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Table 1. Sample Mean Levels (and Standard Deviations) of the SDQ-Dimensions and Parenting Styles by Age Group of the Respective Child.

Table 1 Sample Mean Levels (and Standard Deviations) of the SDQ-Dimensions and Parenting Styles by Age Group of the Respective Child.

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Table 2. Intercorrelations of the SDQ-Dimensions and Parenting Styles.
Table 2. Intercorrelations of the SDQ-Dimensions and Parenting Styles.
Note. AIC = Akaike information criterion; BIC = Bayesian information criterion; ABIC = Sample-size adjusted BIC; LMR LR = Vuong-Lo-Mendell-Rubin Likelihood Ratio Test; ALMR LR = Lo-Mendell-Rubin Adjusted LRT Test; BLRT = Bootstrap likelihood ratio test. Table 3. Model Fit Indices for Latent Profile Analysis on Parenting Styles, N = 1203.
Note. AIC = Akaike information criterion; BIC = Bayesian information criterion; ABIC = Sample-size adjusted BIC; LMR LR = Vuong-Lo-Mendell-Rubin Likelihood Ratio Test; ALMR LR = Lo-Mendell-Rubin Adjusted LRT Test; BLRT = Bootstrap likelihood ratio test. Table 3. Model Fit Indices for Latent Profile Analysis on Parenting Styles, N = 1203.
Figure 1. Diagrammatic Representation of the four identified parenting style profiles by LPA. By the three introduced parenting styles and the consecutive tests on a differen number of profiles (two to six profiles), we identified the four-profile solution as the bes fitting. Regarding the distribution of the four profiles (see Figure 1), we identified a profil (profile 1, 66.6% of the participants) called Highly Aut levels of authoritative, the lowest levels of authoritarian parenting styles. We additionally identified a profile ca (RA) (profile 2, 16.3% of the participants) with still high but lower levels of au horitative s and middle led Relaxed tyle ( Aut style than in profile 1, low but elevated levels of authoritarian style, and of permissive style. Profile 4 (12.4% of the participan Authoritative style (PFA), had a mix of the second hig s), named Perm hest levels of au middle levels of permissive and slightly higher levels of authoritarian p Finally, in profile 3 (4.4% of the participants), named Inconsistent we identified parents with a blend of higher levels of authoritative and of permissive and authoritarian parenting levels. From the solution chosen, we coulk detect that parenting styles are a complex mix and multidimensional latent construc encompassing authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive styles, rather than a distinc single parenting style as commonly assumed. Parenting mid thori aren HA) with higl levels of permissive horitative styl thoritative dle level: issive Focusec tative anc ting style: style (IP) mid dle level:
Figure 1. Diagrammatic Representation of the four identified parenting style profiles by LPA. By the three introduced parenting styles and the consecutive tests on a differen number of profiles (two to six profiles), we identified the four-profile solution as the bes fitting. Regarding the distribution of the four profiles (see Figure 1), we identified a profil (profile 1, 66.6% of the participants) called Highly Aut levels of authoritative, the lowest levels of authoritarian parenting styles. We additionally identified a profile ca (RA) (profile 2, 16.3% of the participants) with still high but lower levels of au horitative s and middle led Relaxed tyle ( Aut style than in profile 1, low but elevated levels of authoritarian style, and of permissive style. Profile 4 (12.4% of the participan Authoritative style (PFA), had a mix of the second hig s), named Perm hest levels of au middle levels of permissive and slightly higher levels of authoritarian p Finally, in profile 3 (4.4% of the participants), named Inconsistent we identified parents with a blend of higher levels of authoritative and of permissive and authoritarian parenting levels. From the solution chosen, we coulk detect that parenting styles are a complex mix and multidimensional latent construc encompassing authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive styles, rather than a distinc single parenting style as commonly assumed. Parenting mid thori aren HA) with higl levels of permissive horitative styl thoritative dle level: issive Focusec tative anc ting style: style (IP) mid dle level:
Table 4. Multinomial logistic regression of SDQ-dimensions in the four LPA profiles.
Table 4. Multinomial logistic regression of SDQ-dimensions in the four LPA profiles.
Note: S.E. = Standard Error; OR = Odds Ratio. Reference LPA profile is the profile we called “Highly Authoritative style”. For all three SDQ-dimensions: (0 normal; 1 at risk/clinical). Table 4. Cont.
Note: S.E. = Standard Error; OR = Odds Ratio. Reference LPA profile is the profile we called “Highly Authoritative style”. For all three SDQ-dimensions: (0 normal; 1 at risk/clinical). Table 4. Cont.
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