Accounting Principles

This article explores and explains escalating contradictions between two modes of clinical risk management which resisted hybridisation.  Drawing on a Foucauldian perspective, these two modes – ethics-orientated and rules-based – are firstly characterised in an original heuristic we develop to analyse clinical risk management systems.  Some recent sociologically orientated accounting literature is introduced, exploring interactions between accountability and risk management regimes in corporate and organizational settings; much of this literature suggests these systems are complementary or may readily form hybrids.  This theoretical literature is then moved into the related domain of clinical risk management systems, which has been under-explored from this analytic perspective.  We note the rise of rules-based clinical risk management in UK mental health services as a distinct logic from ethics-orientated clinical self-regulation.  Longitudinal case study data is presented, showing contradiction and escalating contest between ethics-orientated and rules-based systems in a high-commitment mental health setting, triggering a crisis and organizational closure.  We explore theoretically why perverse contradictions emerged, rather than complementarity and hybridisation suggested by existing literature.  Interactions between local conditions of strong ideological loading, high emotional and personal involvement, and rising rules-based risk management are seen as producing this contest and its dynamics of escalating and intractable conflict.  The article contributes to the general literature on interactions between different risk management regimes, and reveals specific aspects arising in clinically based forms of risk management.  It concludes by considering some strengths and weaknesses of this Foucauldian framing.

This article explores and explains escalating contradictions between two modes of clinical risk management which resisted hybridisation. Drawing on a Foucauldian perspective, these two modesethics-orientated and rules-basedare firstly characterised in an original heuristic we develop to analyse clinical risk management systems. Some recent sociologically orientated accounting literature is introduced, exploring interactions between accountability and risk management regimes in corporate and organizational settings; much of this literature suggests 1 This is the authors' 2 these systems are complementary or may readily form hybrids. This theoretical literature is then moved into the related domain of clinical risk management systems, which has been underexplored from this analytic perspective. We note the rise of rules-based clinical risk management in UK mental health services as a distinct logic from ethics-orientated clinical selfregulation. Longitudinal case study data is presented, showing contradiction and escalating contest between ethics-orientated and rules-based systems in a high-commitment mental health setting, triggering a crisis and organizational closure. We explore theoretically why perverse contradictions emerged, rather than complementarity and hybridisation suggested by existing literature. Interactions between local conditions of strong ideological loading, high emotional and personal involvement, and rising rules-based risk management are seen as producing this contest and its dynamics of escalating and intractable conflict. The article contributes to the general literature on interactions between different risk management regimes, and reveals specific aspects arising in clinically based forms of risk management. It concludes by considering some strengths and weaknesses of this Foucauldian framing.

This article explores and explains escalating contradictions between two modes of clinical risk management which resisted hybridisation. Drawing on a Foucauldian perspective, these two modesethics-orientated and rules-basedare firstly characterised in an original heuristic we develop to analyse clinical risk management systems. Some recent sociologically orientated accounting literature is introduced, exploring interactions between accountability and risk management regimes in corporate and organizational settings; much of this literature suggests 1 This is the authors' 2 these systems are complementary or may readily form hybrids. This theoretical literature is then moved into the related domain of clinical risk management systems, which has been underexplored from this analytic perspective. We note the rise of rules-based clinical risk management in UK mental health services as a distinct logic from ethics-orientated clinical selfregulation. Longitudinal case study data is presented, showing contradiction and escalating contest between ethics-orientated and rules-based systems in a high-commitment mental health setting, triggering a crisis and organizational closure. We explore theoretically why perverse contradictions emerged, rather than complementarity and hybridisation suggested by existing literature. Interactions between local conditions of strong ideological loading, high emotional and personal involvement, and rising rules-based risk management are seen as producing this contest and its dynamics of escalating and intractable conflict. The article contributes to the general literature on interactions between different risk management regimes, and reveals specific aspects arising in clinically based forms of risk management. It concludes by considering some strengths and weaknesses of this Foucauldian framing.

♦ In a merchandising company, inventory consists of many different items. These items have two common characteristics: (1) They are owned by the company, and (2) they are in a form ready for sale to customers. Only one inventory classification, __________ ________________, is needed to describe the many different items that make up the total inventory.

What we know today as double entry bookkeeping is traceable to a man called Luca Pacioli, the author of the world’s first printed book-keeping treatise. As the origin of all subsequent book-keeping treatises throughout Europe, Luca Pacioli’s book-keeping tract is not only the source of modern accounting, but also ensured that the medieval Venetian method itself survived into our times. However, this study is aimed at critically examining the emergence of the double entry system of accounting by reviewing what past scholars and researchers have done in relation to the subject matter. This is to say that a comprehensive review of accounting literature in relation to double entry system of accounting was carried out to do justice to this study. And it was gathered that double entry bookkeeping existed amongst the early Italian merchants before Pacioli came into the scene. But the practice prior to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was rather crude because there were no formally do...

Whenever commerce is introduced into any country, probity and punctuality always accompany it. .. . A dealer is afraid of losing his character, and is scrupulous in observing every engagement. Adam Smith n international cooperative effort has been focused on the need to reduce financial fragility and systemic risks in global financial markets. Work is proceeding in three different areas: enhancing financial market transparency, improving the international financial architecture, and strengthening financial systems. Strengthening financial systems (the focus of this paper) means cooperating to promote principles and sound practices for financial stability through development of well-functioning financial systems and market discipline. Financial sector reform and development is much more than setting rules, articulating standards, approving legislation, and creating new institutions. All are important but ultimately behavior must be changed if there is to be meaningful and lasting financial reform. For that reason, this paper emphasizes the role of incentives to induce appropriate behavior. Given all that needs to be done, financial sector development will take a long time. The fact that the process will take years, probably decades, to complete should not reduce the sense of urgency. It means, rather, that we should not have unrealistic expectations and that we must be patient. Empirical research suggests that the effect of financial sector development on economic growth is significant. Banks are one but not the only important part of a healthy financial system. Markets for bonds and equities, too, have an independent effect on growth. But banking and capital markets seem to complement each other throughout most stages of development.

This report provides an assessment of Moroccan accounting and auditing standards and practices, and the institutional capacity necessary to ensure high-quality financial reporting. The law gives accounting standard-setting responsibility to the National Accounting Council (Conseil National de la Comptabilite). Since the Council was established in 1989, Moroccan accounting standards have improved greatly. However, further progress is impeded by weaknesses in the accounting standard-setting process and, more so, by implementation issues. The Bank Al-Maghrib, Insurance and Social Welfare Directorate (Direction des Assurances et de la Prevoyance Sociales), and Securities Commission (Conseil Deontologique des Valeurs Mobilieres) are responsible for monitoring the quality of financial information and the enforcement of accounting standards for credit institutions, insurance companies, and listed companies, respectively. While the Bank Al-Maghrib has established an institutional framework ...

This report was prepared by a staff team from the World Bank on the basis of the findings from a diagnostic review carried out in Quito and Guayaquil from October to December 2003. The team comprised Henri Fortin (LCOAA) and M. Zubaidur Rahman (OPCFM). The review was conducted through a participatory process involving various stakeholders and led by the country authorities. The ROSC assessment was cleared for publication by the Ministry of Economy and Finance on January 19, 2005.

This paper aims to identify the factors that affect the decisions of the tax system to choose the accounting
principles in Iraqi companies. The focus is on managing perceptions of the impact of the tax system on cost and the
views of stakeholders in accounting principles. In a Real data, we pick Final budgets end of the year data of the 2 most
important companies in Iraq, and the statement of their views on the impact of the figures reported by stakeholders in the
companies and how to track companies specific targets linked to profit. According to the participants in the real data
accounting figures and the impact of corporate perceptions of stakeholders and selection of accounting principles,
tracking corporate goals for profit is not consistent with the objective of minimizing the tax system for companies.
Despite taking some measures to reduce response bias, one cannot rule out the possibility of introducing some bias in
the responses. It will provide more empirical investigations based on annual reports for more information on evidence of
factors that affect the reporting policies of the companies. This study helps researchers to determine the tax systems that
determine the accounting principles for companies operating in countries with similar environment to those in Iraq. In
addition, the results of this study can facilitate professionals who are doing an international financial analysis. The results
of this study can contribute to explain the contributions of Iraqi company's decisions. Given that the Iraqi tax system is
similar to that prevailing in many neighboring Gulf countries, the Gulf States; this study can provide an insight into the
factors affecting the financial reporting of companies operating in these countries

from a lack of a well-defined and comprehensive regulatory and supervisory framework governing both the financial (specifically banking) and non-financial industries. While considerable progress was being made in these areas, in at least some of the republics of the FSU, much work remained to be done. The FSU republics were concerned with acquiring the skills to foster a more appropriate and effective banking industry to support the market-style economies that they were attempting to implement. The Commencement of the World Bank Training Initiatives In 1991 and 1992, the countries of Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan invited the World Bank to assist in the development of banking and financial system reforms through the revamping of academic programs in their universities and training institutes. The proposal given to the World Bank involved training academics, middle and higher level executives, and other members of the financial community. In response to the invitations, the World Bank Institute Governance, Regulation, and Finance (WBIGF) 1 established two major training programs entitled the Sound Bank Management (SBM) Training-of-Trainers Program and the Banking System Development (BSD) Program. The Governments of the Netherlands, Canada, and Switzerland; the United Kingdom's Know-How Fund; and the World Bank provided financial support for the programs. Both the SBM and the BSD programs were offered in partnership with local organizations in the FSU. Partners for both programs included educational and government-affiliated organizations. Within educational organizations, WBI built teams of trainers from graduates of the SBM program who went on to deliver training to follow-up BSD programs. The BSD program also worked with banker associations in the region. In Moscow, the lead partner institutions for the SBM trainers' program were the Finance Academy of the Government of the Russian Federation (FA) and its sister organization, the International Finance and Banking School (IFBS). The FA and IFBS worked with WBI to develop and translate Russian language training materials that were published as WBI Working Papers. Another WBI partner institution in Moscow was the Academy of National Economy, which was involved with BSD practitioner programs. Working closely with Valery Vyatkin of the Academy of National Economy, WBI delivered its first BSD seminars in the FSU in 1992. In Yekaterinburg, WBI-sponsored a training team from the Urals State University of Economics to support SBM training. This training team's work was also partially supported by the Central Bank of the Sverdlovsk oblast. WBI's partner institution in Kiev was the Kiev National University of Economics (KNUE). This university served as WBI's partner institution for the delivery of the SBM trainers' program and short-term programs for bankers. Also working with the WBI team in Kiev was the Ukrainian Finance and Banking School (UFBS), a European Union-sponsored organization. In Tashkent, the Tashkent State University of Economics served as a partner institution for the SBM trainers' program. This university was also affiliated with WBI's BSD program, becoming a focal point for the organization of bankers' seminars in Uzbekistan, Kazakstan, and the Kyrgyz Republic. WBI assisted in setting up the Joint Banking and Finance (JBF) Center, a local organization affiliated with the Tashkent State University of Economics. The JBF Center was involved with BSD programs. The key partners in Almaty included the Kazak State Academy of Management and its International Business School (IBS). They were both involved in SBM and BSD programs.

The following article is the second in an occasional series introducing new data bases. The series intends to make new development data bases more widely available and to contribute to discussion and further research on economic development issues. The data bases included in the series are selected for their potential usefulness for research and policy analysis on critical issues in developing and transition economies. Some are drawn from micro-level firm or household surveys; others contain country-level data. The authors describe the data contents, criteria for inclusion or exclusion of values, sources, strengths and weaknesses,

This report was prepared by a team from the World Bank on the basis of the findings from a diagnostic review carried out in Morocco in May 2002. The staff team comprised M. Zubaidur Rahman and Frédéric Gielen (OPCFM), and Meryem Benchemsi (MNACS). The review was conducted through a participatory process involving various stakeholders and led by the country authorities.