RU2479986C1 - Method of creation of conditions for growing thermophilic vegetable crops in conditions of open ground and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular, to methods and devices for protection of plants from the negative impact of the environment and can be used for growing thermophilic vegetable crops in open ground. In the method of creation of conditions for growing thermophilic vegetable crops in conditions of open ground by artificial profiling of site the protection screens are mounted that cover the plants from above and from the sides. On adjacent rows of plants two translucent protection screens are placed in inversed manner with the inner surfaces, and between the upper edges of the protection screens there is a technological gap. In applying the twin-row planting of plants in a row the protection screens are installed between the rows along the axis of the plants row in inversed manner with the outer surfaces towards each other, with a gap between them. The device for creation of conditions for growing thermophilic vegetable crops is made in the form of a single profiled surface of a transparent material having a lower straightline and an upper curved sections rigidly fixed on the frame from the profile arcs and longitudinal cross-beams.

EFFECT: creation of more favorable conditions on the protected areas during the growing season provides earlier ripening of vegetables and increases significantly their yield.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods and devices for protecting plants from adverse environmental influences, and can be used in the cultivation of heat-loving vegetable crops, in particular tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, in open ground.

Four independent factors affect crop yields: moisture, light, nutrients, and heat.

The limiting factor when growing vegetables in the open field is heat, since there is enough light during the growing season in all climatic zones, and the lack of water and nutrients is compensated by watering and top dressing.

The lack of heat manifests itself in the form of frosts and in the form of an ambient temperature below + 10ºС. In the first case, the plants die, in the second they slow down their development and do not bear fruit.

An increase in ambient temperature above + 30ºС leads to sterilization of pollen and falling of flowers.

The indicator characterizing the heat supply of plants is the sum of temperatures above + 10ºС for the growing season. For thermophilic plants, it should be at least 2000ºС. This indicator in most agroclimatic regions of Siberia is in the range of 1600-2000ºС.

A significant influence on the state of the environment is exerted by the wind. Moderate air movement at a speed of up to 1.5 m / s contributes to the uniformity of the gas composition near the leaves, removal of excess moisture and pollination of flowers. A strong wind leads to cooling, desiccation of leaves and soil, creates a risk of damage to the shoots.

The danger of strong winds, heavy rain and hail is possible all summer. Therefore, the protection of thermophilic plants from adverse weather conditions is required throughout the entire growing season. The installation of shelters for the entire growing season accelerates the ripening of fruits, and allows the additional use of up to 250 ° C of total heat.

The objective of the present invention is to create a favorable microclimate in the zone of plants of thermophilic vegetable crops during the entire period of their vegetation in the open ground.

Known methods and devices for creating a local microclimate are based on the principle of isolation of the protected plant from the environment. Structurally, they represent various versions of frame and frameless translucent shelters designed to protect plants from return frosts, and differ in the shape and material of the coating. Their common drawback is the significant material and labor costs associated with the need to open shelters to ensure ventilation inside them in sunny weather.

A known method of growing heat-loving plants on the southern slopes, protected from the wind by the natural folds of the area. In such places, a natural local microclimate is created that provides favorable conditions for plants. The disadvantage of this method is that such places with a local natural microclimate are not common. In practice, this disadvantage is compensated by the creation of artificial profiling of the area due to the formation of wings, pre-planted tall plants, between the rows of which heat-loving crops are placed. Such artificial profiles create an internal microclimate, protecting the plants between them from the wind and solar overheating. At the same time, however, difficulties arise in adjusting such microclimate parameters as air temperature and wind speed, as well as access to plants for the care and mechanization of the most labor-intensive technological processes of soil treatment and vegetable harvesting.

There is a method of creating conditions for growing thermophilic vegetable crops in open ground, which consists in artificially profiling the terrain by forming a comb surface of the soil with subsequent planting of plants between the ridges. (Borisov N.V. Constructions of protected ground, their purpose and terms of operation. / N.V. Borisov // Potatoes and vegetables. - 1977 - No. 1. - P.31). Combs protect plants from the sides. To protect against frost, a plastic film is spread over the top of the ridges. The process of unwinding and spreading the film is easily mechanized.

The disadvantages of this method include limiting the height of planted plants and the destruction of the profile of ridges during the growing season. The method is applicable only to protect seedlings, seedlings or undersized vegetables.

Closest to achieving this goal is a method of creating conditions for growing plants (US Patent No. 650024 of 05.22.1900), carried out by installing on the windward side of the plants protective screens - two articulated protective elements adjacent to each other at a certain angle. The elements of the protective screen are made of opaque material, preferably from a single board, one of the elements being mounted on a support stand, and installed above the plants (a row of plants) in different positions of the elements relative to each other depending on the purpose: in the form of a wall - to protect the plant from wind and providing its lighting with the sun, in the form of a direct or inclined L-shaped profile - to provide ventilation and the formation of shadows and in the form of a tent - to completely cover the plant and protect it go from showers and frost. The method is effective in an area with a high level of natural heat supply and helps to reduce the temperature in the plant growth zone, provides protection of plants from strong winds, heavy rains and the sun.

The disadvantage of this method is the inability to effectively accumulate heat in the zone of plants.

The claimed solution eliminates the disadvantages of the prototype and lies in the fact that the method of creating conditions for growing heat-loving vegetable crops in open ground by artificially profiling the area by installing protective screens that cover the plants from above and from the sides is carried out, according to the invention, the installation of two plants on adjacent rows translucent protective shields are mirrored by internal surfaces, and between the upper edges of the protective shields there is a technological gap L (Fig. 1), The distance between the rows of plants and the parameters of the protective screens.

The method is based on the presence in zones A, closed by protective shields, of higher temperature conditions that arise in the daytime due to the greenhouse effect, and bilateral protection of plants from wind exposure. Due to the technological gap L between the upper edges of the protective shields, sufficient ventilation of the inter-screen space is ensured, which prevents the temperature tolerance for the plant from being exceeded and creates conditions for the natural pollination of flowers.

When applying a two-row planting of plants in a row, to provide the claimed solution, protective shields are installed between the rows along the axis of the row of plants, mirror, outer surfaces to each other, with a small gap between them for rainwater drainage (figure 2).

When performing plant care and harvesting operations, workers move between protective shields in zone C. For the mechanization of labor-intensive processes of inter-row tillage, it is possible to use walk-behind tractors.

Conducted in 2009-2010 Experimental studies at GNU SibIME showed that the proposed method of creating conditions for growing heat-loving vegetable crops allows us to increase the yield of standard products from a unit of open ground by 1.5-2.1 times.

The closest in design (prototype device) is a plant protection device (US Patent No. 650024 dated 05/22/1900), which is a protective screen consisting of two articulated elements made in the form of flat surfaces made of opaque material adjacent to each other to each other at a certain angle, moreover, one of the elements is mounted on a support stand.

The disadvantage of this device is that it does not provide the accumulation of positive temperatures in the growth zone of plants.

The proposed device, containing protective shields and support racks, is one (figure 3) or two (figure 4) protective shields mounted on vertical support racks 3.

According to the invention, the protective shields are made in the form of a single profiled surface 1 made of a translucent material resistant to wind and sun exposure (for example, from cellular polycarbonate), having a lower straight vertical and upper curved sections, rigidly fixed to the frame of profile arcs 2 and longitudinal bolts ( not shown in the figures). The protective shields are rigidly connected to the vertical support posts 3 of the fastener 4. For two-row planting of plants in a row, a device (Fig. 4) is used with two protective screens mounted mirrored on the outer surfaces on both sides of the vertical support posts, which are installed between the rows along the axis of the row of plants.

The invention is used as follows. On the field with planted mechanized seedlings of vegetable crops, shelters are installed made in the form of the proposed protective screens. First of all, vertical supporting posts 3 are installed in the field accordingly, to which then protective shields are fixedly fastened 4 (FIGS. 3, 4).

In the plant growth zone A (Fig. 1), a local microclimate is created during the entire growing season, provided that the seedlings are planted after the return frost has passed. The profiled surfaces of the protective screens with a curved upper part provide greater wind resistance of the structure, an effective drain of rainfall in the root zone of plants, simplicity and convenience when installing it. In addition, they protect plants from hail and rainfall.

The creation of more comfortable conditions in the protected areas during the entire growing season, compared with open ground, ultimately provides earlier ripening and a significant increase in yield when growing heat-loving vegetable crops.

To perform inter-row tillage operations in zone C (Figs. 1, 2), it is possible to use serial motoblocks with milling working bodies. Weeding, shrubs and harvesting operations are carried out manually.

Claims (4)

1. A method of creating conditions for growing thermophilic vegetable crops in open ground by artificially profiling the area by installing protective shields that cover the plants from above and from the sides, characterized in that two translucent protective shields are installed on adjacent rows of plants with mirrored inner surfaces, and between the upper edges of the shields have a technological gap. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the translucent screens are installed between the rows along the axis of the row of plants mirror, the outer surfaces to each other, with a gap between them. 3. The device for implementing the method according to claim 1, comprising a protective screen and vertical support legs, characterized in that the protective screen is made in the form of a single profiled surface of translucent material having a lower straight and upper curved sections, rigidly mounted on a frame of profile arcs and longitudinal crossbars. 4. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that the two protective shields are mounted mirror external surfaces on both sides of the vertical support pillars.

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