nigeria. The study adopted ex-factor research design data collection and data were collected from the annual reports of Arbico Plc. The statistical techniques adopted were descriptive statistics with regression analysis. The findings revealed that investment in human resource of Arbico Plc has a positive and significant contribution to the firm's economic sustainability. It was put forward that that Arbico Plc should continue to invest more on the human resource via training the employees. Also, regulatory authority on financial reporting in Nigeria should mandate all listed firms in the real estate industry to report employee training cost in their yearly annual reports.

Many Zimbabwean companies facing financial distress and having gone under judicial management, which is supposed to be recuperative, have failed to recover. Studies indicate that more than 80% of companies under judicial management end up in liquidation, raising the concern of the judicial managers’ skills and competencies. This study, therefore, sought to assess the efficacy of strategies implemented by Zimbabwean companies placed under judicial management and the judicial manager’s skills and competencies in turning around companies within a reasonable time. Data was collected from a stratified random sample of seventy-six respondents consisting of: judicial managers, senior and junior managers and owners of companies under judicial management in Harare. The findings revealed that only financial and operational strategies were shown to have significant and positive impact on post judicial management order performance. The skills and competencies of the incumbent judicial manager s...

How well firms handle liquidity and asset utilization determines their development, performance, and survival. Different liquidity and asset utilization methods impact firms' bottom lines. While most studies have studied the influence of liquidity and asset utilization on performance independently, this research tests both factors using debt ratio as a mediating variable. The investigation used secondary data from 50 Egyptian listed firms' annual reports from 2019-2021. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression. The study indicated that using tangible assets and current assets (liquidity) affected corporate performance. The debt ratio does not affect asset utilization, liquidity, and company performance. This study may assist management and financial experts in examining the company's growth characteristics, liquidity and asset utilization, business risk, and financial performance to anticipate its future worth.

The outbreak of COVID-19 affected all aspects of individuals at a worldwide level. It harmed the physically and economically of individuals, and lower the growth of economies, globally. India the third largest consumer of oil and gas was affected by the pandemic, negatively. The study is based on the data collected from the financial statements of Indian oil and gas companies available on the websites. The purpose of the study is to know the financial performance of the Indian oil and gas companies pre and post-COVID-19 pandemic period. The absolute and relational financial variables are applied to get the absolute trend and relational growth of the financial performance of Indian oil and gas companies in graphical form. To explore the profit-earning capacity, short-term paying ability, and long-term paying ability of the Indian oil and gas companies, profitability (profit before tax ratio) ratio, liquidity (current ratio) ratio, and solvency (Debt-Equity ratio) ratio were applied. From 2015 to 2021, the absolute values of revenues, total expenses, and profit before tax were applied to get the trend in graphical form while stacked column charts were prepared to compare the profitability, liquidity, and long-term paying ability of the Indian oil and gas companies. During the pandemic period, total revenues, total expenses, profits, and profitability declined while liquidity and solvency status was unaffected by COVID-19 in Indian oil and gas companies. The profitability of the smaller Indian oil and gas companies improved more than the larger Indian oil and gas companies after the COVID-19 pandemic. It is found that the large-scale production of Indian oil and gas companies was affected more than the smallerscale production of Indian and gas companies by the negativity of the pandemic COVID-19 due to fixed expenses.

The government&#39;s policy during the Covid-19 pandemic to provide social assistance funds taken from the State Budget, resulted in a deficit and taxes as the main instrument in supporting the state budget must play a multidimensional role. On the one hand, taxes are required to achieve the tax revenue target so that our APBN is healthy, but on the other hand, it must be sensitive and responsive in the economy. The government anticipates the worst possible scenarios for the state budget, thus implementing extraordinary measures to speed up the state budget recovery. Starting from this, tax reform is crucial. Tax governance must be better. One of them is Law Number 7 of 2021 concerning the harmonization of tax regulations. The Voluntary Disclosure Program (PPS) is one of the new provisions contained in Law Number 7 of 2021 concerning Harmonization of Tax Regulations. This program aims to improve voluntary taxpayer compliance which is carried out based on the principles of simplicity...

Tax amnesty program was obtain to apply Republic Indonesia government regulation number 11 year 2016. The present study aims at providing why do tax payers take tax amnesty. This study used Case Study Research approach. A single case study approach was choosen because one data was enough to achieve the research objective. Data were gathered by questionnaire and semi-structured interview with tax payers in Solo Raya. The finding shows that comprehension of tax amnesty only can be understood three of tax payers, they take tax amnesty program by working together with tax consultant, and the problems are for arranging technical and minim for socialization become obstruction of tax amnesty realization. The limitation of this research is not using comparative case study. In addition, this research timming is limited. However this research raises the higher of leader or personal commitment to do tax amnesty program with the hope by increasing regular tax amnesty socialization, simplificati...

How well firms handle liquidity and asset utilization determines their development, performance, and survival. Different liquidity and asset utilization methods impact firms' bottom lines. While most studies have studied the influence of liquidity and asset utilization on performance independently, this research tests both factors using debt ratio as a mediating variable. The investigation used secondary data from 50 Egyptian listed firms' annual reports from 2019-2021. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression. The study indicated that using tangible assets and current assets (liquidity) affected corporate performance. The debt ratio does not affect asset utilization, liquidity, and company performance. This study may assist management and financial experts in examining the company's growth characteristics, liquidity and asset utilization, business risk, and financial performance to anticipate its future worth.

The study appraised the impact of credit management on the operational performance of productive firms in the economy focusing on selected productive organizations in Nigeria namely Nigeria Breweries Plc, Guinness Nigeria Plc and Nestle Nigeria Plc. The objectives of this study include the following; to ascertain the effects of debt ratio on the return on asset ratio of the productive firms in Nigeria. The main purpose of this study is to find the influence of account receivable ratio on the return on asset ratio of the Nigerian productive firms and to determine the effect of account payable ratio on the return on asset for the same. The study used ex-post facto as design while the analytical tools used were unit root test, descriptive statistics and random panel regression model. Debt ratio does not have found significant associated on the return on asset ratio. Moreover, return on asset ratio does not found significantly associated with the account receivable ratio. The return on asset ratio does not significantly affected on that account payable ratio. The study concluded that for Nigerian brewery Plc the return on asset ratio and debt ratio were stationary at first difference while account receivable ratio and account payable ratio became stationary at second difference. The study recommended that to encourage credit facilities in a brewery firm the sales department of the firm must have thorough understand of the credit policy which will encourage the customers or client to accept their credit facilities without being bias rather based on returns or yield of profits. Companies should increase the rate of credit sales based on credit behavior and trustworthy of customers only despite the fact that credit sales are a marketing tool to maintain or expand sales.

Small and Medium Scale Enterprises play an important role in the Economic Development of both developed and developing nations. Nigeria is no exception with SMEs providing about 85% of employment in manufacturing sector, believed to contribute to about 70% to GDP and account for about 92% of businesses in Nigeria. However, the SMEs are confronted with challenges of credit accessibility for their expansion and growth. The above constraints gave rise to the researchers to examine impact of bank loan on the profitability of SMEs in Bauchi state of Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine impact of bank loan on the profitability of SMEs in Bauchi state. To this end, the study used survey method and secondary data method. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain relevant data from a sample of 97 SMEs operators of Bauchi state. In addition, Krangcie and Morgan table was used to select the firms. Both descriptive and multiply regression analysis were used in the analysis of the relevant data. The analyses were done using multiple regression analysis to examine impact of bank loan on the profitability of SMEs in Bauchi state. In conclusion, this research shows that bank loan has negative relationship with Return on Asset but have positive relationship with firm size and firm age in Bauchi state based on the research findings.

This paper examined impact of agency costs on financial performance of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria. The research utilized documentary data collected from annual reports of consumer goods companies in Nigeria for the period of 2007-2016. A panel data regression technique was employed. The study reveals inverse relationship between agency costs and financial performance, indicating that agency costs will lead to a decline in financial performance, if not properly managed. Based on this result the study recommends that managements of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria should lay down effective rules and regulations that will ensure avoidance of keeping free cash flow at managers’ discretion so that agency costs could be minimized and effectively managed. This could be achieved by complying with the suggestions by free cash flow hypothesis paying it out in the form of cash dividend or committing the firms in to more financial obligations which requires periodic in...

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi bagaimana keterkaitan program pengungkapan sukarela dengan asas keadilan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif untuk memperoleh informasi yang lebih mendalam. Berdasarkan pengujian diperoleh temuan penting, yaitu program pengungkapan sukarela telah  memenuhi seluruh syarat asas keadilan dan dapat memberikan dampak positif dengan meningkatkan penerimaan pajak dari harta yang diungkapkan dan membantu pemulihan ekonomi di Indonesia.

Public and Private Firms (PPFs) are established to promote economic development (ED) and provide infrastructures for national development. The study examined the effect of PPFs on ED in the area of professional development (PD) and employment generation (EG). The research design used for the study was the survey strategy. A self-designed questionnaire was the tool used to collect information to achieve the objectives of the study. Simple descriptive and inferential statistics (One-Way Analysis of Variance) were used to test the hypotheses. The study showed the effect of PPFs on PD as inadequate professional technological development with a mean score 3.938, while crime rate among youths ranked highest in the EG category with a mean score 3.975. The study recommended the need for consistent review of technology techniques adopted by various professionals and proper professional development monitoring and evaluation and formulation of policies that will boost employment generation for the youths.

The beginning of twenty-first century had placed a lot of threats to accounting profession and hampered the confidence of financial statement users; worldwide. Against this background, this study investigated the effect of risk management on financial performance of listed consumer goods firms on the Nigerian Stock Exchange for the period 2014 to 2018. Samples of thirteen (13) companies were selected using census techniques. The study used ex-post facto research design; hence panel data was collected from the annual reports and accounts of the sampled companies. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression model was used in testing the hypotheses stated. Findings showed that liquidity risk and operational risk were statistically insignificant and negatively related to financial performance at 5% level of significance. However, market risk was found to be significantly and positively related to financial performance at 5% level of significance. Therefore, the study concluded that risk management especially market risk affect financial performance. However, the study recommended that management of the companies should promote sound pricing policy of their products and also cut down or reduce operating cost to optimized high sale and lower operating cost which in return manifest to high revenue generation and boost up the company's financial performances.

Indonesia is one of the countries that organizes tax amnesty and is the country with the highest tax amnesty money in the world. Apart from this, many targets set by the government regarding Tax Amnesty have not been achieved. The level of compliance of taxpayers who follow Tax Amnesty is also low, which is still below 5%. The impact of the first tax amnesty is to boost investment rates. Tax Amnesty will attract funds from abroad into the country, a sector that is affected by tax amnesty which is believed to drive economic growth in Indonesia and also creates envy for taxpayers who are already obedient to taxation in Indonesia.

Prior to the 1998 economic downfall, and in ten years after in 2008, BMT (Baitul Maal wa Tamwil) proofed the endurance to remain stable. From those external factors, strived the company very hard hard to sustain its business, as well as to formulate a better strategy to its competitive advantage. The research begins with the internal and external analysis, using a SWOT Analysis. The results shows its business strength and its market penetration, lies in its company’s human development. Through the IE Matrix, founds BMT Beringharjo competitive position in Quadrant or cell IV Matrix IE, with growth strategy through horizontal integration concentration. Based on its position of: (1) competition; (2) strength; (3) weakness; (4) opportunity; (5) threats. Enriched with strategy of: (1) market penetration; (2) market development; as well as (3) horizontal integration strategy to the creative innovation strategy is inevitable to remain exist and gain more success.

Abstact In the Tax Amnesty Constitution, it is confirmed that tax amnesty is an act of abolition towards outstanding taxes debt, which will not be fined for taxation administration and convicted of crime in the taxation field by unveiling wealth which has not been reported (either declared or repatriated) in the annual tax report (SPT) of the previous year and paying retribution as have been regulated in the particular constitution. The government as the authorities put a serious attention towards the success of this tax amnesty policy, which is hoped to give a positive impact towards national economy and development. Various socializations, counselings, seminars, and discussions have been held in the entire nation to support this policy. Tax amnesty has positive goals, which in short term, this will generate additional income from the retribution funds paid by taxpayers who join this program, and for the following years, this policy will create obedience of the taxpayers in paying ...

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi bagaimana keterkaitan program pengungkapan sukarela dengan asas keadilan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif untuk memperoleh informasi yang lebih mendalam. Berdasarkan pengujian diperoleh temuan penting, yaitu program pengungkapan sukarela telah  memenuhi seluruh syarat asas keadilan dan dapat memberikan dampak positif dengan meningkatkan penerimaan pajak dari harta yang diungkapkan dan membantu pemulihan ekonomi di Indonesia.

This study investigated the determinants of financial reporting quality among listed industrial goods firms in Nigeria. All the 14 industrial goods firms listed on the Nigerian stock exchange from 2010 to 2019 were included in the study. This study used the descriptive and inferential statistical methods to analysed the data collected through content analysis of the annual report and accounts of the sampled firms. The result of the panel least square regression revealed that firm size and asset tangibility have positive significant effect on financial reporting quality. Profitability and financial distress have negative influence on the quality of financial reporting while firm growth has no statistically significant effect on financial reporting quality. The result of the influence of financial distress suggests that the quality of financial reporting decreases with distress. The study recommended, amongst others, that special attention be paid to the quality of financial information provided by companies that are experiencing financial distress.

How IoT Will Influence Accounting and Billing Systems It be believed that IoT can remodel the accounting and billing industry. Since it connects all devices on a global scale, the data harvested by each connected device can be translated into stellar strategies. IoT can be used with suitable accounting software to automate the process of accounting and billing to improve its overall productivity. Thus, IoT has the potential to enhance the accounting system in many ways. These are many online accounting packages and tools that focus on small and medium businesses, and now it's no longer just clouds with Internet things taking over. ➢ Banks and salaries provided data directly into the system, ➢ Sales representatives create invoices directly from their iPhones ➢ Invoices are entered directly from iPhones by people who buy goods ➢ Like Xero, the calculations are surprisingly accurate without any input from the accountant ➢ SMEs are now asking for advice that not only sets the time of commitment but also helps them shape their business for the future. ➢ Accountants and service providers in all professions need to find new ways to be part of the new service-driven world. Internet of Things, known as Internet of Things (IoT), is a network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances and other components embedded with electronic devices, computers, sensors, engines and communication that enable these devices to communicate and share data that is uniquely defined by a computer capable of on the interaction within the current infrastructure of the Internet.

The research aims to illuminate and raise questions about the future of accounting and auditing from the perspective of the most prominent technology, virtual reality technology, the Metaverse. A normative approach is considered an appropriate approach for future research. The research's contribution is that it is the first scientific study to identify a link between accounting, auditing, and the Metaverse, which no other research has done. As prominent results' of the research, the Metaverse represents a vertical rather than a horizontal development in accounting and auditing, where their objectives remain unchanged. Metaverse technologies will serve as auxiliary tools for them. Furthermore, Metaverse creates new digital assets that require accounting measurements to provide tools and disclosure methods that are accurate. In addition, the Metaverse has potential effects on planning the audit process and collecting evidence. Moreover, because it provides an interactive environment with enormous potential, the Metaverse can be used in education and accounting training.

Pemerintah terus mengupayakan berbagai kebijakan perpajakan untuk menarik Wajib Pajak UMKM agar dapat patuh dalam memenuhi kewajiban perpajakannya. Pemerintah diharapkan dapat mempertimbangkan kembali kebijakan perpajakan yang bisa menarik minat masyarakat menjadi Wajib Pajak seperti kebijakan yang perlu dipertimbangkan adalah diberikannya Tax Amnesty (TA). Dengan diterbitkannya kebijakan TA Pemerintah berharap para Wajib Pajak semakin patuh dan ingin melaporkan semua harta yang dimiliki agar dapat membantu meningkatkan penerimaan pajak yang akan digunakan untuk pembiayaan pembangunan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perspektif Wajib Pajak pelaku usaha konveksi terhadap Tax Amnesty (TA) dan menganalisis apakah kebijakan Tax Amnesty (TA) dapat mempengaruhi kepatuhan Wajib Pajak dalam memenuhi kewajiban perpajakan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 3 orang pelaku usaha konvek...

The government&#39;s policy during the Covid-19 pandemic to provide social assistance funds taken from the State Budget, resulted in a deficit and taxes as the main instrument in supporting the state budget must play a multidimensional role. On the one hand, taxes are required to achieve the tax revenue target so that our APBN is healthy, but on the other hand, it must be sensitive and responsive in the economy. The government anticipates the worst possible scenarios for the state budget, thus implementing extraordinary measures to speed up the state budget recovery. Starting from this, tax reform is crucial. Tax governance must be better. One of them is Law Number 7 of 2021 concerning the harmonization of tax regulations. The Voluntary Disclosure Program (PPS) is one of the new provisions contained in Law Number 7 of 2021 concerning Harmonization of Tax Regulations. This program aims to improve voluntary taxpayer compliance which is carried out based on the principles of simplicity...

This study empirically explored the effect of environmental sustainability cost on the financial position of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria with evidence from the healthcare sector. In achieving the research target, the study estimated the effect of community development cost, employee benefit cost and raw material cost on the profit after tax of the selected healthcare manufacturing sector. Research design adopted was ex-post facto design while analytical tools employed were descriptive statistics and vector auto regression analysis techniques. Relevant diagnostic tests such as panel unit root (stationarity) test and co-integration test. Findings revealed that environmental sustainability cost operationalized by community development cost, employee benefit cost and raw material cost contributes positively to the long-run sustainable growth and development of healthcare manufacturing firms in Nigeria. On this background, the study suggested that healthcare manufacturing firms in Nigeria should consider investing in their workers through engaging them in various educational training and other beneficial skills for improved performance and organizational productivity. The firms should equally consider investment in community development projects of their host communities since they lead to more patronage which makes the company to thrive.

Acquisition and restructuring strategies are some of the growth and retrenchment strategies that firms employ with the aim of achieving competitive advantage in form of superior financial sustainability position. In this study, we set out to provide a descriptive framework for acquisition and restructuring strategies as corporate level strategies and to investigate the ability of these strategies to help organizations improve their financial sustainability. Acquisition was recommended as an effective diversification strategy due to its benefit of increasing barriers to entry. Horizontal and vertical integration were particularly recommended as effective market development strategies by way of acquisition of unique resources and competitors' market share. However, few authors also discouraged acquisition strategy on the grounds of increase in external reliance for critical resources. Restructuring strategies were recommended as an effective part of a turnaround strategy as opposed to being implemented in isolation.

The study examined the effect of tax avoidance on government budget implementation in Southwest Nigeria for the period 1999-2014. Out of the six states in Southwest Nigeria (Lagos, Ondo, Ekiti, Oyo, Osun and Ogun), simple random sampling was used to select Ekiti, Ondo, Osun and Ogun states. Secondary data on VAT, PAYE, CGT, and WIT were gathered from office of Budget and Economic Planning, Research Department and Internal Revenue office of sampled Southwest states. The estimated parameters for tax avoidance variables from the model were statistically significant at 0.05 for assessing and determining the performance of budget implementation. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The f-statistic value 5.409 and the probability of f-statistic 0.0005 revealed that the panel regression model was appropriate, valid, reliable, and acceptable for the study. The results showed that 61 percent of the expected revenue of the states was hampered by avoidable consequence of tax avoidance through non compliance with collection and remittances. The level of tax avoidance through implementation of tax laws and policies in Southwest Nigeria revealed negative performance of government budget implementation and as such affected the development of the economies of sampled states (t = 3.84, 6.36 and 9.94 for VAT, CGT and WIT respectively). The study concluded that there is a linear relationship among three out of the four independent variables considered (VAT, CGT and WIT) and budget implementation in South West Nigeria. The study recommended that government should develop a well equipped database aiming at identifying all possible sources of tax avoidance by companies and individual tax payers, which will help in checking truancy of tax payers, thereby leading to reduction in non compliance and remittances of appropriate tax dues. It was equally recommended that state governments should establish proper accountability and transparency agencies to monitor the collection and remittances of tax revenue. Tax agencies must be strictly positioned to discourage every form of unwholesome or corrupt practices connected with the tax system.

Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2021 tentang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan (UU HPP) merupakan kelanjutan dari Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (UU Ciptaker) dalam hal pengaturan ketentuan di bidang perpajakan. UU HPP mengatur beberapa perubahan dan pencantuman ketentuan baru termasuk di antaranya Program Pengungkapan Sukarela (PPS).  Salah satu tujuan PPS yang utama adalah meningkatkan kepatuhan wajib pajak. PPS dilaksanakan berdasarkan asas kesederhanaan, kepastian hukum dan dan kemanfaatan. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dilakukan melalui web seminar bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman kepada masyarakat mengenai PPS dan ruang lingkupnya. Materi yang disajikan dalam webinar ini antara lain kondisi makro ekonomi indonesia, dampak situasi pandemi, dan kaitan PSS dengan kepatuhan pajak. Pelaksanaan webinar terdiri dari tiga tahap. Pertama, penyajian materi dari narasumber 1. Kedua, penyajian materi dari narasumber 2. Ketiga, sesi tanya jawab dengan peserta....

The Banking sector is an indispensable financial service sector supporting development plans through channelizing funds for productive purpose, intermediating flow of funds from surplus to deficit units and supporting financial and economic policies of government. This paper will look at the factors contributing high rates of NPLs in Kenya despite the introduction of CBR. The other objectives are to determine the effects of Non-performing Loans in Kenyan commercial banks, to establish the trend of bad loans, before and after the introduction of CRB in Kenyan commercial banks and to determine the efforts taken to reduce the risks due to NPLs. The research covers all commercial banks in Kenya for the last ten years. The paper used secondary data and to analyse and draw conclusions and recommendations. This paper will provide an insight to the authorities manning the institutions and the government such that they find it in order to reduce the NPLs also it will provide a basis for further research.