Stifle joint

Canine cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) is the most common cause of pelvic limb lameness in dogs. CCLR results in palpable stifle instability secondary to cranial translation of the tibial relative to the femur, and it can be diagnosed during the orthopedic exam using the cranial drawer test (CDT) and tibial compression test (TCT). Accurate diagnosis of CCLR depends on the efficacy in performing these tests. In this study two three-dimensional canine pelvic limb models were developed: one simulating a normal stifle and one simulating CCLR. Thirty-eight veterinary student participants answered questionnaires and performed both the CDT and TCT on a randomly assigned model. Twenty-one participants also manipulated the models one week later to assess skill retention in the short term. Mean levels of reported confidence in diagnosing CCLR and finding anatomic landmarks for CDT/TCT were significantly higher following model manipulation. Nearly all participants reported that they d...

Background: Robenacoxib is a novel and highly selective inhibitor of COX-2 in dogs and cats and because of its acidic nature is regarded as being tissue-selective. Thirty four dogs with stifle osteoarthritis secondary to failure of the cranial cruciate ligament were recruited into this study. Lameness, radiographic features, synovial cytology and C-reactive protein concentrations in serum and synovial fluid were assessed before and 28 days after commencing a course of Robenacoxib at a dose of 1 mg/kg SID. Results: There was a significant reduction in the lameness score (P < 0.01) and an increase in the radiographic score (P < 0.05) between pre-and post-treatment assessments. There was no difference between pre-(median 1.49 mg/ l; Q1-Q3 0.56-4.24 mg/L) and post -(1.10 mg/L; 0.31-1.78 mg/L) treatment serum C-reactive protein levels although synovial fluid levels were significantly reduced (pre-: 0.44 mg/L; 0.23-1.62 mg/L; post-: 0.17 mg/L; 0.05-0.49 mg/L) (P < 0.05). There was no correlation between C-reactive protein concentrations in serum and matched synovial fluid samples. Conclusions: Robenacoxib proved effective in reducing lameness in dogs with failure of the cranial cruciate ligament and osteoarthritis of the stifle joint. The drug also reduced levels of C-reactive protein in the synovial fluid taken from the affected stifle joint. Robenacoxib appears to reduce articular inflammation as assessed by C-reactive protein which supports the concept that Robenacoxib is a tissue-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Objective—To measure the angles between the patellar ligament and the tibial plateau and between the patellar ligament and the common tangent at the tibiofemoral contact point (TFCP) throughout the full range of motion of the stifle joint in dogs and determine the flexion angles at which the patellar ligament is perpendicular to the tibial plateau or to the common tangent. Sample Population—16 hind limbs from cadavers of 9 adult dogs without radiographically detectable degenerative joint disease. Procedures—Mediolateral radiographic views of the stifle joints from full extension through full flexion were obtained (10° increments). Angles between the tibial and femoral long axes (β), between the patellar ligament and the tibial plateau γ), and between the patellar ligament and the common tangent at TFCP (α) were measured. Data were analyzed via simple linear regression. Results—In canine stifle joints, angles γ and α decreased linearly with increasing flexion (angle β). The patellar ...

A 10-year-old, neutered male Labrador retriever presented with progressive left hind lameness. Ultrasonography revealed large, subcutaneous, ovoid cysts around the stifle joint. Radiographic and computed tomographic images revealed periosteal reaction of the distal femur. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed a large cyst that was hypointense in T1-weighted images, hyperintense in T2-weighted images and had a thin lining that was enhanced by intravenous gadonium injection. The cyst communicated with the joint cavity and other small cysts around the joint. Histopathology of an excisional biopsy specimen led to diagnosis of ganglion cyst. This report provides MR images of a ganglion cyst in a canine stifle.

Background As current therapies for canine osteoarthritis (OA) provide mainly symptomatic improvement and fail to address the complex pathology of the disease, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer a promising biological approach to address both aspects of OA through their immunomodulatory properties. Methods This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of xenogeneic MSCs in dogs with OA at different dose levels after intravenous injection. OA was surgically induced in the right stifle joint. Thirty-two male and female dogs were divided into three treatment groups and a control group. Regular general physical examinations; lameness, joint, radiographic, and animal caretaker assessments; pressure plate analyses; and blood analyses were performed over 42 days. At study end, joint tissues were evaluated regarding gross pathology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. In a follow-up study, the biodistribution of intravenously injected 99mTc-labeled equine peripheral blood-d...

The present study examined the results of using hyaluronic acid with autogenetic cancellous grafts in the treatment of experimentally induced osteochondral defects in the stifle joints of dogs. In this study, 10 mature dogs of different breeds, weights and of both sexes were used. General anesthesia and usual operation procedures were followed. A 10 mm deep defect was created on the femoral sulcus of the trochlea with a drill tip of 8 mm in diameter. The defects in the right and left legs were filled with autogenic cancellous grafts taken from the metaphysial region of the tibia. The left legs constituted the experimental group while the right legs served as control group. In the experimental group, 2 mg/kg intraarticular hyaluronic acid was twice administered into the stifle joint, i.e., immediately subsequent to the operation and 1 month afterwards. Parenteral antibiotics were prescribed postoperatively for ten days. Five animals were sacrificed at the third and sixth month after surgery. Macroscopic and microscopic findings obtained from each case were evaluated. On macroscopical examination, trochlear defects were determined to be incompletely filled at the third month in both control and experimental groups. On histopathologic examination, a loose fibrovascular formation in the area where the graft was applied was observed to be present in both control and experimental groups. However, in the experimental group this formation was more superficial, ossification activity was greater and trabeculous bone formation had been initiated. Macroscopical examination carried out in the sixth month determined that in the control group the defect surface did not fill up to the trochlear sulcus level. In the histopathologic examination, in control groups it was found that fibrocartilageous structures were developing in the fibrovascular space even though ossification was incomplete. The macroscopic examination showed that in the experimental group, the defect surface reached the trochlear sulcus level of defects in this month. The histopatologic examination revealed that fibrous tissue comprised a thin layer, under which ossification processes were complete and bone trabeculates fully formed. It was concluded that the usage of autogenic cancellous graft along with hyaluronic acid may be useful in the repair of large osteochondral defects.

The present study involved large skin defects created due to tumors of hock region in two dogs presented to Department of Vet. Surgery & Radiology, CVSc & AH, Bhubaneswar affected in 2022. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of repair of skin defect done through genicular axial pattern graft in the thigh region of hind limb during removal of tumors in small breed dogs. Defects created due to tumor excision were closed through genicular axial pattern flaps in starting from distal tibia to the lower hock region. The clinical outcome, wound closure and healing were very promising and is an example of case-based application. The above findings suggested that genicular axial pattern flaps are a good option for reconstruction of large cutaneous defects of the lateral aspects of the tibia and hock joint in dogs.

A case of unilateral spastic paresis in a Poll Hereford heifer is described. The heifer could not actively flex the right stifle or hock and the toe just contacted the ground. There was cranial distortion and collapse of the distal tibia1 epiphysis and remodelling of the articular surfaces within the stifle and hock. There was moderately severe muscle atrophy, but a rimary peripheral or central neuropathological lesion coulb not be found.

Clinical and radiographic findings after intra-articular replacement of cranial cruciate ligament with a polyester prosthesis using a modified over-the-top technique were evaluated in six dogs. Seven surgeries were done due to bilateral involvement of the cranial cruciate ligament in one dog. Clinical evaluation was performed on postoperative days 3, 10 and 40, and radiographic evaluation was done at 5 and 24 months after surgery in five dogs, where signs of progressive degenerative joint disease were confirmed. Resolution of clinical signs was observed from 25 to 68 days after surgery as evaluated by dog owners. Overall function of joint movement after surgery was classified as good. Two dogs presented fraying of the implant after surgery. It was concluded that the polyester prosthesis, as implanted in these dogs, was not a satisfactory replacement for the injured ligament, as better results may be obtained with less invasive and simpler techniques.

Although normal synovial fluid has been well characterized in domestic animals such as dogs, cats, horses, and cows, the available information on larger rodents is scarce. The purpose of the study was to analyze the physical, chemical, and cytologic characteristics of the synovial fluid in stifle joints of Capybaras. Five free-ranging adult female Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), weighing from 37 to 56 kg were used. Synovial fluid was obtained by aspiration of 10 stifle joints. Samples were analyzed for physical, chemical, and cytologic properties. Spontaneous clotting was negative in 9 samples. Most synovial fluids had pH 8, and protein concentrations ranged from 1.6 to 3.6 g/dL. The mucin clot test was good in all 6 samples that were tested. Nucleated cell counts ranged from 140 to 508 cells/μL. Relative differential leukocyte counts demonstrated a predominance of mononuclear cells (97.6%), including 76.2% undifferentiated mononuclear cells, 18.1% macrophages, and 3.66% lymp...

To gain regulatory approval for the clinical use of knee biologics and devices in humans, translational largeanimal studies are typically required. Animal models that permit second-look arthroscopy are valuable because they allow for longitudinal assessment of the treated tissue without needing to sacrifice the animal. The minipig is an ideal preclinical animal model for the investigation of therapies for the knee, in part because arthroscopy can be performed in its stifle (knee) joint with the use of standard surgical equipment used in humans. The purpose of this Technical Note is to describe a reproducible technique for diagnostic arthroscopy of the minipig stifle (knee) joint.

Radiography and magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate osteoarthritis at 2, 6, and 12 weeks following transection of the cranial cruciate ligament of the stifle (femorotibial) joint of 6 dogs. A quantitative radiographic scoring system was used to assess the progression of hard and soft tissue changes of osteoarthritis. Mediolateral (flexed joint) and oblique (extended joint) radiographic projections enabled identification of small osteophytes on the femoral trochlear ridges, which were detected at an earlier stage of development than was previously reported. Magnetic resonance imaging was useful in detecting changes in cartilage thickness, osteophytosis and intraarticular loose bodies. Radiography and magnetic resonance imaging were complementary in the assessment of pathologic changes of osteoarthritis.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) and meniscal release on cranial-caudal and axial rotational displacement during early, middle and late stance phases in the canine cranial cruciate ligament-(CCL) deficient stifle. In vitro biomechanical study. Methods: Eighteen pelvic limbs were evaluated for the effects of TTA on cranial-caudal displacement and axial rotation under a load equivalent to 30% bodyweight, and under the following treatment conditions: normal (intact CCL), CCL deficient, TTA-treated (CCL deficient + TTA), and meniscal release (TTA treated + meniscal release). The limbs were evaluated in the early, middle, and late stance

The present study involved large skin defects created due to tumors of hock region in two dogs presented to Department of Vet. Surgery & Radiology, CVSc & AH, Bhubaneswar affected in 2022. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of repair of skin defect done through genicular axial pattern graft in the thigh region of hind limb during removal of tumors in small breed dogs. Defects created due to tumor excision were closed through genicular axial pattern flaps in starting from distal tibia to the lower hock region. The clinical outcome, wound closure and healing were very promising and is an example of case-based application. The above findings suggested that genicular axial pattern flaps are a good option for reconstruction of large cutaneous defects of the lateral aspects of the tibia and hock joint in dogs.

Tearing of the cranial cruciate ligament causes hindlimb lameness in dogs. Different surgical procedures have been proposed to treat this condition. In this study, two different TTA-based techniques and implants were compared. A total of 30 dogs were separated into two groups according to the technique and implant used (Porous TTA® or Model Xgen®). The aim of the study was to assess whether one of these techniques has better functional recovery of the joint, better bone consolidation after the osteotomy procedure and fewer osteoarthritic changes. We compared both groups up to 3 months after surgery. No significant differences were found in any of the assessed parameters. Thus, both procedures were found to be equally effective and safe.

The present study examined the results of using hyaluronic acid with autogenetic cancellous grafts in the treatment of experimentally induced osteochondral defects in the stifle joints of dogs. In this study, 10 mature dogs of different breeds, weights and of both sexes were used. General anesthesia and usual operation procedures were followed. A 10 mm deep defect was created on the femoral sulcus of the trochlea with a drill tip of 8 mm in diameter. The defects in the right and left legs were filled with autogenic cancellous grafts taken from the metaphysial region of the tibia. The left legs constituted the experimental group while the right legs served as control group. In the experimental group, 2 mg/kg intraarticular hyaluronic acid was twice administered into the stifle joint, i.e., immediately subsequent to the operation and 1 month afterwards. Parenteral antibiotics were prescribed postoperatively for ten days. Five animals were sacrificed at the third and sixth month after ...

Short-term outcomes of cranial cruciate ligament rupture treated surgically with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy or non-surgically in small-breed dogs weighing less than10 kg Irin Kwananocha 1) , Ekkapol Akaraphutiporn 2) , Rutaitip Upariputti 3) , Chalermpol Lekchareonsuk 4) , Chalika Wangdee 2,5) *

Objective—To study osteoarthritis in the equine medial femorotibial (MFT) joint after a single traumatic injury. Animals—10 mature horses. Procedure—In vitro explant cultures were used to determine injury threshold for stifle joint cartilage. Contusive impacts were applied to the medial femoral condyle (MFC), and horses were followed for 84 (n = 5) and 180 days (5). Synovial fluid samples were collected every 14 days for determination of sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) concentrations. Radiographic and lameness evaluations were performed. Gross and histologic descriptions, and immunohistochemistry, cartilage sGAG content determination, and cartilage aggregate modulus determination were performed at the MFC impact site (MFCi), MFC nonimpact site (MFCn), and medial tibial plateau (MTP). Results—Synovial fluid sGAG concentration decreased significantly on days 14, 28, 42, and 56 in all horses. Macroscopic and microscopic articular lesions developed within all MFT joints. No radiograp...

RESUMO.-A ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial é uma das causas mais comuns de claudicação do membro pélvico de cães. A radiografia e a ultrassonografia são métodos de diagnóstico frequentemente utilizados na rotina clínica de pequenos animais, porém a tomografia computadorizada é uma modalidade de imagem ainda pouco estudada para ava-liar a articulação do joelho de cães. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a contribuição do contraste negativo na artrografia tomográfica do joelho normal de cães, para visibilizar as estruturas intra-articulares e padronizar o uso desse contraste na articulação. Foram utilizados 24 membros pélvicos de cães de raças variadas, selecionados pela ausência de histórico de doença articular prévia do joelho e por apresentarem exames radiográficos, ultrassonográficos e macroscópicos normais. O experimento foi delineado em dois grupos, sendo o grupo I constituído de animais com peso até 20 kg e grupo II acima de 20 kg. Foram feitos cortes tomográficos com o membro flexionado e estendido. A quantidade média de ar empregada para a distensão da cápsula articular foi de 49 ml para o Grupo I e de 81 ml para o Grupo II. Utilizou-se um tubo de látex na porção distal à articulação do joelho para reduzir o escape de ar pelo tendão extensor digital profundo,

The primary objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of cranial tibial translation on a single unstressed, standing angle, mediolateral radiograph of the stifle and the accuracy of diagnosing complete cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs with this finding using a previously published method. The secondary objective was to determine if there was a higher incidence of meniscal injuries associated with spontaneous radiographic cranial tibial translation as previously proposed. Medical records were reviewed for client owned dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture that underwent surgical stabilization with intra-operative evaluation of the stifle joint via arthrotomy between June 2013 to January 2022 and had pre-operative radiographs performed within 60 days prior to surgery. Preoperative radiographs were evaluated for cranial tibial translation via the previously published method. Three hundred twenty-three dogs met the inclusion criteria for the study. Intra-operative findings and radiographic assessments were evaluated for correlations. Cranial tibial translation on pre-operative standing angle radiographs detected cranial cruciate ligament tears in 24.8% of cases but had a positive predictive value of 97.5% for diagnosing complete cranial cruciate ligament rupture with a specificity of 95.4% and an overall accuracy of 36.8%. Meniscal tears were present in 58.75% of cases with radiographic cranial tibial translation and 41.25% of cases without. There was no significant increase in the incidence of meniscal tears between the two groups. The presence of radiographic cranial tibial translation in dogs on an unstressed, standing angle, mediolateral radiograph of the stifle is diagnostic for cranial cruciate ligament rupture, but cannot be used to determine the presence of a meniscal tear.

SummaryComplete or partial rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) is a common injury of the canine stifle. Most practicing veterinarians would agree that optimal outcome is best achieved with surgical intervention. A popular method of stabilization is an extra-articular suture stabilization. The objective of this manuscript is to describe suture placement in a more isometric position as compared to traditional suture placement. A second objective is to introduce the veterinary surgeon to novel anchor products used for stabilization.

Background: Transection of the canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) is a well-established osteoarthritis (OA) model. The effect of CCL loss on contact pressure and joint alignment has not been quantified for stifle loading in standing. The purposes of the study were to measure femorotibial contact areas and stresses and joint alignment following transection of the CCL in an ex vivo model. We hypothesized that transection of the CCL would lead to abnormal kinematics, as well as alterations in contact mechanics of the femorotibial joint. Methodology/Principal Findings: Eight canine hindlimbs were tested in a servo-hydraulic materials testing machine using a custom made femoral jig. Contact area and pressure measurements, and femorotibial rotations and translations were measured in the normal and the CCL-deficient stifle in both standing and deep flexion angles. We found that at standing angle, transection of the CCL caused cranial translation and internal rotation of the tibia with a concurrent caudal shift of the contact area, an increase in peak pressure and a decrease in contact area. These changes were not noted in deep flexion. At standing, loss of CCL caused a redistribution of the joint pressure, with the caudal region of the compartment being overloaded and the rest of the joint being underloaded. Conclusion: In the Pond-Nuki model alterations in joint alignment are correlated with shifting of the contact points to infrequently loaded areas of the tibial plateau. The results of this study suggest that this cadaveric Pond-Nuki model simulates the biomechanical changes previously reported in the in-vivo Pond-Nuki model.

To evaluate outcomes in 36 dogs with a partial cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) tear treated with autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) or adipose-derived progenitor cells (ADPC) with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) combination. Medical records of client-owned dogs diagnosed with an early partial (≤50%) tear of the craniomedial band of the CCL that was treated with BMAC-PRP or ADPC-PRP were reviewed from 2010 to 2015. Signalment, medical history, physical and orthopedic examination, objective temporospatial gait analyses, radiographs, day 0 and day 90 diagnostic arthroscopy findings, treatment, and outcome were among the data collected. A functional owner questionnaire, including the validated Helsinki chronic pain index (HCPI), was sent to owners whose dog was known to not have had a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). Statistical analysis was performed on data, where significance was established at p &lt; 0.05. Stifle arthroscopy findings at 90 days posttreatment were...

Calisma materyalini, on ekstremite topalligi sikayeti ile klinige getirilen ve dirsek displazisi belirlenen degisik irk, yas ve cinsiyetteki 10 kopek olusturdu. Klinik ve radyolojik muayeneler sonucunda displazinin tipi ve derecesi belirlendikten sonra 7 olguda sirurjikal sagaltim, 3 olguda ise ilerlemis olan osteoartrite bagli olarak semptomatik sagaltim uygulandi. Sagaltim girisimleri sonucunda 4 olguda cok iyi, 4 olguda iyi, 2 olguda ise orta dereceli sonuclar elde edildi. Sonuc olarak; dirsek displazisi belirlenen kopeklerde, kronik dejeneratif lezyonlar sekillenmeden uygulanan sirurjikal sagaltimin hastaligin prognozunda onemli oldugu ve destekleyici medikal sagaltimin da katki saglayacagi kanisina varildi

Reasons for performing study: To improve osteochondral graft reconstruction of subchondral cystic lesions in the medial and lateral femoral condyles by matching the material properties of donor and recipient sites. Objectives: To measure biomechanical and biochemical parameters that influence the function and healing of osteochondral grafts used to reconstruct subchondral cystic lesions. Hypothesis: Suitable donor sites are available within the stifle joint for reconstructing the femoral condyles, despite considerable regional property variation. Methods: Fifty-six osteochondral cores were harvested from 6 distal femurs for initial studies that determined subchondral bone modulus of elasticity and ultimate stress. In a second study, 28 osteochondral cores were harvested from 6 distal femurs to measure cartilage aggregate modulus, thickness and sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content. Using micro-CT imaging, subchondral bone mineral density and bone volume fraction were also measured. In both studies 2dimensional contour plots using a bicubic interpolation method and normalised data were generated to allow visual comparison of joint surface characteristics. Statistical comparisons between donor and recipient site raw data were made using an ANOVA for repeated measures with a post hoc Tukey test. Results: Material properties of cartilage and bone vary considerably over the surface of the stifle joint but the central region of the medial condyle, where subchondral cystic lesions frequently occur, typically demonstrated bone strength and modulus values of the highest observed. Cartilage thickness and aggregate modulus were highest in the medial femoral condyle and axial aspect of the lateral condyle. Conclusions: Material properties of the grafts from the trochlear groove and axial aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge were the closest match for those found in the medial condyle, whereas properties of the lateral condyle were most similar to those found in the trochlear groove and axial aspect of the medial trochlear ridge.

Dogs (Canis familiaris) prefer the walk at lower speeds and the more economical trot at speeds ranging from 0.5 Fr up to 3 Fr. Important works have helped to understand these gaits at the levels of the center of mass, joint mechanics, and muscular control. However, less is known about the global dynamics for limbs and if these are gait or breed-specific. For walk and trot, we analyzed dogs’ global dynamics, based on motion capture and single leg kinetic data, recorded from treadmill locomotion of French Bulldog (N = 4), Whippet (N = 5), Malinois (N = 4), and Beagle (N = 5). Dogs’ pelvic and thoracic axial leg functions combined compliance with leg lengthening. Thoracic limbs were stiffer than the pelvic limbs and absorbed energy in the scapulothoracic joint. Dogs’ ground reaction forces (GRF) formed two virtual pivot points (VPP) during walk and trot each. One emerged for the thoracic (fore) limbs (VPPTL) and is roughly located above and caudally to the scapulothoracic joint. The se...

Background: Clinical outcome after cutaneous reconstruction using genicular artery flaps has not been reported. Major cutaneous defects of the pelvic limb between the stifle and hock are frequent in dogs and closure is difficult due to lack of available skin from immediately adjacent areas. Case presentation: Here we report the first two clinical cases successfully managed by genicular axial pattern flap closure. A 2-year-old 38 kg (83.77-lb) intact male Labrador Retriever and a 14-year-old 42 kg (92.59-lb) spayed mixed breed female dog were admitted for the management of large skin defects in the lateral tibiotarsal joint. One defect was the result of a fibrosarcoma removal in the Labrador dog and the other defect was a chronic large wound caused by a car accident in the mixed breed female dog. Both defects were reconstructed by using genicular flaps. The bed of the wound in mixed breed dog was surgically debrided and underwent open wound management until a proper granulation tissue bed was formed before reconstruction. The skin defect in the Labrador dog was covered immediately after tumor removal. After surgery both dogs were bearing weight on the limbs normally. Small area of dehiscence occurred in both dogs 2 weeks after surgery. At follow-up examination one month after surgery, the surgical wound of the Labrador retriever still had a small area of dehiscence. Two months after surgery, the wound of the mixed breed dog was completely healed, covered with hair and no lameness was observed. Conclusion: Findings suggested that genicular axial pattern flap is a good option for reconstruction of large cutaneous defects of the lateral aspects of the tibia in dogs.

SummaryComplete or partial rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) is a common injury of the canine stifle. Most practicing veterinarians would agree that optimal outcome is best achieved with surgical intervention. A popular method of stabilization is an extra-articular suture stabilization. The objective of this manuscript is to describe suture placement in a more isometric position as compared to traditional suture placement. A second objective is to introduce the veterinary surgeon to novel anchor products used for stabilization.

Dogs (Canis familiaris) prefer the walk at lower speeds and the more economical trot at speeds ranging from 0.5 Fr up to 3 Fr. Important works have helped to understand these gaits at the levels of the center of mass, joint mechanics, and muscular control. However, less is known about the global dynamics for limbs and if these are gait or breed-specific. For walk and trot, we analyzed dogs' global dynamics, based on motion capture and single leg kinetic data, recorded from treadmill locomotion of French Bulldog (N = 4), Whippet (N = 5), Malinois (N = 4), and Beagle (N = 5). Dogs' pelvic and thoracic axial leg functions combined compliance with leg lengthening. Thoracic limbs were stiffer than the pelvic limbs and absorbed energy in the scapulothoracic joint. Dogs' ground reaction forces (GRF) formed two virtual pivot points (VPP) during walk and trot each. One emerged for the thoracic (fore) limbs (VPP TL) and is roughly located above and caudally to the scapulothoracic joint. The second is located roughly above and cranially to the hip joint (VPP PL). The positions of VPPs and the patterns of the limbs' axial and tangential projections of the GRF were gaits but not always breedsrelated. When they existed, breed-related changes were mainly exposed by the French Bulldog. During trot, positions of the VPPs tended to be closer to the hip joint or the scapulothoracic joint, and variability between and within breeds lessened compared to walk. In some dogs, VPP PL was located below the pelvis during trot. Further analyses revealed that leg length and not breed may better explain differences in the vertical position of VPP TL or the horizontal position of VPP PL. The vertical position of VPP PL was only influenced by gait, while the horizontal position of VPP TL was not breed or gait-related. Accordingly, torque profiles in the scapulothoracic joint were likely between breeds while hip torque profiles were size-related. In dogs, gait and leg length are likely the main VPPs positions' predictors. Thus, variations of VPP positions may follow a reduction of limb work. Stability issues need to be addressed in further studies.

This study was conducted to compare angles physically set on the stifle joints of cadaveric limbs of dogs with the results by four different radiographic methods for stifle angle measurement. Thirteen pelvic limbs from various large breeds and skeletally-mature dogs were used. The stifles were fixed at four angles: 125°, 130°, 135° and 140°. Altogether 52 radiographs were done. Each stifle angle set on the cadaver limbs was radiographically measured using four sets of landmarks (the goniometric, long axis, eminence and kinematic methods). We found similarity between angles physically set on cadaver limbs and radiographically measured using the long axis method (P &gt; 0.05). The goniometric method showed similarity in group of limbs with the stifle fixed at 140° (P &gt; 0.05), and other measurements differed significantly (P &lt; 0.05). Eminence and kinematic method measurements were different compared to the angle of fixation of the stifle on the cadaver (P &lt; 0.05) but similar c...

Cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) is one of the most frequent causes of hindlimb lameness in dogs. Tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) is a common surgery performed for CCLD. A modified, simplified technique (TTA Rapid) is also reported to have very good clinical outcomes. In this paper, we report a modified TTA Rapid technique to treat a CCLD in a dog with an amputated contralateral hindlimb. A 5-year-old mixed breed dog presented with amputated right hindlimb and difficulty walking. Pain and positive drawer sign were present at manipulation of left stifle joint. Radiographic findings of the stifle joint confirmed the presence of moderate osteoarthritis associated with CCLD, and modified TTA Rapid procedure was performed. Recovery from surgery was uneventful, and the dog was able to stand by his own by the second day postoperative. At three months follow-up evaluation, the dog was free of lameness and the osteotomy site was completely healed. This paper describes the first m...

In this study, 7 dogs of various breed, age and sex, which were referred to the Clinics of Orthopaedics and Traumatology in Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, were used as study materials. Clinical radiological and arthroscopical examinations revealed 7 dogs were having unilateral CCL lesions. Tibial plato levelling Osteotomy operation was performed to stabilize the stifle joints. Operation results were evaluated clinically and radiological. According to the postoperative clinical and radiological examination. The TPLO technique with TPLO plate include locking screw mechanism was preferable for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament ruptures of large breed dogs.

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and radio graphical outcome of cats following TPLO surgery for cranial cruciate ligament deficiency. Each cat underwent orthopedic assessment, pre-operative radio graphical evaluation, surgical procedure, postoperative management and clinical re-examination 1, 2, and 12 months following surgery. Age, body weights, TPAs, meniscal tears, implants and osteoarthritis progression were recorded. Postoperative OA score was compared with that obtained 1 year after surgery using a paired t-test with commercially available software. Radio graphical evaluation performed 1 year after surgery showed no significant OA progression (P-value &gt; 0.1). Minor complications occurred in one case (#7) in which a mild to moderate seroma was observed ten days after surgery. No major complications were recorded. Although TPLO surgery in cats remains controversial, this study suggests that it was a suitable option for surgical treatment of feline cranial cruciate li...

Objective—To evaluate severity of medial patellar luxation (MPL) and frequency of concomitant cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) in dogs. Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—162 dogs (266 stifle joints). Procedures—Medical records of 162 small-breed dogs with MPL were reviewed. Signalment, body weight, luxation grade, bilateral or unilateral MPL, CCLR, and difference in luxation grades between stifle joints were evaluated. Association between severity of MPL and CCLR was investigated. Results—58 dogs had unilateral MPL, and 104 dogs had bilateral MPL. Dogs ranged from 8.4 months to 16.7 years of age (mean, 5.7 years), and mean body weight was 5.45 kg (12 lb). Forty-one percent of all dogs had concomitant CCLR. Mean age for dogs with MPL alone was 3.0 years, which differed significantly from mean age of dogs with MPL and concomitant CCLR (7.8 years). Dogs with grade IV MPL were significantly more likely to have concomitant CCLR than were dogs with any other grade of MPL. ...

The patella is a large sesamoid bone that typically develops in the tendon of insertion of the large extensor muscles of the stifle joint. Although present in almost all species of mammals and birds, it has been found to be absent in the red kangaroo and two wallaby species (family Macropodidae). In its place is a fibrocartilage pad, located in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. This structure is visible grossly, is palpable, and has the form normally expected of a bony patella. In addition, the femoral trochlea is shallow and asymmetric, and the lateral gastrocnemius sesamoid is unusually prominent. These and other related modifications in the area of the Macropodidae stifle are presented.

There are few studies about the treatment options for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in growing dogs, especially with epiphysiodesis techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the electrocautery technique for proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in Labrador retriever puppies. The novel electrocautery technique was compared with the screw technique regarding the efficacy for tibial plateau leveling in growing dogs. Six healthy Labrador retriever puppies were divided into two groups. The screw technique was used in one group and the electrocautery technique was used in the other group. Both proximal tibial epiphysiodesis techniques for tibial plateau leveling were effective in achieving reduced tibial plateau angle and did not cause significant joint changes. The screw technique was more invasive and caused slightly greater morbidity than the electrocautery technique. The electrocautery technique seems to be a good alternative for proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in young dogs.

ResumoA degeneração mucoide do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) é uma causa pouco frequente de dor na região posterior do joelho, de patofisiologia desconhecida e subdiagnosticada. A melhor modalidade de tratamento ainda está em discussão. A ressecção da lesão com desbridamento parcial do LCA tem apresentado bons resultados, sem a ocorrência de instabilidade. Os autores apresentam um caso de degeneração mucoide do LCA tratado com ressecção da degeneração mucoide e desbridamento parcial do LCA por artroscopia.

A Ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (RLCCr) é uma das enfermidades articulares mais comuns no cão e diversas são as técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas para correção de sua instabilidade, porém nenhuma delas impede o desenvolvimento da doença articular degenerativa (DAD). Entretanto deve-se promover a estabilidade articular, garantindo qualidade de vida ao animal. A osteotomia de nivelamento do platô tibial (TPLO) é umas das técnicas mais utilizadas na atualidade e tem demonstrado melhores resultados quanto ao retorno funcional nos animais submetidos a este procedimento. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o resultado da técnica de osteotomia de nivelamento do platô da tíbia (TPLO) em um cão com RLCCr bilateral.

To evaluate lateral fabellotibial suture (LFTS) and TightRope CCL (TR) extra-articular stabilization biomechanics in the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient canine stifle joint during the stance phase of gait. Computer simulations. Healthy 33-kg Golden Retriever. LFTS and TR were implemented in a previously developed 3-D quasi-static rigid body CrCL-deficient canine pelvic limb computer model simulating the stance phase of gait. Ligament loads, relative tibial translation, and relative tibial rotation were determined and compared across the CrCL-intact, CrCL-deficient, and extra-articular stabilized stifle joints. Compared to the CrCL-intact stifle, peak caudal cruciate and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) loads were increased in the LFTS-managed stifle, peak caudal cruciate and LCL loads were decreased in the TR-managed stifle, and peak medial collateral and patellar ligament (PL) loads were similar for both techniques. Compared to the CrCL-deficient stifle, peak caudal cru...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of an orthosis on biomechanics of a cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient canine stifle joint by use of a 3-D quasistatic rigid-body pelvic limb computer model simulating the stance phase of gait and to investigate influences of orthosis hinge stiffness (durometer). SAMPLE A previously developed computer simulation model for a healthy 33-kg 5-year-old neutered Golden Retriever. PROCEDURES A custom stifle joint orthosis was implemented in the CrCL-deficient pelvic limb computer simulation model. Ligament loads, relative tibial translation, and relative tibial rotation in the orthosis-stabilized stifle joint (baseline scenario; high-durometer hinge]) were determined and compared with values for CrCL-intact and CrCL-deficient stifle joints. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of orthosis hinge stiffness on model outcome measures. RESULTS The orthosis decreased loads placed on the caudal cruciate and lateral collateral ligament...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of 4 biomechanical parameters on canine cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-intact and -deficient stifle joints. SAMPLE Data for computer simulations of a healthy 5-year-old 33-kg neutered male Golden Retriever in a previously developed 3-D rigid body pelvic limb computer model simulating the stance phase during walking. PROCEDURES Canine stifle joint biomechanics were assessed when biomechanical parameters (CrCL stiffness, CrCL prestrain, body weight, and stifle joint friction coefficient) were altered in the pelvic limb computer simulation model. Parameters were incrementally altered from baseline values to determine the influence on stifle joint outcome measures (ligament loads, relative tibial translation, and relative tibial rotation). Stifle joint outcome measures were compared between CrCL-intact and -deficient stifle joints for the range of parameters evaluated. RESULTS In the CrCL-intact stifle joint, ligament loads were most sensitive to...

The objective of this study was to develop a three-dimensional (3D) quasi-static rigid body canine pelvic limb computer model simulating a cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) intact and CrCL-deficient stifle during walking stance to describe stifle biomechanics. The model was based on a five-year-old neutered male Golden Retriever (33 kg) with no orthopedic or neurologic disease. Skeletal geometry and ligament anatomy determined from computed tomography (CT), optimized muscle forces, motion capture kinematics, and force platform ground reaction forces were used to develop the model. Ligament loads, tibial translation, tibial rotation, and femoromeniscal contact forces were compared across the intact and CrCL-deficient stifle. The CrCL was found to be the primary intact stifle load-bearing ligament, and the caudal cruciate ligament was the primary CrCL-deficient stifle load-bearing ligament. Normalized tibial translation and rotation were 0.61 mm/kg and 0.14 degrees/kg, respectively. Ou...

Objective—To investigate the influence of varying morphological parameters on canine stifle joint biomechanics by use of a 3-D rigid-body canine pelvic limb computer model that simulated an intact and cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)–deficient stifle joint across the stance phase of gait at a walk. Sample—Data from computer simulations. Procedures—Computer model morphological parameters, including patellar ligament insertion location, tibial plateau angle (TPA), and femoral condyle diameter (FCD), were incrementally altered to determine their influence on outcome measures (ligament loads, relative tibial translation, and relative tibial rotation) during simulation of the stance phase of gait at a walk. Outcome measures were assessed for each scenario and compared between an intact and CrCL-deficient stifle joint with the sensitivity index (the percentage change in outcome measure divided by the percentage change in input parameter). Results—In a CrCL-intact stifle joint, ligament lo...

The present study involved large skin defects created due to tumors of hock region in two dogs presented to Department of Vet. Surgery & Radiology, CVSc & AH, Bhubaneswar affected in 2022. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of repair of skin defect done through genicular axial pattern graft in the thigh region of hind limb during removal of tumors in small breed dogs. Defects created due to tumor excision were closed through genicular axial pattern flaps in starting from distal tibia to the lower hock region. The clinical outcome, wound closure and healing were very promising and is an example of case-based application. The above findings suggested that genicular axial pattern flaps are a good option for reconstruction of large cutaneous defects of the lateral aspects of the tibia and hock joint in dogs.

Küçük hayvan hekimliğinde kedi ve köpeklerde metakarpal (MK) ve metatarsal (MT) kırıklarla sık karşılaşılmaktadır. Tedavide konservatif ve cerrahi yöntemler tanımlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada MK/MT kırık belirlenen 32 vakanın (22 kedi, 10 köpek) tanı, tedavi ve prognoz süreçlerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Hastaların demografik ve diyagnostik bilgileri, yapılan preoperatif ve perioperatif işlemler, uygulanan tedaviler, postoperatif işlemler ve prognoz süreci çalışma kapsamındadır. MK/MT toplam 97 kırık kemikte en çok diyafizer 1/3 (43 kemik) ve distal 1/3 (48 kemik) lokalizasyonlarda kırıklar belirlendi. En çok görülen kırık şekilleri transversal (65) ve oblik (27) olarak belirlendi. Toplam 39 ekstremitenin %25.64’ünde bir kemik, %20.51’inde iki kemik, %33.33’ünde üç kemik, %20.51’inde dört kemiğin kırıldığı belirlendi. Tedavide MK/MT kırığı olan 39 ekstremiteden 11 ekstremitede eksternal koaptasyon, 23 ekstremitede açık cerrahi redüksiyon ile osteosentez, 4 ekstremitede kafes istirah...

SummaryA two-year-old, 97 kg, male neutered English Mastiff was evaluated for left pelvic limb lameness of five months duration localized to the stifle joint. Following radiographic, computed tomographic and arthroscopic examination, the lameness was subsequently diagnosed as being caused by primary synovial osteochondromatosis. In total, 194 osteochondral bodies were removed using arthroscopy in combination with a mini-arthrotomy. Histology and immunohistochemistry of the loose osteochondral fragments confirmed the diagnosis with a moderately high degree of differentiation and low cellularity. Nuclear staining for Ki-67 revealed decreasing differentiation and increasing cellularity in the fragments. At the 13 months telephone follow-up the owner reported that the dog was free from lameness and had a vastly improved function compared with preoperative levels, although mild lameness did occasionally occur. This is the first report of computed tomography, arthroscopy and immunohistoch...