Accounting Policy

Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na dużą rolę kosztu historycznego w budowie systemu pomiarowego rachunkowości. W aktualnym systemie zasada kosztu historycznego jest stopniowo ograniczana. Koszt historyczny przez wiele wieków stanowił podstawową zasadę rachunkowości. Obecnie w literaturze przedmiotowej zasada kosztu historycznego jest mocno krytykowana. Krytyka pochodzi nie tylko ze strony rachunkowości akademickiej, ale przede wszystkim ze sfery biznesu. Koszt historyczny, niezbędny warunek wyrażenia struktury tworzonej wartości, nie powinien być eliminowany lub ograniczany do pewnego obszaru. Przeciwnie, powinien być udoskonalany, co wymaga niejednokrotnie trudnego rozstrzygnięcia przez rachunkowość kluczowej kwestii: jaka część aktualnie tworzonej wartości reprezentuje wartość przeniesioną, a jaka część aktualnie tworzonej wartości stanowi wartość nowo wytworzoną. Taki, jak sądzimy, powinien być kierunek ulepszania systemu pomiarowego rachunkowości, kierunek związany z odkrywaniem nowych treści samej kategorii wartości. Zastępowanie kosztu historycznego przez wartość bieżącą nie jest kierunkiem pożądanym ze względu na poszerzanie dużego obszaru subiektywizmu w systemie pomiarowym rachunkowości. W opracowaniu starano się zwrócić uwagę na korzyści wynikające ze stosowania kosztu historycznego, a zarazem na sprzeczności, jakie pojawiły się w systemie pomiarowym rachunkowości na gruncie wykorzystania wartości bieżącej. Opracowanie sygnalizuje tylko niektóre sprzeczności. Ujawnienie wszystkich

Introduction. Studying the development of trends of the food industry allows us to reveal the current conditions for organizing its investment and innovation activities, the main of which include: incomplete use of existing capacities due to insufficient investment; restrictions on updating the material and technical base of industry enterprises and increasing the competitiveness of their products and services; poor development of investment and innovation infrastructures; imperfection of depreciation and monetary policy. This approach allows us to justify the need to strengthen structural integrity and increase the effectiveness of the relationship between participants in investment and innovation activities of food enterprises. Methods Results. The article identifies and discloses the economic nature of accounting depreciation, its impact on income tax expense through the deferred tax mechanism. The factors on which the depreciation amount depends are highlighted. A comparative analysis of the main methods of depreciation are performed. Prospects. According to the activity or use of the asset, depreciation methods appropriate to that activity are selected. For smooth depreciation, uniform or constant accrual methods are selected. To increase depreciation over time, accruing accruals are used. To reduce depreciation-methods are reduced accruals. Formulation of the problem. The most serious problem of accounting for depreciation is that there is no generally accepted distribution method. None of the

El objetivo de este artículo fue mostrar las percepciones de los estudiantes universitarios de las carreras de administración y ciencias contables de una universidad pública de la ciudad de Cúcuta, Colombia, en torno a las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) como herramienta gerencial. Lo anterior corresponde a un estudio enmarcado en el paradigma empírico-analítico y a un enfoque cuantitativo. La investigación cuenta con un diseño no experimental, transversal y de nivel descriptivo. La población en estudio estuvo integrada por 5000 estudiantes y la muestra por 326 individuos de tres programas académicos: contaduría pública, administración de empresas y tecnología en gestión comercial y financiera. Como instrumento se aplicó un cuestionario tipo Likert compuesto por 25 preguntas en la que se analizaron las variables aspectos socio-demográficos, conocimiento NIIF y NIIF como herramienta gerencial. Cada una de estas variables estuvo integrada por distintas dimensio...

Over the years several, sometimes conflicting, theories attempting to explain the development of professions have emerged. The ''functionalist'' and ''interactionist'' theories have since lost the spotlight to a more critical approach based on the Weberian concept of closure. Limitations in the concept and practice of this neo-Weberain concept have led to suggestions that research into the sociology of professions, should also include historical analyses of professionalism that capture historical specificities with the aim of generating theory that sees beyond ''just massive historical variation'' [Collins, R. (1990). Changing conceptions in the sociology of the profession. In R. Torstendahl, & M. Burrage, The formation of professions: Knowledge, state and strategy. London: Sage Publications]. Such research should also investigate the structural conditions under which the professionalisation process takes place [Johnson, T. (1977). The profession in the class structure. In R. Scase, Industrial society: Class, cleavage and control. London: George Allen and Unwin.]. In order to achieve this, there is the need to critically study the relationship of the State and the profession [Klegon, D. (1978). The sociology of professions: an emerging perspective. Sociology of Work and Occupations, 5, 3, 259-283.] and to document more extensively, the process, rather than the product, of closure [Chua,

The monograph highlights the results of research of theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of the formation of accounting information for the needs of management, regulatory regulation of the accounting system as an institutional factor in the organization and choice of forms of accounting of the enterprise, organization of accounting of assets, liabilities and results of agricultural enterprises. The problems of the methodology for organizing the accounting of individual objects and ways to solve them are revealed.
The monograph is intended for applicants of all levels of higher education, researchers, employees of agricultural enterprises, teachers who study the problems of organizing accounting.
The materials of the monograph reflect the results of the research carried out in the framework of research work “Information resources for the formation of the mechanism of economic security of the enterprise for the purposes of management in a competitive environment” (state registration number 0119U100043).

The integrated model of an enterprise’s accounting policy formation’s organization, which is subjected to the norms of the international standards, is offered in the article. The model foresees the organizational measures, dealing with the accounting policy formation, which are structured, according to the stages of the organization, the content of IFRS norms or their absence.  Thus, if the accounting rule: a) is defined in the corresponding IFRS, then its use is obligatory (if the influence of its use is insignificant, then this rule may not be used); b) is not defined by IFRS, then the accounting policy is defined by the managerial personnel, who use the opinion. The accounting policy of an enterprise is presented as the resulting informational product, which is composed of the totality of an accountant’s professional opinions

The role of accountants in adhering to ethics was addressed in this paper. Accountants face a number of challenges in the course of carrying out their roles and obligations. Questionnaires were used to elite responses from respondents and the Chi-Square statistic was used to analyse the data collected. It was found that the role of the accountants is dependent on the ethics of the accounting profession.

The role of accountants in adhering to ethics was addressed in this paper. Accountants face a number of challenges in the course of carrying out their roles and obligations. Questionnaires were used to elite responses from respondents and the Chi-Square statistic was used to analyse the data collected. It was found that the role of the accountants is dependent on the ethics of the accounting profession.

The development and acceptance of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) have made the decision of a country to embrace IFRS become a vitally important topic for researchers and standard setters. In this study, we examined association between the mandatory adoption of IFRS and Nigerian accounting institutional infrastructure. The study adopted the survey method to seek respondents' views on the subject matter. We employed Multiple Regression techniques to analyze the data. The result shows that four of the five institutions studied are ready and strong enough to support the ongoing mandatory adoption of IFRS in Nigeria. The study recommends that steps should be taken to improve the statutory framework of accounting and auditing practice in Nigeria, outdated and obsolete sections of the instruments setting up the institutions should be reviewed and harmonized to conform to the demands of IFRS. IFRS must as a matter of necessity, be incorporated into tertiary institutions and Professional Accounting institutions' curricula so as to build human capacity that will support the preparation of IFRS financial reports in the business organizations in Nigeria.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the authors. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

This article explores the corporate social reports of companies listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. This exploratory study aimed at establishing if there is any form of corporate social reporting practiced in Kenya, the extent and mode of reporting, guidelines commonly followed by companies in the preparation and presentation of the corporate social reports and the quality of information disclosed in the corporate social reports. The study revealed that there is some form of corporate social reporting practiced in Kenya. The reports were found, to be of low quality, lacking in completeness, uniformity and reliability. Most of the reporting was done in the annual reports in the corporate governance section. Only two companies prepared separate stand alone reports. The reports primarily focused on issues on education, health and social and philanthropic activities. All the information reported was good news and no bad news was disclosed.

Measurement of assets is a core issue of financial accounting and reporting today. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and national standard setters in particular countries deal with this issue. The main issue of the measurement in financial accounting is discussed at present: using the fair value measurement at a balance sheet day for tangible fixed assets. Such measurement of assets determines companyʹs financial statement. The objective of this article is to point out the significant differences in the area of measurement of assets according to IAS 16 Property, plan and equipment in financial statements prepared under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).

This study focused on the effects of financial accounting standards on financial reporting and practices of modern business organizations in Nigeria. It discussed extensively the objectives, impacts, approaches and processes leading to standard setting and financial reporting. It also discussed some arguments in favour and against financial accounting standards. The study looked at critical issues in standard setting as well as the application of accounting standards in financial reporting and practices. Both quantitative and qualitative survey methods were used to obtain relevant data for the study. These data were analyzed using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient to test the relationship between accounting standards and financial reporting and practices of business organizations in Nigeria. The result showed a high and positive level of correlation. The chi-square statistical tool was also used to test the cost implication of adhering to accounting standards. The result showed that there is a significant level of cost associated with the application of financial accounting standards in financial reporting and practices. Suggestions were made that standard setter should state the limit to which the public contribute to the standard setting while looking at the peculiarities of individual enterprise as this will prevent the watering down of standards through the exposure draft. Finally, that Financial Accounting Standard Board should state the cost/benefit of adhering to financial standards in financial reporting particularly in terms of the disclosure of intangible assets as this will build the confidence of the financial reporters .and users of financial reports.

This study focused on the effects of financial accounting standards on financial reporting and practices of modern business organizations in Nigeria. It discussed extensively the objectives, impacts, approaches and processes leading to standard setting and financial reporting. It also discussed some arguments in favour and against financial accounting standards. The study looked at critical issues in standard setting as well as the application of accounting standards in financial reporting and practices. Both quantitative and qualitative survey methods were used to obtain relevant data for the study. These data were analyzed using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient to test the relationship between accounting standards and financial reporting and practices of business organizations in Nigeria. The result showed a high and positive level of correlation. The chi-square statistical tool was also used to test the cost implication of adhering to accounting standards. The result showed that there is a significant level of cost associated with the application of financial accounting standards in financial reporting and practices. Suggestions were made that standard setter should state the limit to which the public contribute to the standard setting while looking at the peculiarities of individual enterprise as this will prevent the watering down of standards through the exposure draft. Finally, that Financial Accounting Standard Board should state the cost/benefit of adhering to financial standards in financial reporting particularly in terms of the disclosure of intangible assets as this will build the confidence of the financial reporters .and users of financial reports.

This study is to examine the private sector demand for CFOs with certain professional accountancy bodies' qualification in Nigeria's listed companies from 2012 to 2018, inclusive. Design/methodology/approach: The population of this study comprises non-financial services companies quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Purposive sampling method was used to select the 49 sample used for the research. Research data were tested using non-parametric statistics and simple regression model. Findings: Results from non-parametric statistics suggest that 89% of all CFOs are ICAN qualified; about 98% of the Nigerian CFOs are ICAN qualified while about 13% of the foreign CFOs hold the ICAN qualification. The evidence further suggests that the ICAN qualification is statistically different from that of non-ICAN qualification. Finally, the evidence indicates that CFOs' nationalities positively and significantly influence their affiliations. Practical Implications: The paper recommends that ICAN should be empowered to regulate the accountancy profession in Nigeria. In the alternative there should be created a consortium of accountancy bodies to regulate the accountancy profession in Nigeria. Originality/value: This is the first empirical paper to examine the demand for CFOs in private listed companies in Nigeria, and the first to link CFOs nationalities and CFOs affiliations with professional accountancy bodies in Nigeria.

The development and acceptance of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) have made the decision of a country to embrace IFRS become a vitally important topic for researchers and standard setters. In this study, we examined association between the mandatory adoption of IFRS and Nigerian accounting institutional infrastructure. The study adopted the survey method to seek respondents' views on the subject matter. We employed Multiple Regression techniques to analyze the data. The result shows that four of the five institutions studied are ready and strong enough to support the ongoing mandatory adoption of IFRS in Nigeria. The study recommends that steps should be taken to improve the statutory framework of accounting and auditing practice in Nigeria, outdated and obsolete sections of the instruments setting up the institutions should be reviewed and harmonized to conform to the demands of IFRS. IFRS must as a matter of necessity, be incorporated into tertiary institutions and Professional Accounting institutions' curricula so as to build human capacity that will support the preparation of IFRS financial reports in the business organizations in Nigeria.

The role of accountants in adhering to ethics was addressed in this paper. Accountants face a number of challenges in the course of carrying out their roles and obligations. Questionnaires were used to elite responses from respondents and the Chi-Square statistic was used to analyse the data collected. It was found that the role of the accountants is dependent on the ethics of the accounting profession.

This paper assesses the dimensions of IFRS transition roadmap information content and its adequacy in guiding IFRS transition in Nigeria. Data were generated through self-administered questionnaire on 140 accountants that yielded 75.71% usable responses. Descriptive statistics and regression were used for the data analysis. It is discovered that the information content of the roadmap is not inclusive and inadequate to drive the transition to a successful implementation of IFRS. The information dimensions on education and awareness creation are not significantly contained in the roadmap. This adversely affects stakeholders' effective planning and establishment mediating measures to ensure successful transition.

The need to stem up quality accounting practices among SMEs in Nigeria has prompted the adoption of IFRS for SMEs on January 1, 2014. However, the observed level of compliance to the stand alone international accounting standard has led this study to give due considerations to how the SMEs operational way of life (culture) influences their attitude to expected adherence to the provisions of the new accounting framework. Adopting a review approach, the secondary sources of data as complemented by models were used in portraying the relativism of culture and cultural dimension to Nigeria SMEs attitude to bookkeeping and their poor compliance to the guidelines of IFRS for SMEs in the maintenance of her financial records. Although the research is of the opinion that assisting and motivating Nigeria SMEs to imbibe the culture of maintaining sound financial records remain government’s priority at the moment, it proposes that a single regulatory agency be set up by law to solely oversee all...

Aggressive accounting, income smoothing, earning management and creative accounting are the financial reporting gimmicks that have influence on the differences in the approaches adopted by accounting practitioners in reporting business income and thereby influencing reported income. The difference accounting policies and approaches adopted by preparers of financial statements create differences in the measurement and assessment of business income through provision and loopholes in International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) that lead to manipulation of financial numbers usually within the letter of the law and accounting Standards. Creative accounting practices employed by preparers of financial statements have created gap in the measurement and assessment of business income and performance due to the selfish interest of few stakeholders to the detriment of the larger society. principles-based accounting is the best in providing relevant, reliable and comparable financial in...

The quality of decisions that users of accounting information make is largely dependent on the quality of information available to them. This therefore implies that for accounting information to be of acceptable quality, it must meet some established standards and principles. This paper looks at the various institutional frameworks for accounting policy in Nigeria with a view at addressing the unresolved issue in the legal framework by adopting the recent International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The paper recommends the way forward to include the amendment of the existing laws at variance with the adoption of the IFRS framework for financial Reporting. Keywords : Institutional Framework, Accounting policy, Nigeria

In most countries of the world, business entities independently determine their accounting policies, choose the form of accounting, synthetic and analytical accounts, forms of primary documents, and organize an internal control system. In this case, it is necessary to be guided by the legislation requirements, which is not always perfect and consistent. According to the accounting policy, the consequence of the deficiencies in legislative regulation was its ineffective implementation and use by enterprises in practice. This, in turn, negatively affects the efficiency of business entities as a whole. One way to solve this problem is to consider the organizational and technological features of the activities of enterprises as the basis for their development of accounting policies. The authors investigated when the standards should guide a company and when the creation of an accounting policy is reasonable. The study contains a theoretical and methodological substantiation of the directions, as well as the proposals themselves for the formation of the accounting policy of the enterprise, namely: a possible algorithm for the construction of the accounting policy of the plant by IFRS is presented, which represents the process of forming the accounting policy of the enterprise; the analysis of IFRS norms is clearly shown since this is fundamental in the formation of the accounting; analyzed IFRS, according to which options and/or variability of which are due to the inconsistency of IFRS and justified the choice of one or another option. The proposed recommendations will attract more foreign investment and can facilitate the transition to IFRS for the company.

Marcia Anderson recognized Human Resource Development as a field with an identity that borrows from other fields such as psychology, education, sociology, organizational behavior, communication and other behavioral and social sciences. Human Resource is the productive capacity of human beings. It is the greatest renewable resource for a nation which does not depreciate with time, rather they can be renewed. Human resources are the most important assets of any organization instead of cost, opportunity and problem.  If they are used efficie ntly they can create miracles. After the economic liberalization in 1991, managerial functions have gone metamorphic changes. This paper discusses the process of human resource development in legal profession through a case study of legal professionals in Jodhpur – the heart of Legal professionals in Rajasthan.The present study aims at getting an initial insight on how the process of human resource development goes on in our socio-economic conditio...

Marcia Anderson recognized Human Resource Development as a field with an identity that borrows from other fields such as psychology, education, sociology, organizational behavior, communication and other behavioral and social sciences. Human Resource is the productive capacity of human beings. It is the greatest renewable resource for a nation which does not depreciate with time, rather they can be renewed. Human resources are the most important assets of any organization instead of cost, opportunity and problem. If they are used efficie ntly they can create miracles. After the economic liberalization in 1991, managerial functions have gone metamorphic changes. This paper discusses the process of human resource development in legal profession through a case study of legal professionals in Jodhpur-the heart of Legal professionals in Rajasthan.The present study aims at getting an initial insight on how the process of human resource development goes on in our socioeconomic conditions in the legal profession and to get some ideas and hypothesis that may help in developing advanced research on its different aspects. Two questionnaires have been developed and canvassed for two categories viz exclusive independent advocates and active associate positions. A sample of 300 advocates, 150 belonging to each category is taken for the present study to explore the human resource development process inherent in the legal profession.

The quality of decisions that users of accounting information make is largely dependent on the quality of information available to them. This therefore implies that for accounting information to be of acceptable quality, it must meet some established standards and principles. This paper looks at the various institutional frameworks for accounting policy in Nigeria with a view at addressing the unresolved issue in the legal framework by adopting the recent International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The paper recommends the way forward to include the amendment of the existing laws at variance with the adoption of the IFRS framework for financial Reporting.

The study focused on the adoption process of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on a developing economy, with particular reference to Nigeria. The paper is based on the data obtained from literature survey and archival sources in the context of the globalization of International Financial Reporting and the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).Nigeria has embraced IFRS in order to participate in the benefits it offers, including attracting foreign direct investment, reduction of the cost of doing business, and cross border listing. In implementing IFRS Nigeria will face challenges including the development of a legal and regulatory framework, awareness campaign, and training of personnel. Recommendations were made to forestall such challenges which include strengthening education and training, establishment of an independent body to monitor and enforce accounting and auditing standards.

The quality of decisions that users of accounting information make is largely dependent on the quality of information available to them. This therefore implies that for accounting information to be of acceptable quality, it must meet some established standards and principles. This paper looks at the various institutional frameworks for accounting policy in Nigeria with a view at addressing the unresolved issue in the legal framework by adopting the recent International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The paper recommends the way forward to include the amendment of the existing laws at variance with the adoption of the IFRS framework for financial Reporting.

Учебникът е предназначен за студенти от магистърска степен (програма „Счeтоводство и одитинг“), които изучават дисциплината „Счeтоводна политика“. Той е изцяло съобразен с утвърдената учебна програма на дисциплината. Учебникът е полезен и за лица, които се занимават с проблемите на счетоводството, както и за студенти в бакалавърска специалност „Финанси и счетоводство“. Информацията в учебника е поднесена по разбираем за студентите начин, като е съобразена с приложимата към м. юни 2020 г. законодателна рамка в областта. В началото на отделните теми са определени учебните цели, като след всяка тема има въпроси и задачи за самоподготовка, които имат за цел да улеснят студентите при изучаване на представения в темата материал. В края на учебника са предложени казус за решение, както и авторовото виждане за примерен модел на счетоводна политика на нефинансово предприятие.

Prior to the Nigerian independence in 1960, there was little professional accounting activity in the country, which was mainly in the multinational enterprises sector under the tutelage of British accounting system. Nigeria, like most of British colonies, inherited accountancy and company law based on the British model. Disclosure requirements and reporting requirement were based on the British system. Along with multinational enterprises, large international accounting firms also influence the accounting systems in Nigeria. As a matter of fact, international accounting firms dominated the accounting and auditing practices in the country. The old link between multinational enterprises and international accounting firms is the primary reason for their presence in Nigeria, although the lack of indigenous accounting firms is another reason. So, there has been a significant amount of influence of foreign enterprises on the development of accounting system in Nigeria. Ethics play a vital role in accounting profession in Nigeria, as a result accounting enhanced economic growth in Nigeria.

Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na dużą rolę kosztu historycznego w budowie systemu pomiarowego rachunkowości. W aktualnym systemie zasada kosztu historycznego jest stopniowo ograniczana (...) Obecnie w literaturze przedmiotowej zasada kosztu historycznego jest mocno krytykowana. Krytyka pochodzi nie tylko ze strony rachunkowości akademickiej, ale przede wszystkim ze sfery biznesu...

This paper assesses the dimensions of IFRS transition roadmap information content and its adequacy in guiding IFRS transition in Nigeria. Data were generated through self-administered questionnaire on 140 accountants that yielded 75.71% usable responses. Descriptive statistics and regression were used for the data analysis. It is discovered that the information content of the roadmap is not inclusive and inadequate to drive the transition to a successful implementation of IFRS. The information dimensions on education and awareness creation are not significantly contained in the roadmap. This adversely affects stakeholders' effective planning and establishment mediating measures to ensure successful transition.

The quality of decisions that users of accounting information make is largely dependent on the quality of information available to them. This therefore implies that for accounting information to be of acceptable quality, it must meet some established standards and principles. This paper looks at the various institutional frameworks for accounting policy in Nigeria with a view at addressing the unresolved issue in the legal framework by adopting the recent International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The paper recommends the way forward to include the amendment of the existing laws at variance with the adoption of the IFRS framework for financial Reporting.

The study focused on the adoption process of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on a developing economy, with particular reference to Nigeria. The paper is based on the data obtained from literature survey and archival sources in the context of the globalization of International Financial Reporting and the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).Nigeria has embraced IFRS in order to participate in the benefits it offers, including attracting foreign direct investment, reduction of the cost of doing business, and cross border listing. In implementing IFRS Nigeria will face challenges including the development of a legal and regulatory framework, awareness campaign, and training of personnel. Recommendations were made to forestall such challenges which include strengthening education and training, establishment of an independent body to monitor and enforce accounting and auditing standards.

Over the years several, sometimes conflicting, theories attempting to explain the development of professions have emerged. The ''functionalist'' and ''interactionist'' theories have since lost the spotlight to a more critical approach based on the Weberian concept of closure. Limitations in the concept and practice of this neo-Weberain concept have led to suggestions that research into the sociology of professions, should also include historical analyses of professionalism that capture historical specificities with the aim of generating theory that sees beyond ''just massive historical variation'' .

Over the years several, sometimes conflicting, theories attempting to explain the development of professions have emerged. The ''functionalist'' and ''interactionist'' theories have since lost the spotlight to a more critical approach based on the Weberian concept of closure. Limitations in the concept and practice of this neo-Weberain concept have led to suggestions that research into the sociology of professions, should also include historical analyses of professionalism that capture historical specificities with the aim of generating theory that sees beyond ''just massive historical variation'' .

Over the years several, sometimes conflicting, theories attempting to explain the development of professions have emerged. The ''functionalist'' and ''interactionist'' theories have since lost the spotlight to a more critical approach based on the Weberian concept of closure. Limitations in the concept and practice of this neo-Weberain concept have led to suggestions that research into the sociology of professions, should also include historical analyses of professionalism that capture historical specificities with the aim of generating theory that sees beyond ''just massive historical variation'' .

Over the years several, sometimes conflicting, theories attempting to explain the development of professions have emerged. The ''functionalist'' and ''interactionist'' theories have since lost the spotlight to a more critical approach based on the Weberian concept of closure. Limitations in the concept and practice of this neo-Weberain concept have led to suggestions that research into the sociology of professions, should also include historical analyses of professionalism that capture historical specificities with the aim of generating theory that sees beyond ''just massive historical variation'' .

Over the years several, sometimes conflicting, theories attempting to explain the development of professions have emerged. The ''functionalist'' and ''interactionist'' theories have since lost the spotlight to a more critical approach based on the Weberian concept of closure. Limitations in the concept and practice of this neo-Weberain concept have led to suggestions that research into the sociology of professions, should also include historical analyses of professionalism that capture historical specificities with the aim of generating theory that sees beyond ''just massive historical variation'' .