Accounting and Financial Management

This study focused on income diversification and performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study adopted ex post facto research and employed the General Method of Moments (GMM) technique to analyze the panel data generated from the 21 banks used for the study. The preliminary econometrics test showed that all the variables were stationary at levels. The study revealed that loan interest income has significant and positive effect on the financial performance of the deposit money banks with coefficient and p-value of [0.094415, 0.0000]; foreign exchange transaction income has significant positive effect on
the financial performance of the deposit money banks [coefficient is 0.101002, p-value 0.0073]; electronic banking transaction income has significant and positive effect on the financial performance of the deposit money banks. The coefficient of the variable is [1.092108 whereas its p-value is [0.0000] , the card maintenance fee income was found to have positive and significant effect on the financial performance of the deposit money banks and the coefficient of the parameter is [1,232108 while the p-value is [0.0000], and conversely, the investment advisory fee income was found to have negative and no
significant effect on financial performance of the deposit money banks [coefficient = - 0.012503, p-value = 0.0000].Based on the findings, the study concluded that income diversification makes important contribution to the financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria, the loan interest income of the banks is associated with an upward growth in financial performance; summarily, income diversification enhances financial performance of deposit money banks. Based on the findings, it was recommended that deposit money banks
should be more committed and proactive towards implementing interest generating loan/credit intermediary products by recognising and taking remedial steps in issues relating to loan interest income growth; the deposit money banks should sustain electronic banking transaction
fees in order to maintain effectiveness in delivering the desired outcomes and to ensure that more attention is focused on those that enhance financial performance; the banks should consolidate on their foreign exchange rate transaction fees which continue to generate wealth for shareholders and the long term performance; the banks are recommended to further consolidate their card maintenance fee income to strengthen and contribute more to the growth of the banks; and that the banks should review their investment advisory portfolio to make it
earn significant contribution to the income base and hence improve performance.

Accounting has undergone a paradigm shift with the introduction of the Modern Approach of Accounting (MAA), which provides opportunities for both technical and techno-commercial entrepreneurs to expand their knowledge and expertise. Due to the rise of data analytics and ESG initiatives, the value of information in the business sector has increased, making this approach vital for a productive economy that benefits society. The MAA takes a multidisciplinary approach, letting Entrepreneurs draw on expertise from areas that at first glance may seem unrelated to the issue at hand.

This study investigated the effect audit quality on financial performance of selected deposit money banks in Nigeria for a period of ten (10) years spanning from 2013 to 2022. Ex-post facto and longitudinal research design was adopted. Financial performance was used as dependent variable captured using Tobin's q while audit fee, audit firm size, audit tenure and auditor academic qualification were used as independent variables. Population of the study consist of seventeen (17) Deposit Money Banks from which a sample of 12 quoted Deposit Money Banks from Nigeria Exchange Group was selected for the period of ten years spanning 2013 to 2022. The secondary sources of data were collected from annual reports of the selected banks quoted in Nigeria Exchange limited and four (4) specific objectives and hypotheses were subjected to some preliminary data tests like descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis and Variance inflation factor. The formulated hypotheses were tested and analyzed using panel regression analysis for further decision making. Using a sample of 120 firm-year observations, the result revealed that audit quality components such as auditor academic qualification has positive and significant effect on financial performance of Deposit money banks in Nigeria which was statistically significant at 5% level of significance while audit fee has negative but significant effect on financial performance of Deposit money banks in Nigeria which was statistically significant at 5% level of significance. Again, audit tenure and audit firm size have positive but non-significant effect on financial performance of quoted Deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study recommends among others that auditors should be encouraged to obtain additional qualifications as it aids them in providing high quality audit services that is capable of improving financial performance while regulatory agencies in Nigeria should increase surveillance on audit practices with regards to fees charged to improve financial performance of banks in Nigeria.

Purpose: In early 2018, the corporate non-performing loan ratio began to climb steadily, showing some threats to the financial health of the Egyptian banking system. Therefore, the determinants of corporate and retail credit risks in the banking sector of Egypt during 2013-2020 were studied in the present work to provide better insight into how the macroeconomic and microeconomic determinants affect the level of credit risks.

Nowadays, banks operate in a highly dynamic environment where substantial vulnerability to credit risk exposures threatens their performance by affecting the quality of bank portfolios and increasing their vulnerability to insolvency. In this context, the paper reviews the existing literature and finds no studies investigating the determinants of retail and corporate credit risk using machine learning techniques to enhance the predictive performance of bank credit risk exposures. Consequently, the paper aims to utilize machine learning algorithms, regression analysis, and classification models to identify the most effective predictive model that can improve banks' credit risk prediction capabilities. It will cover the period from 2011 to 2023 and analyze a sample of 26 banks operating in Egypt. Additionally, it classifies credit risk into retail and corporate categories to develop more robust predictive models tailored for the retail and corporate sectors of bank credit risk management, thereby underscoring the paper's novelty. The findings showed that the Random Forest and Kernel SVM can be used to improve the prediction of corporate and retail credit risk by utilizing bankspecific factors like profitability, liquidity, income diversification, capital, asset size, and operating efficiency, as well as macroeconomic factors like external debt, inflation, exchange rate, GDP, interest rate, and foreign direct investment.

This study applies game theory to analyze strategic tax avoidance and evasion behaviors among corporations and individuals, emphasizing decision-making within regulated environments. Drawing on empirical data from tax compliance reports covering North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, the Middle East, and Latin America between 2020 and 2024, the research employs a mixed-method approach. Quantitative models such as the Prisoner's Dilemma and Nash Equilibrium are combined with regression, chi-square, and time-series analyses to evaluate compliance behavior and economic outcomes. Results show a strong negative correlation (-0.74) between tax evasion and economic growth, and a positive Pearson coefficient (0.75) linking corporate profitability with aggressive avoidance strategies. Compliance disparities are evident, with corporations achieving higher rates (68%) than individuals (54%), reflecting structured tax planning. Policy simulations indicate that every 1% increase in audit frequency raises compliance by 0.5%. These findings highlight the value of digital monitoring, international cooperation, and balanced deterrent-incentive mechanisms in mitigating tax avoidance and safeguarding revenue sustainability.

ABSTRACT
This study examines the impact of civic education on political awareness among secondary school students in Oyo State. The research was guided by the belief that civic education plays a vital role in shaping young people’s understanding of democratic values, rights, and responsibilities. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and data were collected through questionnaires administered to a sample of students across selected secondary schools in Oyo State. The findings revealed that civic education significantly improves students’ knowledge of political processes, enhances their participation in discussions on governance, and fosters positive attitudes toward responsible citizenship. It also showed that students exposed to effective civic education are more likely to develop interest in voting, leadership roles, and community service. The study concludes that civic education is a powerful tool for promoting political awareness among young people. It recommends that the teaching of civic education should be strengthened in secondary schools through interactive methods, adequate resources, and curriculum review to further encourage active political participation among students.

Purpose: the main purpose of this research was to examine the impact of supply chain management (SCM) practice on performance in bank organizations in Ethiopia. Research methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive survey design was employed and three purposively selected government banks were studied using a census sampling approach, the data was collected through pretested questionnaire. The main quantitative analysis was employed using STATA 14. Results: status of SCM practice was at a high level. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that ease of access system support, efficient ordering, lean program, lead time, and customer relationship uniting SCM best practice with profitability have a positive relationship, however ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that SCM practice dimensions customer relationship with SCM best practice and lean program have a positive significant impact on the profitability of bank organization. The study performed at Jimma city may not represent all business process office employees of the bank and further longitudinal study required Contribution: This study offers practical and vital means for supply chain managers to appraise and measure supply chain performance practices. For instance, SCM practices can be employed to assess the degree to of firms' performance practices have been achieved and their impact on enhancing satisfaction.

This study examined the relationship between corporate tax avoidance and the financial performance of multinational companies operating in Nigeria. Survey data collected from 189 respondents revealed that tax avoidance practices are widely adopted, with nearly 60% of companies frequently engaging in such strategies. Most respondents reported that tax avoidance positively impacts profitability, particularly improving key financial indicators such as Return on Equity and Return on Assets. However, there was also a strong awareness of the potential long-term financial risks, with over 70% perceiving moderate to very high risk from continuous use of tax avoidance. Opinions on the effect of tax avoidance on long-term sustainability were mixed, with nearly half viewing it as positive and a significant minority indicating negative implications. These findings suggest that while tax avoidance remains an important financial tool, Nigerian multinational firms must carefully weigh immediate benefits against long-term sustainability challenges. The study recommends enhanced governance, balanced tax planning, and proactive engagement with regulatory authorities to foster responsible tax strategies.

According to research, accounting information-especially earnings-has remained valuable and relevant over time. Rather, other accounting elements like growth prospects and intangible assets have become more relevant, particularly in light of the new economy.

We conduct an experiment to investigate the potential benefits of an alternative format for the income statement, the matrix format, initially developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and UK Accounting Standards Board in their joint project on performance reporting. Sophisticated financial statement users (financial analysts and professional accountants) and less sophisticated financial statement users (MBA students) were asked to extract information from a set of financial statements that included an income statement either in the IAS 1 format or in the matrix format. We find that the matrix format improves the accuracy with which users extract financial information. This result is driven by greater accuracy, for all user groups, on “below‐the‐line” items. Furthermore, despite lack of familiarity with the matrix format, its use did not appear to affect the time taken, the ease of extracting financial information, or users' task completion confidence; fur...

This study investigates the long-run and short-run effects of trade openness and official development assistance (ODA) on economic development in Angola, a resource-rich but structurally fragile postconflict economy. Despite being one of Sub-Saharan Africa's leading oil exporters, Angola's growth trajectory has remained volatile and narrowly concentrated in the extractive sector. Using annual data from 2003 to 2024 and employing an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the study empirically evaluates whether trade and aid have translated into sustainable development, proxied by GDP per capita. The findings reveal that trade openness exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on economic development in the long run, while ODA and inflation have statistically insignificant effects. In the short run, inflation displays a marginal negative impact. The error correction term confirms the existence of a stable long-run equilibrium among the variables. These results suggest that while trade can foster long-term growth if strategically managed, foreign aid remains ineffective in the absence of strong institutions and policy coherence. The study contributes to ongoing debates on external economic integration and development in resource-dependent states and offers policy recommendations for enhancing trade efficiency, aid coordination, and macroeconomic stability.

Profitability is one of the key indicators in assessing a company's ability to generate profits and plays a crucial role in financial decision-making. According to the pecking order theory, companies with high profitability tend to prefer using internal funds and reduce reliance on debt. This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability on debt policy, as well as to examine the role of dividend policy as a moderating variable in this relationship. The study employed Slovin’s formula for sample selection and analyzed 263 non-financial publicly listed companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2023.  The  data  used  in  this  research  were  secondary  data  obtained  from  annual  financial  reports published  on  the  official  website  of  the  IDX  or  the  respective  company  websites.  Profitability  was measured using return on assets (ROA), debt policy was measured by the debt-to-equity ratio (DER), and dividend policy was measured by the dividend payout ratio (DPR). The analytical method used in this study was multiple linear regression analysis with the help of the SPSS software. The results indicate that profitability has a negative effect on debt policy, meaning that the more profitable a company is, the less likely it is to depend on debt financing. Additionally, the findings suggest that dividend policy does not significantly moderate the relationship between profitability and debt policy. This implies that whether  a  company  distributes  dividends  or  not  does  not  meaningfully  influence  how  profitability affects its debt decisions. These results are in line with the pecking order theory and provide insight for corporate financial managers in planning funding structures. It also emphasizes the importance of internally generated funds for companies with strong earnings performance

The advancement of technology has significantly transformed the practice of management accounting, redefined traditional theories and reshaped the role of management accountants in contemporary business environments. This paper explores the evolution of management accounting theory in response to technological innovations such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data analytics, Cloud computing, and Blockchain. The study critically examines how these tools have influenced cost management, budgeting, forecasting, and strategic decision-making. While technology enhances accuracy, efficiency, and realtime reporting, it also introduces new challenges regarding data security, ethical concerns, and the need for constant skill development. The paper concludes that management accounting theory must continue to evolve to integrate technological change while preserving its core purpose: providing relevant financial and nonfinancial information for effective management decision-making. The study further highlights how technology has enabled greater integration of financial and nonfinancial data, improved real-time reporting, and supported evidence-based management practices. At the same time, it acknowledges emerging challenges relating to data security, ethical considerations, system reliability, and the demand for continuous skill development among accounting professionals. By examining both the opportunities and risk associated with digital transformation, the seminar argues that management accounting theory must adapt to align with technological progress while retaining its core objective of delivering relevant, timely, and reliable information to support organizational performance and competitiveness.

Business competition of globalization era, as well as the AEC (ASEAN Economic Community) could change the market structure and monopolistic position of Perhutani toward Indonesian wood industry product. Perhutani is required to have ISO (International Standards Organization) standards which obtain quality and service, in addition to Perhutani as SOE conducted to do society satisfaction survey periodically at least once a year according to the policy of State Minister for the Empowerment of State Apparaturs Indonesia No 16 in 2014. Customer satisfaction consists of service quality, product quality and perceived value is important to retained customers. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of service quality, product quality and perceived value toward customers satisfaction and loyalty of Perhutani wood industry, to analyze the level of customers satisfaction and loyalty, along with manajerial implication. Sample collection method used is purposive sampling with sa...

In this book and the pages that follow, I've mostly
limited myself to the values with practical aspects about
which I could say something positive and constructive
regarding the corporate sector of Pakistan, because purely
negative critique seemed out of place. As a result, the
theory of knowledge takes considerably more room in this
book, and several subjects that industry professionals'
debate are just briefly handled, if at all. This book reflects
theoretical and practical aspects of corporate values and
also discusses the corporate sector of Pakistan along with
its core values in the same prism of observation. I have
never mentioned any company name or slogan. I have
ensured to discuss core concepts of corporate values along
with the practices of the corporate sector of Pakistan with
their core and functional values. This book is specifically
designed for industry professionals for scratching their
business skills; policy makers to develop a value chain
environment within the organization; and for training of
corporate employees. Secondly, this book is also designed
for academia as a curricular material for business students
seeking their career in the corporate sector.

This paper illustrates the profound difference between a risk management strategy of variance minimization and a risk management strategy of lower tail outcome elimination. Risk managers concerned about the variability of cash flows will tend to center their hedge decisions on their best guess on future cash flows (the budget), while risk managers concerned about costly lower tail outcomes will hedge (considerably) less depending on the level of uncertainty. A risk management strategy of lower tail outcome elimination is in line with theoretical recommendations in a corporate value-adding perspective. A cross -case study of blue-chip industrial companies partly supports the empirical use of a risk management strategy of lower tail outcome elimination but does not exclude other factors from (co-)driving the observations.

In July 2000, the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced a major expansion in public sector expenditure. The National Health Service (NHS) and Britain's schools and universities were amongst the main beneficiaries, but the Chancellor warned that the increased expenditure would be linked to performance targets.  The increasing use of performance-related targets in the public sector has been a key policy initiative of successive governments, in an effort to ensure greater accountability and transparency in the use of taxpayers' money and, perhaps more importantly, to maximise the social returns to public spending.  In the process, public sector institutions have been introduced to methods of management accounting long familiar to their private sector counterparts.  This article considers the two most popular techniques of management cost accounting and explores their limitations.

The need to enhance financial reporting in the public sector has led many countries to adopt international standards such as IPSAS to promote transparency and global comparability. This conceptual paper evaluated how the adoption of IPSAS 3 influences accounting information disclosure in public sector entities. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study conducts a theoretical analysis based on secondary data drawn from scholarly literature, accounting standards, and government documents. Rather than collecting new empirical data, the study synthesizes existing research to develop insights into IPSAS 3's impact. The methodology involved a systematic literature review and thematic analysis, focusing on publications from 2015 to 2024. Key databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and ScienceDirect were searched using terms like "IPSAS 3" and "public sector financial reporting." Through critical examination, the paper identified recurring themes and conceptual linkages between IPSAS 3 components: disclosures of accounting policies, changes in estimates, error corrections and improved accounting information disclosure. The analysis revealed that structured implementation of IPSAS 3 enhances the transparency, consistency, and reliability of financial statements. Findings are consistent with prior research conducted in countries such as

There is increasing global interest in ocean ecosystem health and how to harness the untapped potential of the blue economy. Additionally, nature-related financial risks can materialise from the environmental impact of firms within the blue economy. These risks can materially affect the cash flows and economic performance of blue economy firms. Yet, there is a lack of empirical studies in accounting literature on Blue Accounting Disclosures, which involve reporting oceanrelated sustainability practices in financial statements. This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework for Blue Accounting Disclosure that incorporates both financial and impact materiality, addressing the need for ocean-specific reporting guidance within existing sustainability frameworks. Adopting a qualitative research design, the study employs a systematic literature review, theoretical analysis, and conceptual modeling to create an integrated reporting disclosure model. The findings present an Integrated Blue Accounting Disclosure Model with four interconnected components: Materiality Assessment and Scoping, Impact Identification and Measurement, Risk and Opportunity Analysis, and Disclosure and Reporting Integration. The model provides a preliminary structured approach for incorporating marine ecosystem considerations into corporate reporting. The study contributes theoretically by extending materiality and stakeholder theories into the marine sustainability domain. It also advocates a shift from traditional financial reporting to forward-looking disclosures that align with the complexities of marine ecosystem stewardship and global sustainability goals.

This research work is aimed at determining the effectiveness of the Audit Committee (AC), analyzing its impact on the reliability of accounting information issued by spanish listed companies. With this aim, we study whether certain features such as its voluntary or otherwise compulsory formation, its independence and activity lead to an improvement of financial reporting quality, which is defined as the removal of avoidable qualifications in the audit report. We considered the periods where ACs were voluntary (1998-2002) and compulsory (2003 onwards). The results obtained suggest that: (a) compulsory ACs are more effective than voluntary ones; (b) ACs with a higher proportion of independent members do not lead to greater improvements in the quality of accounting information; and (c) the number of meetings of the AC is directly related to improvements in the quality of accounting information.

Purpose – the purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which MAS success defined in
terms of system usefulness has an intervening effect on the relation between organizational
coordination and control requirements and organization performance.
Design and Methodology – A primary survey was conducted on a group of managers who work
in two different sectors in Libya, Banks and petroleum companies.
Finding – the result of this empirical study shows that management accounting system’s
usefulness is positively associated with organizational coordination and control requirements and
mediates the indirect effect between organizational coordination and control requirements and
organization performance. More specific, system usefulness has a mediating impact on the
relationship between organizational coordination and control requirements and organization
performance.
Research limitation – this paper was limited to the effect of OCCR as an independent variable
on MAS effectiveness and OP on the Libyan banks and petroleum organizations. A crosssectional study presented in this research can establish association but not causality.
Keywords: MAS Success MASS, Organizational Coordination and Control Requirements
OCCR, Organization Performance OP, System usefulness SU.

This study aimed at examining the effect of budgeting participation with communication as an intervening variable towards budgetary slack Research Methodology: A quantitative approach was the method used for this analysis. The research was obtained by primary data through the online questionnaire with 255 respondents in Batam's service companies. The PLS-based structural equation modeling has been used to calculate the statistic of the data. Results: Based on the hypothesis testing result, the result shows that budgeting participation has a significant and positive effect on budgetary slack meaning H1 is accepted. Budgeting participation has a significant and positive effect on communication meaning H2 is accepted. Communication has a significant and positive effect on budgetary slack meaning that H3 is rejected. Communication can mediate budgeting participation on budgetary slack precisely strengthen the budgeting participation towards budgetary slack meaning H4 is accepted Limitations: This study only uses a service company in Batam as a research sample and the communication model used is Kenis (1979) who has modified in research (Ruliana, 2014) Contribution: This study contributes to disseminating information about the influence of budgeting participation as an independent variable on budgetary slack as the dependent variable can be moderated by communication so that the company needs to consider the budgeting process and build a communication climate so that employees can improve their performance.

Capital structure issues have been of particular importance since the 2008/2009 financial crisis because of several international scandals (e.g. Enron and WorldCom in the US, Parmalt in Italy, and Banco Português de Negócios in Portugal, Cadbury in Nigeria, among others). This calls for reformulation of governance mechanisms to minimize agency conflicts and restore confidence in capital markets, and transparency of the company's economic and financial situation. The choice of some corporate governance mechanisms impacts the company's capital structure, as it may influence agency costs between the principal and managers and between types of investors, and may impact the firm's financing decision. In this sense, this paper aims to analyze the impact of board independence on the capital structure of services listed firms in Nigeria. A panel data of listed companies on the Nigerian Exchange, between 2013 and 2022, and the multiple linear regression model was used. The main results suggest that the independence of the board of directors impacts capital structure. Moreover, the study finds that firm listing age moderates the effect of board independence on capital structure. This work focuses on an emerging country, Nigeria, where board independence has not been given priority. Future research may add to the sector investigated to improve the study R 2 .

The need to enhance financial reporting in the public sector has led many countries to adopt international standards such as IPSAS to promote transparency and global comparability. This conceptual paper evaluated how the adoption of IPSAS 3 influences accounting information disclosure in public sector entities. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study conducts a theoretical analysis based on secondary data drawn from scholarly literature, accounting standards, and government documents. Rather than collecting new empirical data, the study synthesizes existing research to develop insights into IPSAS 3's impact. The methodology involved a systematic literature review and thematic analysis, focusing on publications from 2015 to 2024. Key databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and ScienceDirect were searched using terms like "IPSAS 3" and "public sector financial reporting." Through critical examination, the paper identified recurring themes and conceptual linkages between IPSAS 3 components: disclosures of accounting policies, changes in estimates, error corrections and improved accounting information disclosure. The analysis revealed that structured implementation of IPSAS 3 enhances the transparency, consistency, and reliability of financial statements. Findings are consistent with prior research conducted in countries such as

Since the Black Thursday (October 24) and Black Tuesday (October 29) experiences that scholars widely associated as triggers for the great crash of the U.S Wall street stock market of 1929, there have been constant debates on whether there were Money Market Indicators (MMIs) causal undertone to that crashed performance of the stock market. Instead prior researches dwelled majorly on the effect of macroeconomic indicators on the performance of the market, with a stale and narrowed datasets, and without specifically selecting multiple MMIs as control variables. This creates a gap in research, and explains why this study was aimed at using 5 selected MMIs - Inter-Bank Call Rate (IBCR), Monetary Policy Rate (MPR), Treasury Bill Rate (TBR), Savings Deposit Rate (SDR), and Maximum Lending Rate (MLR) – and with a better updated and expanded monthly datasets (January 2010 – July, 2023) to examine how these selected control variables, individually and collectively, affect the performance of a stock exchange market – using the Nigerian Exchange limited (NGX) market as a case. Expo-facto was the research design for the study since the datasets utilized are already available and retrieved from both the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), and NGX historical data. These datasets as well as the formulated hypotheses were respectively analyzed and tested using Vector Auto-regression (VAR) model, and VAR diagnostics and tests’ Granger Causality Wald test model in STATA 15.0. The study found that, out of the 5 MMIs (control variables), only MPR [since p-value (0.002) < 0.05] and SDR [since p-value (0.007) < 0.05] provided statistical evidence of their independent and significant prediction of adverse impact on performance of NGX (measured by % Δ in ASI - and evident in its high volatility). However, it also found that when the control variables are considered collectively, it is capable of impacting the market significantly in the long-run [since p-value (0.009) < 0.05]. Thus, the study concludes that MMIs are true determinants of the performance of NGX market. The study then recommends that MMIs should be kept at favourable rates by CBN, other monetary regulators, and financial institutions, so as to foster the performance and stability of NGX market, and the economy at large.

This study investigates the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the profitability of businesses in Nigeria, using secondary data from the annual reports and financial statements of ten (10) randomly selected companies over the period from 2019 to 2024. The study aims to explore how CSR practices impact the financial performance of companies, specifically examining the Profit After Tax (PAT) as a measure of profitability. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis is employed to analyze the data and establish the connection between CSR activities and company performance.The findings of the study show that the companies in the sample allocated less than 10% of their annual profits to CSR initiatives. This suggests that while some companies engage in CSR, their contribution remains relatively small in proportion to their overall profitability. The coefficient of determination reveals that changes in CSR activities have a significant impact on the variations observed in the performance of these companies, particularly in terms of PAT. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for stronger regulatory frameworks to enforce CSR practices. It recommends that the Nigerian government introduce laws and regulations that require firms to allocate a portion of their profits to social responsibility, ensure transparency in social accounting, and address social costs effectively. The study emphasizes that by improving CSR engagement, businesses can contribute to national development while enhancing their long-term financial performance.

Considering the context of the changes implemented by the revised ISA 700, which required including items such as Key Audit Matters (KAMs), this article aimed to examine the effects of the changes in ISA 700 on audit quality and fees. Accounting and market data, information on the responsible audit firms, and the number of KAMs disclosed by publicly traded companies in Brazil were collected from 2014 to 2017. Overall, the results did not demonstrate evidence of improvement in audit quality after adopting the revised ISA 700. Audit fees also did not show statistically significant changes when comparing the period before and after adopting the new requirement. So, the study concluded that, during the four-year period surrounding the adoption of the new requirements, there was no evidence of an increase in audit quality or auditor fees for publicly traded companies in Brazil. This article expands academic discussions in the Brazilian capital market regarding the implications of including KAMs in audit reports, as well as the analysis of the practical effects of applying standards issued by regulatory bodies.

This study investigated the relationship between financial leverage and financial performance of fIrms in Nigeria: Evidence from the oil and gas and agriculture sectors. The specific aims of the study are to; analyse the effect of debt to asset ratio on financial performance of manufacturing companies; examine the effect of interest coverage ratio on financial performance of manufacturing companies; and establish the effect of debt-equity ratio on financial performance of manufacturing companies. This study adopted a multistage sample technique, and a simple random technique was employed to choose the oil and gas sector and agriculture sectors, while purposive sampling was employed to select 10 firms from the two sectors. The study employed descriptive and inferential analysis. The study made use of panel secondary data, which were gathered from the financial reports of the selected firms for the period of 10 years spanning from 2013 to 2022. Data were analysed with the use of correlation analysis and panel regression estimation procedures. The Hausman test was conducted, and the result found that the fixed effect estimation technique was the most appropriate and consistent for the study. The result of the fixed estimation technique then revealed a regression coefficient of DER of 0.3237 and a t-statistical value of 1.4375 at a p value of 0.0057 (p > 0.05). This indicates that the debt-to-equity ratio has a significant effect on the financial performance of firms in Nigeria. The study further revealed the regression coefficient of ICR of-0.1397 and a t-statistical value of 2.8473 at a p value of 0.0730 (p > 0.05). The study also showed that the regression coefficient of DAR of 0.1027 and a tstatistical value of 3.1283 at a p value of 0.0000 (p < 0.05) indicate that the relationship between DAR and ROI was positive and significant. The study concluded that the debt-to-equity ratio and

Cloud accounting is an important development direction of the new generation of information technology, and it is also an important strategic opportunity for Nigeria's accounting information innovation. This study assessed the need for integration of cloud accounting with traditional accounting in business organisations in Nigeria. The study explained the concept of cloud accounting, how cloud accounting works, the benefits of cloud accounting over traditional accounting, services provided by cloud accounting, factors to be considered in adoption of cloud accounting, types of cloud computing models, need for adoption of cloud accounting, cloud accounting's effects on traditional accounting. Pearson moment product coefficient and regression analysis were used to test the hypotheses, The findings of this study shows that there is a positive and significant correlation between Cloud Accounting and Traditional Accounting at 5%. (P=0.000<0.05) and the standard error value of 0.085. From the study, it was concluded that there is great need for integrating cloud accounting with Traditional accounting to achieve quality financial reporting on business organisations in Nigeria. It was also deduced from this study that cloud accounting does not only makes business easier, but also increases the productivity of the company accounting department and also assist businesses in maintaining their financial diversity and organization. The study therefore conclude among others that Since cloud accounting is a reality that will eventually impose itself, professional accountants should become more knowledgeable about cloud accounting, its application areas, and its impact on the accounting profession. They should also embrace this technology and integrate it with the conventional accounting rather than marginalize or resist it.

SUMMARYMandatory auditor rotation was recently proposed for the European Union and is also under consideration in the United States. There has been little research into either the benefits or costs of rotation in a true mandatory setting that could inform intelligent policy making. Our paper helps fill this gap by examining Italy, where mandatory rotation of auditors has been required since 1975. We find that outgoing auditors do not shirk on effort (or quality), but final-year fees are 7 percent higher than normal, which may indicate opportunistic pricing. The fees of incoming auditors are discounted by 16 percent even though they have abnormally higher engagement hours in the first year (17 percent), which is suggestive of lowballing. However, subsequent fees are abnormally higher and exceed the initial fee discount. Thus, the costs of mandatory rotation are nontrivial. Higher costs could be acceptable if rotation improves audit quality, but we find evidence of the opposite. Namel...

This study investigated the Flexible Work Practices and Employee Performance in Information Communication Technological industry in Nigeria. Job sharing and telecommuting were conceptualized as the dimensions of the independent variable while employee performance was used as the dependent. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey in its investigation of the variables. Primary source of data was generated through self-administered questionnaire. The target population of the study comprised employees, management staff and unit heads of the N a t i o n a l totaling 67. The sample size was obtained using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table for Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA) North-East Zonal Office Gombe State determining minimum returned sample size for a given population. For our population, the Krejcie and Morgan table placed our sample size at fifty four (54). The research instrument was validated by my supervisors vetting and approval while the reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70. The hypotheses were tested using the Spearman Rank Order Correlation. The tests were carried out at a 95% confidence interval and a 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that a significant relationship exists between flexible work practices and employee performance. The study recommends that management of the organisations should encourage job sharing where majority of the employees are part timers. This will helps in reducing cost and ensuring that work that could take longer being done by one person is handled faster by people working on part time basis at reduced cost.

The study investigated the relationship between financial literacy and investment decisions of
students in Bayelsa State, focusing on trainee accountants from three universities: Niger Delta
University (NDU), Federal University Otuoke (FUO), and University of Africa (UAT).
Specifically, it examined the relationship between debt management, savings literacy, and
investment decisions. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, with a population of 1,473
trainee accountants. A sample of 315 students was determined using Taro Yamane’s formula,
and Bowley’s statistics was used to determine the proportional representation of each
institution. A simple random sampling technique was employed to select respondents. Data
were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed with the aid of SPSS version
23. Descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient explored the
relationships between financial literacy dimensions and investment decisions. The findings
revealed positive and significant relationships between financial literacy dimensions: debt
management and savings literacy, and investment decisions. The study concludes that there is
a positive and significant relationship between financial literacy and investment decisions of
student in Bayelsa State. Based on the findings, the study recommends that educational
institutions organize workshops and courses on debt management, covering topics like interest
rates and repayment strategies, and incorporate savings literacy into the curriculum through
practical lessons on building emergency funds, understanding saving techniques, and financial
planning to enhance students' investment decision-making skills.
Keywords: Financial Literacy, Debt Management, Savings Literacy, Investment Decisions,
Trainee Accountants.

This study examined the determinants of domestic investment in Nigeria for the period 1983 to 2015. The study specifically examined the effect of government expenditure, interest rate spread, growth rate of the economy, inflation rate, exchange rate and credit to the private sector on domestic investment in Nigeria. The ex-post facto research design was adopted to collect the required data. The data were analysed using the ARDL technique. The result of the analyses showed that government expenditure, interest rate spread, growth rate of the economy, inflation rate, exchange rate and credit to the private sector has no long run causality with domestic investment in Nigeria. Also, only government expenditure has short run causality with domestic investment in Nigeria. Based on these findings, the study recommends government expenditure should be focused on viable long term capital projects such as infrastructure and social amenities to sustain its short term causality and establish lo...

This paper reviews the antecedent of internal branding and its different dimensions. Specifically, it is examined the meaning of internal branding from the main concept internal marketing. This paper focuses on different determinants assumed by Punjaisri et al. and many other researchers. The study shows the high level of HR involvement, proper communication and training, motivation, job satisfaction and leadership create the internal brand stronger and through which organization can enhance its growth by fulfilling the external customers’ desires.

We carried out this empirical study: implementation of ISA 710-Key Audit Matters KAMs in Nigeria. The methodology utilized a pooled data research design. These are data with both cross section and time interval. We applied data sourced from annual reports of firms quoted in the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). The population comprised all the quoted firms on the NSE from 2017-2020, and a purposive sample size of (30) firms that have evidence of disclosure of KAMs within these period. We apply Descriptive Statistics, Correlation and Multiple Regressions to determine the impact that firm age, firm leverage, and audit gender have on KAMs. Our empirical evidences show that about 44% of the systematic variations in the dependent variable in the pooled companies over the period in Nigeria are jointly explained by the independent variables of KAMs; while our specific findings show that Audit gender has a negative and insignificant impact on implementation of KAMs; Firm age and leverage have a positive significant impact on implementation of KAMs. We recommend that implementation of KAMs have cumulative impact and that only leverage and Firm age contribute positively. We, contributes with the evidence of variables that have impact on KAMs implementations in Nigeria; the rich literature and the relevance of the content of the applied model of KAMs.

Our study investigated how corporate governance variables (Board size BDSZ, Board independence BOID, Board composition BDCP and Audit tenure AUDT) affect the disclosure of KAMs using listed firms in Nigeria Stock Exchange NSE. We utilized a pooled research design which is a combination of both cross-sectional and time-series design properties. Study population comprised all the listed quoted firms on the NSE from 2017-2019, and with a purposeful sample size of thirty (30) firms that have elements of disclosure of KAMs consistently published within the period. Research analyses applied Descriptive Statistics, Correlation Analysis, Pooled Hausman Random, and Fixed Effect Model Test. We find that the Adjusted R-square value is (0.41), which indicates that corporate governance explains about 41% of the disclosure of KAMs in the polled firms under the study period; and BDSZ, BOID and BDCP have positive and significant effect on the disclosure of KAMs; while ADTN has a negative effect on the disclosure of KAMs in Nigeria. We recommend that corporate governance involvement have a cumulative effect in the disclosure of key audit matters KAMs, they should get involved in more decision making process, but be mindful that BDSZ, BOID and BDCP significantly affect the disclosure of KAMs. Our work contributes with, the rich empirical literature and the relevance of the content of the new model of KAMs applied in the study.

There is no denying the fact that ASUU and the government of Nigeria are often locked in a battle of salaries renegotiation in the face of steady increase in the cost of living in the country. This has given rise to scholarly investigations on topical issues, such as: economic implications of ASUU strikes; the impact of salary stagnation on university lecturers; poor funding of education in Nigeria; ASUU reoccurring strikes, and lecturers-political office holders' salary comparison, yet there is limited research on the economic realities of salary increment for labour, especially lecturers and the cost of living in the face of Nigerian politics. To bridge the gap, this study looked into the politics of salary increase for labour and cost of living in Nigeria with the academic staff union of universities (ASUU) in focus. One research question was provided answer to in the study. A qualitative method with descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The 6 federal universities were drawn through the simple random sampling technique while 1,190 lecturers were adopted for the study based on convenience nonrandomized sampling technique. The digital-oriented instrument for data collection was the researcher's self-developed structured instrument, 'Salary Increase for Academic Staff Union of Universities and Cost of Living Scale (SIASUUCLS)'. The instrument was validated by 2 lecturers while the Cronbach alpha technique was adopted to test for the instrument's reliability, and this yielded 0.75 as the reliability coefficient. SIASUUCLS was administered on relevant WhatsApp platforms of lecturers of the sampled universities. The analysis of data was done through weighted mean. Findings revealed that the reasons for which increment in salaries for labour have failed to meet up with the cost of living in Nigeria include but are not limited to: political interference, depreciation of naira value, and persistent inflationary pressure. The study concluded that it is only when economic realities, in terms of purchasing power of the increased salaries are well accounted for in salary negotiations that it will meaningful and fruitful to union members. It was recommended that if public universities in Nigeria must be effective, the salaries and welfare of members of ASUU must become prioritized and harnessed in a manner that comprehensively take account of cost of living rather than political sentiments.

Abstract:
The history of the banking system in Nigeria has been occasioned by many problems that resulted in distress. The consolidation and recapitalization exercise in the sector in 2005 was done in a bid to resolve this dilemma. This study examined the challenges of regulating commercial banks in Nigeria. To achieve this objective, the survey research approach was adopted. Specifically, the researcher relied mainly on secondary data for the bulk of the research materials used. Three hypotheses were formulated, analyzed, and tested using statistical mean and the chi-square. The result of the findings shows that challenges in the commercial banking system, which include: weak corporate governance, insider dealings and abuses, lingering boardroom squabbles, massive money laundering, etc., if not properly checked by the regulators, can mar the commercial banks' adherence to the provisions of CBN Acts and that regulatory and supervisory functions of the CBN and the NDIC have effectively curtailed distress in the Nigerian commercial banking system. The study concluded that there was a huge success in ensuring sanity, safety, and confidence in the system due to CBN's robust regulatory network. The study, amongst other recommendations, maintained that CBN should be proactive by ensuring that commercial banks adhere to prudential guidelines.

The thrust of this study was to ascertain the effect of sustainability disclosure on performance of listed food and beverages firms in Nigeria for a period of eleven (11) years spanning from 2010 to 2020. Ex-post facto and longitudinal research design was adopted. Sustainability disclosure which is the independent variable was captured using occupational health and safety disclosure, social environmental disclosure, environmental sustainability disclosure, employee information disclosure and corporate governance disclosure while financial performance which served as the dependent variable was measured using return on assets (ROA). Panel data were obtained from annual reports and accounts of the sampled food and beverages companies and subjected to preliminary data tests such as descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, variance inflation factor analysis and hausman effects tests for the study period. Multiple panels least regression

This study investigated empirically the moderating role of audit committee on firm attributes and reporting lag of quoted money deposit banks in Nigeria for a period of ten years covering from 2012 to 2021. The study adopted ex-post facto research design and data sourced from selected firm's yearly reports. To proxy firm attributes the study used return on asset (ROA), asset tangibility (ASSTAN), firm growth (FGRWT), firm age (FAGE), and firm size (FSIZE). Reporting lag was measured using the firm's reporting lag within the period of review while audit committee was measured by the audit committee size. The study conducted some preliminary analysis such as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis to ascertain the normality and presence of multi-colinearity in the data collated and used the ordinary least square regressions analysis to analyze the data collected. Findings show that the moderating role of Audit committee on ASSTAN, FAGE, and FSIZE positively but insignificantly affect the level of reporting lag of quoted Money Deposit Bank in Nigeria while ROA and FGRWT, positively and significantly affect the level of reporting lag of quoted Money Deposit Bank in Nigeria hence audit committee moderating firm attributes can impact on the level of reporting lag of Money Deposit Bank. The study recommends that firms should have an efficient audit committee to boost a strong internal control and accounting system and also abide by all the regulations, including accounting standards, so as to reduce auditors' reporting lag.

The thrust of this study was to ascertain the effect of sustainability reporting on financial performance of quoted pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria for a period of ten (10) years spanning from 2012 to 2021. Ex-post facto and longitudinal research design was adopted. Sustainability disclosure which is the independent variable was captured using employee health and safety disclosure, social disclosure, environmental disclosure, and governance disclosure while financial performance which served as the dependent variable was measured using return on investment (ROI). Panel data were obtained from annual reports and accounts of the sampled health care companies and subjected to preliminary data tests such as descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, variance inflation factor analysis and hausman effects tests for the study period. Multiple panels least regression analysis was employed via E-Views 12. The results of the tested hypotheses revealed that employee health and safety disclosure, and social disclosure have positive and significant effect on financial performance of health care companies in Nigeria which was statistically significant at 95% confidence level respectively while a negative but insignificant effect was documented against environmental disclosure, governance disclosure and financial performance of health care companies in Nigeria. In conclusion, the findings shed light on the substitute and complementary relationship between performance and the increase in sustainability disclosure quality.

This study investigated whether a well-diversified audit committee members of selected services firms in Nigeria can improve financial performance. Return on equity was used as dependent variable to measure financial performance while audit committee independence, audit committee diligence, audit committee member's busyness and audit committee financial expertise were used as independent variables. A sample of 14 quoted services firms from Nigeria were used for the period of ten years spanning 2012 to 2021. The study employed ex-post facto and longitudinal research design. The secondary sources of data were collected from annual reports of the selected services firms quoted in their respective exchange group and four (4) specific objectives and hypotheses were subjected to some preliminary data tests like descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis and Variance Inflation factor (VIF). Hypotheses were tested using panel least squares regression through fixed effect and random effect determined by Hausman test, random effect was accepted, with the aid of E-views 12 econometric statistical software. Using a sample of 140 firm-year observations, the result revealed that audit committee independence and audit committee financial expertise documented a positive and statistically significant effect on financial performance of services firms in Nigeria which was statistically significant at 5% level of significance respectively while a negative and insignificant effect was documented for audit committee member's busyness in Nigeria services firms. On the basis of our findings, the study recommends among others, that there is need for the audit committee members to be constituted with independent members to give a seasoned advice without bias on ways to improve financial performance and that audit committees should be that of diversified nature to accommodate people with indebt knowledge on finance and accounting related matters and those with professional qualifications to improve financial performance of firms.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of forensic audit on economic crime in selected Ministries in Nigeria. The sample size comprised Federal Ministries in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study employs survey and analytical research design. The study made use of primary data from structured questionnaire. Two hypotheses were formulated for the study. One-Sample T-test was used in validating the hypothesis one with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) ver. 23. Findings from the analysis showed that Forensic accounting techniques has significantly improved the forensic accountants' performance in the detection and forestalling economic crime in Nigeria. It was therefore recommended that forensic accounting techniques be implemented in conventional audit since it improves the forensic accountants' performance in detecting and forestalling economic crimes.

The Study seeks to implement the green building concept especially in office buildings and malls. Further, this research also investigates the measurement of the green building efficiency that conforms with accounting theories. Research methodology: This study used a mixed method for collecting data by sending questionnaire to the number of respondents of this study. The data from the questionnaires were collected by using simple arithmetic techniques and graphics techniques. Results: This study found that most buildings having already implemented the concept of green buildings gained efficiency benefits from both environmental and operational cost. The respondents' knowledge and experience influence the success in implementing 6 criteria of green building including Appropriate Site Development (ASD), Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EEC), Water Conservation (WAC), Material Resources and Cycle (MRC), and Indoor Health and Comfort (IHC). Limitations: This study indicates weaknesses for further improvements especially in terms of the quantity of respondents, the respondents' willingness to complete the questionnaire Contribution: Green building is one of the solutions to minimize the impact of global warming or unhealthy workplace environment.

: Purpose: This study aimed at examining the effect of entrepreneurial marketing on SMEs growth in the post- Covid-19 Era in Awka Anambra State Nigeria. Research methodology: The study adopted a qualitative research design with five participants. An in-depth interview was used to elicit relevant information from the respondents. Data generated were carefully transcribed, reviewed, and harmonized. Thematic categories were created and categorized into two major themes- technological-driven marketing and need-oriented entrepreneurial marketing. Results: The study revealed that need-oriented marketing and technology-driven marketing are pivotal to the growth and sustainability of SMEs in the post-Covid-19 Era. Limitations: The restriction on gathering of people more than ten by the State Government due to the Covid-19 limited our study as the researchers would have loved to have a group and interactive decisions with the participants. Contribution: The result of this study will serve as an eye-opener to Nigerian policymakers and SME operators to key into modern entrepreneurial marketing tools and selvage her already depressed economy. Keywords: 1. Covid-19 2. Entrepreneurial–marketing 3. Growth 4. SMEs 5. Technology

This study examines the effect of auditor independence on audit quality of twenty industrial goods companies in Nigeria for a period of ten years spanning 2012 to 2021. The objectives were centered on assessing possible effect of client importance, auditor reputation, audit opinion and auditor professional qualification on audit quality of health care companies in Nigeria. To achieve this set objectives, this study employed ex-post-facto research design based on data sourced from selected firm’s yearly reports for time period that ranged from 2012 to 2021. Adopting an ex-post factor and longitudinal research design, the secondary data collected were subjected to some preliminary data tests such as descriptive analysis, Pearson moment correlation matrix and multi-collinearity analysis using Variance Inflation Factor (VIF). The research used panel least square procedure based on fixed and random effect framework and houseman test was equally employed in selecting the best model to est...