Collage of Law and Political Science

Objectives: To conduct a systematic review for the evidence supporting or disproving the reality of parenteral nutrition-antiepileptic drugs interaction, especially with respect to the plasma protein-binding of the drug. Methods: The articles related to the topic were identified through Medline and PubMed search (1968( -Feburary 2010) ) for English language on the interaction between parenteral nutrition and antiepileptic drugs; the search terms used were anti-epileptic drugs, parenteral nutrition, and/or interaction, and/or in vitro. The search looked for prospective randomized and nonrandomized controlled studies; prospective nonrandomized uncontrolled studies; retrospective studies; case reports; and in vitro studies. Full text of the articles were then traced from the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) library subscribed databases, including Wiley-Blackwell Library, Cochrane Library, EBSCOHost, OVID, ScienceDirect, SAGE Premier, Scopus, SpringerLINK, and Wiley InterScience. The articles from journals not listed by USM library were traced through inter library loan. Results: There were interactions between parenteral nutrition and drugs, including antiepileptics. Several guidelines were designed for the management of illnesses such as traumatic brain injuries or cancer patients, involving the use of parenteral nutrition and antiepileptics. Moreover, many studies demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo parenteral nutrition -drugs interactions, especially with antiepileptics. Conclusions: There was no evidence supporting the existence of parenteral nutrition-antiepileptic drugs interaction. The issue has not been studied in formal researches, but several case reports and anecdotes demonstrate this drug-nutrition interaction. However, alteration in the drug-free fraction result from parenteral nutrition-drug (i.e. antiepileptics) interactions may necessitate scrupulous reassessment of drug dosages in patients receiving these therapies. This reassessment may be particularly imperative in certain clinical situations characterized by hypoalbuminemia (e.g., burn patients).

الهدف من هذه البحث هو التعرف على نوع جديد من الجرائم يختلف عن الجرائم التقليدية في المجتمع العراقي أو ما كان معروفا حتى ثورة المعلومات ونحن ندخل عصر الجرائم الإلكترونية وأثرها السلبي على الأطفال في المجتمع. تعد الجريمة السيبرانية من أهم التهديدات التي يتعرض لها الضمان الاجتماعي لكافة المجتمعات المحلية والدولية على حد سواء، وتتطلب هذه المخاطر العمل الجماعي من قبل مختلف قطاعات وشرائح المجتمع وخاصة المتعلمين من أجل توعية المجتمع بمخاطر هذه الجرائم، أبعادها ومظاهرها التي لا تزال قيد الدراسة والبحث. خاصة الدول التي لها اتصال طويل الأمد مع العالم، مما يجعلها أكثر عرضة لمثل هذه الجرائم، والتي تتميز بدرجة عالية من التنظيم والدقة وعدم اليقين لشرائح كبيرة من الأفراد كذلك، وتحديداً في المجتمع العراقي. تكمن اشكالية البحث في انه بالرغم من كل التقدم الحاصل في التشريعات الوطنية في العراق والاتفاقيات الدولية التي تهتم بالطفل الا انه لا يزال موضع تهديد من قبل العديد من الجرائم وخصوصا الجرائم السيبرانية التي بدأ تشكل تهديدا خطيرا للأطفال وموضع قلق لذويهم، لذلك كان من الضروري تسليط الضوء على هذه الجريمة ومعرفة الى أي مدى وصل المشرع العراقي من حماية للطفل مقارنة بالحماية على المستوى الدولي له؟ وسنحاول من خلال بحثنا هذا الاجابة على هذه المشكلة بشكل دقيق.

إن استغلال الإنسان لأخيه الإنسان من أسوأ الممارسات التي عرفها البشر منذ أن انتظمت حياتهم في مجتمعات تَميّز فيها بعضهم عن البعض الآخر على أساس الثروة أو العرق أو النسب أو القوة، وكان أقسى أشكال هذا الاستغلال هو العبودية التي امتهنت كرامة الفرد وجعلت منه سلعة تباع وتشترى كالأنعام والبضائع. لذلك اهتمت الشرائع السماوية بالتخلص من الرق، والمساواة بين البشر في الكرامة والحقوق والواجبات، وتحريم الظلم والقسوة والاستغلال؛ ومن جانب آخر قدم المئات من الفلاسفة والمفكرين من مختلف الثقافات والحضارات المتعاقبة على مدى أكثر من ألفي عام مساهمات عديدة من النظريات والأفكار والمبادئ التي تسعى لترسيخ القيم الإنسانية السليمة، وتخليص البشرية من ممارسات التمييز والعبودية والاستغلال. وترجمت ذلك في القرون الثلاثة الأخيرة ثورات إنسانية كبرى مازلنا نعيش آثارها – رفعت مبادئ المساواة والحرية والإخاء والعدالة والكرامة الإنسانية وهي مبادئ لا تسمح بأي شكل من أشكال الاسترقاق واستغلال الإنسان لصالح فرد أو جماعة أو طبقة.

This research examines the impact of climate change on gender
justice in post-conflict states, within the framework of international law.
The research aims to understand how climate changes affect vulnerable
and conflict-affected groups, particularly women and girls, and how to
develop legal mechanisms that enhance their rights and empower them
to adapt to increasing environmental challenges. The study relies on a
detailed analysis of the available legal instruments at both the
international and national levels, providing recommendations to enhance legal protection for the rights of women and girls in facing climate
change in the context of post-conflict situations.
Keywords: Climate Change-Gender Equality,International Armed
Conflict,Public International Law.

The exploitation of one human being by another is one of the worst practices known to human beings since their lives were organized in societies in which some were distinguished from others on the basis of wealth, race, lineage or power. The harshest form of this exploitation was slavery, which degraded the dignity of the individual and made him a commodity that could be bought and sold like livestock and merchandise. Therefore, divine laws were concerned with eliminating slavery, equality among people in dignity, rights and duties, and prohibiting injustice, cruelty and exploitation. On the other hand, hundreds of philosophers and thinkers from various cultures and civilizations over more than two thousand years have provided numerous contributions of theories, ideas and principles that seek to establish sound human values ​​and rid humanity of the practices of discrimination, slavery and exploitation. This was translated in the last three centuries into major human revolutions whose effects we are still experiencing – raising the principles of equality, freedom, brotherhood, justice and human dignity, principles that do not permit any form of enslavement or exploitation of human beings for the benefit of an individual, group or class.

Climate change poses a major threat to the lifestyles, livelihoods, health, safety and security of women and girls around the world. According to UN estimates, climate change increases the risk and intensifies social, political and economic tensions in fragile and conflict-affected environments. Conflicts around the world are forcing women and girls to face increasing rates of gender-based violence, including conflict-related sexual violence, human trafficking, child marriage, and more. When disasters strike, women are less likely to survive and more likely to be injured due to long-standing gender inequalities, which have created disparities in knowledge, ability to move, make decisions, access to resources, training, and more. Because of these inequalities, women and girls are less able to access relief and assistance, further threatening their livelihoods, well-being and recovery and creating a vicious cycle of vulnerability to future disasters. The health of women and girls is also at risk from climate change and disasters due to reduced access to health services and care and increased risks to maternal and child health.

The world is witnessing a rapid transition toward renewable energy as a
primary means to combat climate change and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. Environmental legislation is a fundamental tool to guide and
support this shift toward clean energy sources. This research analyzes the
role of Iraqi environmental legislation in promoting the use and
development of renewable energy, considering international standards
and global legal frameworks. The study highlights Iraqi legislative efforts
and evaluates the laws' and policies' comprehensiveness and effectiveness
in supporting clean technologies—such as solar, wind, and hydropower—
and their alignment with international environmental agreements and
resource sustainability. It addresses several key aspects, including the
current legal framework in Iraq concerning renewable energy, factors
influencing the implementation of environmental laws, and practical
challenges such as limited funding, inadequate infrastructure, and societal
awareness. Furthermore, the study examines successful international
experiences in renewable energy legislation, offering recommendations to
improve and develop the Iraqi legal framework to align with
environmental sustainability and economic development goals.