RU2850859C1 - Movable greenhouse trellises for covered grapes and other berry vines - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to trellises for wide-row covered vineyards and other berry vines. A set of greenhouse movable trellises for wide-row vineyards includes two types of trellises: temporary wooden single-plane trellises for young plants and permanent reinforced concrete V-shaped trellises for mature plants, with a trellis plane angle of 45 degrees. The trellises are located above ground and the greenhouse space, formed from the lower parts of the trellises, is in the form of a body, the sides of which are covered with polycarbonate, protecting parts of the plants from winter frosts without covering them with earth and young grape shoots from return frosts in spring. At least one end of each trellis wire is equipped with a tensioning device in the form of a pin with a nut and a fastening hook.

EFFECT: increased service life of trellises, the possibility of mechanical soil cultivation on the plantation in two directions, eliminates the need for herbicides to control weeds, facilitates pruning and shaping, creates favourable conditions for the development and ripening of grape bunches, allows for mechanisation of the harvesting process, which significantly increases the productive longevity of plantings, increases plant yield and improves berry quality.

1 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to trellises for wide-row covering vineyards and other berry vines.

A trellis for a grape bush is known, comprising a support pole, fastening elements for forming a grape bush and fixing elements, characterized in that, in order to increase operational capabilities, the fastening elements for forming a grape bush are made in the form of a frame hung on the support pole, on the horizontal sides of which fixing elements in the form of hooks are located (patent SU 1195952 A1 07.12.1985).

This design allows for a relatively even distribution of grape shoots in space due to the four planes of the frame, but only for one plant and therefore has not found application in industrial areas due to its high cost.

A grapevine trellis is known to have a vertical support section extending up to mid-height, after which horizontal shelves are placed on it. At the ends of these shelves, vertical posts with trellis wire are secured with a slanted or arched transition (patent SU 1702946 A1, 07.01.1992). The two planes of such a trellis naturally allow for the even distribution of more fruit-bearing grape shoots without shading, compared to a single-plane trellis. However, the vertical position of its planes leaves the grape clusters in the canopy of leaves, requiring labor-intensive thinning during subsequent maintenance, making mechanized harvesting impossible with this trellis design.

A grape trellis for wide-row, high-stemmed vineyards is also known. It comprises trellis posts with crossbars attached to them in tiers, each with a pair of trellis wires attached to its end (patent RU 2421981 C1, June 27, 2011). The trellis also has two planes for placing shoots, and they even have a slight inclination, but this is clearly insufficient to fully release the grape clusters from the canopy. Therefore, lighting maintenance remains essential, and mechanical harvesting is also not possible.

The closest design solution to our invention was a grape trellis (patent SU 1748737 A1, July 23, 1992), which we used as a prototype. The prototype trellis consists of a vertical trellis section dug into the ground with a W-shaped upper element attached to its upper end. The side ends of the W-shaped element are extended and serve as rods for attaching trellis wire. The prototype trellis also has two planes for attaching grape branches, but their height is clearly insufficient to prevent growing shoots from drooping between rows. The angle of this trellis is also less than 45 degrees, and therefore does not ensure the full release of grape clusters from the canopy. Mechanization of harvesting processes on such a trellis is also impossible. The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The proposed invention allows for the achievement of a wide range of new technical and technological results that are very important in grape cultivation:

1. the need for costly and labor-intensive excavation work to install support structures on the plantation is eliminated, since both types of trellises, for both the initial and subsequent growth of grapes, have only an above-ground location of their prefabricated structural elements, thereby eliminating the need for costly and labor-intensive excavation work to install support structures on the plantation;

2. The above-ground location of the structural elements of the proposed trellises significantly reduces the intensity of processes of violation of their integrity and thereby significantly increases the period of their possible operation;

3. the period and area of mechanized tillage on a young grape plantation in two directions is increased due to the sparse placement of plants during liana-like grape formation (6 m by 6 m) and the comparatively small size of wooden trellises (1 m by 2 m) Fig. 1 allows for mechanical tillage on the plantation in two directions for the first 5-7 years, covering up to 95% of its area. After the installation of the basic bodies of reinforced concrete V-shaped trellises with dimensions (2 m by 3.2 m) Fig. 2 on the plantation for another 8-10 years, before connecting them together with intermediate reinforced concrete sidewalls with the same dimensions as in the basic body, it remains possible, if necessary (if inter-row grassing is not performed), to continue mechanical tillage in two directions over 80% of its area;

4. It eliminates the need to use herbicides to control weeds on plantations equipped with this type of trellis, due to the possibility of processing the main part of the plantation soil mechanically, which allows for the complete destruction of weeds there, and on the remaining small area at the base of the trellis, the development of weeds is prevented by geotextiles or mulching non-woven material laid there (Fig. 3) with a density of over 100 grams per 1 ^m2 , which significantly facilitates the production of biologically complete organic products on it.

5. Provides protection for a very large volume of perennial wood and annual growth of grape plants from winter frosts without covering with soil; the above-ground part of the grape plants is covered for the winter with a covering non-woven material (Fig. 4) of high density, over 100 grams per 1 ^m2 , on the outside of the lower parts of the trellises, all the sides of which are covered with polycarbonate with a thickness of 5 mm, due to which snow is not blown out and quickly accumulates there, providing additional insulation of the covered grape sleeves

6. The protection of young grape shoots from damage by recurrent frosts is ensured by the trellis in the spring; protection of young grape shoots from frosts is achieved by forming a greenhouse space from the lower part of the trellis, the sides of which, as noted above, are covered with polycarbonate, and the upper part is closed by stretching winter covering material over the upper ribs of the lower part of the trellis;

7. The special design of the proposed supports provides good two-sided access to the trellis planes, which facilitates all pruning and shaping manual maintenance activities on the plantation;

8. During the main productive period, the V-shaped trellis option with a 45-degree slope of the trellis planes removes the grape clusters from the leaf canopy without the labor-intensive work of thinning them out, thereby creating favorable conditions for their development and ripening;

9. It allows for the mechanization of the harvesting process for not only industrial but also table grape varieties, as the large inclination of the trellis planes of the V-shaped trellis allows for the successful capture and careful cutting of grape bunches by the working parts of the stripper-type combine harvester developed at the South Ural State Agrarian University, without damaging the grape shoots.

The invention is explained by drawings.

Fig. 1 shows a view of a wooden trellis.

Fig. 2 shows a view of the basic reinforced concrete V-shaped trellis.

Fig. 3 shows the type and dimensions of intra-trellis mulching materials for wooden and reinforced concrete trellises.

Fig. 4 shows the type and dimensions of the internal trellis covering materials for wooden and reinforced concrete trellises and the spaces between the latter.

Fig. 5 shows an individual tensioning mechanism for each trellis wire.

The set of greenhouse, adjustable trellises for wide-row vineyards proposed in the invention functions as follows.

After planting the grapes according to a 6x6 m pattern, mulch is spread across the base of a temporary wooden trellis, with a cross-shaped slit in the center to accommodate the grapes. The trellis is then positioned on it. The grape branches are secured to the bottom single wire of the trellis, and the extension shoots growing on them are inserted between the upper double wires and then secured with their tendrils. All space not occupied by the trellises is mechanically cultivated in both directions to eliminate weeds. In the fall, after pruning the grapes, they are placed on the bottom of the trellises and covered with covering material. Later, if possible, snow from the inter-row space is added to the snow that falls naturally on the bottom of the trellis. This snow is protected from being blown away by the wind by the polycarbonate covering of the lower sides of the trellises. In the spring, after the snow melts at the bottom of the trellis, the covering material is removed from the grapevines and attached to the upper trellises. The greenhouse space created by the polycarbonate and covering material at the bottom of the trellis effectively protects young grapevine shoots from recurrent frosts. Once the danger of frost has passed, the covering material is removed and the vines are secured to the lower single wire of the trellis, and their young shoots are trained, as in the previous year, between the double upper wires.

After 5-7 years, the wooden trellises and their mulching and covering materials are removed from the vineyard and installed in a new plot with young plantings, or stored until needed. They are replaced with permanent base reinforced concrete V-shaped trellises with their mulching and covering materials. All vineyard maintenance follows the same procedure as before. Once the V-shaped reinforced concrete trellises are installed, mechanized grape harvesting begins. When the number of branches in the vineyards exceeds six, the base reinforced concrete V-shaped trellises are connected with intermediate longitudinal reinforced concrete sidewalls, and additional trellis wires are stretched in this gap to accommodate the new six branches from adjacent vineyards. Before installing the sidewalls, the polycarbonate sheets are removed from the end sidewalls of the base reinforced concrete V-shaped trellises. Intermediate longitudinal sidewalls, covered with polycarbonate on the outside, are also installed in a row with their own sets of mulching and covering materials.

Claims (1)

A set of greenhouse adjustable trellises for wide-row vineyards, characterized by the fact that it includes two types of trellises - temporary wooden single-plane ones for young plants and permanent reinforced concrete V-shaped ones for mature plants, having an angle of inclination of the trellis planes of 45 degrees, while they have a ground location of their structures and a greenhouse space formed from the lower parts of the trellises, in the form of a body, the sides of which are covered with polycarbonate, protecting parts of the plants from winter frosts without covering with earth and young shoots of grapes from recurrent frosts in the spring, at least one end of each trellis wire is equipped with a tensioning device made in the form of a pin with a nut, and a fastening hook.