Accounting Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework is a system that links the objectives and principles that
form the foundation of accounting, ultimately leading to the development of consistent
standards to describe the essence, functions and limitations of accounting and financial
reporting. Conceptual frameworks play an important role in the advancement of new
accounting standards and revisions of previously implemented accounting standards. In
situations where accountants face new accounting problems without established
standards, a conceptual framework serves as a valuable tool for analyzing and resolving
these problems. This research will discuss further the role, obstacles and implications of
the accounting conceptual framework. This research uses a qualitative approach with
literature analysis. Data was collected from various sources including relevant books,
articles and journals. The results of this research show that the role of the conceptual
framework is as a guide to preparing financial reports, understanding basic accounting
concepts, helping to handle controversial scenarios in the field of accounting, comparing
financial reports. The obstacles are limited understanding of accountants, limitations in
the field of technology, and limitations in policy standards. The implications are
increasing the relevance of accounting information, utilizing information technology,
strengthening corporate governance.

Makalah ini memberikan pemeriksaan mendalam terhadap landasan teoritis akuntansi dan pelaporan keuangan. Studi ini menggali kerangka konseptual yang mendasari praktik akuntansi, mengeksplorasi prinsip, konsep, dan asumsi yang mendasari pelaporan keuangan. Melalui tinjauan komprehensif terhadap literatur yang relevan, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang aspek teoritis akuntansi, menyoroti pentingnya kerangka konseptual dalam memastikan kualitas, keandalan, dan transparansi informasi keuangan. Temuan penelitian ini mempunyai implikasi penting bagi para profesional akuntansi, pembuat kebijakan, dan pemangku kepentingan, karena mereka berupaya untuk mempromosikan praktik pelaporan keuangan yang lebih baik dan pengambilan keputusan yang tepat. Dengan menjelaskan landasan teoritis akuntansi, penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan kerangka akuntansi dan pelaporan keuangan yang lebih kuat dan efektif.

Most research on corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) describes its relationships with external factors such as financial performance and corporate reputation. There are relatively few studies that have focused employee's behaviours towards CSRD. This paper examines the relationship between CSRD on employee commitment. An exploratory approach is used in this paper by this study. This study utilizes interview method to collect data from 31 financial managers and information managers of 22 organisations; Miles and Huberman (1994) approach is used to analyse the qualitative data. The researchers have chosen the Libyan context as one of the world's developing countries that has undergone many changes over a short period of time in terms of economic, environmental and social changes. The majority view of managers interviewed is that as CSRD related to employee activities and consumer activities increases employee commitment towards its company increase. However, there is no relationship between CSRD related to environmental and employee disclosures and employee commitment in Libyan companies. The study discusses and explains important implications regarding uses of CSRD for enhancing employee's commitment.

The recent Maystadt report (2013) challenged the European Parliament to modify governance arrangements surrounding the design and endorsement of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). In addition the Maystadt report constructs an argument that accounting information has the capacity to also modify behaviour and that this might not be conducive for the European public good, financial stability and economic development. In this paper we argue that IFRS need to be stress tested for their impact on firm-level financial stability in a financialized world. The financialized firm can revalue a range of assets to their market value crystalizing future earnings into current values but these valuations can become impaired. Asset value impairments will be charged to shareholder equity but this is being hollowed out because a higher proportion of earnings are being distributed to shareholders. Accounting disclosures are ...

This paper argues that while significant concerns have been invoked on the material aspects of Islamic finance such as financial growth and products sophistication, it is nevertheless observed that equal emphasizes have not been given on social objectives of Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) as part of its value-oriented frameworks. In the absence of extensive discourse on corporate governance and its roles on CSR, this paper attempts to highlight the importance of corporate governance in stimulating the social function of IFIs within the Islamic ethical dimension paradigm. This paper aims at expanding the normative objective function of IFIs by advocating corporate social responsibility (CSR) via strengthening the corporate governance framework. Unlike the western concept of corporate governance, which is based on the western business morality that derived from “secular humanist”, this paper suggests that corporate governance in IFIs is founded on the epistemological aspect of ...

Puja dan puji syukur kami panjatkan kepada Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala yang telah memberikan banyak nikmat, taufik dan hidayah. Sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah yang berjudul "Accounting Point of View and Conceptual Framework" dengan baik tanpa ada halangan yang berarti.

This Teaching document is second in the series of the Advanced Accounting Problems lectures taught to the accounting specialization students at masters level. This document includes Basic consolidation mechanics of the statement of the financial position that includes the Goodwill , consolidated retained earnings and Non controlling interest both with proportionate share of assets and market value

The processes of all organizations are operated by human resource, thus valuation of this resource is very necessary and information concerning the valuation should be given to the management, investors and others through financial statements. Human resource accounting is fundamentally an information system that tells management what changes are happening over time to the human resources of the business. In the early 1990s, industries were familiar with the value and importance of human assets. When service sector started to contribute to a country’s economy, the importance of human assets got prominence (Kamal Gosh Ray, 2010).
Human Resource Accounting (HRA) is concerns with accounting for the organization’s management and employees as human capital that provides future profit. In the HRA approach, expenditures connected to human resources are reported as assets on the balance sheet as contrasting to the traditional accounting approach which treats costs associated to a organization’s human resources as operating expense on the income statement that reduce profit. HRA suggests that in adding up to the measures themselves, the process of measurement has significance in decision-making concerning organizations. Though the origins and early development of HRA occurred typically in the United States, interest and contributions to development in the field have been evident in a number of other countries (Porwal L .S, 2007).
Human resources accounting can be defined as a process of accounting which quantifies, identifies and measures human resources to help management to cope up with the changes in its quality and quantum so that equilibrium could be achieved in between the needed resources and the provided human resources.
Briefly, human resource accounting is the art of recording, valuing, and presenting systematically the value of human resources in the books of account of the company. This definition brings out the following significant characteristic features of human resource accounting such as valuation of human resources, recording the valuation in the books of account and exposé of the information in the financial statements of the business (Baker & McKenzie 2010).

Conceptual Framework atau disebut dengan Kerangka Konseptual dideskripsikan sebagai sebuah konstitusi, sistem yang koheren dari objek-objek yang saling berhubungan dan mendasar yang menuju kepada standar yang konsisten dan menentukan sifat dasar,fungsi batas dari akuntansi keuangan dan pelaporan keuangan. Dasar-dasar ini mendasari konsep akuntansi, konsep yang menjadi petunjuk dan prinsip bagi transaksi-transaksi akuntansi, pengukuran transaksi-transaksi tersebut untuk sekelompok pengguna akuntansi.

As per the economic principles there are three basic factors of production namely land, labor and capital. Under the present accounting framework both land and capital is appropriately accounted for, however labor has been deprived of the appropriate accounting treatment which it qualifies for. Though there have been some attempts to prescribe the accounting of the human resource starting with the path breaking work of Flamholtz and Pyle and followed by many but none were successful in suggesting a solid conceptual framework in dealing with the issue. This paper is an honest attempt to fill the gap in an age where the role of Human capital and Intellectual capital is growing day by day.

As per the economic principles there are three basic factors of production namely land, labor and capital. Under the present accounting framework both land and capital is appropriately accounted for, however labor has been deprived of the appropriate accounting treatment which it qualifies for. Though there have been some attempts to prescribe the accounting of the human resource starting with the path breaking work of Flamholtz and Pyle and followed by many but none were successful in suggesting a solid conceptual framework in dealing with the issue. This paper is an honest attempt to fill the gap in an age where the role of Human capital and Intellectual capital is growing day by day.

Conceptual Framework atau disebut dengan Kerangka Konseptual dideskripsikan sebagai sebuah konstitusi, sistem yang koheren dari objek-objek yang saling berhubungan dan mendasar yang menuju kepada standar yang konsisten dan menentukan sifat dasar,fungsi batas dari akuntansi keuangan dan pelaporan keuangan. Dasar-dasar ini mendasari konsep akuntansi, konsep yang menjadi petunjuk dan prinsip bagi transaksi-transaksi akuntansi, pengukuran transaksi-transaksi tersebut untuk sekelompok pengguna akuntansi. 2.1. Klasifikasi dan Konflik Kepentingan Perumusan tujuan akuntansi tergantung pada penyelesaian konflik kepentingan yangterdapat di pasar informasi. Atau lebih spesifik lagi, laporan keuangan yang dihasilkan olehinteraksi tiga kelompok: perusahaan, pengguna, dan profesi akuntansi. Perusahaan (firm) membentuk kelompok utama yang terlibat dalam proses akuntansi. Aktivitas-aktivitas operasional, keuangan, dan luar biasa (atau non-operasional) yang mereka lakukan menjadi justifikasi dari pembuatan laporan keuangan. Keberadaan dan perilaku mereka menimbulkan hasil keuangan yang sebagian dapat diukur oleh proses akuntansi. Perusahaan-perusahaan juga adalah penyedia informasi akuntansi. Pengguna (user) membentuk kelompok kedua. Pembuatan informasi akuntansi ipengaruhi oleh kepentingan dan kebutuhan pengguna. Meskipun tidak mungkin untuk mengumpulkan suatu daftar lengkap para pengguna, namun dapat dipastikan daftar tersebut akan mencantumkan para pemegang saham, analis keuangan, kreditor, dan badan-badan pemerintah. Profesi akuntansi (accounting profession) membentuk kelompok ketiga yang dapat memengaruhi informasi yang akan dimasukkan ke dalam laporan keuangan. Para akuntan terutama akan bertindak sebagai " auditor " yang bertanggung jawab untuk memverifikasi bahwa laporan keuangan telah mematuhi prinsip-prinsip akuntansi yang berlaku umum. Interaksi dari ketiga kelompok di atas dapat disajikan dalam sebuah diagram venn,dimana lingkaran U mencerminkan kepentingan dari para pengguna akan informasi yangdianggap bermanfaat untuk 1 TUGAS Teori Akuntansi NAMA : Yohanes Priyogo NPM : 0110U082

Over the years, the concept of Social Responsibility Accounting (SRA) is gaining recognition and sophistication.
While providing management with key performance indicators in social, environmental and economic
dimensions, accountants are deemed to provide integrated reporting that is reflective of the organization’s
strategy and values, as well. Social Responsibility Accounting is used as a tool to evaluate the company’s
performance through economic units in view of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
The study identifies the opportunities and challenges through the different approaches of Social Responsibility
Accounting. The findings throw light on the fact that the best practice for Social Responsibility Accounting
depends on the unique organizational strategies and values.
The study illustrates the challenges with which Social Responsibility Accounting needs to be extended. The
study also suggests that for each organization different diagnostic and interactive approaches are used through
Social Responsibility Accounting as every firm perceives a different sense of responsibility towards the society.
Further, the study emphasizes the need for the legislation, industrial standards and the identification, justification
and implementation of such standards. This study demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of a few of the
widely accepted procedures that provide credible, quantifiable and objective measures in the performance of an
organization with its focus towards CSR.

This topic is fifth in the series of the lectures of financial reporting .There is an established principle that assets should not be carried at above their recoverable amount. An entity should write down the carrying amount of an asset to its recoverable amount if the carrying amount of an asset is not recoverable in full. IAS 36 puts in place a detailed methodology for carrying out impairment reviews and related accounting treatments and disclosures

This document is fifth in the series of the lectures of Financial reporting. IAS 23 looks at the treatment of borrowing costs, particularly where the related borrowings are applied to the construction of certain assets. These are what are usually called 'self-constructed assets', where an entity builds its own inventory or non-current assets over a substantial period of time.

 Mengetahui hubungan antara conceptual framework dan dokumen-dokumen yang dibahas pada bab 6  Memahami komponen-komponen representational faithfulness dengan economic consequences  Memahami masalah trade-off yang dihadapi penyusun standar  Mengetahui inkonsistensi antara predictive ability dan accountability objective  Memahami pertentangan antara representational faithfulness dengan economic consequences  Melihat conceptual framework dari sudut pandang kodifikasi Hal penting yang harus diingat dalam mempelajari isi conceptual framework  conceptual framework merupakan dokumen evolusiner yang berasal dari dokumendokumen sebelumnya  jika terdapat banyak kritikan, dokumen ini dapat diperbaiki sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar standar akuntansi pada masa yang akan datang Conceptual framework yang diterbitkan FASB terdiri dari 6 bagian yang disebut Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts (SFAC) SFAC No.

This paper examined the nexus of corporate disclosure of environmental and social performance in form of sustainability reports on corporate stakeholder conflict management. Corporate stakeholder groups represent divergent interests in the activities of any corporation; as such, managing these interest groups is at the heart of survival for 21 st century corporations. The study is descriptive in nature and uses survey technique. The respondents comprised 121, made up of the following stakeholder groups: employees (38); managers (15); corporate accountants (18); shareholders (22) and 28 persons. The primary data were collected with the aid of a structured 5 point likert scale questionnaire. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested in the study. Descriptive statistics and Multiple Regression Technique were used in analyzing the primary data. Our empirical findings revealed that sustainability reporting would require managers to identify Key Social and Environmental performance indicators, this serves as a tool in understanding social and environmental stakeholder behavior. Respondents perceived that managing social and environmental stakeholder needs is crucial in sustaining a long-term relationship between management and these stakeholder groups. The link between the three constructs of sustainability was also identified, i.e. social and economic performance relationship; social and environmental performance relationship and environmental and economic performance relationship. Based on this, the study suggests the adoption of sustainability reporting practices by organizations; this however, should not precede the identification of key social and environmental performance indicators that would facilitate the integration of performance across the three dimensions into corporate core objectives and strategic values.