AUDIT PLANNING

HIV/AIDS is not only a risk to the world population, it is potentially devastating to individual organisations. According to the King Report on Corporate Governance, as well as other governance reports world-wide, risk management is primarily the responsibility of the board and senior management.

The study sought to examine the impact of auditor independence on the calibre of the auditor's report, the impact of auditor
capacity on the quality of the audit report, and the impact of risk assessment on the quality of the audit report in state
corporations in the ministry of water, sanitation, and irrigation in Kenya. The study was based on three theories: fraud theory,
risk-based internal audit theory, and audit quality theory. The study used a description-based causal research approach. The 48
internal auditors made up the study's target population. 43 respondents were used for the research objective after a pilot study
with 5 respondents at a scale of 0.7 was completed. In the study, descriptive and inferential statistics were both used. All
respondents were given questionnaires to complete. Regression analysis and Cronbach's alpha statistic were used to test the
hypothesis. The study found that risk-based internal audits affected the quality of internal audit reports. The study also found
that internal auditors’ independence, skills and competence and risk assessment quality of audit reports were positively and
significantly correlated. The study concluded that internal auditors’ independence, skills and competence and risk assessment
all had a very favourable impact on the quality of the audit report in state corporations in the ministry of water, sanitation, and
irrigation. The study recommends that internal auditors should have independence since it allows them to make the objective
decisions necessary for the appropriate conduct of engagements, internal auditors should have the necessary skills and be
competent due to the fact that they assist the business's financial, operational, compliance, control, and governance activities,
state corporations should carry out risk assessment since it is essential to audit planning and analyze the risks of significant
misstatement at the financial statement and related assertion levels, whether due to mistake or fraud. The study is important for
auditors and academics interested in general knowledge since it could serve as a foundation for future research.

HIV/AIDS is not only a risk to the world population, it is potentially devastating to individual organisations. According to the King Report on Corporate Governance, as well as other governance reports worldwide , risk management is primarily the responsibility of the board and senior management. The internal auditor however, has a responsibility to assist management with this task.

Auditing is a vital function within a pharmaceutical company nowadays. Quality audit is a review and evaluation of all or part of a quality system with the specific purpose of improving it. It is one of the means to examine pharmacy programs and ensures that the procedures and reimbursement mechanisms comply with the contractual and regulatory requirements. A quality audit is usually conducted by external or independent experts or by a team designated by management for this purpose. These audits can be extended to suppliers and contractors as well. An audit will assess the strengths and weaknesses of quality assurance and quality assurance processes, the results of which assists in improving processes and building a better system for company benefits. This article focuses on various aspects of quality auditing in the pharmaceutical industry including its principles, objectives, importance and benefits and planning along with the deficiencies that are likely to occur during the process. This review comprises a well-organized summary of various guidelines available till date using the Google Scholar search engine and the keywords listed below.

This study was conducted to examine the relationship between auditor‘s independence and audit quality in Mbale Municipal
Council (MMC) and the moderating role of auditor‘s capacity. The study was carried out to establish the relationship between
programming independence and audit quality. The philosophical perspective was based on post-positivism. Quantitative
complemented by qualitative methods were used with the survey research design. A sample of 423 respondents obtained from
a target population of 1,166 was applied using stratified sampling. The reliability coefficient of the instruments was computed
using Cronbach alpha ( value of average CVI of 85.5% and 0.882. Descriptive statistics was applied using MIN, MAX,
MEAN and Standard deviation. Pearson Correlation analysis was conducted to establish the relationships between variables
and also linear regressions, supported by qualitative findings. Study findings revealed that that there is a weak positive
significant relationship between programming independence and audit quality (t=8.515), The researcher recommends that the
Ministry of Local Government (MoLG) should offer auditors an opportunity to be guided by the audit processes and the
Parliament should put a law that requires the use of computerized auditing software or mobile applications in audit
programming, investigative and reporting. The MoLG should mandate all Local Government Units with direct access to their
staff and all sources of information. Furthermore, the researcher recommends avoidance of the practice of excluding
significant matters from the formal report in favour of their inclusion in an informal report. Additionally, audit reporting
hierarchies should be streamlined and respected, plus the institution of audit reporting software in all their operations.

This study was conducted to examine the relationship between auditor‘s independence and audit quality in Mbale Municipal
Council (MMC) and the relationship between investigative independence and audit quality. The philosophical perspective was
based on post-positivism. Quantitative complemented by qualitative methods were used with the survey research design. A
sample of 423 respondents obtained from a target population of 1,166 was applied using stratified sampling. The reliability
coefficient of the instruments was computed using Cronbach alpha ( value of average CVI of 85.5% and 0.882.Descreptive
statistics was applied using Min-Max, Mean and Standard deviation. Pearson Correlation analysis was conducted to establish
the relationships between variables and also linear regressions, supported by qualitative findings. Study findings revealed that
there was a moderate positive relationship between investigative independence and audit quality (t=11.860) The researcher
recommends that the Ministry of Local Government (MoLG) should offer auditors an opportunity to be guided by the audit
processes and the Parliament should put a law that requires the use of computerized auditing software or mobile applications
in investigative and reporting. The MoLG should mandate all Local Government Units with direct access to their staff and all
sources of information. Furthermore, the researcher recommends avoidance of the practice of excluding significant matters
from the formal report in favour of their inclusion in an informal report. Additionally, audit reporting hierarchies should be
streamlined and respected, plus the institution of audit reporting software in all their operations.

The role of internal auditing in assisting with the mitigation of key risks threatening organisations has increased, not least, for example, in ensuring that engagements are performed more effectively and efficiently, and that all the key risks of organisations are addressed, but also to ensure that scarce internal audit resources are used optimally. This article describes the development of a model that can be used by internal auditors to perform this task. The model was developed from a study of the academic literature, current business practice norms, and other documentation whereafter it was tested in a practical scenario, and input from heads of internal audit departments in prominent South African organisations was obtained. The findings of the study, inter alia, support the use of the model. However, a concern is that the risk management strategy currently implemented by organisations is not mature enough for internal auditing to rely on the outcome of the risk management pro...

11W ith the current growth in awareness of the value of internal audit services, the increased demand from various stakeholders, and the scarcity of competent internal auditors, the profession needs a new mindset, particularly in respect of the execution of internal audit activities. Although risk-based internal auditing is a fairly new concept, its implementation could assist internal auditors to audit 'smarter', that is, more effectively and efficiently. However, it is unclear whether the current concept of a risk-based internal audit engagement is in line with modern business practices, such as enterprise-wide risk management principles. Furthermore, it is also uncertain whether internal auditors share a single set of risk management principles and concepts, and how (or even if) these should be included in the internal audit engagement. This article explores the common understanding of what the planning phase of a risk-based internal audit engagement should entail when ba...

The role of internal auditing in assisting with the mitigation of key risks threatening organisations has increased, not least, for example, in ensuring that engagements are performed more effectively and efficiently, and that all the key risks of organisations are addressed, but also to ensure that scarce internal audit resources are used optimally. This article describes the development of a model that can be used by internal auditors to perform this task. The model was developed from a study of the academic literature, current business practice norms, and other documentation whereafter it was tested in a practical scenario, and input from heads of internal audit departments in prominent South African organisations was obtained. The findings of the study, inter alia, support the use of the model. However, a concern is that the risk management strategy currently implemented by organisations is not mature enough for internal auditing to rely on the outcome of the risk management process, a prerequisite for the model to function optimally. A second concern is that internal auditing is reluctant to use a pure risk-based approach when performing audit engagements and still prefers to use a control-based approach with more emphasis placed on high risk areas.

The objective of this paper is to provide information on the perceived effectiveness of 56 fraud-detecting standard audit procedures normally used in stock and warehousing cycle, and to examine auditor-and audit firm-specific factors that influence the likelihood of detecting fraud in stock and warehousing cycle in New Zealand. We gathered data through a mail survey of New Zealand auditors in order to ascertain their opinion on the effectiveness of these audit procedures. The results suggest that relatively few (less than half) of the 56 standard audit procedures are perceived by our surveyed auditors as being "more effective" in detecting fraud in stock and warehousing cycle. Further, more than half of the 56 audit procedures are perceived by respondents as "moderately effective" in detecting fraud. Fifteen audit procedures are perceived as being "less effective" in detecting fraud the stock and warehousing audit cycle. A univariate analysis reveals no significant perpetual differences among our respondents on the basis of the location of their employers in New Zealand, and the type of audit firm employing them. We employed logit regression analysis to test a model to predict the likelihood of detecting fraud in stock and warehousing cycle, given certain auditor-and audit firm-specific factors. The results of the regression analysis suggest that size of audit firm (measured by the number of employees), auditor's position tenure, and auditor's years of experience are statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of detecting fraud in stock and warehousing cycle in New Zealand. Thus, the likelihood of fraud detection in stock and warehousing increases as the auditor acquires more years of auditing experience, and with the audit firms employing more members of staff.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the determinants of effective fraud management in domestic tier one commercial banks in Trans Nzoia County. The analysis was focused on the domestic tier one commercial banks in the County as the population of the study. The study was guided by the following objectives; to analyze the effect of the independence of the internal audit personnel, the competence of the internal audit personnel, the presence of the internal audit charter and the management support as determinants of effective fraud management in the d0mestic tier one commercial banks. The study was guided by the agency theory, the fraud management lifecycle/theory and the communication theory. A correlation research design was adopted in which an in-depth study of the determinants of effective fraud management was carried out from the target population of the senior management staff and the internal audit personnel in the domestic tier one commercial banks in the County. The survey targeted departmental heads in the banks by employing census method. The source of the required data was through the questionnaires, covering both qualitative and quantitative data, administered to the target population by the researcher. The questionnaire was designed for data collection and eventual analysis by both the regression tools and ANOVA using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. A multiple correlation coefficient and regression analysis together with the ANOVA test were carried out to establish the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable. The findings revealed that the regression effect is statistically significant and indicated an accomplished prediction of the dependent variable, better than if done through chance through the F calculated (F =12.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the determinants of effective fraud management in domestic tier one commercial banks in Trans Nzoia County. The analysis was focused on the domestic tier one commercial banks in the County as the population of the study. The study was guided by the following objectives; to analyze the effect of the independence of the internal audit personnel, the competence of the internal audit personnel, the presence of the internal audit charter and the management support as determinants of effective fraud management in the d0mestic tier one commercial banks. The study was guided by the agency theory, the fraud management lifecycle/theory and the communication theory. A correlation research design was adopted in which an in-depth study of the determinants of effective fraud management was carried out from the target population of the senior management staff and the internal audit personnel in the domestic tier one commercial banks in the County. The survey...

Much appreciation goes to all who offered me moral and practical support in the preparation of this project. DEDICATION To my family, for encouragement and support during this course especially my uncle Ndungu. My mother Charity for her wise guidance and upbringing. My loving wife Nancy and my lovely children, Charity, Mark and Peter who have always been on my side despite being away from them for many hours and sometimes coming back home late in the night. v TABLE OF CONTENTS

The objective of this paper is to provide information on the perceived effectiveness of 56 fraud-detecting standard audit procedures normally used in stock and warehousing cycle, and to examine auditor-and audit firm-specific factors that influence the likelihood of detecting fraud in stock and warehousing cycle in New Zealand. We gathered data through a mail survey of New Zealand auditors in order to ascertain their opinion on the effectiveness of these audit procedures. The results suggest that relatively few (less than half) of the 56 standard audit procedures are perceived by our surveyed auditors as being "more effective" in detecting fraud in stock and warehousing cycle. Further, more than half of the 56 audit procedures are perceived by respondents as "moderately effective" in detecting fraud. Fifteen audit procedures are perceived as being "less effective" in detecting fraud the stock and warehousing audit cycle. A univariate analysis reveals no significant perpetual differences among our respondents on the basis of the location of their employers in New Zealand, and the type of audit firm employing them. We employed logit regression analysis to test a model to predict the likelihood of detecting fraud in stock and warehousing cycle, given certain auditor-and audit firm-specific factors. The results of the regression analysis suggest that size of audit firm (measured by the number of employees), auditor's position tenure, and auditor's years of experience are statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of detecting fraud in stock and warehousing cycle in New Zealand. Thus, the likelihood of fraud detection in stock and warehousing increases as the auditor acquires more years of auditing experience, and with the audit firms employing more members of staff.

In the wake of recent corporate accounting scandals, auditors are encouraged to improve their method of fraud detection. Although Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 99 does not change the responsibility of the auditor for detecting fraud, it does provide new procedural requirements for assessing fraud risk, such as brainstorming among key team members about the potential for fraud. Using audit interns and internal auditors, this study empirically examines two interventions hypothesized to improve the quality of ideas generated by audit interns and internal auditors. In the first intervention, auditors use a computer-based group support system to brainstorm either non-anonymously or anonymously. For the second intervention, auditors were either trained to use a paradigm-modifying creativity technique or not trained. Additionally, it is hypothesized that the creativity training will have the greatest impact on brainstorming effectiveness when auditors brainstorm anonymously. Ho...

Designing and performing analytical procedures aimed to assess the rating of the Financial Investment Companies are essential activities both in the phase of planning a financial audit mission and in the phase of issuing conclusions regarding the suitability of using by the management and other persons responsible for governance of going concern, as the basis for preparation and disclosure of financial statements. The paper aims to examine the usefulness of recognized models used in the practice of financial standing, for the purpose of designing and applying analytical procedures specific to financial audit missions performed within Financial Investment Companies. This approach can serve as a basis in designing and developing specific financial audit programs for capital investments.

The objective of this paper is to provide information on the perceived effectiveness of 56 fraud-detecting standard audit procedures normally used in stock and warehousing cycle, and to examine auditor-and audit firm-specific factors that influence the likelihood of detecting fraud in stock and warehousing cycle in New Zealand. We gathered data through a mail survey of New Zealand auditors in order to ascertain their opinion on the effectiveness of these audit procedures. The results suggest that relatively few (less than half) of the 56 standard audit procedures are perceived by our surveyed auditors as being "more effective" in detecting fraud in stock and warehousing cycle. Further, more than half of the 56 audit procedures are perceived by respondents as "moderately effective" in detecting fraud. Fifteen audit procedures are perceived as being "less effective" in detecting fraud the stock and warehousing audit cycle. A univariate analysis reveals no significant perpetual differences among our respondents on the basis of the location of their employers in New Zealand, and the type of audit firm employing them. We employed logit regression analysis to test a model to predict the likelihood of detecting fraud in stock and warehousing cycle, given certain auditor-and audit firm-specific factors. The results of the regression analysis suggest that size of audit firm (measured by the number of employees), auditor's position tenure, and auditor's years of experience are statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of detecting fraud in stock and warehousing cycle in New Zealand. Thus, the likelihood of fraud detection in stock and warehousing increases as the auditor acquires more years of auditing experience, and with the audit firms employing more members of staff.

Working Paper Series CRIS #I69 GBA #87-116 '~u n d i n g for this project was provided by the Peat Marwick Foundation through their Research Opportunities in Auditing program (Project Number 84-118) and by a Faculty Research Grant of the Graduate Scliool of Business of the University of Pittsburgh. We are especially grateful for the many hours contriLuted by the nine professional accountants who formed the basis for our conceptual model of risk analysis. JVe are also grateful to Paul Frishkoff, Jenny Gaver, Bob Clernen, and Barry Floyd for commenting on an earlier draft of this paper.

This study examines the impact of alternative risk assessment (standard risk checklist versus no checklist) and program development (standard program versus no program) tools on two facets of fraud planning effectiveness: (1) the quality of audit procedures relative to a benchmark validated by a panel of experts, and (2) the propensity to consult fraud experts. A between-subjects experiment, using an SEC enforcement fraud case, was conducted to examine these relationships. Sixty-nine auditors made risk assessments and designed an audit program. We found that auditors who used a standard risk checklist, structured by SAS No. 82 risk categories, made lower risk assessments than those without a checklist. This suggests that the use of the checklist was associated with a less effective diagnosis of the fraud. We also found that auditors with a standard audit program designed a relatively less effective fraud program than those without this tool but were not more willing to seek consultation with fraud experts. This suggests that standard programs may impair auditors' ability to respond to fraud risk. Finally, our results show that fraud risk assessment (FRASK) was not associated with the planning of more effective fraud procedures but was directly associated with the desire to consult with fraud specialists. This suggests that one benefit of improved FRASK is its relation with consultation. Overall, the findings call into question the effectiveness of standard audit tools in a fraud setting and highlight the need for a more strategic reasoning approach in an elevated risk situation.

This study examines the impact of alternative risk assessment (standard risk checklist versus no checklist) and program development (standard program versus no program) tools on two facets of fraud planning effectiveness: (1) the quality of audit procedures relative to a benchmark validated by a panel of experts, and (2) the propensity to consult fraud experts. A between-subjects experiment, using an SEC enforcement fraud case, was conducted to examine these relationships. Sixty-nine auditors made risk assessments and designed an audit program. We found that auditors who used a standard risk checklist, structured by SAS No. 82 risk categories, made lower risk assessments than those without a checklist. This suggests that the use of the checklist was associated with a less effective diagnosis of the fraud. We also found that auditors with a standard audit program designed a relatively less effective fraud program than those without this tool but were not more willing to seek consultation with fraud experts. This suggests that standard programs may impair auditors' ability to respond to fraud risk. Finally, our results show that fraud risk assessment (FRASK) was not associated with the planning of more effective fraud procedures but was directly associated with the desire to consult with fraud specialists. This suggests that one benefit of improved FRASK is its relation with consultation. Overall, the findings call into question the effectiveness of standard audit tools in a fraud setting and highlight the need for a more strategic reasoning approach in an elevated risk situation.

Determination of materiality is a crucial step in an audit mission because it affects the entire audit process. The incorrect application of materiality can have serious negative repercussions on both the audited entity and the auditor (Enron-Anderson). Researches conducted over time revealed the complexity of this element in an audit mission and the need to emergence some generally accepted rules and regulations to provide support in defining and substantiating the professional judgment applied in this stage of the audit.

In recent years there has been increased litigation against independent auditors. In response, some auditing firms have adopted more structured audit processes in an effort to improve auditor consensus and performance. In this paper we explore the potential legal effects of employing diagnostic (analytical procedures) decision aids. Specifically, in a laboratory experiment, American general jurisdiction judges assessed auditor culpability after examining a case of alleged audit failure. It is our belief that once implemented, jurists may use practitioner-developed decision aids as an indicant of normative auditor behavior. That is, specifically, we propose that perceptions of audit firm liability will be lower in an environment in which a decision aid is fully utilized than in an environment where no decision aid is used. Likewise, we propose that perceptions of auditor liability will be higher when the decision aid is not fully utilized compared to when no decision aid is used. The results of this experiment do not provide support for hypothesis one. Full utilization of a decision aid did not decrease jurists' assessments of liability when the decision aid failed to isolate a financial statement error. The results, however, do provide support for hypothesis two. Less than complete utilization of a decision aid did increase jurists' assessments of liability.

Previous studies indicate that auditors are able to identify fraud risk factors, but may not be able to translate this knowledge into an audit plan that effectively takes these factors into account and increases the likelihood of detecting the fraud if it exists. Fraud specialists may be able to compensate for such limitations. This study investigates the relative merits of involving fraud specialists during the planning stage in assisting auditors by developing an audit plan that will effectively identify fraud. In this study, thirty one fraud specialists completed an audit planning case that was adapted from the case used by Asare and Wright (2004) (based on an actual fraud case). Comparisons between fraud specialists" responses and the auditors" responses in Asare and Wright (2004) indicate that the fraud specialists adjusted the audit plan to respond to the fraud risks in the case, but this adjustment was made only when they performed the risk assessment themselves, as opposed to being given the audit team"s risk assessment and then being consulted to contribute to the audit plan. Also, in comparison with the additional procedures that Asare and Wright"s auditors identified to address the risks in the case, the fraud specialists in our study identified much fewer such audit procedures. However, they identified a significant number of other effective procedures that were not identified in Asare and Wright (2004). Fraud specialists appear to be more sensitive to fraud risk and increase the time budget for useful standard procedures as well as other more specialized procedures that can contribute to fraud detection if involved in the risk assessment process. Further, fraud specialists do not appear to have homogenous competencies in performing audit planning tasks. A comparison of fraud specialists with a formal specialist designation against those without such a designation indicated that the designated specialists made more normative adjustments to the audit plan to address the fraud risks raised in the case. The study contributes to the consideration of how to best involve fraud specialists in the planning stages of an audit, before and after the auditor has identified fraud risk factors. Implications for training and accreditation of fraud specialists are discussed.

Nowadays, hotel industry become a business that very interested for many people that can manage the hotel asset very well, in order to giving faster and satisfy services. Every process in Mahkota hotel still manage manually, and this condition require more time and effort. Beside that also cause some human error. To overcome this problem, Mahkota hotel needs management information system that can control information asset management in a hotel, so it can minimalize human error. Beside that, management information system can make easier and faster the process of displaying information become more effective and efficient. Mahkota hotel information system is built by using Microsoft Visual Basic as programming language and database SQL server. Information system has some feature, such as to manage activity in front office and back office. It hoped can increase and improve the hotel management, so it can giving the best services.

This paper presents a review of the research literature on materiality. Previous research in materiality shows inconsistencies in judgments among auditors and other groups. Research findings suggest that variations in materiality judgments may be due to a number of factors including personality, contextual differences, and audit structure, or due to the absence of a clear materiality guideline. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate the development of research on materiality, identify variables that may have potential effects on materiality judgments, and establish the future direction of research in this area.

The presence of foreign subsidiaries and local companies, each playing a significant role in the local economy is a typical phenomenon in the business environment of emerging economies. The objective of this study is to extend the research concerning the relationship between environmentalfactors and error occurrence by exumining the impact of organizational ownership (foreign subsidiaries in Hong Kong vs. local Chinese companies) on error characteristics. The second objective of this study is to examine the empirical characteristics of errors in an emerging economy, Hong Kong, with references to relevant U.S. studies. Hong Kong is part of the Chinese Economic Area, a Big Emerging Market identified by the U.S. Department of Commerce. In the past two decades, while there have been numerous empirical studies on error characteristics,for U.S. audit data, there is a scar&y ofsuch studies using non-U.S. data. Due to differences in organizational culture. nature of business transactions as well as accounting practices, the error characteristics detected in audit populations in emerging economies ma)-be significantly different from those discovered in the U.S. Results of this study should facilitate audit efficiency and efJectiveness through improved audit risk assessment for each ownership type company and should also alert management of multinational corporations to incorporate the potential differences in error patterns in designing and implementing @ective accounting controls for companies outside the U.S.

Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, penggunaan sistem informasi sangat diperlukan untuk menunjang dan meningkatkan kegiatan bisnis dalam suatu perusahaan. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu sistem informasi yang berkualitas bagi sebuah perusahaan.
Hotel merupakan perusahaan jasa yang bergerak di bidang pariwisata perhotelan. Dalam industri perhotelan bagian operasional merupakan bagian yang paling penting dimana semua bagian tersebut merupakan bagian dari Front Office yang melayani Check-In
dan Pelanggan Check-Out, menerima Pembayaran, menyediakan fasilitas sesuai kebutuhan pelanggan. Bagian ini sangat penting karena merupakan bagian dari tulang punggung perusahaan.
Oleh karena itu, jika sistem informasi operasional berjalan sesuai standar perusahaan, maka akan memberikan manfaat yang maksimal. Maka diperlukan teknik untuk mengontrol dan memastikan bahwa sistem informasi telah mencapai tujuan yang sesuai dengan standar perusahaan, maka perlu dilakukan perancangan sistem informasi audit pada hotel.

Mahasiswi S1 Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomi UNISSULA Dalam penerimaan penugasan audit, dikenal istilah risiko luar biasa yang harus dipertimbangkan seorang auditor yang mungkin berdampak terhadap penerimaan penugasan audit dari calon klien. Adapun cara mengetahuinya adalah dengan cara mengidentifikasi pemakai laporan audit, mendapatkan informasi tentang stabilitas keuangan dan legal calon klien di masa depan, dan mengevaluasi kemungkinan dapat atau tidaknya laporan keuangan calon klien diaudit.

Internal auditing is plays a significant role in corporate governance mosaic in both the public and the private sectors and Savings credit and cooperatives societies too. Saccos in Kenya have played a significant role since independence hence the need to have effective corporate governance mechanism. The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of internal audit on corporate governance in Sacco’s in Nairobi County. The study was guided by the following objectives: to determine the effect of risk management; to assess the effect of internal controls; to determine the effect of compliance and to establish the effect internal auditor’s work experience on corporate governance in Sacco’s in Nairobi County. The study was guided by the Agency Theory. This study adopted descriptive research design. The study targeted 45 licensed SACCOS in Nairobi County with a population of 180 respondents who worked for 45 licensed SACCOS by SASRA in Nairobi County. The sample size for the study was 124 respondents. Purposive technique and simple random sampling was used to select a sample size that represented all employees in filling questionnaires. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings indicated that auditor’s work experience had a positive and significant effect on corporate governance of Sacco’s in Kenya (B=0.160, P<0.05). The study recommended that the SACCOs should employ workers with experience in auditing in order to improve the performance of corporate governance. These work experience will equip auditors with certain soft skills such as team working, communication skills and commercial awareness which enhance corporate governance.

Green operations relates to all aspects related to product manufacturing, usage, handling, logistics and waste management.
Environmental protection and economic burden on industry is leading organizations toward re-evaluation of their corporate
strategies including operations and business performance. Environmental operations management is the integration of
environmental management principles with the decision making process for converting resources into usable products. The
implementation of this management programmes has an impact on the environmental financial and operational performance of
the firm. This study therefore sought to determine the adoption of green operations practices and their influence on the
financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The objectives of the study were: to find out the extent to which
commercial banks in Kenya have adopted green operations practices, to determine the influence of green operations practices
on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya and to find out challenges commercial banks in Kenya face in
adopting green operations practices. The study adopted a correlational descriptive design. It targeted all the 44 commercial
banks in Kenya. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Secondary data on ROI was obtained from
published financial reports of the Kenyan banks. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire that was
administered through the ‘drop and pick later’ method. The study established that banks have adopted different green
operations practices such as environmental policies and goals, green lending, green processes and procedures and green
products and services. It also determined that poorly defined objectives, inadequate infrastructure to support the initiatives,
limited training and certification for practitioners in operating and Minimal or ineffective enforcement and inspection
procedures for green operations practices were the challenges faced by banks in the adoption of green operations practices.
Finally, the study found out an insignificant positive relationship between green operations practices adoption and financial
performance. In conclusion the study recommends that all banks carry out green operations practices.

Innovation strategy enables organizations to remain relevant in a highly competitive arena by focusing the organization’s efforts on doing things differently.  The purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of strategic innovation implementation in the banking sector, a survey of Commercial Banks in North Rift Region. It was guided by the following objective: to assess the effects of organizational culture, on the implementation of strategic innovation. The study was guided by the Higgin’s eight S model and the theory of transformation; it adopted a survey research design. The study targeted 229 respondents, who included regional managers, branch managers, and departmental heads of best performing commercial banks in the north rift region ranked by CYTONN’S Investment as at 10th December, 2017. Therefore the study included all the respondents in the study. Questionnaires were used as data collection instruments. Research experts were used to determine the validity and their suggestions and comments were used as a basis to modify the research items. The research instruments were pre-tested to ensure reliability, further split half method was adopted to calculate cronbach alpha coefficient. A value of above 0.7 confirmed the reliability of the research instruments. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in tables. The study findings indicated that organizational culture (β = 0.103; ρ =0.023), influence the implementation of strategic innovation by Commercial Banks in Kenya North Rift Region. Therefore it is recommended that commercial banks should ensure existence of norms and values that ensure collaboration, flexibility as well as innovativeness among employees to ensure effective implementation of strategic innovations. When considering organizational leadership, Commercial banks need to oscillate between the four major leadership styles at the various levels of strategic innovation implementation. Effective value assessment will ensure that commercial banks allocate adequate resources in terms of finances, human resource, equipments and infrastructure so as to ensure effective strategic innovation implementation and commercial banks may need to appreciate that different strategic innovations may require different types of structures to be in operation at the same time in order for effective implementation to materialize.

In the recent past the Kenyan banks have experienced a number of corporate failures related to transparency and accountability, their attention was focused on corporate governance matters instead of risk based audit. In 2016, Chase bank, Dubai bank and Imperial bank was positioned under financial management statutory due to suspicions of money laundering and fraud. The purpose of this study was the analysis of risk maturity assessment on audit quality of Tier I commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically to establish the influence of periodic risk audit planning on audit quality; to establish the influence of individual audit assignment on audit quality of tier I commercial banks in Kenya. Descriptive research design was adopted. The study targeted a population of 1597 staffs who constituted respondents from, accounting and finance, internal audit and Risk and compliance department of tier I commercial banks in Kenya. Stratified random sampling was used to select a sample of 104 respondents. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was analysed by use of inferential and descriptive statistics. Tables was used for data presentation since it is to understand and internalize data and primary data was used. Pilot study was conducted in tier two commercial banks in head office, Nairobi. The internal consistency was tested by use of Cronbach (Alpha – α) model with the alpha coefficient of above 0.7 being considered reliable. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variables. These correlations were further subjected to significance test to determine whether the observed correlations were significant. A significance level of 0.05 was therefore set for testing the research hypotheses. The study revealed that Risk Maturity Assessment had the highest coefficient, Beta = 0.261, followed by Periodic risk audit planning with Beta = 0.207 and lastly Individual audit assignment with Beta = 0.174; this indicates that Risk Maturity Assessment makes the strongest unique contribution in explaining the quality of audit in Tier I Commercial Banks in Kenya, Periodic risk audit planning had the second largest unique contribution while Individual audit assignment had the least unique contribution in explaining the variation in the quality of audit in Tier I Commercial Banks in Kenya, Periodic risk audit planning. Among the three predictor variables, Risk Maturity Assessment was found to be the strongest predictor of the quality of audit in Tier I Commercial Banks in Kenya, followed by Periodic risk audit planning risk planning, and lastly Individual audit assignment. The study findings are expected to be of value to the banks stakeholders and form a basis for improving audit quality of banks by enhancing risk based audit. The study concludes that risk based auditing through risk assessment, Periodic risk based planning and individual audit assignment should be enhanced. This would enable the commercial banks to be able to detect risks on time and concentrate on high risk areas leading to increased transparency and accountability, hence enhancing financial performance and audit quality. The study recommends that management in commercial banks in Kenya should adopt effective risk based audit practices such as risk assessment, periodic risk based planning and individual audit assignment to enhance effective and efficient audit reports.The study recommends that the management of commercial banks should consider risk based audit in auditing process and risk management.

Perencanaan audit adalah total lamanya waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh auditor untuk melakukan perencanaan audit awal sampai pada pengembangan rencana audit dan program audit menyeluruh. Variabel ini diukur dengan menggunakan jam perencanaan audit. Keberhasilan penyelesaian perikatan audit sangat ditentukan oleh kualitas perencanaan audit yang dibuat oleh auditor.

Memahami bisnis dan industri klien adalah salah satu langkah yang paling penting dalam perencanaan audit. PERENCANAAN Prinsip-prinsip yang mendasari standar auditing AICPA menunjukkan : " Auditor harus merencanakan pekerjaan dan memsupervisi setiap asisten secara memadai. " Ada tiga alasan utama mengapa auditor harus merencanakan penugasan dengan tepat : untuk memungkinkan auditor mendapatkan bukti yang tepat dan mencukupi pada situasi yang dihadapi, untuk membantu menjaga biaya audit tetap wajar, dan untuk menghindarkan kesalahpahaman dengan klien Ada dua istilah risiko :  Risiko audit yang dapat diterima (acceptable audir risk) adalah ukuran seberapa besar auditor bersedia menerima bahwa laporan keuangan akan salah saji secara material setelah audit diselesaikan dan pendapat wajar tanpa pengecualian telah dikeluarkan. Apabila auditor memutuskan untuk memilih risiko audit yang dapat diterima yang lebih rendah, ini berarti auditor menginginkan kepastian yang lebih besar bahwa laporan keuangan tidak mengandung salah saji secara material. Risiko nol persen berarti kepastian, dan risiko 100 persen berarti sama sekali tidak yakin.  Risiko inheren adalah ukuran penilaian auditor atas kemungkinan adanya salah saji yang material dalam suatu saldo akun sebelum mempertimbangkan keefektifan pengendalian internal. Penilaian risiko audit yang dapat diterima dan risiko inheren adalah bagian yang penting dari perencanaan audit, karena hal itu membantu menentukan jumlah bukti yang harus dikumpulkan dan staf yang dibutuhkan untuk penugasan itu.

Standar Pekerjaan Lapangan dalam S tandar Auditing mengharuskan bahwa audit harus direncanakan dengan sebaik-baiknya-Tiga alasan utama auditor merencanakan audit dengan baik: (1) memperoleh bukti kompeten yang memadai, (2) membantu menjaga biaya audit dikeluarkan dalam jumlah wajar, (3) menghindari kesalahpahaman dengan klien-Acceptable audit risk/AAR (risiko akseptibilitas audit): ukuran untuk menilai seberapa besar kesediaan auditor untuk menerima bahwa laporan keuangan mungkin saja disajikan dengan kesalahan penyajian yang material setelah proses audit dilaksanakan dan pendapat wajar tanpa pengecualian dinyatakan-Inherent Risk/IR (risiko inheren/risiko bawaan): ukuran penilaian auditor atas kemungkinan adanya kesalahan penyajian yang material atas account sebelum mempertimbangkan efektivitas pengendalian intern-Penilaian terhadap AAR dan IR merupakan bagian penting dari perencanaan karena penilaian tersebut mempengaruhi jumlah bukti audit yang harus dikumpulkan dan penugasan staf yang lebih berpengalaman dan pelaksanaan audit

1. Paparan Umum mengenai Materialitas Materialitas merupakan dasar penerapan dasar auditing, terutama standar pekerjaan lapangan dan standar pelaporan. Materialitas adalah suatu pertimbangan penting dalam menentukan jenis laporan yang tepat untuk diterbitkan dalam situasi tertentu. Sebagai contoh, jika ada salah saji yang tidak material dalam laporan keuangan suatu entitas dan pengaruhnya terhadap periode selanjutnya diperkirakan tidak terlalu berarti, maka dapatlah dikeluarkan suatu laporan wajar tanpa pengecualian. Definisi dari materialitas dalam kaitannya dengan akuntansi dan pelaporan audit adalah suatu salah saji dalam laporan keuangan dapat dianggap material jika pengetahuan atas salah saji tersebut dapat mempengaruhi keputusan pemakai laporan keuangan.Dalam menerapkan definisi ini, digunakan tiga tingkatan materialitas dalam mempertimbangkan jenis laporan yang dibuat: 1. Jumlahnya tidak material. Jika terdapat salah saji dalam laporan keuangan, tetapi cenderung tidak mempengaruhi keputusan pemakai laporan, salah saji tersebut dianggap tidak material. Dalam hal ini pendapat tidak wajar dapat diberikan. 2. Jumlahnya material tetapi tidak mengganggu laporan keuangan secara keseluruhan. Tingkat materialitas kedua terjadi jika salah saji di dalam laporan keuangan dapat mempengaruhi keputusan pemakai, tetap bpi keseluruhan laporan keuangan tersebut tersaji dengan benar, sehingga tetap berguna. Jika auditor menyimpulkan bahwa salah saji tersebut cukup materialtetapi tidak mengganggu laporan keuangan secara keseluruhan, pendapat yang tepat adalah pendapat wajar dengan pengecualian (menggungakn " kecuali untuk ") 3. Jumlah sangat material atau pengaruhnya sangat meluas sehingga kewajaran lapora keuangan secara keseluruhan diragukan. Tingkat materialitas dikatakan tertinggi terjadi apabila para pengguna informasi laporan keuangan dapat membuat keputusan yang salah jika mereka mengandalkan laporan keuangan secara keseluruhan. Semakin meluas pengaruh salah saji, kemungkinan untuk menerbitkan pendapat tidak wajar akan lebih besar daripada pendapat wajar dengan pengecualian. Tabel mengenai tingkatan materialitas dan hubungannya dengan jenis opini Auditor dapat di lihat dari Tabel 1. Standar Umum Auditing ketiga berhubungan dengan dengan materialitas karena menyangkut professional judgement seorang Auditor. Suatu pemeriksaan atau audit harus dilaksanakan oleh seseorang atau lebih yang memiliki keahlian dan pelatihan teknis yang cukup sebagai auditor. Dalam melaksanakan audit untuk sampai pada suatu pernyatan pendapat, auditor harus senantiasa bertindak sebagai seorang ahli dalam bidang akuntansi dan bidang auditing. Pencapaian keahlian tersebut dimulai dengan pendidikan formalnya, yang diperluas melalui pengalaman-pengalaman

Johann Carolus’un 1605 yılında kâğıt üzerine basılan ilk gazetesinin üzerinden çok sular aktı. Sanayi devrimi, gelişmiş matbaa makinelerinin icadı, lojistik sektörünün gelişmesi, okur-yazarlık oranlarının artışı vb. unsurlar gazetelerin tiraj ve maliyetlerini olumlu anlamda etkiledi. Ve elbette reklamverenleri de. Outdoor, radyolar, televizyonlar, dijital ortamlar derken reklamverenler için doğru mecralara yatırım yapmak zorunlu olmaya başladı. Sadece reklemverenler için değil bizzat mecraların kendi devamlılıkları adına etki alanlarını, güçlerini, değerlerini analiz edebilmelerinin yolu ölçümlemelerin rasyonelliğinden geçiyor.

Söz konusu online ortamda bir ölçüm, veriler arasında bir kıyaslama, analiz yapmak ya da değerlendirmeye varmak olunca, karşımıza birçok yöntem çıkıyor. Temelde dijital ölçümleme; dijital mecra, kullanıcıların bu mecralardaki davranış biçimleri ve bunların analizini kapsayan bir süreç. Bu üç başlığı kendi içinde birçok maddeye ayırabiliriz. Ama bize lazım olan yazılar içinde boğulmak değil, karmaşık ve ölçümlenmesi zor alanları olabildiğince anlaşılabilir hale getirmek.

Türkiye’de 1961 yılından beri Basın İlan Kurumu (BİK), resmi ilanların dağıtımına aracılık eden ve basın sektörüne destek olan kurumlardan biri. Resmi ilan verenlerin beklentileri arasında ilan maliyetinin düşük olması, ilanın görünürlüğünün yüksek olması, ilanın daha fazla paylaşılması gibi kıstaslar bulunmakta. BİK, altmış yıla yaklaşan geçmişinde bu kıstaslara uygunluğu, dağıtım şirketlerinin bildirimine dayalı bir tiraj ölçümleme sistemi ile sağlamaya çalışıyor. Ancak dijital mecraların geldiği nokta düşünüldüğünde kendini yenileyen Kurum, gazeteciliğin geliştirilmesi amacına bağlı olarak görev sahasını da genişletmeye başladı. Resmi İlan Portalı, ilanların sadece basılı mecrada değil ilgili yayının internet ortamında da yayınlanması koşulu, dijital ölçümleme konusunu BİK için önemli bir konu haline getirmiş durumda. Hem Kurumun hem basın sektörünün geleceği bakımından yapısal ve dijital dönüşümleri zorunlu kılan gelişmeler, gazetelerin web sitelerinin izlenirliğini doğru ölçütlerle ölçümlenmesini de beraberinde getiriyor.

Dijital mecralar basını, ilanları, basınla ilgili kurumları nereye taşıyor? Neden ölçümleme yapılmalı? Güvenilir ve sağlıklı ölçümlemeler mümkün mü? Kurumlar, firmalar için yol haritalarında kullanılabilecek kılavuzlar olan raporlar ne kadar gerçekçi? Ölçümleme ve raporlama sektöre ne katar? Türkiye’de ve dünyada dijital ölçümleme ne aşamada? Tüm bu soruların yanıtlarını uzmanlara sorarak, aldığımız değerlendirmelerle sektöre bir perspektif tutmak istedik.

Tujuan auditor dalam perencanaan dan pelaksanan audit adalah untuk menurunkan risiko audit pada tingkat serendah mungkin umtuk mendukung pendapat auditor mengenai apakah laporan keuangan disajikan secara wajar dalam segala aspek yang material sesuai dengan prinsip akuntansi yang berlaku umum.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the determinants of effective fraud management in domestic tier one commercial banks in Trans Nzoia County. The analysis was focused on the domestic tier one commercial banks in the County as the population of the study. The study was guided by the following objectives; to analyze the effect of the independence of the internal audit personnel, the competence of the internal audit personnel, the presence of the internal audit charter and the management support as determinants of effective fraud management in the d0mestic tier one commercial banks. The study was guided by the agency theory, the fraud management lifecycle/theory and the communication theory. A correlation research design was adopted in which an in-depth study of the determinants of effective fraud management was carried out from the target population of the senior management staff and the internal audit personnel in the domestic tier one commercial banks in the County. The survey targeted departmental heads in the banks by employing census method. The source of the required data was through the questionnaires, covering both qualitative and quantitative data, administered to the target population by the researcher. The questionnaire was designed for data collection and eventual analysis by both the regression tools and ANOVA using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. A multiple correlation coefficient and regression analysis together with the ANOVA test were carried out to establish the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable. The findings revealed that the regression effect is statistically significant and indicated an accomplished prediction of the dependent variable, better than if done through chance through the F calculated (F =12.2896) which was greater than 5% level of significance that showed the overall model was significant where the Internal Audit Independence explained 11% of EFM, Competence of Internal Auditor Personnel 46% of EFM, Presence of Internal Audit Charter 12% of EFM, and Management Support explained 16% of EFM within the domestic tier one commercial banks. However, Competence of Internal Audit Personnel was the most significant predictor (determinant) of EFM at 46% with (β=0.086). The results are expected to contribute to the existing body of knowledge for the crucial role of internal audit function in the banking industry as well as forming a basis for scholars who may want to study issues related to effective fraud management in the banking sector. They are further expected to help in revealing key issues that help improve the success of internal audit section within commercial banks, and also help unearth the fundamental issues related to Internal Audit management in the banking sector.

This article investigates the perceptions of auditors (accounting fi rms), preparers (industry) and users (banks) of fi nancial statements on the disclosure of a materiality list using the survey method. The materiality list is a subjective compilation by the auditor of unadjusted differences such as misstatements, omissions and rounding calculations that on an individual basis would not be considered material. Our survey results show that users agree with the disclosure of materiality lists and do not believe that a materiality list will expose preparers and auditors to litigation risks; users believe that a materiality list will reduce the risk of litigation, facilitate investment in stocks, reduce the cost of capital and usher in fi nancial stability. On the other hand, we fi nd that auditors disagree with users of fi nancial statements with respect to disclosure and risk of litigation. In addition, we fi nd that the perception of auditors, preparers and users is not infl uenced by factors such as gender and work experience. These results come from a sample set of a total of 501 survey questionnaires sent to bank, industry and accounting fi rms across Canada with 167 returned responses. These fi ndings indicate a disconnect between users and the preparers and auditors of fi nancial statements that should be fi xed. That is, investors and analysts (among the users) of fi nancial reports need to know how materiality is being defi ned and are not satisfi ed with the status quo currently defi ned by accounting and securities regulators. Preparers and auditors could achieve greater clarity in fi nancial reports by articulating what it takes for a transaction to be classifi ed as material. This materiality standard may best be accomplished by the creation of a materiality list.