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Fig. 4. Evolution of maximum temperature and temperature non-uniformity in the battery module. (a) maximum temperature - discharge; (b) temperature non-uniformity - discharge; (c) maximum temperature - charge; (d) temperature non-uniformity - charge.

Figure 4 Evolution of maximum temperature and temperature non-uniformity in the battery module. (a) maximum temperature - discharge; (b) temperature non-uniformity - discharge; (c) maximum temperature - charge; (d) temperature non-uniformity - charge.

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Thermo-physical properties of battery materials/components and geometric parameters of the battery [38,43,44] Table 1
Thermo-physical properties of battery materials/components and geometric parameters of the battery [38,43,44] Table 1
Fig. 1. Schematic of the simulated lithium-ion battery module geometry and the numerical mesh.
Fig. 1. Schematic of the simulated lithium-ion battery module geometry and the numerical mesh.
Governing equations in sub-domains. Table 2
Governing equations in sub-domains. Table 2
Fig. 2. Heat generation rate versus DOD or SOC for a single battery during discharge-charge cycles with different C-rates at 25 °C ambient the 0.5C charge process is thus well explained. Quite a few publi- cations described the thermal behavior and heat generation mech- anisms in NMC or NCA (nickel-cobalt-aluminum) lithium-ion batteries during charge/discharge operations. Further details can be found in, e.g. [52,53].
Fig. 2. Heat generation rate versus DOD or SOC for a single battery during discharge-charge cycles with different C-rates at 25 °C ambient the 0.5C charge process is thus well explained. Quite a few publi- cations described the thermal behavior and heat generation mech- anisms in NMC or NCA (nickel-cobalt-aluminum) lithium-ion batteries during charge/discharge operations. Further details can be found in, e.g. [52,53].
Fig. 5. The bulk fluid temperature along the flow path during discharge (a) and charge (b) processes.
Fig. 5. The bulk fluid temperature along the flow path during discharge (a) and charge (b) processes.
Fig. 6. Effect of fluid flow rate on the evolution of maximum temperature (a) and temperature non-uniformity (b) in the battery module during charge/discharge operations.
Fig. 6. Effect of fluid flow rate on the evolution of maximum temperature (a) and temperature non-uniformity (b) in the battery module during charge/discharge operations.
Fig. 7. Effect of 0; on the evolution of maximum temperature (a) and temperature non-uniformity (b) in the battery module during charge/discharge operations.
Fig. 7. Effect of 0; on the evolution of maximum temperature (a) and temperature non-uniformity (b) in the battery module during charge/discharge operations.
Fig. 8. Effect of 02 on the evolution of maximum temperature and temperature non-uniformity in the battery module during charge/discharge operations. (a) maximun temperature - discharge; (b) temperature non-uniformity - discharge; (c) maximum temperature - charge; (d) temperature non-uniformity - charge.
Fig. 8. Effect of 02 on the evolution of maximum temperature and temperature non-uniformity in the battery module during charge/discharge operations. (a) maximun temperature - discharge; (b) temperature non-uniformity - discharge; (c) maximum temperature - charge; (d) temperature non-uniformity - charge.
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