Quality of Financial Reporting

1. INTRODUCTION In the emerging economies of the world including Nigeria, just as it did in the advanced economies, the COVID-19 Pandemic posed significant challenges to corporate financial stability. This resulted in increased economic uncertainty, reduced profitability and greater pressure on firms to maintain investors' confidence even after the pandemic. With such economic distortions and quagmire, managers were believed to have been incentivized to manipulate earnings in order to meet performance targets, secure financing or portray stability to its stakeholders (Kabir, 2022; Ombugu & Udeh, 2023). With the shift to remote operations and virtual oversight which was adopted during the pandemic and continued even post COVID-19 era, many have argued that traditional monitoring mechanism has been weakened thereby giving management greater latitude to engage in earning manipulation without immediate detection (Okegbe, Egbunike & Echekoba, 2019). However, many have argued that earning management manipulations would only be rife when corporate governance mechanisms are weak but not when corporate governance mechanisms are strengthened (Al-Azeez, Sukoharsono, Roekhudin & Andayani, 2019; Ombugu & Udeh, 2023). Based on the foregoing, the role of corporate governance mechanism in influencing earning management practices has remained subject of intense scholarly debate (Aleqab & Ighnaim, 2021; Kabir, 2022). While some have found that corporate governance mechanism (components) reduced earning management practices, other scholars have argued that they failed to reduce earning management practices (Al-Azeez, Sukoharsono, Roekhudin & Andayani, 2019; Aleqab & Ighnaim, 2021). For instance, board independence audit committee, CEO duality, audit committee independence and ownership structure and a host of other corporate governance mechanisms, which are designed to promote transparency and accountability, have yielded different effects on earning management practices in firms. While Al-Azeez et al (2019) argued that CEO duality improved earning management practices, Aleqab and Ighnaim (2021) argued that board independence and financial experience failed to improve earning management practices in firms. Furthermore, Ombugu and Udeh (2023) found that audit committee size and independence significantly increased earning management practices in Nigerian firms.

Blockchain technology، as a transformative innovation in various fields، especially in accounting and financial reporting، has high potential for improving transparency، operational efficiency، process security، and the ability to record immutable information. This system، due to its unique features، can help reduce information asymmetry and increase trust in the ecosystem. The aim of this article is to explain the role of blockchain technology in accounting and financial reporting. This article examines the concepts and structure of blockchain and its impact on accounting. The use of smart contracts in accounting and auditing is discussed، and the benefits resulting from the use of blockchain-based financial reporting are highlighted. Blockchain can improve transparency and reduce financial reporting costs، but it also requires initial investments and compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. This article suggests that integrating blockchain with existing systems can lead to significant improvements in accounting and auditing. This article clearly shows that blockchain technology can act as a transformative factor in accounting and auditing، helping to create a more transparent and efficient financial ecosystem.

Objective
The purpose of this research is to design a comprehensive and holistic model in the field of factors affecting the improvement of the quality of financial reporting and internal control in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange The absence of a comprehensive model that encompasses the factors affecting financial reporting quality, with clear classification and specific indicators, has motivated this research. By considering integrated reporting and internal controls, along with the dimensions identified in previous studies, this research aims to assist managers and experts in adopting a more holistic view of financial reporting and integrated control. This approach seeks to safeguard stakeholder interests by summarizing, combining, and classifying relevant categories and concepts.

Methods
This research is quantitative in nature, with an applied purpose. It is also a survey in terms of data collection methodology. The statistical population of the study included faculty members and professors of financial management and accounting at Tehran universities, experts from the Stock Exchange and financial and auditing institutions located in Tehran province, and financial and accounting managers of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Since the most basic application of factor analysis is to reduce the number of variables to a limited number of factors that usually indirectly affect the main variable, this method was used in this study to analyze the data and reduce the number of variables

The main purpose of this study is to show whether the financing of companies has an impact on their investment efficiency and how this impact is determined by the moderator of the financing constraints of companies. In other words, this study aims to determine whether the financing of companies has a positive or negative effect on their investment decisions and how this effect is moderated by the financing constraints of companies. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to investigate the effect of company financialization on investment efficiency based on the moderating role of financing constraints of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. Investigating the impact of financialization on investment efficiency, considering the moderating role of financing restrictions, helps companies to improve and optimize the use of financial resources and improve their performance. In general, it can be said that examining these effects helps companies to choose appropriate strategies for providing and using financial resources and to improve their performance. In order to carry out this research, 143 companies were investigated for a 10-year period between 2012 and 2022 in the Tehran Stock Exchange as a statistical sample. Research hypotheses were analyzed using panel data regression and combined regression in EViews10 software. The results of the hypothesis analysis using the generalized least squares estimation method showed that the financialization of the company has a positive and significant effect on the investment efficiency. Financing constraints have a negative and significant effect on the relationship between company financialization and investment efficiency.

Objective
The higher the level of corruption in a society, the greater the number of justifications for immoral actions and behaviors. Therefore, companies that operate in highly corrupted environments face a weaker financial reporting system. The current research aims to explain various types of financial corruption and investigate their relationship with financial misstatements. Based on the theoretical foundations, three dimensions of administrative-operational corruption, administrative corruption, and political corruption were identified, and their components and indicators were explained.
Methods
The research employed a survey method with a cross-sectional design. The statistical population of the research included faculty members, financial managers, and members of the public accountant community. The sample size comprised 193 individuals, and the data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire. To check the validity of the questionnaire, content validity was used and to measure its reliability, Cronbach's alpha method was used. SPSS and AMOS software were used to test the hypotheses.

Objective
Given that managers play a crucial role in grounded and old theories such as agency theory, stewardship theory, and contracts theory, the concept of managerial ability and its measurement has attracted the researchers' attention. Recent dominant perspective emphasizes that manager's ability is reflected in the firm's performance. Therefore, measuring managerial ability depends on the separation of the manager's performance from the firm's performance, and the more the manager's contribution to the company's performance, the higher ability he/she has. The current study seeks to develop a model to measure managerial ability, taking into account the unique circumstances of the country in which the companies operate.
Methods
To develop a model for measuring managerial ability, a comprehensive approach is applied including systematic literature review, interpretive analysis of interviews with experts, and a descriptive method. In systematic literature review domestic and foreign studies and reliable information sources and databases is applied based on specific related keywords. Additionally, interviews with experts such as executive managers, financial managers, internal and external auditors, and academics were analyzed using interpretive analysis based on chain sampling. To run and validate the designed model, data from 158 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) across 12 industries from 2012 to 2021 is used. Triangulation was employed to evaluate the research validity, considering multiple dimensions including methodology, data, and the researchers. This rigorous approach ensures the reliability and robustness of the model developed for measuring managerial ability.

This paper evaluated the moderating effect of audit report timeliness on audit committee attributes and earnings volatility of quoted oil and gas firms in Nigeria from 2013 to 2022. Data were sourced from 10 quoted oil and gas multinationals. The study extracted data from the annual reports of the oil and gas firms. Meanwhile, the study adopted the moderated regression estimation technique. The study evidenced that audit committee financial expertise and the frequency of meetings reduce earnings volatility. However, audit committee independence increases earnings volatility due to stricter accounting practices imposed by independent members. The moderated regression analysis indicates that timely audit report issuance significantly mitigates the effect of audit committee effectiveness on earnings volatility. This implies that while an influential audit committee reduces earnings volatility, its impact is enhanced when audit reports are issued promptly. The study concludes that audit committee effectiveness and audit report timeliness are crucial for managing earnings volatility. Consequently, those with financial and industry experience should be encouraged to join the audit committee. Their expertise can help in better oversight and stabilization of earnings. Lastly, the management of sampled firms should develop a robust governance framework that integrates influential audit committee practices with timely audit reporting.

In the contemporary corporate landscape, appropriate governance frameworks encompass, but are not restricted to, well-functioning corporate board committees that guarantee the management's proper utilization of the enterprise's resources and accurate reporting of its economic status and operational efficacy in the most pertinent manner. The accurate and utmost-faithful-representation of the financial statement as a whole is a key reason the study investigates empirical evidence to elucidate and forecast the statistical relationship between the characteristics of remuneration committees on corporate boards and the financial re-engineering of actual activities. The study deployed an ex post facto research design. The study's data were gathered from the annual reports of 74 companies over an 11-year period from 2011 to 2021; a total of 814 observations were evaluated using least squares regression techniques. The study found that remuneration committee independence (RCIND) and diligence (RCDIL) have a significant negative impact on efforts for financial re-engineering of actual activities (RAFRE) (p-values 0.0000 and 0.0000 < 0.05; F-stat 16.84 and 13.67, respectively). Additionally, measures of remuneration committee potentials have a substantial adverse influence on efforts for actual activities' financial re-engineering (RAFRE) (p-value 0.0000 < 0.05; F-stat 11.23). The study finds that increasing the amount of RC qualities (independence and/or diligence) will dramatically reduce fundamental financial re-engineering activities in Nigerian companies. It was suggested, among other things, that listed companies maintain a high degree of independent directors as a viable weapon in combating management tendencies and efforts aimed at actual activities' financial re-engineering.

This research investigates the influence of political connections on the selection of auditors and auditor opinions in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The study, with a practical goal, employs a causal (post-event) research methodology. The statistical population of the research comprises all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, and a systematic elimination sampling method was used to select 121 companies as the research sample. The research was conducted over the period from 2017 to 2021. Data collection was carried out using library resources. Multiple regression analysis with panel data patterns was applied to test the first hypothesis, while logistic regression was used for the second hypothesis. The research findings indicate a significant and negative impact of political connections on auditor opinions. Additionally, the influence of political connections on the selection of …

The financial failures of Oando Plc, Cadbury Nigeria Plc, Enron and World Com have raised interest in audit committees, which review audited and unaudited financial accounts to ensure accuracy and prevent management from engaging in unethical or abusive accounting practices. Consequently, this research analyses how audit committee characteristics affect corporate performance. The study focused on Nigeria's publicly traded companies spanning from 2019 to 2021. Furthermore, 98 companies' public annual reports served as the data source for this investigation. Consequently, the research included a total of 294 firm-year observations, and the data was evaluated using Multiple Regression analysis. The findings revealed a significant positive effect of the independence of audit committees and frequent audit committee meetings on firm performance. However, the study's findings indicate an insignificant positive correlation between the size of the audit committee and the firm performance of Nigerian listed companies. The study's findings contribute to the current body of research by offering fresh perspectives on the function of the audit committee in corporate governance and its impact on financial performance, as measured by Tobin's Q, as well as the return on equity and return on assets.

The financial failures of Oando Plc, Cadbury Nigeria Plc, Enron and World Com have raised interest in audit committees, which review audited and unaudited financial accounts to ensure accuracy and prevent management from engaging in unethical or abusive accounting practices. Consequently, this research analyses how audit committee characteristics affect corporate performance. The study focused on Nigeria's publicly traded companies spanning from 2019 to 2021. Furthermore, 98 companies' public annual reports served as the data source for this investigation. Consequently, the research included a total of 294 firm-year observations, and the data was evaluated using Multiple Regression analysis. The findings revealed a significant positive effect of the independence of audit committees and frequent audit committee meetings on firm performance. However, the study's findings indicate an insignificant positive correlation between the size of the audit committee and the firm performance of Nigerian listed companies. The study's findings contribute to the current body of research by offering fresh perspectives on the function of the audit committee in corporate governance and its impact on financial performance, as measured by Tobin's Q, as well as the return on equity and return on assets.

In the United States, there are three types of government: local, state, and federal; Local and state governments meet the criteria of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), and in particular the topics in Statements 34 and 44, which include the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR), and the federal government, according to the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) are used for financial reporting. The common goal of financial accounting and reporting methods in state and local governments has been to provide information on the performance of government agencies to users of financial statements. These governments want to provide these users with an overview of the financial condition of these institutions on specific dates and a retrospective view of the results of their operations over a period of time (usually one year). The purpose of this article is to describe the perspectives on forward-looking information. Also show users of government financial statements how they can use this type of information to better assess the current financial health of each government, as well as its ability to meet its obligations in the future. On the other hand, the use of this information in companies and the capital market is also important and studies have shown that the disclosure of forwardlooking information, on the one hand reduces volatility in corporate stock returns and on the other hand is related to corporate accounting risk.

The recent global Covid 19 disease crisis is unprecedented in its kind. The crisis spread rapidly and affected not only financial markets but also the real economies and many countries in a short period of time through quarantine and social distancing. One of the countries that suffered a lot from this crisis is Italy, which we will focus on in this article. Computational methods for information on solutions, reassurance and conflict resolution play an important role in crisis management. Italy has used special accounting methods and bank guarantees to address government financial issues resulting from the recent global crisis. However, studies show that financial commissions and standardizers in this country still consider cash accounting to be the most targeted and legitimate body of information it has chosen to evaluate its financial performance. But the important thing is that a major reference to cash accounting, regardless of the accrual information as well as the modified accrual information, has a short-term perspective. This view downplays some effects and does not take into account long-term effects. This is exactly what researchers do not recommend. Given the countries' studies and experiences of past crises, accrual accounting seems to facilitate decisionmaking on emergency measures.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the efficiency of investment in labor and the quality of financial reporting in banks. Based on the conditions of sample extraction, 16 banks were analyzed during the years 2015 to 2022. The purpose of applied research is descriptive and retrospective. In order to collect theoretical and background information, library sources were used, and for data collection, audited financial statements and information available in the information system of the stock exchange organization, Codal website and Rahavard Novin software were used. In order to store, classify and calculate the variables, Excel software was used, and to perform statistical analysis of the data, Eviews software was used. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the efficiency of investment in labor and the quality of financial reporting in banks. In fact, the higher the efficiency of investment in labor, the higher the quality of financial reporting in banks.

Financial reporting quality is very important in the consumer goods sector in Nigeria as it guarantees transparency, accountability, and investors' confidence. Meanwhile, the high-profile scandals that resulted in the loss of multiple investments at the beginning of the 21st century linked to lapses in financial reporting quality have continued to cast doubts in the minds of investors about the reliability of financial reports that are churned out by financial experts in all the sectors including the consumer goods sector. Some scholars have reviewed different variables that impact the quality of financial reporting such as a review of the effect of board characteristics on the financial reporting quality of firms, a review of corporate governance on the quality of financial reports, and so on. However, there is a need to carry out more of such investigations in a sector such as the consumer goods industry due to its vital role in the economic development of any nation. This paper therefore examined the relationship between Board Specific Attributes and Financial Reporting Quality of Listed Consumer Goods Firms in Nigeria. The study used an ex post facto research approach and secondary data were retrieved from the annual financial reports of selected consumer goods firms in Nigeria for eleven years from 2013-2023. STATA 13 was used to carry out correlation and regression analysis of the effects of relevant variables. The study confirmed that board size had a significantly negative effect on the financial reporting quality of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria. The study also found that board independence and board diversity had negative and insignificant effects on the financial reporting quality of the listed consumer goods firms. The study therefore recommended that consumer goods firms need to reduce the number of non-executive directors on the board to minimize management costs. The study also encourages the firms to have a good mix of experience, gender balance, and independence in the boards' configurations.

The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, article 34, paragraph 2 states that the Government and the Regional Government guarantee the implementation of compulsory education at the minimum level of basic education without collecting fees. The government created the School Operational Assistance (SOA) program aiming to maintain the number of learners and contribute to improving the quality of basic education. School Operational Assistance funds disbursed by the government should be used in accordance with the rules and accountable for its use through the presentation of financial statements audited by the Supreme Audit Board (SAB). This study would like to examine whether the transparency factors, the understanding of technical guidelines for the use of School Operational Assistance funds and the audit of financial statements of School Operational Assistance funds affect the accountability at public primary schools in western Jakarta. The sample method in this study uses ra...

Background and Aim: The role and importance of the quality of audit services in the field of financial reporting, the quality depends on achieving the quality of the audit process, and economic development in the current conditions requires an audit, and this category depends on the quality of the audit. This study aims to examine the moderating effect of experiences on audit quality under Iran's economic conditions.
materials and methods: The current research was based on the purpose of applied and developmental research. The statistical population of this study included all auditors of the city of Isfahan, at least 200 samples were considered in the current study, and 209 questionnaires were completed. The statistical method was using multiple linear regression using Smart PLS 3.0 software.
Results: In the current conditions of Iran's economy, auditors' experience has a moderating role in relation to audit quality. Ethical Considerations: Increasing audit quality increases investors' trust in financial reporting, and according to Iran's economic conditions, the probability of the company obtaining necessary funds as the main engine of the company's movement increases.
Conclusion: The analysis results showed the moderating role of auditors' experience with audit quality in the Iranian economy. It was also pointed out that auditors' experience plays a moderating role in the relationship between conflict strategies, delegation, problem-solving, work program development, and audit quality.

This study investigates average earnings quality (AEQ) and its determinants in the European banking sector based on data of 409 European banks from the period 2006-2018. We utilize the intensity of fair valuation, average annual interest change, and firm size as explanatory variables for AEQ, with special attention to differences between developed and emerging countries. We split the total time period into a pre-IFRS 13 and a post-IFRS 13 period to examine how the renewed regulation of fair valuation (IFRS 13) has affected the earnings quality of banks. We find that, while the interest change observed in the total period and the banks' size significantly and negatively affect AEQ, the proportion of fair value assets has a significant positive effect. We show that the latter is only valid for developed countries. We find clear evidence that the introduction of IFRS 13 resulted in a measurable improvement in fair value regulation.

The purpose of this research was to test the role of management commitment in improving financial report quality. This research was quantitative-qualitative study used primary data sourced from the questionnaire on 47 samples. Data analysis used multiple linear regression. The results showed that the implementation of internal control systems had significant positive effect on the quality of financial statements, while the implementation of accounting standards had no effect on the quality of financial statements and management commitments were not strengthening the implementation of internal control systems and the implementation of accounting standards on the quality of financial statements of government sector.

Investors are particularly sensitive to how financial reporting and discretionary disclosure of information by business units are about making financial decisions and analyzing economic events; But in recent decades, abnormal behaviors have emerged in financial markets that classical financial theories are unable to explain. Therefore, concepts such as mental accounting in the financial-behavioral context are more common. It has already attracted the attention of researchers. Although the theory of mental accounting was developed to explain customer and household decisions, its ideas apply to the preparers and users of financial statements and disclosures. The three main features of accounting theory (i.e., coding, classification, and valuation) are consistent with the main features of financial reporting and discretionary disclosure. The statistical population of the present study is all active companies listed on the stock exchange, which was selected by systematic elimination method in the period 2011 to 2018. By performing regression, it was found that mental accounting has a negative and inverse relationship with the quality of financial reporting. With mental accounting.

This study investigates average earnings quality (AEQ) and its determinants in the European banking sector based on data of 409 European banks from the period 2006-2018. We utilize the intensity of fair valuation, average annual interest change, and firm size as explanatory variables for AEQ, with special attention to differences between developed and emerging countries. We split the total time period into a pre-IFRS 13 and a post-IFRS 13 period to examine how the renewed regulation of fair valuation (IFRS 13) has affected the earnings quality of banks. We find that, while the interest change observed in the total period and the banks' size significantly and negatively affect AEQ, the proportion of fair value assets has a significant positive effect. We show that the latter is only valid for developed countries. We find clear evidence that the introduction of IFRS 13 resulted in a measurable improvement in fair value regulation.

The effects of sustainability reporting on earnings management was examined in the study extensively. Causal research design was employed in this study. The study population comprises of all the 112 quoted non-financial firms in Nigeria, sample size is 22 listed manufacturing firms purposively selected for the purpose of this study. The study covered 7 years' period ranging from 2015-2021. The data used for this study were gotten from the annual reports and sustainability reports of the selected firms. Data used for this study were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics and panel regression analysis. Sustainability reporting was measured in this study by using the social, economic and environmental disclosures index, whereas earnings management was measured using discretionary accrual and real earning. The outcome of the analysis of the study revealed that sustainability reporting has a significant negative effect on discretionary accruals and real earnings evidenced by t-statistics = (-2.31,-2.54,-2.95) and p-values of (0.037, 0.018 and 0.023) respectively for social, environmental and economic report disclosures on discretionary accruals and t-statistics of = (-2.53,-2.23,-2.86) and p-values of (0.012, 0.029 and 0.005) respectively for social, environmental and economic report disclosures on real earnings. The study concludes that the firms with low sustainability disclosure will probably be more involved in earnings management practices than the firms who actively disclosed their sustainability matters in details. The study recommends that firms should ensure they disclose in details the true state of their sustainability activities.

Globally, managers are always under intense pressure to meet stakeholders’ desired firm value expectations, creating uncertainties and apprehensiveness when making corporate strategic plans.  Prior studies have laid claims that best corporate governance practices and corporate financial reporting quality are important in achieving a successful and sustainable value for banks. Consequently, this study examined the impact of corporate governance and corporate financial reporting on the value of selected banks in Nigeria. This study made use of panel data extracted from the audited annual reports and accounts of the thirteen (13) selected banks for fifteen (15) years which yielded 195 firm-year observations. Random-effects Generalized Least Square (GLS) regression estimation technique was employed for the analysis. The study discovered that corporate governance and corporate financial reporting exerted a significant positive impact on the value of selected banks in Nigeria (Adj.R2 = 0....

The effects of sustainability reporting on earnings management was examined in the study extensively. Causal research design was employed in this study. The study population comprises of all the 112 quoted non-financial firms in Nigeria, sample size is 22 listed manufacturing firms purposively selected for the purpose of this study. The study covered 7 years’ period ranging from 2015-2021. The data used for this study were gotten from the annual reports and sustainability reports of the selected firms. Data used for this study were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics and panel regression analysis. Sustainability reporting was measured in this study by using the social, economic and environmental disclosures index, whereas earnings management was measured using discretionary accrual and real earning. The outcome of the analysis of the study revealed that sustainability reporting has a significant negative effect on discretionary accruals and real earnings evidenced by t-s...

Understanding the relationship between the quality financial reporting and business performance has received great attention by academic researchers and professional recently. However, in fact, there is lack of prior studies that have examined empirically the relationship between the quality of financial reporting and non-financial business performance measures in a systematic approach, which limited our understanding of the concept of quality of financial reporting and its importance. Therefore, the purposes of this research is to examine empirically the proposed relationship between the quality of financial reporting and non-financial business performance in public listed companies in Jordan and to find out whether their demographic attributes (type, size and experience) have any impact on the quality of financial reporting. For these purposes, a conceptual framework based on the content analysis of the previous studies was developed. The data for this research were collected thro...

Following the separation of ownership from management and creating the information asymmetry between owners and managers, the importance of the related-party transactions and its full disclosure, fair and transparent of information has been increased. Considering the importance of the nature of the related-party transactions, this study aims to examine the relationship between control-ownership wedge of the controlling shareholder and related-party transactions. To achieve this objective, 75 listed companies at Tehran Stock Exchange were selected during the years from 2009 to 2014. Using the software Eviews 7, hypotheses were tested. The results show a significant negative relationship between the related party transactions and the right gap control and ownership of controlling shareholders. Therefore, this result provides empirical validation of theory of self-interest.

Globally, managers are always under intense pressure to meet stakeholders’ desired firm value expectations, creating uncertainties and apprehensiveness when making corporate strategic plans.  Prior studies have laid claims that best corporate governance practices and corporate financial reporting quality are important in achieving a successful and sustainable value for banks. Consequently, this study examined the impact of corporate governance and corporate financial reporting on the value of selected banks in Nigeria. This study made use of panel data extracted from the audited annual reports and accounts of the thirteen (13) selected banks for fifteen (15) years which yielded 195 firm-year observations. Random-effects Generalized Least Square (GLS) regression estimation technique was employed for the analysis. The study discovered that corporate governance and corporate financial reporting exerted a significant positive impact on the value of selected banks in Nigeria (Adj.R2 = 0....

The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, article 34, paragraph 2 states that the Government and the Regional Government guarantee the implementation of compulsory education at the minimum level of basic education without collecting fees. The government created the School Operational Assistance (SOA) program aiming to maintain the number of learners and contribute to improving the quality of basic education. School Operational Assistance funds disbursed by the government should be used in accordance with the rules and accountable for its use through the presentation of financial statements audited by the Supreme Audit Board (SAB). This study would like to examine whether the transparency factors, the understanding of technical guidelines for the use of School Operational Assistance funds and the audit of financial statements of School Operational Assistance funds affect the accountability at public primary schools in western Jakarta. The sample method in this study uses ra...

The purpose of this review is to analyze the influence of government accounting procedures, apparatus and accounting information structures on the quality of local government financial statements. This research uses a multi-linear regression analysis approach. Data collection is carried out by distributing questionnaires to the head of the accounting sub-sector or the head of the finance and treasurer of revenue and expenditure subdivisions. The findings revealed that the parallel implementation of government accounting principles, apparatus competencies and accounting information systems have a substantial influence on the consistency of financial statements. The government accounting principles application has a major impact on the consistency of the financial statements. Partial competence has a huge influence on the accuracy of the financial statements. Accounting information systems partially have a significant effect on the quality of financial statements.

             The objective in this research is to analyze inferential comparative advantages between the use of multimedia and print media to improve student soft skills. The study uses a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design. The population was students of S1 Accounting Study Program in their second semester who were taking Introductory Accounting courses 2. Sampling was done by simple random sampling. The data collected through observation methods and assignment values. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical techniques and inferential statistics uses analysis of covariant (ancova) with pretest score as covariables. The results showed, the average of soft skills the experimental group is 24.49, higher than the control group. The results of the ancova test produce a statistical value of F of 5,400 with a significance of 0.023. This shows that after being controlled by the pretest covariables, there are significant differences in soft skil...

This Research test about effect tax audit quality,  service quality  on tax reporting comliance. This research done in a work unit in South Bengkulu, Indonesia. Respondent in this research are, all the treasurer from the South Bengkulu Region Work Unit. Data Gathering done by using questionnaire methode. About 48 questionnaire are distributed to the respondent. The results showed that the tax audit, quality of service doesn’t affect the tax reporting compliance. Keywords: Tax  Audit Quality,  Service Quality  and Tax Reporting Compliance

This paper examined the effectiveness of whistleblowing policy on fraud prevention in Nigeria. Specifically, the paper accessed the level of whistleblowing policy implementation and how it influences fraud prevention among the three tiers (federal, state and local government) of government in Nigeria. Purposive sampling techniques was introduced in selecting 97 staffs accross federal, state, and local government agencies within katsina state metropolist. Questionnaires were used to source data from the selected staffs. The Data were analyzed using the means score, while levene's test for equality of variances was used in testing the hypotheses with the aid of SPSS version 23.0. It was found that, there are significant variances in the implementation of whistle blowing policy among the 3 tiers of government with higher implementation at the federal level. Furthermore, the F statistics values of 5.923, 5.218, and 4.072 at 0.051, 0.062, and 0.090 values of significant indicated that whistleblowing policy have significant impact on fraud prevention in Nigeria. The paper recommends full implementation of whistle blowing policy most especially by state and local government parastatals. The study further recommends that, fraud prevention agencies such as, EFCC, ICPC and other relevant bodies to create awareness on the advantages and impact of whistle blowing policy on fraud detection and prevention.

This study examined profit management and publicly traded Nigerian manufacturers' financial performance. The Nigerian Stock Exchange portal and selected manufacturing companies' annual reports provided the data. The ordinary least-square method of data analysis was adopted.Pearson correlations were also made to determine the moderating effect of enterprise size on the relationship between the discretionary management of accrual accounting, the management of real earnings, and value-added. Discretionary accruals management and economic value added correlated positively and statistically. Economic added value was positively but insignificantly associated with actual earnings management. However, real earnings management does not appear to affect economic addition for Nigerian manufacturing companies. Thus, we advised against earnings management by managers. Managers should ensure they can achieve the desired outcome before implementing revenue management for the organisation's benefit.

Environmental policy instruments are measures put in place by the government to public or private organizations regarding the effects of human activities on the environment, particularly those measures that are designed to prevent or reduce harmful effects of human activities on ecosystems. This paper empirically examined the interaction effect of environmental policy instruments and administrative expenses on environmental sustainability accounting in BUA Cement Sokoto Plant. The paper used secondary sources of data from annual reports of BUA Cement Sokoto Plant, covering a period of 10 years (2012 to 2021). Auto regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) Model was employed as the techniques of analysis using Eviews. The findings of the paper revealed that environmental regulation has negative and insignificant effect on environmental sustainability accounting in both the long run and short run with p-values of (0.1806 and 0.9541) respectively at 10% level of significance. A Decreased use of regulations effect the regulatory compliance on environmental sustainability accounting. The paper contributes to the literature on environmental regulations on environmental accounting. The study therefore recommends that environmental regulation should appropriately enforce in order to make polluters pay environmental damaged they might have caused.

The purpose of this review is to analyze the influence of government accounting procedures, apparatus and accounting information structures on the quality of local government financial statements. This research uses a multi-linear regression analysis approach. Data collection is carried out by distributing questionnaires to the head of the accounting sub-sector or the head of the finance and treasurer of revenue and expenditure subdivisions. The findings revealed that the parallel implementation of government accounting principles, apparatus competencies and accounting information systems have a substantial influence on the consistency of financial statements. The government accounting principles application has a major impact on the consistency of the financial statements. Partial competence has a huge influence on the accuracy of the financial statements. Accounting information systems partially have a significant effect on the quality of financial statements.

This study aims to analyze and to describe the relationship between the effectiveness of the internal control system (ICS) and the audit opinion of the Audit Board (the AB) of the Republic of Indonesia on Local Government Financial Statements (LGFS). In addition, this study also aims to explain the consideration of ICS effectiveness in formulating audit opinion. This study uses an explanatory sequential mixed method. This study uses a different approach than previous research by considering materiality factors in assessing ICS's effectiveness. The sample of this study is fifty-four AB Audit Reports on LGFS in Indonesia. Analytical tools used include content analysis, correlation analysis, mean difference tests, and textual data analysis. Content analysis is performed on fifty-four ICS Audit Reports year 2017, correlation analysis utilizes Somer's d and Kendall's tau c, and mean difference test analysis uses Kruskal Wallis. Meanwhile, textual data analysis is carried out on interviews with nine auditors from three AB representative offices in Java. This study shows that ICS's effectiveness has a strong and positive relationship with an audit opinion on LGFS. In addition, the average score of ICS effectiveness is different for each group of LGFS audit opinions. This fact shows that AB has considered ICS effectiveness in formulating audit opinions. The interview results show that the relationship between the effectiveness of ICS and audit opinion is indirect. The AB considers the effectiveness of ICS in the phase of determining audit planning materiality rate and in the phase of analyzing the impact of ICS findings on the fairness of LGFS. This result implies that the government should revise audit regulations by removing ICS effectiveness as one factor that must be considered in the formulation of audit opinion because ICS effectiveness and audit opinion are not directly related..

The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of government accounting standard, the quality of human resource, the effectiveness of the internal control system and the regional financial accounting system, either simultaneously or partially on the quality of local government financial report of Government Work Unit (SKPK) Aceh Singkil District. The population of this research is the SKPK of Aceh Singkil which includes 46 offices in the Regency. Each SKPK consists of 3 (three) people who will be respondents, namely the head of the SKPK or Budget User (PA), the head of the accounting department or the Financial Administration Officer (PPK) and the accounting staff or PPK Assistant, so the total number of respondents are 138 people. The research employs primary data through the acquisition of questionnaires from respondents. While the research data collection technique was carried out by using documentation tool, the analytical method used is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. The results showed that government accounting standard, the quality of human resource, the effectiveness of the internal control system and the regional financial accounting system have a significant influence on the quality of local government financial reports of the regency.

This work examines the concepts of diligence and independence of committees of corporate boards and assesses their effects on earnings quality of firms. By adopting a systematic elimination and stage wise sampling method, 62 firms were purposely sampled, and secondary data were carefully extracted from their financial statements over 10 years period (2011-2020). The data were panel in nature and both the random and fixed effect analyses were conducted alongside the Hausman test for endogeneity as applicable. Regression outcome proved that the diligence of all board committees jointly influences earnings quality of firms. In the same way, independence of board committees significantly reduces accruals and real activities manipulation thereby improving earnings quality of firms. The study lucidly recommends among others that regulations that mandates the inclusion of reasonable number of independent directors in respective board committees should be made and enforced by regulators.

Objective: An independent audit is one of the tools for evaluating the accuracy of the information and financial relations. If the done audits contain quality components, they will enable stakeholders to be relatively confident of the accuracy of the available information and relationships. Therefore, this study is to discover and identify the components of independent audit quality to meet the needs of stakeholders.

The financial scandals surrounding the famous giant companies at the beginning of the twentyfirst century had posed a lot of threats to the accounting profession and hampered the confidence of the users of financial statements globally. Against this background, the study investigates the effect of board attributes on financial reporting quality of the twenty (20) listed consumer goods firms on the Nigerian Stock Exchange for the period 2013 to 2018. Samples of thirteen (13) companies were selected using census techniques after applying two filters. The study uses Ex-post facto research design, panel data were collected from the annual reports and accounts of the population studied. The Ordinary Least squire (OLS) Model Regression was used in testing the hypotheses stated. Findings showed that board expertise was statistically significant and positively related to financial reporting quality at 5% level of significance, thus, it implies any increase in the number of expertise in the board will lead to an increase in the financial reporting quality of consumer goods companies, while board independence and board diversity were found to be insignificantly related to financial reporting quality at 5% level of significance. Therefore, the study concludes that board attributes especially board expertise affect financial reporting quality. The study recommends that non-executive directors on the board with accounting knowledge, professional certification and considerable work experience should be increased in other to reduced management manipulations and prevents frauds in the organization.

This study is aimed to examine the effect of implementation accounting information systems and competencies of human resource on the quality of financial reporting, the method used was a descriptive survey research methods. The unit of analysis in this research is all local governments ’ work unit in Lebak Banten Indonesia. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire in which each item studied was measured using a likert scale. The results of this research show that: (1) the implementation accounting information system and competencies of human resource have significant effects on the quality of financial reporting simultaneously (2) the implementation accounting information system has significant effects on the quality of financial reporting and (3) competencies of human resource not has significant effects on the quality of the financial reporting. This study will use a t test by α = 0.03 to test hypothesis

This study aims to provide overall information from various studies in each scope and object of research that reveals the earnings management mechanism and its various determinants, especially flexible governance depending on the ownership structure and processes in the earnings management mechanism. This research method uses a systematic library process which consists of three stages, namely, planning, implementation, and reporting. This study uses 70 for this systematic literature based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Systematic literature results from all research contained in Scopus-indexed journals from 2019 to 2021. This study explains several competing hypotheses and hypotheses that have different applications between studies. Monitoring is more directed at accounting standards in America while the competing hypothesis is more directed at the Asian Region. The application of different accounting standards will result in positive or negative ownership behavior and governance functions. Variations concretely reveal the existence of research on earnings management deviation practices (manipulative) and earnings management efficiency. Conditions are determined by the structure of share ownership that gives a positive or negative value to the market value. So the essence of this literature study is to discuss the function of earnings management in corporate governance.

The present study examines the relationship between fraudulent financial statements and the quality of financial reporting with emphasis on the effectiveness of the experience and influence of managers in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The present study is applied and from a methodological point of view, causal (post-event) correlation. The statistical population of the study is all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and using the systematic elimination sampling method, 131 companies were selected as the research sample and were examined over a period of 7 years between 1391 and 1397. Findings showed that there is an inverse and significant relationship between financial statement fraud and the quality of financial reporting, between managers 'experience has no effect on the relationship between fraudulent financial statements and financial reporting quality, and also, managers' influence on the relationship between fraudulent financial statements and quality Financial reporting has a positive and significant effect. Therefore, it is concluded that influential managers can increase or decrease the quality of their financial reports by controlling fraud factors and managing earnings in financial statements.

This study evaluates the audit committee impact on earnings management of listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study uses secondary data which were extracted from ten (10) sampled manufacturing firms listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) for the period 2010-2019. The study used Random Effects Model (REM) for the analysis of data. The results showed that financial expertise of audit committee has significant negative impact on earnings management while audit committee tenure has an insignificant negative impact on earnings management. Furthermore, share ownership of audit committee has significant negative impact on earnings management. The study therefore, concludes that both the audit committee expertise and share ownership of audit committee enhance the financial reporting quality of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Based on the impact of members of audit committee with financial expertise, the study recommends among others that, the board should ensure appointing the sufficient audit committee members that are experts on financial matters. Similarly, the study also recommends the enclosure of more members with substantial shareholdings in the audit committee. This can enhance their willingness to protect their investment and helps in proper monitoring and supervision, thereby reducing earnings management.

The study aims to examine the moderating effect of discretionary accounting choices on the relationship between top management demographic diversity and financial reporting quality among state commercial firms in Kenya based on 248 firm-year observations for 2004-2015. The study used correlational research design to achieve the sought objectives. It lays a broad foundation for the future research work into the theory and practice of financial reporting quality in commercial state corporations. The findings clearly reveal that, there exist both positive and negative relationship between discretionary accounting choices and financial reporting quality. However, the relationship varies with each financial reporting quality proxy measures. The demographic variables that were statistically significant in explaining FRQ were; age, education, tenure, gender and functional background diversity. Hence, managerial characteristics matter in explaining discretionary accounting choices and financial reporting quality in the companies. Despite the findings showed minimal significant effects on earnings quality and timeliness. Discretionary accounting choices should not be used by the management opportunistically but should be used to enhance quality reporting. The study recommends that stakeholders in commercial state corporations should ensure that discretionary accounting choices is improved to decrease manipulations of accounting information in order to increase the quality of reporting.

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the impact of the application of information technology governance (COBIT) on the quality of financial reporting. To achieve the objectives of this study, we used the analytical descriptive approach to study the theoretical and practical studies in the subject with an extrapolation of the main results and presentation of them in order to increase the quality of the financial reports. The study found that there is a correlation between IT governance and the COBIT framework in its four dimensions on the quality of financial reporting. It has been shown that there is a positive relationship between these dimensions and the quality characteristics of financial reporting.