Public Admininstration

El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la experiencia iniciada por el
Gobierno de la provincia de Mendoza en materia de profesionalización de la
función pública. Para ello estudiamos la creación del Instituto Provincial de
Administración Pública, el llamado a concurso para cubrir cargos públicos y los
acuerdos con la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, en el período comprendido entre
2017 y 2021. Con la finalidad de entender estas políticas nos apoyamos en los
conceptos de capacidades estatales y profesionalización de la función pública. En
este trabajo predomina el enfoque cualitativo combinando la utilización de datos
primarios y secundarios. Se sostiene que la implementación de las políticas
analizadas contribuye a la profesionalización de la administración pública local, sin
embargo, la complejidad de estos procesos impide que se sostengan según pasan
las gestiones.

ABSTRACT
The following work aims to analyze the experience initiated by Mendoza´s
Government in terms of professionalization of the public function. For this, we
study the creation of the Provincial Institute of Public Administration, the call for
competition to fill public positions and the agreements with the National University
of Cuyo, in the period between 2017 and 2021. In order to understand these
policies, we rely on the concepts of state capacities and professionalization of the
public function. In this work, the qualitative approach predominates, combining
the use of primary and secondary data. It is argued that the implementation of the
analyzed policies contributes to the professionalization of the local public
administration, however, the complexity of these processes prevents them from
being sustained.

Rebuilding a country after a people's revolution is a complex process that requires inclusive participation, transparency, and accountability. It encompasses comprehensive reforms in governance, education, healthcare, employment, and social welfare while redesigning and restructuring bureaucracy and civil services. A combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches ensures the alignment of reforms with national priorities and grassroots needs. This paper examines the multifaceted nature of post-revolution nation-building and presents strategies for sustainable development and reconciliation. Governance reforms must prioritize inclusivity, transparency, and accountability to restore public trust and ensure equitable representation. Institutional restructuring, particularly in bureaucracy and civil services, is essential to align administrative functions with the nation's evolving needs. Socio-economic reforms addressing education, healthcare, employment, and social welfare are vital for restoring stability and fostering growth. This paper underscores the need for a balanced approach combining top-down reforms with grassroots participation to ensure sustainable development.

Nations all over the world are currently in the struggle to better their existence through the process of good governance, and responsible civil service for effective and efficient service delivery. Nigeria is one of such countries. However the kind of civil service bequeathed to Nigeria by her colonial master was alien and narrow in scope, and so not development oriented. At Nigeria independence in 1960, the federal civil service had a staff strength of only 30,000, this increased steadily to the level of 200,000 in the late 1990s due to political patronage. Many unqualified personnel joined the Civil Service which resulted to over sized workforce that absorbed about 87% of the total government revenue. The paper examined the civil service reforms in Nigeria from independence to the present and how they affected efficient and effective service delivery in the country. It is the position of paper that the kind of civil service reform that would tackle these problems should be evolutionary and pragmatic in nature to meet Nigeria developmental needs and the challenges of the modern world.

The role of the Nigerian public bureaucracy in achieving national development has in recent times been emphasized in public discourse. This was due to the increasing role of government in development processes evident in response to the present global pandemic called coronavirus. The government has been a major participant in the efforts to ensure the social well-being and development of the citizenry through the provision of diverse essential goods and services delivered by public bureaucracy. Public administrators thus have a major task in ensuring that government policies and programme are effectively implemented and that the targeted beneficiaries benefit from them. However, there seems to be a wide gap between policy formulation and policy implementation of policies handled by the public bureaucracy. Despite resources made available to implement government policies and programmes, most of them have failed to achieve desires objectives due major to poor implementation. The public bureaucracy in contemporary times is the major machinery for implementing government policies and programmes in Nigeria and it plays an important role in ensuring the success or failure of such policies and programmes gear towards national development. It is because of the foregoing that this study examines the role of Public bureaucracy in the efforts at achieving national development in Nigeria. The study relies on secondary data, which are analysed qualitatively using the content analysis. The paper concludes that the onus or task of achieving the objectives of national development is dependent on efficient, professional, disciplined, motivated, politically neutral, honest, and incorruptible public servants. Unfortunately, these values or ethics are missing and as such constitute an impediment to having an effective, efficient, and professional public service that could drive the wheel of national development in Nigeria. The paper thus recommends among others that government at all levels should ensure that recruitment and other appointments into the service are on merit rather than other primordial factors. This should incorporate staff with the requisite qualifications, skills, experience and aptitude. Also, the government should embark on policies that will improve the working conditions of the public servants by providing adequate and better welfare packages and a living wage that could attract professionals, motivated dedicated and committed public servants that will put in their best in the service of the country.

Nations all over the world are currently in the struggle to better their existence through the process of good governance, and responsible civil service for effective and efficient service delivery. Nigeria is one of such countries. However the kind of civil service bequeathed to Nigeria by her colonial master was alien and narrow in scope, and so not development oriented. At Nigeria independence in 1960, the federal civil service had a staff strength of only 30,000, this increased steadily to the level of 200,000 in the late 1990s due to political patronage. Many unqualified personnel joined the Civil Service which resulted to over sized workforce that absorbed about 87% of the total government revenue. The paper examined the civil service reforms in Nigeria from independence to the present and how they affected efficient and effective service delivery in the country. It is the position of paper that the kind of civil service reform that would tackle these problems should be evolutionary and pragmatic in nature to meet Nigeria developmental needs and the challenges of the modern world.

Characteristics of Bureaucratic Efficiency Russians have always disliked public officials and often blamed the government bureaucracy for the country's difficulties. According to public opinion polls, Russians overwhelmingly give low marks to the performance of state officials and oppose any raise in their remuneration. 1 Their sentiment is based on fact. Bureaucratic incompetence is widespread. Moreover, Transparency International ranks the Russian state among the most corrupt in the world. 2 Given the attention Russians and others have paid to the government bureaucracy as a source of Russia's woes, it is remarkable how little we know about its inner workings. For example, among the most important correlates of bureaucratic quality are selection procedures and promotion rules. Yet precious little research has been conducted on these issues in modern Russia. 3 Most bureaucratic organizations prefer to remain closed to outside observers, and this is especially true in Russia where civil society exerts ____________________ * The research on which this article is based was funded by the University of Calgary-Gorbachev Foundation Joint Trust Fund. We thank Lev Gudkov, Rostislav Kapeliushnikov, Sergey Morozkov, Andrei Yakovlev, and Lev Yakobson for helpful comments and suggestions.

Cuando las cosas no son lo que parecen. Acerca de los estudios sobre la corrupción y los índices de percepción de la corrupción 1 When things aren't what they seem. A critical review of corruption studies and corruption perception indexes R e c i b i d o 0 1 | 0 7 | 2 0 20 A c e p t a d o 13| 0 4 | 2 0 2 1 P u b l i c a d o 3 0 | 0 6 | 2 0 2 1

The general objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the political process through the governing elites on democratic consolidation in Nigeria"s fourth republic. The paper argued that successive governing elites in Nigeria assimilated the character and attributes of the colonial administrators by being predatory and exploitative, thus have failed to maintain any form of social contract with the Nigerian people through governance. With the adoption of secondary method of data collection and Elite theory as framework of analysis, the paper observed that the much expected democratic dividends are still lacking and the requirements for democratic consolidation are yet to be in place. The paper suggested that the governing elite must tackle multiple tasks of building consensus in the political process, reform institutions, govern with sufficient accountability and uphold constitutionalism.

Formulation in Nigeria" be accepted by the Graduate School as evidence of research competence on-the part of one seeking the master's degree. I understand that this paper is being submitted as proof of a capaci ty for research and its reporting.

Bureaucracy A body of nonelective government officials or an administrative policymaking group. Bureaucratization Increased controls, and adherence to rigid procedures, and attention to every detail in the management of an organization (bureaucracy). "The combined organization structure, procedures, protocols, and sets of regulations in place to manage activity, usually in large organizations." Service delivery Process of delivering service to the public/client.

The paper is focused to x-ray several reforms in the Nigeria public institution from 1999 to 2013. The purpose is to study several reforms initiated since Nigeria returned to democratic dispensation after military rule with a view to making observations and recommendations. This is imperative given observable professional revolution between government and the workers on one side and among professionals on the other side. This paper adopted survey approach in carrying out the research. In the end it was discovered that there were several flaws that flanked most of the reforms. Specifically the survey showed that most reforms reflect the will of government with little or no significant input from workers. Presently, reforms in the Nigeria public service are a ritual which every regime must embark on.

Bureaucracy A body of nonelective government officials or an administrative policymaking group. Bureaucratization Increased controls, and adherence to rigid procedures, and attention to every detail in the management of an organization (bureaucracy). "The combined organization structure, procedures, protocols, and sets of regulations in place to manage activity, usually in large organizations." Service delivery Process of delivering service to the public/client.

The study examined the prismatic nature of Nigeria society and how public administrative system blended with the more civilised and developed transcultural administration to enhance socio-economic development and stability in the polity. It also identified the problems of political system that influenced the administrative system such as corruption, poverty, instability, discontinuity, traditional approach, bad leadership and heterogeneity and proffered solutions towards making it scientific. Survey method was employed, primary data were collected through questionnaires and interview. Random sampling technique was adopted. Secondary data were sourced from relevant books and journals, proceedings of conferences, newspapers and official publications. Data gathered were analysed using parametric and non parametric statistics. The paper found out that Nigeria has not attained modem status scientifically because of the parochial and rigid traditional approaches. It showed that organisati...

Apart from being a fundamental right protected under various legal systems, access to justice is an intrinsic component of the concept of human rights and its operationalization. Judicial review of administrative actions is an element of the broader concept of access which has a significant role in the realization of administrative justice and addressing human rights violations by government regulatory framework. Owing to the confusion regarding the role of the judiciary in the enforcement of constitutional rights and a lack of a meaningful jurisprudence on the separation of powers among others, the absence of judicial review of administrative acts has been a thorn in the Ethiopian human rights system. Yet, the newly adopted Federal Administrative Procedure Proclamation (FAPP) No. 1183/2020 has introduced the judicial review of administrative actions in the legal system. This article analyses how the justiciability of certain administrative actions could serve as a remedy for and protection against violations of human rights by federal administrative agencies. It also highlights the jurisprudence of judicial review before FAPP and describes the scope, fundamental principles and implications of the system of judicial review under FAPP.

The roles of leaders in any given organized society are vital for the development and sustenance of such society. Leaders are expected to have a clear vision and well articulated agenda on how to ensure that followers key into this agenda using the instrument of mass mobilization and effective communication. For Nigeria getting leadership right has been a recurring debate since its independence in 1960. The country has had more of sectional leaders, self seeking and dictatorship than nationalists as leaders. Nigeria political landscape is dominated by the governing elite who share similar orientation on the need to preserve the political system for continuous perpetuation of control over the polity. This study examines the Nigerian leadership question within the framework of the elite theory. The paper analyzed the applicability of the elite theory in the face of Nigeria leadership question and its quest for development. It further examined whether the elite theory has been misappli...

The roles of leaders in any given organized society are vital for the development and sustenance of such society. Leaders are expected to have a clear vision and well articulated agenda on how to ensure that followers key into this agenda using the instrument of mass mobilization and effective communication. For Nigeria getting leadership right has been a recurring debate since its independence in 1960. The country has had more of sectional leaders, self seeking and dictatorship than nationalists as leaders. Nigeria political landscape is dominated by the governing elite who share similar orientation on the need to preserve the political system for continuous perpetuation of control over the polity. This study examines the Nigerian leadership question within the framework of the elite theory. The paper analyzed the applicability of the elite theory in the face of Nigeria leadership question and its quest for development. It further examined whether the elite theory has been misappli...

Background to the study Organizations, in any context, are made up of groups of people and individuals who are interdependent, and work together to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Therefore, these people interact with one another on a daily basis to fulfill their job-roles and to contribute effectively to their organizations. However, individuals enter the workplace with their own unique abilities, attitudes, values and perceptions, and this in itself can be a source of conflict in any organization (Knight & Ukpere, 2014). In the same vein, in a formal organization or establishment, as a result of conflicting interests, and acquisitive nature of some people, the behavioural attitudes of such people is deviant from the ethos, rules and regulation of the organization. Needless to say, a fair degree of predictable behavior is needed from individual(s) for the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. One of the means in ensuring decorum, progress and effectiveness in organization is discipline. Where there are no proper disciplinary procedures for erring officers there will be a dislocation of effective organizational functionality. An organization is not set up in a vacuum but made up of people who have aspiration, and ambitions which they would also want to achieve while in the organization. In trying to accomplish its objective an organization should also put the people into consideration by providing good service condition, salary and conducive work environment etc. Agba & Abubakar (2013) posit that when things are put in proper place, the people will have no reason

El trabajo describe la metodología y analiza los resultados obtenidos en la “2ª Encuesta sobre Normas y Autores en Administración Pública” que fuera realizada por la Asociación Argentina de Estudios de Administración Pública (AAEAP) y el Centro de Investigaciones en Administración Pública (CIAP/FCE/UBA). Este sondeo interroga a expertos acerca de los trabajos de autores nacionales -publicados a partir del año 2000- y las normas -emitidas desde 1983- que, según la consideración del encuestado, "tuvieron mayor impacto formativo y performativo". Los datos recopilados permiten validar los resultados de la primera encuesta, a la vez que dan información relevante acerca de los elementos y perspectivas que, según los miembros del universo estatal, son centrales en la configuración de la Administración Pública Argentina.

and the contribution to the government of the day or a given country. This is possibly cut across in different prospective of citizens' engagement as allocated to by the constitution and the leadership of the country irrespective of the political system or typology of government. When a government is legitimate, it creates room for citizenry to participate actively in government; this involves different stages and areas where necessary. Thus, citizens participate actively in political process through political education, sponsoring of candidate for electoral post or contesting in an election by vying for an electoral post. However, government on the other side has become totally obsess to the citizens in Nigeria through the doctrine of federal character where the principle of federal character attempt to institutionalizing and the accommodation of the diverse regions/ tribes and interest groups in the country through the process of employment, distribution of government projects, and of allocated federal employment. This ranged from federal agencies, ministerial positions, departments, military, paramilitary, federal government parastatas and political appointees. The political culture of the citizenry which is cardinal faucal of every society that is tagged to the citizen through cognitive orientated, affective orientated and evaluative orientated which propel towards active participatory in government of the

Abstract
Structural segmentation, through the creation of various administrative units, bodies, institutions, commissions, authorities, agencies, boards, etc. (generally called MDAs) saddled with the responsibility for the performance of specific administrative and developmental functions, has been a consistent trend in Nigeria. This paper studies the necessity and effectiveness of these bodies in the administration of development in Nigeria. While the paper demonstrates the inevitability of creation of such bodies as a means of facilitating development in a developing country like Nigeria, it also argues against the politicization of the process that has led to ineffectiveness, redundancy, a drain on the economy and eventual failure of development administration. The paper adopts the twin theories of structural differentiation and functional specificity enunciated by a group of liberal scholars such as Gabriel Almond, Sidney Verba, Bingham Powell, James Coleman, Joseph La Palombara, Fred Riggs, etc., as its theoretical framework. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the performance of these administrative bodies,  provide an overview of their contributions to the development process, articulate the policy implications of their politicization and recommend possible reorganization for better performance in development administration. The significance of the study lies in its call for proper management of the process of structural segmentation to achieve the developmental objectives of Nigeria as a developing nation. Methodologically the paper relies mainly on secondary sources for data collection. The scope of the paper is Nigeria-wide with emphasis on the period between colonial rule and 2012. The findings include a realization that sub-administrative units and MDAs, if properly organized, managed and closely scrutinized, could provide the vehicle for accelerated development in Nigeria. Conclusively, the paper emphasizes that, rather than the Oronsaye Committee’s recommendation of merger and scrapping they should be more effectively managed for better results, except in particular instances of duplication, superfluity and redundancy.

Key words: Segmentation, Structures, Differentiation, Specificity, Autonomy, Development.

Governments at various levels make efforts to meet the yearnings of the citizens through the combined efforts of politicians and career civil servants. The paper addressed the issue of good governance as civil servants and politicians take decisions and implement them using the machinery of government. The expertise, experience and knowledge possessed by civil servants make them a great asset to all nations including Nigeria and Katsina State. On their part, politicians, having been elected by the people, have power and authority. In their effort to serve politicians and civil servants experience tension which if not properly managed will bring setback to the workings of government: for example, as the politicians may lack experience, civil servants that are experienced have to be loyal to them; while politicians rely on civil servants for policy formulation and implementation, civil servants are trained to be strictly formal. In the light of the necessity for politicians and civil servants to work together in the interest of the people the paper examines the desirability of restructuring the relationship between politicians and civil servants. If this is done with all sincerity it will promote a harmonious working relationship within government circles which will be beneficial to the people. In the paper the perspectives regarding good governance and the operational framework of civil service have been examined. In addition, issues relating to the application of power and influence and areas for reform were analyzed.

This paper presents a highlight of the impact of Administrative issues on e-government practices. The aim of this paper is to examine and identify administrative issues how and its impact on the implementation of e-Government best practices Cameroon been a case study. Several literatures were reviewed during the cause of writing this paper and it was established that there are five major issues in public administration today namely: Organizational Change, Public Policy, Administrative Law, Bureaucratic Power, Accountability and Ethics. This issues were carefully discussed at length, and it could be deduced that there is no developing country today in the world that has an absence of this issues. It was concluded that for this issues to be completely address, this issues have to be careful studies and worked upon before any government intending to implement e-Government Practices to be able to achieve e-Government best practices.

The article discusses barriers in strategic governance of local development characteristic for Polish local governments, i.e. municipalities, which occurred within the first 15 years of the XXI century. These barriers were identified in the period 2000-2015 by means of using the qualitative field research method, in the process of research and implementation as well as research and development projects’ execution, directly and indirectly related to the conceptualization, application and assessment of development strategies for Polish municipalities. The introduction to the article presents the reasons, origins, purpose, method, techniques and the course of conducted research. Next the concept of local development perceived from two perspectives, a local and supra-local one, as well as their governance concept and strategic approach to such governance, are discussed. The core part of the article is devoted to presenting the identified barriers in strategic governance of local development and also their sources. The article is concluded by providing recommendations regarding the continuation of research covering these barriers and the instruments of their reduction.

Bureaucracy or the Civil Service constitutes the permanent and professional part of the executive organ of government. It is usually described as the non-political or politically neutral, permanent, and professionally trained civil service. It runs the administration of the state according to the policies and laws of the government political executive. Upon the qualities and efficiency of bureaucracy depend the quality and efficiency of the state administration? It, however, works under the leadership and control of the Political Executive. Bureaucracy: Meaning and Definition: The terms bureaucracy, civil service, public servants, public service, civil servants, government service, government servants, officials of government, officials, permanent executive and non-political executive are used to describe all such persons who carry out the day to day administration of the state. The terms Bureaucracy' and 'Civil Service' are popularly used as synonyms. Narrow and Broad uses of the term Bureaucracy: In a narrow sense the term Bureaucracy is used to denote those important and higher level public servants who occupy top level positions in the state administration. In the broad sense, it refers to all the permanent employees of the government right from the peons and clerks to the top level officials. Presently, we use the term in its broader dimension.

Structural segmentation, through the creation of various administrative units, bodies, institutions, commissions, authorities, agencies, boards, etc. (generally called MDAs) saddled with the responsibility for the performance of specific administrative and developmental functions, has been a consistent trend in Nigeria. This paper studies the necessity and effectiveness of these bodies in the administration of development in Nigeria. While the paper demonstrates the inevitability of creation of such bodies as a means of facilitating development in a developing country like Nigeria, it also argues against the politicization of the process that has led to ineffectiveness, redundancy, a drain on the economy and eventual failure of development administration. The paper adopts the twin theories of structural differentiation and functional specificity enunciated by a group of liberal scholars such as Gabriel Almond, Sidney Verba, Bingham Powell, James Coleman, Joseph La Palombara, Fred Riggs, etc., as its theoretical framework. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the performance of these administrative bodies,  provide an overview of their contributions to the development process, articulate the policy implications of their politicization and recommend possible reorganization for better performance in development administration. The significance of the study lies in its call for proper management of the process of structural segmentation to achieve the developmental objectives of Nigeria as a developing nation. Methodologically the paper relies mainly on secondary sources for data collection. The scope of the paper is Nigeria-wide with emphasis on the period between colonial rule and 2012. The findings include a realization that sub-administrative units and MDAs, if properly organized, managed and closely scrutinized, could provide the vehicle for accelerated development in Nigeria. Conclusively, the paper emphasizes that, rather than the Oronsaye Committee’s recommendation of merger and scrapping they should be more effectively managed for better results, except in particular instances of duplication, superfluity and redundancy.

Structural segmentation, through the creation of various administrative units, bodies, institutions, commissions, authorities, agencies, boards, etc. (generally called MDAs) saddled with the responsibility for the performance of specific administrative and developmental functions, has been a consistent trend in Nigeria. This paper studies the necessity and effectiveness of these bodies in the administration of development in Nigeria. While the paper demonstrates the inevitability of creation of such bodies as a means of facilitating development in a developing country like Nigeria, it also argues against the politicization of the process that has led to ineffectiveness, redundancy, a drain on the economy and eventual failure of development administration. The paper adopts the twin theories of structural differentiation and functional specificity enunciated by a group of liberal scholars such as Gabriel Almond, Sidney Verba, Bingham Powell, James Coleman, Joseph La Palombara, Fred Riggs, etc., as its theoretical framework. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the performance of these administrative bodies,  provide an overview of their contributions to the development process, articulate the policy implications of their politicization and recommend possible reorganization for better performance in development administration. The significance of the study lies in its call for proper management of the process of structural segmentation to achieve the developmental objectives of Nigeria as a developing nation. Methodologically the paper relies mainly on secondary sources for data collection. The scope of the paper is Nigeria-wide with emphasis on the period between colonial rule and 2012. The findings include a realization that sub-administrative units and MDAs, if properly organized, managed and closely scrutinized, could provide the vehicle for accelerated development in Nigeria. Conclusively, the paper emphasizes that, rather than the Oronsaye Committee’s recommendation of merger and scrapping they should be more effectively managed for better results, except in particular instances of duplication, superfluity and redundancy.

Morality is the set of norms through which societies historically define behavior that is viewed as good or bad, as acceptable or not by the community. Ethics, on the other hand, may be seen as being synonymous with morality, the science or theory of moral practices. Ethics is also thought of as the character or ethos of an individual or a group--the hierarchy of values and norms which he/she or they identify for him/herself or themselves against a prevailing moral code.