Accounting Regulations

Este tutorial de **Contabilidad Básica** es una herramienta esencial para cualquiera que busque descifrar el lenguaje de los negocios y las finanzas personales. De manera **clara y progresiva**, guía al lector desde los fundamentos, como la ecuación contable básica y la diferencia entre activo, pasivo y patrimonio, hasta la aplicación práctica del sistema de **partida doble**. A través de ejemplos concretos, se explica cómo registrar transacciones, entender el ciclo contable completo (desde el libro diario al balance de comprobación), y cómo interpretar los estados financieros esenciales. Es ideal para emprendedores, estudiantes o profesionales que necesiten **solidez conceptual y confianza** para llevar un registro financiero preciso y tomar decisiones informadas.

This paper reviews the decision to adopt IFRS in New Zealand and the subsequent decisions made on implementation of adoption. The emphasis of the review is on due process. The paper outlines the current regulatory structure for financial reporting in New Zealand, the role of due process and describes the due process requirements that applied in New Zealand prior to implementation of the decision to adopt IFRS. The paper describes how the decision to adopt IFRS was made, how the approach to implementation was determined and reviews the adequacy of the due process followed. We conclude that the limited due process followed for the decision to move to international financial reporting standards and for each individual IAS or IFRS was adequate. However, the actual method of converting international standards to New Zealand standards did not go through sufficient due process.

En el presente trabajo analizamos el tratamiento contable a otorgar a los resultados no trascendidos a terceros originados por operaciones entre entes que forman parte de un mismo grupo economico, al aplicar el metodo del valor patrimonial proporcional para la medicion de participacion en otros en entes y preparar estados contables consolidados. El estudio se enfoca principalmente en lo establecido en las normas contables argentinas para entes que no aplican las Normas Internacionales de Informacion Financiera (NIIF) y en las propuestas doctrinarias, aunque se incluye un resumen de lo establecido por las NIIF. Planteamos criticas a determinados criterios existentes, aportando nuestra propuesta. A efectos de enriquecer el analisis se presentan diversos casos que abordan situaciones de la practica habitual.

El presente trabajo se enmarca en nuestro proyecto de investigacion "Informacion contable de grupos economicos, combinaciones de negocios y participaciones en otros entes. Analisis doctrinario y de la normativa contable profesional y legal, evaluacion de la calidad de la informacion contable y aportes para su mejora e implementacion practica", y en particular abordaremos los casos de participaciones en entes societarios y no societarios en los cuales se ejerce control conjunto, llevando a cabo un analisis critico delas soluciones definidas por las normas contables locales en relacion al tratamiento contable y la informacion que debe ser suministrada por los entes inversores. A partir de este analisis, efectuaremos propuestas que entendemos mejoran la calidad de la informacion a ser suministrada, respondiendo a la realidad economica que se quiere representar. Cuando nos referimos a normas locales, lo hacemos en referencia a las normas contables emitidas por la Federacion Ar...

Resumen: Este artículo describe las diferencias que aún persisten entre las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera y el Plan General de Contabilidad de 2007. Estas diferencias están centradas principalmente en la valoración posterior de los inmovilizados y de las inversiones inmobiliarias, en los métodos de contabilización de las subvenciones, en la capitalización de los gastos financieros, en el tratamiento contable de los gastos de investigación y de los programas informáticos, y en la determinación del deterioro de los instrumentos financieros. Estas diferencias entre las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera y el Plan General de Contabilidad de 2007 son debidas a las resistencias de los valores imperantes en la tradición contable española, que sin duda se irán superando con el paso del tiempo.

We investigate the value relevance of the financial statement information about convertible financial instruments. Our findings indicate that the classification of convertibles provides incremental information over and above the book value of equity and net income. This finding is not as strong for convertibles that are classified as a form of mezzanine financing between debt and equity as for those classified as debt or equity. We also find that investors make use of information contained in the notes but only with respect to mandatory convertibles and convertibles where the right to make the decision about conversion or redemption rests with the issuer.

This paper reviews the decision to adopt IFRS in New Zealand and the subsequent decisions made on implementation of adoption. The emphasis of the review is on due process. The paper outlines the current regulatory structure for financial reporting in New Zealand, the role of due process and describes the due process requirements that applied in New Zealand prior to implementation of the decision to adopt IFRS. The paper describes how the decision to adopt IFRS was made, how the approach to implementation was determined and reviews the adequacy of the due process followed. We conclude that the limited due process followed for the decision to move to international financial reporting standards and for each individual IAS or IFRS was adequate. However, the actual method of converting international standards to New Zealand standards did not go through sufficient due process.

Este trabajo ha obtenido el 1.er Premio Estudios Financieros 2011 en la modalidad de CONTABILIDAD Y ADMINISTRACIÓN DE EMPRESAS. Una de las novedades más relevantes de la reforma contable de 2007 es el reconocimiento expreso del principio de preferencia del fondo sobre la forma. Dicho principio significa que la información financiera debe representar la sustancia de los hechos económicos y no solo su forma jurídica. El trabajo tiene como objeto el estudio de dicho principio, en su formulación en el Marco Conceptual y en su configuración jurídica por las normas de registro y valoración que rigen la preparación de los estados financieros, en el contexto de los documentos elaborados por el IASB y el FASB. Todo ello ha permitido el estudio del concepto, características y significado del principio en el proceso contable y la elaboración de conclusiones sobre el alcance y consecuencias del reconocimiento del principio de preferencia del fondo sobre la forma en la normativa contable español...

The article reviews the new harmonized European accounting legislation and its impact on accountancy and drawing the financial statements of large enterprises in Bulgaria. We analysed the transposition of the fundamental accounting Directive 2013/34/EU into the new Accounting Act of 2016. The subject matter of research in the article are the financial statements of the profit-oriented enterprises. The subject matter of the article includes the new requirements towards the elaboration of the annual financial statements of the category "large enterprises" regulated in the Accounting Act. The objective of the article is to research "de jure" and "de facto" the alleviations for financial accountancy of the large enterprises and disclose the reasons behind and expected to bring about in the future discrepancies between the "letter of the law" and its enforcement. Author's thesis is that there is very weak relation and coordination among the regulatory bodies in the accounting area and the needs of the real business environment in Bulgaria. We have researched the statutory opportunity with which large enterprises are provided, namely in 2017 to modify the accounting basis enforceable towards them on drawing and presenting the financial statements from International to National accounting standards. We have considered the accounting procedures to be performed by these enterprises for the first time in the history of accounting standards in Bulgaria. Additionally, arguments were presented of the representatives of large enterprises for and against the transition from International accounting standards to National accounting standards. We have analysed the new requirements towards the elaboration and publication of the annual financial statements of the large enterprises. The special focus is on the contents of the new components-"Non-financial declaration" and "Report on payments towards the government" created in order to disclose additional information about the policy being implemented by the enterprises. The nonfinancial declaration aims at making public the enterprise activities in the area of ecology, social issues and the ones related to employees, human rights, counteracting corruption and gender equality in the company management. The report on payments towards the government is mandatory to the large enterprises and the ones of public interest in the extraction industry or logging from virgin forests in the EU and is being introduced in order to achieve higher transparency of payments received from the state, in relation to rights with which individual enterprises are provided to national natural resources. Scope of payments towards the government includes the payments effected for production rights, fees, dividends, license fees, rental fees, entrance fees and other concerns on issuing licenses and/or concessions etc.

The application of Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on annual financial statements, consolidated financial statements, and related reports of certain types of undertakings 2 required the introduction of some changes in current accounting regulations in Bulgaria. This paper focuses on issues related to applying the new Accountancy Act and some of the contradictions which have arisen as a result.

Typically ‘income tax ’ laws rely on financial accounting data to determine the taxable income of a business entity, although financial and tax accounting have different goals and requirements. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between financial and tax accounting rules in Albania. The study employs a mixed methodology, comprising a review of the legislation, institutional framework and context, and semi-structured interviews with accountants, academics and institutional players. By reviewing the development of this relationship during the past 20 years, we aim to identify and explain the major divergences at present between two sets of rules.

All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing July 2001 1 23404030201 Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly.

All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing July 2001 1 23404030201 Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly.

The article reviews the new harmonized European accounting legislation and its impact on accountancy and drawing the financial statements of large enterprises in Bulgaria. We analysed the transposition of the fundamental accounting Directive 2013/34/EU into the new Accounting Act of 2016. The subject matter of research in the article are the financial statements of the profit-oriented enterprises. The subject matter of the article includes the new requirements towards the elaboration of the annual financial statements of the category “large enterprises” regulated in the Accounting Act. The objective of the article is to research “de jure” and “de facto” the alleviations for financial accountancy of the large enterprises and disclose the reasons behind and expected to bring about in the future discrepancies between the “letter of the law” and its enforcement. Author’s thesis is that there is very weak relation and coordination among the regulatory bodies in the accounting area and th...

In 2013, the Fourth and Seventh Directives were replaced by a new Accounting Directive-Directive 2013/34/EC. The Directive is the outcome of EU aspirations to ease the business environment of small and medium-sized enterprises by simplifying the requirements with regard to reporting and mandatory disclosures for that category of enterprises. The entities of the practical sector (public and private limited liability companies, partnerships, general partnerships, etc.) come within the scope of the Directive. The scope of the Directive excludes non-profit legal entities. The provisions of the Directive should, for the first time, be applied with regard to financial statements for reporting years beginning on or after January 1, 2016. Being an EC Member State, the Republic of Bulgaria has to transpose the Directive into the national accounting legislation by July 2015. The emphasis in this article is put on the basic problematic areas which occur in the process of the transposition of the Directive. As the possible solutions are based on established traditions and practices, the authors of this article try to identify the solutions to these problems taking into consideration the requirements imposed by the Directive itself. Four principal problems are defined in the article: should there be a new Accounting Law and what should it include; should the Accounting Law include accounting principles; what groups and categories of enterprises should be differentiated and which accounting basis should be applied by any of them.

In 2013, the Fourth and Seventh Directives were replaced by a new Accounting Directive-Directive 2013/34/EC. The Directive is the outcome of EU aspirations to ease the business environment of small and medium-sized enterprises by simplifying the requirements with regard to reporting and mandatory disclosures for that category of enterprises. The entities of the practical sector (public and private limited liability companies, partnerships, general partnerships, etc.) come within the scope of the Directive. The scope of the Directive excludes non-profit legal entities. The provisions of the Directive should, for the first time, be applied with regard to financial statements for reporting years beginning on or after January 1, 2016. Being an EC Member State, the Republic of Bulgaria has to transpose the Directive into the national accounting legislation by July 2015. The emphasis in this article is put on the basic problematic areas which occur in the process of the transposition of the Directive. As the possible solutions are based on established traditions and practices, the authors of this article try to identify the solutions to these problems taking into consideration the requirements imposed by the Directive itself. Four principal problems are defined in the article: should there be a new Accounting Law and what should it include; should the Accounting Law include accounting principles; what groups and categories of enterprises should be differentiated and which accounting basis should be applied by any of them.

In 2013, the Fourth and Seventh Directives were replaced by a new Accounting Directive-Directive 2013/34/EC. The Directive is the outcome of EU aspirations to ease the business environment of small and medium-sized enterprises by simplifying the requirements with regard to reporting and mandatory disclosures for that category of enterprises. The entities of the practical sector (public and private limited liability companies, partnerships, general partnerships, etc.) come within the scope of the Directive. The scope of the Directive excludes non-profit legal entities. The provisions of the Directive should, for the first time, be applied with regard to financial statements for reporting years beginning on or after January 1, 2016. Being an EC Member State, the Republic of Bulgaria has to transpose the Directive into the national accounting legislation by July 2015. The emphasis in this article is put on the basic problematic areas which occur in the process of the transposition of the Directive. As the possible solutions are based on established traditions and practices, the authors of this article try to identify the solutions to these problems taking into consideration the requirements imposed by the Directive itself. Four principal problems are defined in the article: should there be a new Accounting Law and what should it include; should the Accounting Law include accounting principles; what groups and categories of enterprises should be differentiated and which accounting basis should be applied by any of them.

Streszczenie Regulacje rachunkowości w Bułgarii obecnie i w przyszłości W 2013 r. czwarta i siódma dyrektywa zostały zastąpione nową dyrektywą-dyrektywą 2013/34/WE o rachunkowości. Dyrektywa ta jest wynikiem dążenia UE do ułatwienia funkcjonowania małych i śred-nich przedsiębiorstw poprzez złagodzenie wymogów dotyczących sprawozdawczości i obowiązkowego ujawnienia informacji dla tej kategorii jednostek gospodarczych. Dyrektywa obejmuje firmy z sektora realnego (spółki publiczne i prywatne z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością, spółki partnerskie, spółki jawne itp). Z zakresu dyrektywy wyłączone są podmioty prawne non-profit. Przepisy dyrektywy powinny być zastosowane po raz pierwszy w sprawozdaniach finansowych za lata obrotowe rozpoczynające się