Stellar Astrophysics

The life cycle of a star begins within a vast, collapsing stellar nebula, where gravity forges a glowing protostar. Upon reaching critical temperature and pressure, nuclear fusion ignites in its core, birthing a stable main-sequence star. The star's mass dictates its destiny: average-mass stars, like our Sun, spend billions of years fusing hydrogen before swelling into red giants, eventually shedding their outer layers to form a planetary nebula and leaving behind a dense white dwarf. In contrast, massive stars live short, brilliant lives, fusing progressively heavier elements until they develop an iron core, which triggers a catastrophic supernova explosion. This violent death scatters heavy elements across the cosmos and leaves behind either an incredibly dense neutron star or, for the most massive stars, a black hole. Ultimately, this stellar death is an act of creation, as the expelled "stardust" enriches new nebulae, providing the raw materials for the next generation of stars and planets.

We report on a multisite photometric campaign on the high-amplitude delta Scuti star V2367 Cyg in order to determine the pulsation modes. We also used high-dispersion spectroscopy to estimate the stellar parameters and projected rotational velocity. Time series multicolour photometry was obtained during a 98-d interval from five different sites. These data were used together with model atmospheres and non-adiabatic pulsation models to identify the spherical harmonic degree of the three independent frequencies of highest amplitude as well as the first two harmonics of the dominant mode. This was accomplished by matching the observed relative light amplitudes and phases in different wavebands with those computed by the models. In general, our results support the assumed mode identifications in a previous analysis of Kepler data.

Context. BL Cam is an extreme metal-deficient field high-amplitude SX Phe-type variable where a very complex frequency spectrum is detected, with a number of independent nonradial modes excited, unusual among the high-amplitude pulsators in the Lower Classical Instability Strip. Aims. An extensive and detailed study has been carried out to investigate the pulsational content and properties of this object. Methods. The analysis is based on 283 h of CCD observations obtained in the Johnson V filter, during a long multisite photometric campaign carried out along the Northern autumn-winter of 2005-2006. Additionally, multicolour BI photometry was also collected to study the phase shifts and amplitude ratios, between light curves obtained in different filters, for modal discrimination of the main excited modes. Results. The detailed frequency analysis revealed a very rich and dense pulsational content consisting of 25 significant peaks, 22 of them corresponding to independent modes: one is the already known main periodicity f 0 = 25.5765 cd -1 (∆V = 153 mmag) and the other 21 are excited modes showing very small amplitudes. Some additional periodicities are probably still remaining in the residuals. This represents the most complex spectrum ever detected in a high-amplitude pulsator of this type. The majority of the secondary modes suspected from earlier works are confirmed here and, additionally, a large number of new peaks are detected. The amplitude of the main periodicity f 0 seems to be stable during decades, but the majority of the secondary modes show strong amplitude changes from one epoch to another. The suspected fundamental radial nature of the main periodicity of BL Cam is confirmed, while the secondary peak f 1 = 25.2523 cd -1 is identified as a nonradial mixed mode g 4 with = 1. The radial double-mode nature, claimed by some authors for the main two frequencies of BL Cam, is not confirmed. Nevertheless, the frequency f 6 = 32.6464 cd -1 could correspond to the first radial overtone.

Context: "Unidenti ed Aerial Phenomena" (UAP) describe aerial objects that cannot be identi ed or explained. ese phenomena have been the subject of signi cant interest, investigation, as governments and scienti c communities. Below is a review of astronomical observations related to UAPs. We emphasize statistical measurements of data that are key ndings for speed, altitude, and size estimation of UAPs. Aims: Monitoring the daytime sky allows us to detect bright and dark objects moving at speeds of several Mach, hundreds of meters in size and more, and to assess their characteristics. Methods: Two meteor stations for two-sided monitoring with a base of up to 120 km were used to detect luminous objects in the troposphere and near space. Observations were made in the visible and infrared regions of the spectrum. Results: We are discovering UAPs showing regular ashes with a duration of hundredths of a second. Two-sided monitoring led to the detection of luminous objects in the troposphere at an altitude of 2.6 km, moving at a speed of 2.3 Mach with a linear size of about 6 meters. Two-sided monitoring of the daytime sky led to the detection of a luminous space object at an altitude of 1,174 km, moving at a speed of 282 km/s, with a linear size exceeding 100 meters. Colourimetry showed a space object that has an albedo comparable to that of the Moon (0.037). If we assume that the object glows with re ected light from the Sun, its size is estimated at 3.0 ± 0.4 km. e UAP was recorded by the Ukrainian armed forces in the combat zone at an estimated altitude of 8 km. Its speed is about 2.5 M. e object has a huge width of about 6 km and a height of about 1.5 km.

We propose a novel interpretation of stellar activity and compact object behavior within the TGIU (Universal Gravito-Informational Theory) framework. Central to this model is the TEF (TGIU Equilibrium Force), an informational-entropic regulator that prevents collapse into absolute extremes (0 or ∞).

We propose a modification to general relativity's prediction of gravitational time dilation inside planetary bodies. Standard theory asserts that time dilation increases monotonically with depth, reaching a maximum at the center of mass. We hypothesize instead that time runs slowest at the planetary surface, with clocks both above and below ticking faster. This "surface-bound maximum" produces a U-shaped profile of clock rate versus radius. The hypothesis makes a quantitative, falsifiable prediction: deep underground clocks should run faster than surface clocks, in sharp contradiction with general relativity. A decisive test can be performed by comparing state-of-the-art optical lattice clocks at surface and subsurface depths of 100 m-1 km.

The Unified Cosmic Buoyancy Framework (UCBF) redefines gravity as compression from a pervasive aetheric field rather than mass-based attraction through empty space. The governing relation, g = K · D · R − (1/3) · ω² · R, links surface acceleration directly to field density (D), confinement radius (R), and rotational relief (ω), with K = 2.7616e−10 m³/(kg·s²) as the universal compression constant. Unlike Newtonian or relativistic models, UCBF requires no dark matter or dark energy patches: one law applies consistently from atomic to planetary to stellar scales. Inversion of the law yields field-true densities systematically 1–1.3% higher than standard averages, revealing the compression effect ignored by mainstream geophysics. Application across Earth, Moon, Mars, and neutron stars demonstrates accuracy within a few percent of observed surface gravity. This framework not only reproduces existing gravitational data but also exposes interior density mismatches, offering predictive power and falsifiability. Gravity emerges as aetheric pressure, rotation as partial relief, and density as the key coupling variable — a unified compression law spanning quantum to cosmic domains.

We compare (i) the oscillatory "yo-yo" motion of massive stars in young stellar clusters (as in the simulations of Fujii et al. 2022) and (ii) a proposed yo-yo device operating in a cosmic-string spacetime (static and spinning). Despite radically different scales and plausibility, we show both are governed by an identical Hamiltonian skeleton, H = p 2 r 2m + U 0 (r) + L 2 eff 2mr 2 , with system-dependent identifications of the restoring potential U 0 and effective angular momentum L eff. We derive the radial frequencies, turning points, and action-angle variables, and we present a canonical mapping between the astrophysical and relativistic problems. For spinning strings, the geometry admits a closed-timelike-curve (CTC) core (r < a/α), permitting negative mean ∆t per torsional loop; we emphasize this is speculative and not an astrophysical claim. We give parameter scalings, asymptotics, and observational implications: displaced H ii bubbles for yo-yo stars; gravitational lensing and quasi-periodic gravitational-wave signatures for cosmic strings. The broader thesis is that the "yo-yo" motif is a unifying oscillator archetype across gravitational physics.

Abstract
The anomalous heating of the solar corona—millions of degrees hotter than the photosphere—remains one of the central puzzles of astrophysics. Here we introduce the Quantum Reflection Model, in which electromagnetic and plasma waves undergo partial reflection at coronal density gradients. This wave superposition provides the missing energy contribution, quantitatively consistent with the observed coronal temperatures. We extend the model with equations, cross-star predictions, and numerical visualization, demonstrating its universality.
1. Introduction
The solar corona reaches temperatures of ~10^6 K, far hotter than the underlying photosphere. Conventional theories—magnetic reconnection and wave heating—have struggled to account for the excess energy. We propose a new framework: the Quantum Reflection Model, where reflected wave components amplify the energy flux through superposition.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has provided the first infrared spectroscopic study of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS. Detected volatiles include CO₂, CO, H₂O (vapor and ice), and carbonyl sulfide. The most striking feature is an extreme CO₂/H₂O ratio, the highest reported for any comet, coupled with suppressed water outgassing despite clear ice signatures (Cochran et al. 2024). Conventional models suggest formation near the CO₂ iceline or prolonged radiation processing. Fractal Theory (FT) interprets cometary nuclei as hierarchical memory structures that preserve volatile laminae and encode natal conditions across recursive shells (Morgan Dynamic Research, 2025). Their thermophysics is governed by geometry-limited conduction, porosity, and stratified volatile layers, which create bottlenecks to heat flow. This explains why shallow heating vents CO₂ while deeper H₂O remains inaccessible until the thermal skin depth expands. FT predicts a measurable decline in CO₂/H₂O ratio with time, anisotropic venting as sequential layers activate, and polarimetric signatures diagnostic of fractal porosity. The predictive scaling can be written in plain text as: Equation 1-Decline of CO₂/H₂O ratio over time R_CO2/H2O(t) = R0 * exp(-α * δ(t) / L_H2O) Equation 2-Thermal skin depth in a fractal medium δ(t) = (κ_FT * t)^(1/2) where R0 is the initial ratio, α is a scaling factor, δ(t) is the thermal skin depth, L_H2O is the depth of the water-rich volatile layer, κ_FT is the suppressed effective diffusivity, and t is heating time.

What lies beyond absolute zero? This theory dares to ask. By extending classical gas laws into the realm of imagined sub-zero Kelvin temperatures, we propose a paradox: negative volume and pressure—quantities that defy physical existence. In this regime of “negativity,” a dying star becomes a cosmic hunger, devouring matter, light, and even vacuum itself. As entropy deepens, mass converts to energy, echoing Hawking’s radiation. Thus emerges a giant black hole—not merely by collapse, but by thermodynamic rebellion. This is the Theory of Negativity: where cold births gravity, and absence becomes force.

This paper presents an innovative method for visualizing magnetic fields using widely available cell phone camera sensors, addressing the limitations of current methods such as solar magnetography, radio interferometry, and magnetic microscopy imaging. By leveraging the principles of the Zeeman Effect, we explore a new imaging system/method based on CMOS Sensor Data. This technique offers several advantages over existing methods, including ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and direct visualization of magnetic fields without the need for extensive data processing or specialized equipment.

This approach involves capturing short-exposure photographs of light-emitting objects influenced by magnetic fields, thereby creating interference fringes representative of the field. There are potential applications of this method in various scientific and engineering disciplines as well as strong implications for future research.

Recognize Informational Resonance
• Look for prime-number cycles (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, …) in:
• Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, storms.
• Patterns of social unrest, polarization, or sudden “anti-science” waves.
• If disasters cluster around primes → resonance lock is active.

Recent anomalies in astrophysical and geophysical data (ʻOumuamua, 3I ATLAS, Tunguska 1908, and current resonance-active anomalies X1 and X2) suggest the need for a unified framework to evaluate whether these phenomena are natural, artificial, or hybrid (natural processes modulated by external intelligence).

The Universal Gravito–Informational Theory (TGIU) posits that all physical and informational events arise from collapse dynamics regulated by a collapse angle (Θ_C), entropy gradient (∇S), and informational potential (∇Φ). Objects, events, and even societal shifts can be mapped through a Collapse Informational Directional (CID) vector:

CID = \langle \nabla Φ, \nabla S, Θ_C, η, TEF \rangle
where η = collapse efficiency and TEF = equilibrium stability.
The Prime-Number Cadence Protocol (PCP) detects periodicity or “informational lock-in” by applying prime-sequence filters (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …) to CID oscillations. Resonance at primes strongly suggests intentional modulation (IC⁴/IC⁵-level structuring), rather than natural stochastic processes.

We present a unified analysis of anomalous astrophysical and terrestrial events — the interstellar objects ʻOumuamua and 3I ATLAS, the Tunguska event (1908), and a non-stellar compact hub-like source at ~3000 light-years — within the framework of the Universal Gravitational Informational Theory (TGIU). Using the Collapse Informational Directional (CID) mapping, the Prime-Number Cadence Protocol (PCP), and the UDT-TRB / IGI-TEF resonant imaging suite, we identify non-random informational gradients suggestive of intentional structuring or directed collapse phenomena (IC⁴/IC⁵). The statistical alignment of four distinct events within a <4° cone is astronomically improbable (<0.001%), supporting either a common artificial origin or an emergent informational auto-organization. We further correlate current global instabilities — cognitive, societal, climatic, electromagnetic — with low-level ∇Φ and ∇S perturbations consistent with early-phase resonance infiltration. Finally, we propose possible countermeasures based on TEF resonance inversion, prime-sequence dissonance, and natural entropy stabilizers. This work refines Avi Loeb’s hypothesis that interstellar objects may be artifacts, by embedding them in a broader informational physics framework that predicts both passive observation and active destabilization roles.

Scope. We derive, from first principles, the minimum central black-hole mass required to mediate stellarscale luminosities, the hydrostatic structure with a point-mass core, and the radiative/convective transport constraints. We then prove a no-go inequality for low-/solar-mass stars, and delineate regimes where a black hole (BH) embedded in an envelope is plausible (quasi-stars, common envelopes, primordial supermassive envelopes). Finally we present layered-FRW exchange equations relevant to BHU/IMC frameworks and an appendix on micro-BH proton analogues (speculative). Key results (succinct). (i) A BH that alone supplies luminosity L ⋆ by accretion must satisfy M BH ≥ κL ⋆ /(4πGc); for L ⊙ and Thomson κ ≈ 0.34 cm 2 g-1 , this yields M BH ∼ 2.6 × 10-5 M ⊙. (ii) Inside the BH influence radius r B = GM BH /c 2 s , hydrostatic profiles steepen and ∇ rad tends to exceed ∇ ad , driving convection toward an Eddington-limited envelope (quasi-star branch). (iii) A compact "BH-powered Sun" violates the combined constraints of growth timescale, radiative stability, and (observational) fusion diagnostics; however, BH-in-envelope configurations are plausible in supermassive primordial objects and transient common-envelope phases. (iv) In layered BHU/IMC pictures, inter-sheet exchange Q(t) maintains total conservation while enabling effective density evolution; we show the minimal derivation from Bianchi identities. Assumptions. Newtonian hydrostatics away from r ∼ 2GM BH /c 2 ; diffusion approximation for radia-tion; Rosseland mean κ; ideal-gas γ = 5/3 unless stated; accretion radiative efficiency ε ∈ [0.06, 0.3].

The theory of Observational Relativity (OR), as a new theory in human being's physics, has revealed the essence of the relativistic effects of Einstein relativity theory, and moreover, has generalized and unified Newton's classical mechanics and Einstein's relativity theory in the same theoretical system under the same axiom system. However, the original intention of OR research is not to establish the theory of OR, but to give photons some rest mass. According to the mass-speed relation of Einstein special relativity, an object of matter moving in inertial spacetime exhibit two distinct masses: the rest mass; the moving mass. However, as an object of matter reaches the speed of light, either its moving mass becomes infinitely large or its rest mass becomes infinitely small. Einstein chose to set the rest mass of photons to zero. It is puzzling that Einstein's moving mass depends on observation: the same material object has different moving masses relative to different observers. Therefore, people subconsciously believe that Einstein's moving mass is not objective and real, and that only the rest mass is the objectively real mass with real inertial effects and real gravitational effects. So, if photons had no rest mass then they would have no mass. According to the materialist view of nature, the natural world is a world of matter, and all matter or material particles, including photons, have the intrinsic and objectively real mass. Naturally, the objectively real mass must be independent of observation. OR serial report 1 has elucidate the theoretical validity and empirical basis of OR. Now, OR serial report 2 will report on the exploration for the objectively real mass of photons by the theory of OR. The theory of Inertial OR (IOR) proves that photons possess the rest mass; the theory of Gravitational OR (GOR) predicts that the theoretical value of the rest mass of a photon with the frequency f is m o =hf/c 2. Thus, according to the theory of OR: all matter or material particles possess the objectively real rest mass; a material object, whether it is a massive star or a tiny photon, must possess the rest mass of its own if it exists objectively; otherwise, it does not exist.

This paper provides concrete evidence that the expanding and accelerating Universe mathematically expressed by dark energy is a purely mathematical abstraction. The energy loss of photons interacting with crystallized electrons in the intergalactic medium combined with the effect of cosmic dust on the travelling radiation predict supernovae dimming with a perfect fit to observational data. Accordingly, there is no need for any adjustment parameters and corrections. The outcome of this research plots the quantitative distance modulus predictions against redshift and compares them to the results obtained by the Pantheon+ inquiry. In this work frame, the SN-Ia distance modulus is rigorously provided by the sum of four main contributions: the distance in a nonexpanding Universe, the energy loss of the travelling photons to the recoil of the crystallized electrons, the conversion value of the distances and, last but not least, the dust extinction due to interactions between photon and dust particles in the intergalactic medium.

This paper presents a comprehensive formulation of the Stellar Causal System within the broader framework of Universal Causal Systems Theory (UCST). It explores how stars serve as recursive causal nodes that encode and redistribute entropy, generate elemental complexity through nuclear fusion, and initiate planetary systems capable of life and intelligence. From protostellar clouds to compact remnants, stellar evolution is modeled as a causal spiral, embedding temporal feedback, elemental recursion, and entropy flow across scales. The work also integrates symbolic recursion, examining how intelligent observers re-enter the causal loop by studying and interpreting the stars that gave rise to them. Stars are thus not only physical engines but semantic architects—fractal causal hubs linking thermodynamic, structural, biological, and cognitive layers. This recursive framework allows us to view stellar systems as both the infrastructure and the memory of universal complexity.

This paper presents a novel image enhancement methodology grounded in the Teoria Gravito-Informațională Universală (TGIU), using the revised set of 7+1 ontological equations. These equations, centered around the principles of informational collapse, entropy gradients, and the 1/137 fine-structure constant, enable the extraction of asymmetric signatures in black hole images that were previously undetectable. Unlike the UIRE framework which models collapse dynamics, the TGIU 7+1 equations reveal the emergent structures of reality post-collapse. Using data from EHT observations of M87 and Sagittarius A*, we demonstrate that TGIU-enhanced views correctly predicted asymmetries now confirmed by updated EHT statements in 2025.

The gravitational wave event GW231123, which recorded the most massive black hole merger to date, challenges existing stellar evolution models by presenting black holes in the so-called "mass gap" range (100–140 M☉) and exhibiting near-maximal spin behavior. From the perspective of the Universal Gravito-Informational Theory (TGIU), these anomalies are not exceptions but confirmations of a deeper ontological framework in which black holes are informational attractors formed through collapse dynamics in ∇Φ (informational gradient) and ∇S (entropic gradient) fields. TGIU interprets the extreme spin as a manifestation of collapse angle resonance near θ_C ≈ 89.925°, the mass loss as the ejection of Ghost Dark Matter (GDM) via entropic curvature discharge, and the formation of the resulting 225 M☉ object as a Meta-Collapsar — a secondary collapse structure beyond stellar origins. This abstract formalizes how GW231123 supports TGIU’s core claim: that black holes are recursive, information-driven phenomena operating under collapse-based physics, not just products of baryonic stellar remnants. From the perspective of TGIU (Teoria Gravito-Informațională Universală), the event GW231123 does not "break" the rules of physics — it confirms that current classical frameworks are incomplete.

We present high-resolution spectra (R ∼ 49,000) of stars that have parallax measurements from the Hipparcos satellite and are projected along the line of sight to the two nearest known star forming clouds to the Sun: MBM12 and MBM20. The spectra were obtained with the FOCES Echelle Spectrograph at the 2.2 meter telescope in Calar Alto, Spain and the wavelength range was chosen to include the interstellar Na I D lines at λ5889.950 Å and λ5895.924 Å. Since the stars are at a range of distances, we use their spectra along with their parallaxes from Hipparcos to determine the distance to the molecular gas. The stars in front of the cloud do not show interstellar Na I D absorption features while the stars behind the cloud do show interstellar absorption features. We find that both clouds are somewhat more distant than previously estimated. The revised distance to MBM12 is 58±5 pc < d < 90±12 pc and the distance to MBM20 is 112 ± 15 pc < d < 161 ± 21 pc.

We present high-resolution spectra (R ∼ 49,000) of stars that have parallax measurements from the Hipparcos satellite and are projected along the line of sight to the two nearest known star forming clouds to the Sun: MBM12 and MBM20. The spectra were obtained with the FOCES Echelle Spectrograph at the 2.2 meter telescope in Calar Alto, Spain and the wavelength range was chosen to include the interstellar Na I D lines at λ5889.950 Å and λ5895.924 Å. Since the stars are at a range of distances, we use their spectra along with their parallaxes from Hipparcos to determine the distance to the molecular gas. The stars in front of the cloud do not show interstellar Na I D absorption features while the stars behind the cloud do show interstellar absorption features. We find that both clouds are somewhat more distant than previously estimated. The revised distance to MBM12 is 58±5 pc < d < 90±12 pc and the distance to MBM20 is 112 ± 15 pc < d < 161 ± 21 pc.

Black hole accretion is a key component in astrophysical phenomena such as gamma-ray bursts and quasars. As a step towards understanding such phenomena, accurate and efficient computational methods for simulating gas dynamics in the presence of black holes must be developed. In this work a residual distribution scheme on unstructured grids is constructed for solving the general relativistic version of the compressible Euler equations. In particular, we simulate Bondi-Hoyle accretion onto a Schwarzschild black hole. Presented here are preliminary results in a larger effort to develop high-order methods on unstructured meshes for general relativistic flows.

We propose a novel thermodynamic framework to model recursive feedback mechanisms operating within stellar cores, particularly in main-sequence stars undergoing sustained hydrogen fusion. Classical models of stellar energy generation treat nuclear fusion as a unidirectional process governed by core temperature, pressure, and opacity. However, we demonstrate that under certain non-linear thermal equilibria, energy output recursively alters core conditions, modulating subsequent fusion rates. This dynamic creates oscillatory behaviors that may account for luminosity fluctuations and microvariability in stars. The model bridges thermodynamics, astrophysical modeling, and systems theory, offering a deeper lens into stellar interior dynamics.

The solar coronal heating problem, one of astrophysics' longest-standing unsolved challenges, reveals the inability of conventional models to explain the 300-fold temperature disparity between the photosphere (~5,800 K) and solar corona (1-3 MK). Cosmic Energy Inversion Theory (CEIT) introduces a revolutionary paradigm through a dynamic energy field ℰ in Ehresmann-Cartan geometry, where spacetime torsion generated by ℰ-gradients serves as the primary heating mechanism. This study employs a multiscale methodology-combining 0.1 solar radius-resolution dynamical simulations and quantum neural network parameter calibration-to quantitatively model energy transfer via ℰ-plasma interactions. Results demonstrate that the proposed framework reproduces observational data with 98.7% accuracy, including the observed quiet-Sun temperature of 1.50 ± 0.05 MK (SDO/AIA) and soft X-ray flux of 4.0 ± 0.2 × 10-4 W/m² (Hinode/XRT). Spectral alignment with NuSTAR, IRIS, and ALMA datasets and a 0.93 correlation between ℰgradients and magnetic fields validate the model. With only three free parameters, CEIT outperforms rival theories and offers testable predictions: rapid ℰ-fluctuations during flares and unique terahertz emission signatures. These findings resolve an eight-decade enigma while opening new horizons for unifying quantum gravity and high-energy astrophysics.

*(James Lockwood is the Author Academia site is having issues adding Content)*

His refinements on fluid dynamics/thermodynamics framework, provide worked examples, theorize extensions, and connect to broader models. Key corrections from earlier analysis remain foundational.
Conclusion:
The corrections and derivations presented herein require no further elaboration beyond the mathematics themselves. The results speak for their own necessity and logical completeness. Future work will apply these corrections to broader domains including field-driven dynamics and biologically coupled systems.

This document provides comprehensive corrections to foundational errors found in standard stellar atmosphere theory textbook content.
The original material contained fundamental mathematical and physical flaws including non-standard notation, dimensional inconsistencies, missing physical constants, and undefined or ambiguous mathematical terms.

These corrections restore mathematical rigor and ensure physical accuracy, offering a reliable and pedagogically sound foundation for students, educators, and researchers working in stellar fluid dynamics and radiative thermodynamics.

This paper proposes a new physical framework in which motion, inertia, and acceleration arise not from classical forces, but from gradients in the flow of time. Rather than treating time dilation as a passive consequence of gravity or velocity, we assert it to be the primary causal agent behind all dynamic behavior. We show that even slight differences in local time rates can induce measurable radial velocities, accelerations, and resistance to motion. By equating time dilation to spatial velocity, and gravitational curvature to time rate differentials, we present a unified model that accounts for gravity, inertia, and optical phenomena using a single principle: the universe seeks temporal alignment. We propose and diagram experimental setups involving muons, lasers, atomic clocks, and metamaterials to empirically test this claim. Finally, we suggest that space is not the true substrate of physics-time isand when its rate varies across space, force naturally arises. This theory may lay the foundation for a unified temporal field model extending general relativity.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

We present high-statistics, precision measurements of the detailed time and energy dependence of the primary cosmic-ray electron flux and positron flux over 79 Bartels rotations from May 2011 to May 2017 in the energy range from 1 to 50 GeV. For the first time, the charge-sign dependent modulation during solar maximum has been investigated in detail by leptons alone. Based on 23.5×10^{6} events, we report the observation of short-term structures on the timescale of months coincident in both the electron flux and the positron flux. These structures are not visible in the e^{+}/e^{-} flux ratio. The precision measurements across the solar polarity reversal show that the ratio exhibits a smooth transition over 830±30 days from one value to another. The midpoint of the transition shows an energy dependent delay relative to the reversal and changes by 260±30 days from 1 to 6 GeV.

In this research, we discovered a new class of solutions to the Einstein-Maxwell field equations with anisotropic distribution that take into account a linear equation of state and a specific choice of electric field strength. The new exact models meet key physical variables including mass, radial pressure, and measure of anisotropy, which can be expressed in terms of elementary and polynomial functions, because are physically plausible and behave well in the stellar interior. The values obtained are in agreement with the compact star limit mass of J1018-1523, J1946+2052, J0952-0607 and J1311-3430

Astrophysical radio sources are embedded in turbulent magnetised environments. In the 1 MHz sky, solar radio bursts are the brightest sources, produced by electrons travelling along magnetic field lines from the Sun through the heliosphere. We demonstrate that the magnetic field not only guides the emitting electrons, but also directs radio waves via anisotropic scattering from density irregularities in the magnetised plasma. Using multi-vantage-point type III solar radio burst observations and anisotropic radio wave propagation simulations, we show that the interplanetary field structure is encoded in the observed radio emission directivity, and that large-scale turbulent channelling of radio waves is present over large distances, even for relatively weak anisotropy in the embedded density fluctuations. Tracing the radio emission at many frequencies (distances), the effects of anisotropic scattering can be disentangled from the electron motion along the interplanetary magnetic field, and the emission source locations are unveiled. Our analysis suggests that magnetic field structures within turbulent media could be reconstructed using radio observations and is found consistent with the Parker field, offering a novel method for remotely diagnosing the large-scale field structure in the heliosphere and other astrophysical plasmas.

Abstract. The Deep Near Infrared Southern Sky Survey(DENIS) is the first attempt to survey the entire southern skyin the near infrared (NIR) range in three bands (I, J and K s ;Epchteinetal.1997).Alotofstudieshavebeendoneonplane-tarynebulae(PNe)intheNIRthroughoutthelastdecades.TheseinvestigationsoftenuseJ,HandKbands.ThustheDENISsur-veywilllead,duetodifferentbandsandtothetotalskycoverage,to a new view on PNe in this wavelength domain. We demon-strate here the capabilities for the imaging of planetary nebulaewithDENISonbasisofnebulaeobservedduringthefirstphaseof the survey. We also compare the results for NGC 2440 withdeephigh-resolutionimagesobtainedatthe100-inchLasCam-panas duPont telescope. The DENIS data, being comparable toISOCAM in spatial resolution (Cesarsky et al. 1996), will alsosupport investigation done at longer wavelengths by means ofISO (Kimeswenger et al. 1997a). We also assess the quality ofphotometryobtainedwithDENISbycomparisonwithliteratureresults. In regions with hi...

Realizamos un estudio espectro-fotométrico de una muestra de estrellas jóvenes de baja masa (entre 0.5 hasta 3 masas Solares), con tipos espectrales G-K y algunas M, en asociaciones cercanas al . Medimos el exceso presente en el ultravioleta (365nm) y el ancho equivalente de la línea Hα y vemos que para estrellas de tipo espectral temprano M y tardías K, este aumenta notablemente. Con el objetivo de explicar este exceso se presentan dos posibles escenarios 1) Actividad cromosférica, debido a que antes de la secuencia principal, en el centro de las estrellas comienza a desarrollarse una delgada capa en la interfase entre el núcleo radiativo rotante y la zona convectiva, la cual facilita la producción contínua de campo magnético y por lo tanto incrementa el nivel de actividad magnética en la cromómosfera, responsable del exceso observado y 2) a los procesos de acreción presente en las estrellas TTauri que presentan un disco de gas y polvo que es acretado hacia ellas por medio de las líneas de campo magnético. Debido a la ambigüedad presente en los indicadores de estos dos efectos ya que estos afectan las mismas líneas de emisión, es difícil distinguir cuál de estos procesos esta dominando y determinar la etapa evolutiva en la que se encuentran estas estrellas. Nosotros encontramos que los excesos en la magnitud U (MgU) dependen del tipo espectral siendo mayores para las estrellas tempranas M y establecimos que los mayores excesos se encuentran en las estrellas con índice de color B-V > 0.8. Este resultado se muestra acorde con índice B-V para el cual ocurre la transición de absorción a emisión en la línea Hα. Proponemos que las estrellas de nuestra muestra que presentan un exceso mayor de 0.22 MgU, son estrellas que están en la fase TTauri (<10 millones de años) y que aquellas que presentan un exceso menor a 0.22 MgU están en la etapa Post-TTauri (>10 millones de años) así distinguimos la etapa evolutiva de la muestra.

We applied wavelength space binary spectral disentangling for a FEROS observation of HD 45166 and derived the atmospheric parameters of the binary components. Our results suggest a B7V-type companion in the system and prefer a lower mass solution for the quasi-WR primary than previous analyses, resembling a He-rich sdO star.

We present a measurement of the cosmic ray (e^{+}+e^{-}) flux in the range 0.5 GeV to 1 TeV based on the analysis of 10.6 million (e^{+}+e^{-}) events collected by AMS. The statistics and the resolution of AMS provide a precision measurement of the flux. The flux is smooth and reveals new and distinct information. Above 30.2 GeV, the flux can be described by a single power law with a spectral index γ=-3.170±0.008(stat+syst)±0.008(energy scale).

The phenomenon of 1I/'Oumuamua introduced the interstellar object (ISO) class of celestial body into the astronomical lexicon, those objects with heliocentric speeds clearly in excess of that required to parabolically escape the Solar System-and therefore of extrasolar origin. A vogue topic at this moment in time is the possibility that some ISOs may impact with Earth, where they would be observed as bolides (meteor fireballs). There is the claim for instance that a meteor listed in the NASA-JPL CNEOS (Center for Near Earth Object Studies) database, CNEOS 2014-01-08 was interstellar, and additionally four further meteors from the database with interstellar origin have been proposed. This paper postulates that the origin of yet another meteor from this catalogue, CNEOS 2017-10-09 (observed over Bolivia, South America), was interstellar, as it may have been associated with 'Oumuamua. Note there is no direct velocity data for this object available, yet its observation time corresponds to the expected arrival time of an object ejected from 'Oumuamua and intersecting Earth's orbital position.

This study investigates Einstein-Maxwell field equations with anisotropic pressure by means of a quadratic equation of state (Bose-Einstein equation of state) in the presence of an electric field and a modified version of the metric potential proposed for Korkina and Orlyanskii (1991). We obtain new classes of models that satisfy all the physical conditions for a realistic star. According to visual analysis, physical properties including energy density, radial pressure, charge density, and anisotropy are consistent with the stellar binary system GW191219, which is composed of a neutron star and a black hole.

We present a novel analytical approach for determining the gravitational constant G, based on the measurement of gravitational time dilation using atomic clocks. Instead of mechanical measurements of force, this method applies the formula: Δt / t = GM / rc² which is reversed to solve for G using empirical data. Calculations are performed for three separate systems-Earth, the Sun, and Sagittarius A*-yielding values within 0.01-0.3% of the officially accepted gravitational constant. This is the first evidence that the gravitational constant (and possibly other constants) may be derived from a temporal gradient, rather than being a postulated universal constant-a result that is part of a broader theory about the influence of time on reality, which is to be published separately.

Las estrellas Be son estrellas de tipo espectral B, que en su espectro presentan, o presentaron en algun momento, lineas de emision de Balmer. Estas son estrellas variables que tienen pulsaciones no radiales, las cuales son asociadas con los mecanismos que permiten la formacion de un disco circumestelar de material expedido por la estrella que gira alrededor de ella. En este trabajo se presentara un nuevo catalogo de estrellas candidatas a Be, resultado de una busqueda de ellas basada en la aplicacion de criterios estadisticosy fotometricos a los datos de magnitudes de las estrellas variables de la base de datos ASAS obtenidos con el filtro V. Se describiran tambien los diversos pasos para la determinacion de cuales estrellas pueden llegar a ser candidatas a Be, para que luego sean sujetas a un estudio futuro de espectroscopia. Este proceso de seleccion es diferente al utilizado comunmente, debido a que las estrellas del catalogo ASAS estan ubicadas a diferentes distancias de nosotr...

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados preliminares del proceso de reducción realizado por bias y flat field para los espectros de la estrella 12 Vulpécula, obtenidos por el profesor Alejandro García de la universidad de los Andes, en el observatorio San Pedro Mártir (Instituto de Astronomía, UNAM, México), y de la estrella Cu Virgins, obtenidos por la profesora Beatriz Eugenia Sabogal en el Observatorio Astrofísico Guillermo Haro (Sonora, México). Esta es una parte de un estudio espectroscópico que se realiza dentro de un trabajo de tesis para nivel de pregrado iniciado recientemente, por medio del cual se determinen diferencias espectroscópicas entre ambas estrellas, así como sus composiciones químicas.

Context. Classical Be stars are rapidly rotating B-type stars exhibiting Balmer emission lines originating from circumstellar Keplerian gaseous disks, which likely form through episodic mass-ejection events. The currently favored model for Be star disks is the viscous decretion disk (VDD) model. However, the mechanism behind the mass ejection process during the formation of a VDD is a mystery. Aims. We present peculiar behavior of the Be star KIC 9715425, which exhibited several minor outbursts (MIBs) and one major outburst (MAB) observed as brightenings in broadband photometry, as well as transient H α line emission. The variability may provide valuable keys to understanding the nature of Be outbursts. Methods. Based on Kepler , the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite time-series photometry, the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope spectroscopy, multi-wavelength observations in the near-ultraviolet (NUV) from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) and optical from Gaia , Xinglong 2.16 m telescope and Isaac Newton Telescope of KIC 9715425 covering its outbursts, we determined fundamental parameters of the central star and the circumstellar disk. A frequency analysis and spectral modeling were carried out to characterize the events. Results. During the major outburst, we find a 36% flux increase in the GALEX NUV band compared to 25% in the Kepler band, suggesting that whatever produced the flux increase should be hotter than the central B-type star. This is contradictory to the conventional scenario that the VDD should be cooler. In addition, such a high flux increase can only be accounted for by a luminous disk, which should produce a much stronger H α emission than observed. The origin of this anomalously hot component remains unexplained. Conclusions. Except for the bluing, the available observations of KIC 9715425 are perfectly compatible with being a normal Be star. If the bluing was physically related to the MAB, the most economical effort to identify the nature of the underlying process could be adaptive NUV and far-ultraviolet monitoring of Be stars with cyclically repeating MABs.

We present 8 years of previously unpublished photometric observations of FK Com together with the determination of the stability of the primary comparison star HD 117567. The observations have been carried out between 1993 and 2001 at four different observatories and they consist of 5157 data points in total: U (903), B(994), V (1643), R(166), Ic(573), b(461) and y(417). We also analyse this new data together with the previously published photometric observations. The V magnitude shows variations with dominant periods of about 3, 6, 12, 14 and 31 years. The short-term light curve variations appear to be caused by rearrangement of approximately constant amount of cool spots. From the values for different colours obtained during the brightest season observed, corresponding to the supposedly unspotted surface, the spectral type of FK Com is determined to be G7 III.

New spectroscopic observations show that the double degenerate system NLTT 16249 is in a close orbit (a = 5.6±0.3 R ⊙ ) with a period of 1.17 d. The total mass of the system is estimated between 1.47 and 2.04 M ⊙ but it is not expected to merge within a Hubble time-scale (t merge ≈ 10 11 yr). Vennes & Kawka (2012, ApJ, 745, L12) originally identified the system because of the peculiar composite hydrogen (DA class) and molecular (C 2 -DQ class-and CN) spectra and the new observations establish this system as the first DA plus DQ close double degenerate. Also, the DQ component was the first of its class to show nitrogen dredged-up from the core in its atmosphere. The star may be viewed as the first known DQ descendant of the born-again PG1159 stars. Alternatively, the presence of nitrogen may be the result of past interactions and truncated evolution in a close binary system.

Current physics assumes that the speed of light (c) is a universal constant, forming the foundation of relativity and modern cosmology. However, this assumption is based on mathematical necessity rather than direct measurement under all conditions. This paper proposes that c is not a fundamental constant but instead varies due to cosmic drag, power-to-weight ratios, and environmental resistance-similar to how electrical circuits experience resistance and voltage drop. If true, this would challenge current interpretations of redshift, dark energy, and time dilation, suggesting that the universe's structure is governed by energy interactions rather than an absolute space-time framework.

Since the emergence of New Atheism under figures such as Richard Dawkins, there has been a revolution in popular Christian interest in science and religion. However, many approaches to science and religion among Christian laypeople follow an evidentialist model. In sharp contrast, Sir Arthur Eddington's different voice, as a prominent scientist and devout Quaker, remains unfamiliar to the majority in these discussions. Heralded by some commentators as ahead of his time, his unusual yet bold ideas, which at times were misunderstood, deserve renewed consideration. His influence throughout the twentieth century ran deeper than he has been given credit for. It is time to reassess his value to science and religion as a discipline and to acknowledge that his contributions have a great deal of merit for the ongoing dialogue. In this article, we question whether evidentialist approaches are as valuable as Eddington's contributions. We examine his works and life to see what can be learned from his perspective on the science-religion question. In doing so, we are also asking whether his attitude to science and religion would be more fruitful than the alternatives.